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A mixture of gases contains 8.00 g of He, 29.96 g of Ar, and 48.00 g of O2. What is the mole fraction of He in this mixture?

0.471

The atomic mass unit is defined as _______.

1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom

Which of the following statements correctly describe how to round the number 32.6721 according to the number of significant digits in each case? Select all that apply.

33 to two significant figures 30 to one significant figure 32.67 to four significant figures

How many milliliters of 0.120 M H3PO4 are needed to neutralize a solution containing 0.750 g of KOH (56.11 g/mol)?

37.1 mL

Which of the following options correctly defines a polar covalent bond?

A covalent bond in which the shared electron pair is distributed unevenly between the atoms

Which convention is used in this textbook for rounding off atomic masses based on the periodic table?

Atomic masses are rounded to 4 significant figures.

Compound B2 (represented by the red spheres) reacts with AB, as shown in the illustration. From the illustration, the reagent in excess is _____, and the limiting reagent is _____.

B2; AB

A nitrogen oxide contains 30.45% N mass. If the molar mass of the compound is 90. ± 5 g/mol, what is its molecular formula? Multiple choice question. NO2

N2O4

Which of the following relationships are contained in the ideal gas law? Select all that apply.

V ∝ n V ∝ T V ∝ 1P

The _____ of a wave is the number of wave cycles per second. This quantity is given the symbol ν and has units of s-1 or _____.

frequency; Hz

The atomic mass unit _______.

is based on the mass of an atom of C612C612 is often abbreviated as amu

Light that consists of a single wavelength or frequency is termed , whereas light consisting of many wavelengths is .

monochromatic polychromatic

The SI unit for pressure is the _____.

pascal (Pa)

Fahrenheit and Celsius Celsius and Kelvin

Fahrenheit and Celsius- Differ in the size of the temperature unit and the zero point Celsius and Kelvin- Differ only in the zero point; the size of the temperature unit is the same

Which of the following options correctly describe how to determine the charge on a monatomic ion using the periodic table? Select all that apply.

For main-group cations, the ion charge equals the A-group number. The charge of most transition metal cations cannot readily be predicted from the periodic table. Ca is in Group 2A and therefore forms the Ca2+ ion.

Which of the following options gives the correct net ionic equation for the reaction between an aqueous solution of the weak acid HNO2 and aqueous lithium hydroxide, LiOH?

HNO2 (aq) + OH- (aq) → H2O (l) + NO2- (aq)

Which of the following statements correctly describe the mole fraction of a component in a mixture? Select all that apply.

In a mixture of gases, the partial pressure of each gas is proportional to its mole fraction. A mole fraction is a unitless quantity. A mole fraction can be converted to a mole percent by multiplying by 100.

Which of the following balanced equations correctly represents the dissociation of K2SO4 in water?

K2SO4 (s) → 2K+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)

Which of the following solutions is not considered to be acidic?

LiOH (aq)

Which of the following compounds are soluble in water? Select all that apply.

Pb(NO3)2 Na3PO4 NH4Cl

Match the name for each polyatomic ion with its correct formula. Sulfate Sulfite Permanganate Carbonate

SO42- SO32- MnO4- CO32-

Na+ SO42- CO32- Cl-

Soluble in all combinations Soluble except with Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ag+, and Pb2+ Insoluble except with Group 1A cations or NH4+ Choice, Soluble except with Ag+, Pb2+, Cu+, and Hg22+ Soluble except with Ag+, Pb2+, Cu+, and Hg22+

Match each ion to the correct description of its solubility when combined with an ion of opposite charge. Instructions Na+ SO42- CO32- Cl-

Soluble in all combinations Soluble except with Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ag+, and Pb2+ Insoluble except with Group 1A cations or NH4+ Soluble except with Ag+, Pb2+, Cu+, and Hg22+

Which of the following is a correct rearrangement of Charles's law?

T2 = T1 x V2/V1

Which of the following factors determine whether a given substance exists as a solid, liquid, or gas? Select all that apply.

Temperature Pressure

Which of the following statements correctly describe the percent yield in a chemical reaction? Select all that apply.

The actual yield is almost always less than the theoretical yield. % yield = actual yieldtheoretical yieldactual yieldtheoretical yield × 100

Which of the following pieces of information is/are necessary to calculate the molar mass of a compound? Select all that apply.

The atomic masses of each of the elements that make up the compound The formula of the compound

Which of the following correctly defines the mean free path of a gas particle?

The average distance a gas particle travels between collisions (with the wall or another particle)

Which of the following statements correctly describe the de Broglie wavelength for a particle? Select all that apply.

The larger the mass of the particle, the smaller its wavelength. Wave behavior is most obvious for very small particles. The smaller the object, the closer the wavelength is to the size of the object.

Which of the following correctly describes the observed result when gas particles attract each other?

The measured pressure is lower than the ideal pressure.

Which of the following correctly reflect Avogadro's number? Choose all that apply.

The number of entities in a mole is called Avogadro's number. The mole contains 6.022 x 1023 entities.

Which items of information are necessary to calculate the mass percent of an element in a given compound? Select all that apply.

The number of moles of the element in one mole of the compound The molar mass of the compound The formula of the compound

A sample of nitrogen gas has a volume of 5.0 mL at a pressure of 1.50 atm. What is the pressure exerted by the gas if the volume increases to 30.0 mL, at constant temperature?

0.25 atm

What is the molarity of a 500. mL solution containing 21.1 g of potassium bromide (KBr)? The molar mass of KBr is 119.0 g/mol.

0.355 M

Which of the following statements correctly describe the shielding effects in a many-electron system? Select all that apply.

The shielding effect increases with an increasing number of electrons in a given sublevel. Shielding reduces the nuclear charge a given electron experiences. Inner electrons are more effective at shielding outer electrons than electrons in the same level.

Which of the following options is an acceptable electron configuration for hydrogen?

1s^1

Which of the following statements correctly describe the activity series for metals? Select all that apply.

A metal higher up in the list will displace the ions of another metal farther down the list from solution. Metals become less reactive the farther down the series you go. Metals high on the list react more easily with cold water than metals low on the list.

Which of the following options correctly describe how straight-chain alkanes are named? Select all that apply.

Alkanes are named with the root based on the number of carbon atoms followed by the suffix -ane. Larger alkanes are named according to the Greek prefixes. Meth-, eth-, prop-, and but- are the root names for alkanes with one, two, three, and four carbons, respectively.

Select the general form for a displacement type of redox reaction.

X + YZ → XZ + Y

Which of the following are considered bases? Select all that apply.

Ca(OH)2 Na2O NH3

Which combinations of solutions will produce one or more precipitates? Select all that apply.

CaBr2 (aq) + K3PO4 (aq)CaBr2 (aq) + K3PO4 (aq) AgNO3 (aq) + NH4Br (aq)

When adding or subtracting quantities, the answer is rounded so that it has the same number of ______ in the quantity that has the fewest of these. When multiplying or dividing, the answer is rounded to contain the same number of ______ in the quantity that has the fewest of these. Multiple choice question. significant figures; significant figures

digits after the decimal; significant figures

Charles's law states that for a gas at constant pressure, the volume occupied by a fixed amount of the gas is _____ proportional to the absolute temperature, i.e., the temperature measured in kelvins. This means that as the temperature increases the volume will _____.

directly; increase

A substance that conducts an electric current when dissolved in water is called a(n) ____

electrolyte

Radial probability distribution plots show the total probability (the sum within a concentric layer) of finding a(n) as a function of distance r from the nucleus.

electron

The movement of one or more from one reactant to another is the key chemical event in an oxidation - reaction, also called a(n) reaction.

electron reduction redox

In principle all chemical reactions are reversible and can reach dynamic ______if all the reactants and products are present. This state occurs when the______ of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.

equilibrium rate

Match each pair of statements relating to the interference of waves correctly. Waves that are in phase Amplitudes will add Waves that are out of phase Amplitudes will cancel

experience constructive interference. if waves are in phase. experience destructive interference. if waves are out of phase.

True or false: The atomic orbital of the quantum-mechanical model is very similar to the orbit described by the Bohr model.

false

Atoms, like all other matter, have specific energy levels within them. For an atom to absorb radiation, the energy of the radiation must match the energy between the two energy levels in the atoms.

gap

At the equivalence point of a redox titration the number of electrons _____ by the oxidized species is _____ the number of electrons _____ by the reduced species.

lost; equal to; gained

The central theme in chemistry is that -scale properties and behavior are the result of -scale properties and behavior.

macro atomic

Mass is conserved in a chemical reaction. This observation is reflected in Dalton's postulate that atoms cannot be or destroyed, or changed into other types of atoms. Since each type of atom has its own atomic mass, the total mass cannot change in a chemical reaction.

made fixed

During a chemical reaction, the total _____ of the substances present does not change. The number of substances may change, but the total amount of matter present _____.

mass; remains unchanged

The average distance a gas particle travels between collisions (with the wall or another particle) is called its .

mean free path

A chemical equation that shows all reactants and products as intact, undissociated compounds is called a(n)______ equation. The name is misleading because not all compounds in the equation consist of_______ .

molecular molecules

The _____ formula of a compound is an integer multiple of the _____ formula.

molecular; empirical

Which of the following is the correct expression for the molarity of a solution?

moles of solute/liters of solution

Which one of the following options gives the correct procedure to calculate the mass of a substance given the number of moles?

moles x molar mass

A chemical equation must be balanced. This means that the same _____ and _____ of atoms must appear on both sides of the equation.

number; type

The speed of light is the ______ of its frequency and wavelength. In a vacuum, this value is a constant, ______.

product; 3.00 × 108 m/s

In a solution, substances called are dissolved in a .

solutes solvent

In a solution, substances called_____are dissolved in a_________.

solutes solvent

For many-electron systems each principal energy level is split into of differing energies. The energy of an orbital in such a system is affected by the charge, by repulsions between , and by orbital shape.

sublevels nuclear electrons

The compound MgS is correctly named magnesium .

sulfide

At fixed temperature and pressure, equimolar amounts of two ideal gases occupy equal .

volume

In the quantum-mechanical model of the atom, an electron is viewed as a wave-particle that occupies a three-dimensional space near the nucleus. The movement of the electron is described by a function, which is also called an atomic .

wave orbital

A mass is recorded as 15.02 g. Given the accepted level of uncertainty in any recorded measurement, select the range in which this mass will fall.

15.01 - 15.03 g

Which gas behaves the least ideally?

NH3

Which of the following ions always form soluble ionic compounds? Select all that apply.

NO3- NH4+ Group 1A cations

Why does atomic size generally increase down a group on the periodic table?

The outer electrons are increasingly farther away from the nucleus and shielded more effectively by additional shells of inner electrons.

Chemistry is the study of ______. (Select all the options that correctly complete the sentence.)

-matter and its composition -the properties of substances -the changes of matter

If 1.0 mole of neon, 2.0 moles of helium, and 3.0 moles of argon are mixed, what is the mole fraction of helium?

0.33

Which of the following are decomposition redox reactions? Select all that apply.

2H2O2 (aq) → 2H2O (l) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g) → N2 (g) + 2O2 (g)

Which sublevels may be utilized in constructing a partial orbital diagram for a Period 3 element? Select all that apply.

3p 3s

A(n)______ releases H+ in water, therefore it must have one or more ______atoms as part of its structure.

Acid H

Which of the following options correctly describe Dalton's atomic theory? Select all that apply.

All matter consists of atoms. Compounds result from the combination of a specific ratio of atoms of different elements. Atoms of the same element are identical.

Which of the following statements correctly describe an element? Select all that apply.

An element may consist of two or more of the same atoms bonded together. An element consists of only one kind of atom.

What units can be used when performing a Boyle's law calculation?

Any units may be used as long as both the initial and final condition units match.

______ are smaller than their parent atoms and ______ are larger than their parent atoms.

Cations; anions

X + Y → Z Z → X + Y Z → X + YX + YZ → XZ + Y XY + AB → XB + AY

Combination Decomposition Single displacement Double displacement

Three equations representing a chemical reaction are shown. Classify each equation according to type. Molecular equation Total ionic equation Net ionic equation

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaCl (aq) → PbCl2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq) Pb2+ (aq) + 2NO3- (aq) + 2Na+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) → PbCl2 (s) + 2Na+ (aq) + 2NO3- (aq) Pb2+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) → PbCl2 (s)

Which of the following features arise when depicting and populating an orbital energy diagram for a many-electron atom? Select all that apply.

Principal energy levels are split into sublevels. A spin quantum number is assigned to each electron. There is a limit is on the number of electrons in an orbital.

Which of the following options correctly describe how to name an ionic compound? Select all that apply.

The cation is named first and the anion second. For a monatomic anion, the element name is changed to end in -ide.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the principal quantum number, n? Select all that apply.

The lower the value of n, the greater the probability that the electron is closer to the nucleus. n can have any positive whole-number value.

Which of the following defines the ground state of an atom?

The lowest energy state of an atom, where all electrons are in the lowest energy levels possible

What is the only additional information needed to calculate the empirical formula of a compound if the masses of each element of the compound are provided?

The molar mass of each element

Which of the following correctly describe atomic structure? Select all that apply.

The number of protons equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom. The protons and neutrons together comprise most of the mass of the atom. The nucleus comprises a very small fraction of the total volume of the atom.

Which of the following statements correctly describe molar mass? Select all that apply.

The periodic table can be used to calculate the molar mass of any substance. When referring to the mass per mole of an entity, the term "entities" could refer to atoms, ions, molecules, or formula units. The molar mass of a substance is the mass per mole of its entities.

Why is an acid able to produce ions in aqueous solution? Assume that the general formula of an acid is given by HA, where A is usually a halogen or oxygen atom.

The polar H-A bond breaks due to the attraction between H and the O of water.

Match each rule for rounding numbers to its correct description, following the conventions used in this text. The digit removed is greater than 5. The digit removed is less than 5. The digit removed is a 5 followed by only zeros.

The preceding number increases by 1. The preceding number remains unchanged. The preceding number increases by 1 if it is odd and remains unchanged if it is even.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the information provided by quantum numbers? Select all that apply.

The quantum number n indicates the principal energy level of an orbital. The quantum number l indicates the shape of an orbital The relative size of the orbital is indicated by the value of n.

Which of the following options correctly express the relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas at constant pressure? Select all that apply.

The volume of the gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. As the temperature of the gas increases, the volume will increase.

Select the correct statements that describe a double-displacement reaction.

They are not redox reactions. They involve two reactant compounds exchanging bonding partners. They are also called "metathesis reactions."

Which of the following accounts for the observation that Li, Na, K, and Cs have similar chemical properties?

They have the same outer electron configuration.

An element with a low ionization energy is more likely to form ______ during reactions, while elements with high ionization energies tend to form _____. Noble gases are excluded from this trend.

cations; anions

An oxidation number is the _____ an atom would have if all bonds involved the _____ of electrons. The oxidation number can be used to track movement of electrons in chemical reactions.

charge; transfer

An electric current requires the movement of particles, which could be electrons or ions. A solid ionic substance does not conduct an electric current because the ions are in place in the crystal structure. When dissolved in water, the ions and are therefore free to move.

charged set separate

The electron of an element shows the distribution of electrons within the electronic energy levels of the atom.

configuration

The compounds depicted are isomers because they have the same formula but have different formulas.

constitutional molecular structural

A species that is slightly repelled by a magnetic field is called ______ and has no unpaired electrons.A species that is attracted to a magnetic field is called ______ and has one or more unpaired electrons.

diamagnetic; paramagnetic

Each element has its own atomic line spectrum, consisting of fine lines of individual wavelengths that are characteristic for the element. This occurs because the atom contains specific levels, and an atom can only absorb or emit radiation that corresponds to the energy between these levels.

energy gaps

In Bohr's model of the atom, the quantum number n is associated with the _____ of an electron orbit. The lower the n value, the _____ the electron is to/from the nucleus and the _____ the energy level.

energy; closer; lower

A number that is part of a unit definition has no uncertainty associated with it and is called a(n) number. Such numbers do not limit the number of figures in a calculation.

exact significant

The Pauli principle guarantees that no two electrons in the same atom have the same quantum number description. This means that the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated by any orbital is .

exclusion 2

According to the Bohr model for the hydrogen atom, the energy of the atom is not continuous but has certain discrete energy , each of which is related to a fixed circular of the electron around the nucleus. The farther the electron is from the nucleus, the the energy of the system.

levels orbit higher

Lithium bromide (LiBr) is an ionic compound. The metal lithium an electron to form the cation Li+ and the nonmetal bromine an electron to form the anion Br-. The ions are held together by a strong attraction in a 3D array called a crystal lattice.

loses gains ionic

Al (atomic number 13) _____ 3 electrons to form the Al3+ ion, which therefore contains a total of _____ electrons.

loses; 10

Oxidation is defined as the _____ of electrons while reduction is the _____ of electrons.

loss gain

The is the SI unit that expresses the amount of substance. Specifically, it is defined as the amount of substance containing the same number of entities as the number of in exactly 12 g of carbon-12.

mol atoms

Each component in a mixture contributes a fraction to the total number of moles in the mixture. This fraction is called the _____ fraction of the component. In a mixture of gases, this fraction is proportional to the _____ pressure for each gas present.

mole; partial

Water (H2O) contains 8.0 g O for every 1.0 g of H and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contains 16.0 g O for every 1.0 g of H. Therefore, the ratio of the masses of oxygen that combine with a fixed amount of hydrogen in the two compounds is a small whole number ratio of 2:1. This is an example of the law of _____.

multiple proportions

The principal quantum number is given the symbol and has positive, whole-number values starting from .

n 1

Which statement correctly describes the quantum number n with reference to the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom? Select all that apply.

n can have any positive, whole-number value greater than or equal to 1. n indicates the energy level of an electron in the atom. An electron with n = 2 is at higher energy than an electron with n = 1.

The elements in the modern periodic table are arranged in order of increasing atomic .The vertical columns of the table are called or families, and the horizontal rows are called .

number groups periods

In redox titrations, the equivalence point occurs when the electrons lost by the species equal the electrons gained by the species.

oxidized reduced

The pressure exerted by each individual gas in a mixture of gases is called its pressure. This pressure is proportional to the fraction of the gas in the mixture.

partial mole

Each element has a unique number of , which is called the atomic number. For an electrically neutral atom, this number is also equal to the number of present.

protons electrons

A conversion factor is a(n) ______ used to express a quantity in different units of measurement. Multiplying by a conversion factor is the same as multiplying by _________ because the numerator and denominator are equivalent.

ratio 1

Volume is the amount of three-dimensional that any sample of matter occupies. The most common non-SI units used for volume are the liter, symbol , and the milliliter, symbol . Note that the answers are case sensitive.

space L mL

Ions that are present in a reaction but not involved in the actual chemical change are called ions. These ions will appear unchanged on both sides of a total ionic equation.

spectator

A(n) acid or base will dissociate completely in water, whereas a(n) acid or base dissociates very little in water.

strong weak

Match each of the following terms to the correct description. Data Hypothesis Experiment Variable

DATA- Pieces of quantitative information collected through observation Hypothesis- Testable proposal made to explain observations or data Experiment- Set of steps designed to test a hypothesis Variable-Quantity that can have more than a single value; controlled in an experiment

Visible light is one type of radiation, which consists of energy propagated by electric and fields that alternately increase and decrease in intensity as they move through space.

EM magnetic

Which of the following statements correctly describe the atom in terms of quantum mechanics? Select all that apply.

Each electron occupies a three-dimensional space near the nucleus. This space is described by a wave function . Electrons exhibit behavior of both waves and particles. The movement of each electron in the atom can be described by a wave function.

Which of the following steps are necessary to calculate the mass percent of oxygen in acetic acid (CH3COOH)? Select all that apply.

Calculate the molar mass of acetic acid from its formula. Multiply the answer by 100 to find the mass percent of oxygen in acetic acid. Multiply the moles of oxygen in the molecular formula by the molar mass of oxygen and then divide by the mass of one mole of acetic acid.

Select the correct statements for key terms and ideas regarding the components of matter. Select all that apply.

Heterogeneous mixtures have visible parts and differing regional composition. Elements are composed of one type of atom. Components in a mixture retain their properties.

Which of the following options correctly describe metallic behavior? Select all that apply.

High electrical and thermal conductivity A tendency to lose electrons and form cations

A student carried out an experiment using a circular piece of aluminum foil (of known thickness) to determine the value of π. The accepted value of π is 3.1416. The student's results were 3.6689, 3.6691, 3.6687, and 3.6693. Select the best statement about this student's results in regard to precision and accuracy.

High precision and low accuracy

select the correct statements regarding the combustion reactions. Select all that apply.

Hydrocarbons and their oxygen-containing derivatives combust to produce CO2 and water. Combustion reactions are always redox reactions. Elemental oxygen is a reactant.

Match each of the following polyatomic ions with its correct name. OH- NO2- NO3- PO43- NH4+

Hydroxide Nitrite Nitrate Phosphate Ammonium

Which of the following options correctly describe the results of the experiments performed by Thomson and Millikan? Select all that apply.

Millikan's work allowed the charge of the electron to be calculated. Millikan measured the electrical charge of oil droplets. Thomson studied the behavior of cathode rays.

Which of the following options are correct names for ionic compounds? Select all that apply.

Potassium chloride Copper(II) oxide

Which of the following statements correctly describe accuracy and precision? Select all that apply.

Precision is the term used to refer to how close two measurements are to each other. Accuracy is the term used to compare an experimental result to the "true" or accepted value.

Which of the following statements correctly reflect the relationship between the volume and external pressure on a gas at constant temperature? Select all that apply.

Pressure and volume are inversely proportional. As pressure decreases, volume will increase.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the observations that led to the development of the nuclear model of the atom? Select all that apply.

Rutherford determined that the main mass of the atom is concentrated in a central region. The discovery of cathode rays led to an understanding that the atom contains smaller particles. Thomson measured the mass/charge ratio for an electron.

Match each type of equation with the correct description. Molecular equation Total ionic equation Net ionic equation

Shows all the reactants and products as intact, undissociated compounds Shows soluble ionic substances dissociated into ions Omits spectator ions and shows the actual chemical change taking place

Match each type of substance with the correct description. Element Compound Mixture

Simplest substance that contains only one type of atom A substance consisting of chemically combined atoms from two or more elements Consists of two or more substances physically combined

Match each type of ion with the correct description of its relative size. Cation Anion

Smaller than the parent atom Larger than the parent atom

Which of the following species has a pseudo-noble gas configuration? Select all that apply.

Sn4+ Zn2+

Which of the following species has a pseudo-noble gas configuration? Select all that apply.

Sn4+ Zn2+

Match each phase of matter to the correct description of its particles on an atomic scale.

Solid - Particles close together and organized Liquid- Particles close together but not held rigidly in position Gas- Particles far apart and disorganized

Which of the following statements correctly describe the bonding in NaCl, which is an ionic compound? Select all that apply.

Na loses an electron to form the cation Na+. Ionic bonds generally form when a metal bonds to a nonmetal. The attraction between the oppositely charged ions is called the ionic bond.

Which of the following monatomic ions have the electron configuration 1s22s22p6? Select all that apply.

Na+ O2- F-

Which of the following options correctly describe the trends in ionization energy (IE)? Select all that apply.

Noble gases have high ionization energies. Atoms with low ionization energies tend to form cations.

Which of the following factors lead to the splitting of energy levels into sublevels in many-electron atoms? Select all that apply.

Nuclear attraction Electron repulsions Orbital shape

Match each element with its most common oxidation number (assuming it is involved in a polar/ionic bond). -2 +1 -1 +2

O, in compounds other than peroxides H when bonded to other nonmetals F Mg

Which of the following is the correct symbol for the oxide anion, which has a charge of -2?

O2-

Which of the following features are often present in the formula of a compound that is a strong base? Select all that apply.

OH- O2-

Which of the following conversion factors contain only exact numbers? Select all that apply.

1 min = 60 s 10^3 mL = 1 L 1000 g = 1 kg

Which of the following quantities are equivalent to 1 mL? Select all that apply.

1 x 10-3 L 1 cm3 0.001 L

Click and drag on elements in order Using the periodic table, place the sublevels in the correct order for placing electrons. Start with the first sublevel to be filled at the bottom of the list.

1. 4p 2.3d 3.4s 4.3p 5.3s

Select the frequency of light having a wavelength of 2.4 × 1010 nm and the wavelength of light with a frequency of 2.4 × 1010 Hz. Select all that apply.

1.3 x 107 nm 1.3 × 107 Hz

Select the frequency of light having a wavelength of 2.4 × 1010 nm and the wavelength of light with a frequency of 2.4 × 1010 Hz. Select all that apply.

1.3 × 107 Hz 1.3 x 107 nm

B2 reacts with AB to form AB2 according to the balanced equation B2 + 2AB → 2AB2. If 1.5 moles of B2 are reacted with 1.5 moles of AB, the maximum amount of AB2 that can form is equal to _____ moles.

1.5

The balanced equation 2S(s) + 3O2(g) → 2SO3 (g) is given. The number of moles of SO3 that will form from the complete reaction of 1.5 mol of O2 is given by _____.

1.5 mol O2 x 2mol SO3/ 3mol O2

Which of the following species are isoelectronic with each other? Select all that apply.

Br- Sr2

Which of the following statements correctly describe atomic radii? Select all that apply.

The atomic radius of main-group elements decreases across a period. Atomic size does not change consistently within a period for transition metals. Atomic radii generally increase as n increases.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the process by which an ionic compound dissolves in water? Select all that apply.

The attraction between the H2O molecules and the ions is stronger than the attraction of the ions for each other. The positive and negative ions dissociate from each other. The positive ions are attracted to the partially negative O atom of the H2O.

Bohr developed an equation for calculating the energy levels of a hydrogen atom. Which of the following can be determined using this equation? Select all that apply.

The difference in energy between two energy levels in a hydrogen atom The energy needed to remove an electron completely from the hydrogen atom The wavelength of a line in the atomic line spectrum for hydrogen

Match each of the following experiments/observations with the information it contributed to the nuclear model of the atom. Thomson's experiments with cathode rays Millikan's oil-drop experiments Rutherford's gold-foil experiment

The discovery that atoms can be divided into smaller particles The determination of the charge on a single electron The discovery of the nucleus of the atom

Which of the following statements correctly describe effective nuclear charge (Zeff)? Select all that apply.

The effective nuclear charge is lowered by electron-electron repulsions. A lower Zeff makes a given electron easier to remove.

Which of the following statements correctly describe electron affinity? Select all that apply.

The electron affinity is the energy change for the addition of 1 mol of electrons to 1 mol of gaseous atoms or ions. The overall trend in electron affinities is to increase from left to right across a period. Electron affinity measures the tendency of an element to form an anion.

Which of the following statements correctly describe many-electron atoms? Select all that apply.

The energies of the orbitals in the atom are affected both by the nuclear charge and by the presence of other electrons. The fourth quantum number becomes important in describing an individual electron. Principal energy levels are split into sublevels.

Which of the following statements correctly describes how energy is absorbed by an atom?

The energy of the absorbed radiation must match the difference between the two energy states of the atom.

In a photoelectric diode, no current will flow unless light of a certain minimum threshold frequency is used. Which of the following explains this observation correctly?

The energy of the light photons must match or exceed the energy needed for electrons to break free from the metal.

Which of the following options correctly describe the steps required to decide whether or not a precipitate forms when two aqueous solutions are mixed? Select all that apply.

The first step is to identify the ions present in each solution. The products of the reaction are identified from the possible cation-anion combinations. Any product that is insoluble in water will be a precipitate.

Which of the following options correctly describe how to calculate a molecular or formula mass for a compound? Select all that apply.

The formula/molecular mass is given by the sum of the masses of the component elements in the correct proportions. In a formula such as Ca(NO3)2, all the numbers of atoms inside the parentheses must be multiplied by 2 because of the subscript 2. The atomic mass of a cation or anion is practically the same as the mass of the neutral element.

Which statement correctly describes what happens when a gas is heated at constant pressure? Select all that apply. Assume that the container is not rigid.

The gas particles move faster. The volume of the gas sample will increase. The gas particles collide with the walls of the container with a greater force.

A recipe calls for 1414 cup of butter. One ounce (oz) of butter is equivalent to 2 tablespoons (T), and there are 8 oz of butter in 1 cup. Which of the following statements correctly interpret the information provided? Select all that apply.

The recipe requires 4 T of butter. The information provided gives the conversion factor 8oz1cup8oz1cup.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the spin quantum number of the electron? Select all that apply.

The spin quantum number is a property of the electron itself. The spin quantum number has values of +1212 or -1212.

The area of a telescope lens is 7903 mm2. If a technician takes 45 s to polish an area of 135 mm2, how long (in hours) does it take to polish the whole lens? Select all the statements that are correct and relevant to solving this problem.

The starting point for the calculation is 7903 mm2. The information contains the conversion factor 45s135mm245s135mm2. The problem assumes that the conversion between seconds and hours is known.

What does it mean if two species are isoelectronic? Select all that apply.

They have the same electron configuration. They have the same number of electrons.

Which of the following statements correctly describes a partial orbital diagram?

This diagram includes only the orbitals containing the outer and/or valence electrons of the element.

Which of the following statements correctly describe a molecular equation? Select all that apply.

This equation represents all reactants and products as if they were intact and undissociated. A molecular equation will not include any charges on any of the species.

Which of the following options correctly describe a precipitation reaction? Select all that apply.

This type of reaction often occurs in aqueous solution. This type of reaction usually involves ionic compounds. This type of reaction forms one or more insoluble products.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the observations that led to the development of the nuclear model of the atom? Select all that apply.

Thomson measured the mass/charge ratio for an electron. Rutherford determined that the main mass of the atom is concentrated in a central region. The discovery of cathode rays led to an understanding that the atom contains smaller particles.

When an ionic compound is added to water, the _____ will be attracted to the partially positive H atom of water and the ______ will be attracted to the partially negative O atom of water. As the compound dissolves the ions separate from each other, or ______ .

anion cation dissociate

An atom may lose or gain electrons to form an ion. Match each description of ions and their charges correctly. An ion with more electrons than its neutral atom is called a(n) An ion with fewer electrons than its neutral atom is called a(n) The charge of an ion with more electrons than its neutral atom is The charge of an ion with fewer electrons than its neutral atom is

anion cation negative positive

When an ionic compound is added to water, the will be attracted to the partially positive H atom of water and the will be attracted to the partially negative O atom of water. As the compound dissolves the ions separate from each other, or .

anions cation disperse

Which of the following correctly define, depict the symbol, and provide the units for the speed of electromagnetic radiation (light)? Select all that apply.

c = λ × υ c = 3.00 × 108 m/s Light moves at a constant distance per time.

The apparent bending of a wave around the edge of an object is called _____. If a wave passes through a slit that has a width of the same order of magnitude as its _____, it will bend around both edges of the slit to give a semicircular wave.

diffraction; wavelength

digits after the decimal; significant figures

At a fixed temperature and pressure, the volume occupied by a gas is _____ proportional to the number of moles of gas present. For ideal gases under these conditions, equal _____ of gas contain equal numbers of particles or moles.

directly; volumes

According to the Bronsted-Lowry acid-base definition, an acid is a molecule (or ion) that a proton and a base is a molecule (or ion) that a proton.

donates gets

In the Bronsted-Lowry acid-base definition, an acid is a molecule (or ion) that _____ a proton and a base is a molecule (or ion) that _____ a proton.

donates; accepts

The nuclear charge an electron actually experiences is called the nuclear charge (Zeff). This charge is always than the actual nuclear charge since in a many-electron system the electrons each other from the nucleus.

effective less shield

Visible light and radio waves are both examples of radiation, which has a dual nature, possessing the properties of both and waves.

electromagnetic matter

The energy involved in adding 1 mol of electrons to 1 mol of gaseous atoms or ions is called ______. Its periodic trends show many variations.

electron affinity

The charged particle that forms when an atom, or small group of atoms, loses or gains one or more is called an ion. An ion with a positive charge is called a(n) while an ion with a negative charge is a(n) .

electrons cation anion

Electric current flow is the result of the movement of _______. Select all that apply.

electrons cations anions

Thomson's experiments with cathode rays determined that atoms contained even smaller particles called _____, which have a _____ charge.

electrons negative

The movement of one or more ______from one reactant to another is the key chemical event in an oxidation -_______ reaction, also called a(n)_____ reaction.

electrons reduction redox

Thomson's experiments with cathode rays determined that atoms contained even smaller particles called _____, which have a _____ charge.

electrons; negative

In a given chemical compound, the component _____ are present in _____ proportions by mass, regardless of the source of the compound.

elements; fixed

n a given chemical compound, the component _____ are present in _____ proportions by mass, regardless of the source of the compound.

elements; fixed

energy gaps

A central concept in quantum mechanics is that both matter and are alternate forms of the same entity and therefore both exhibit dual characteristics of particles and of . This model allows a better understanding of the behavior of tiny particles such as electrons.

energy waves

In a covalent bond between identical atoms, the electrons are shared ________ between the atoms. If the atoms are not identical, the electron distribution is __________ so that the electrons are closer to one atom than the other. This type of bond is called a(n) _________ covalent bond.

equally unequal polar

In a covalent bond between identical atoms, the electrons are shared between the atoms. If the atoms are not identical, the electron distribution is so that the electrons are closer to one atom than the other. This type of bond is called a(n) covalent bond.

equally unequal polar

In principle all chemical reactions are reversible and can reach dynamic if all the reactants and products are present. This state occurs when the of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.

equilibrium rate

The particles in a gas have a _____ distance between them than the particles of a liquid or a solid and their movement is random. Gas particles therefore move _____ freely than the particles of solids or liquids.

greater; more

An atom is in its lowest energy state, or _____ state, when its electrons are in the lowest possible energy levels. If an electron in the atom absorbs a photon of radiation that is equal in energy to the difference between two energy states, it will move to a higher energy state and the atom is said to be in the _____ state.

ground; excited

Elements that are in the same of the periodic table will have the same electron configuration and will have very similar chemical .

group outer behavior

Which of the following correctly expresses energy in terms of Planck's constant? Select all that apply.

hc E = __________ λ E = hν

The H+ ion is not an isolated ion, but interacts strongly with H2O to produce the ion, which has the formula H3O+.

hydronium

The H+ ion is not an isolated ion, but interacts strongly with H2O to produce the ion, which has the formula H3O+. Listen to the complete question

hydronium

The H+ ions produced by an acid in aqueous solution associate strongly with H2O to form the _____ ion, which has the formula _____.

hydronium; H3O+

Match each species involved in a redox reaction with its correct description. The species oxidized shows a(n) The species reduced shows a(n) The species that shows a decrease in oxidation number is the The species that shows an increase in oxidation number is the

increase in oxidation number. The species reduced shows a(n) decrease in oxidation number. oxidizing agent. reducing agent.

Match each element with the correct description of its properties or behavior, based on periodic trends.

increase; decrease

Metallic behavior tends to _____ down a group in the periodic table and _____ from left to right across a period.

increase; decrease

For electronic sublevels within the same principal energy level, in general a higher nuclear charge _____ nucleus-electron attractions and therefore _____ sublevel energies.

increases; decreases

At constant pressure and volume, the density of a gas _____ as the molar mass increases. A gas made of heavier particles will have a _____ density than a gas composed of lighter particles under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.

increases; higher

When a strong acid reacts with a strong base, the products are typically a(n) compound, which is called a(n) , and the neutral molecule .

ionic salt H2O

The formula of a(n) compound represents the simplest ratio of the relative numbers of cations and anions present. The ratio is called the formula of the compound.

ionic unit

The formula of a(n) compound represents the simplest ratio of the relative numbers of cations and anions present. The ratio is called the formula of the compound. Listen to the complete question

ionic unit

When a strong acid reacts with a strong base, the products are typically a(n)____compound, which is called a(n)____and the neutral molecule_____.

ionic salt water

The energy required for the complete removal of 1 mol of electrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms or ions is called energy. For a neutral element this energy is a measure of how easily the element forms an ion with a charge.

ionization +

The measurement with the amount of certainty in a calculation sets the limit for the entire calculation and determines the number of figures in the final answer.

least significant

Atmospheric pressure arises due to the force exerted by the air above the Earth. At higher altitudes, the mass of the air above the Earth is _____ than at sea level, and atmospheric pressure therefore _____ with altitude.

less; decreases

Match each quantum number to the information it provides about an atomic orbital. The principal quantum number n indicates the The angular momentum quantum number l indicates the The magnetic quantum number ml indicates the The relative size of the orbital is related to the value of The shape of the orbital is related to the value of

principal energy level. sublevel of the orbital. orientation of an orbital in space. the quantum number n. the quantum number l.

The Bronsted-Lowry definition views an acid-base reaction as a _____ transfer reaction.

proton

In the acid-base reaction H3O+ + OH- → 2H2O, the H3O+ ion transfers a(n) to the OH- ion. An acid-base reaction can therefore be described as a(n) -transfer process.

proton proton

In the acid-base reaction H3O+ + OH- → 2H2O, the H3O+ ion transfers a(n)_______to the OH- ion. An acid-base reaction can therefore be described as a(n)______ -transfer process.

proton proton

It is possible for two elements to combine in different ways to form two or more different compounds, such as CO and CO2. When this occurs, the different masses of element B that combine with a fixed mass of element A can be expressed as a(n) of small numbers. This observation is summarized by the law of proportions.

ratio whole multiple

The reaction C8H18 (l) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + H2O (g) is called a(n) reaction because it involves the reaction of a substance with gas.

redox O2

The reaction C8H18 (l) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + H2O (g) is called a(n) _____reaction because it involves the reaction of a substance with _____gas.

redox oxygen

The oxidation of one species allows the reduction of another, so the species being oxidized is called the _____ agent while the species being reduced is the _____ agent.

reducing; oxidizing

Light of a single wavelength is termed _____ and light consisting of many wavelengths is termed _____.

monochromatic; polychromatic

In a solution ________. (Select all that apply.)

more than one solute may be present the solvent is usually the substance present in the greatest quantity

Oxidation, or the loss of electrons, will result in an element becoming _____ positive. This element will show a(n) _____ in oxidation number. Reduction, the gain of electrons, will cause an element to become _____ positive and the element will show a(n) _____ in oxidation number.

more; increase; less; decrease

The energy levels of the hydrogen atom depend on the value of which quantum number(s)?

An acid-base reaction is also called a(n) _____ reaction.

neutralization

The magnetic properties of an atom or ion depend on the presence of unpaired electrons. Match each term to the correct description. A diamagnetic species has A paramagnetic species has A species that is slightly repelled by a magnetic field is A species that is attracted to a magnetic field is

no unpaired electrons. one or more unpaired electrons. diamagnetic paramagnetic

A region of zero electron density in an orbital is called a(n) ______.

node

An atom is composed of a very dense central containing , which are positively charged, and neutrons, which have electrical charge.

nucleus protons 0

Which of the following provides the correct mathematical operation to convert the number of atoms of a sample to the number of moles?

number of atoms / Avogadro's number

Select all the options that correctly complete the sentence: The ground-state electron configuration _____.

obeys Hund's rule obeys the aufbau principle

Select all the options that correctly complete the sentence: The ground-state electron configuration _____.

obeys the aufbau principle obeys Hund's rule

A precipitation reaction is a reaction in which two or more water- _____ ionic compounds react in aqueous solution to form one or more ______ precipitates.

soluble solid

A precipitation reaction is a reaction in which two or more water- ionic compounds react in aqueous solution to form one or more precipitates.

soluble solid

In a solution, substances called ______ are dissolved in a _______ .

solutes solvent

An orbital with l = 0 is called a(n) _____ type orbital and has a(n) _____ shape. There is always a total of _____ orbital(s) of this type for each principal energy level. Multiple choice question.

s; spherical; 1

Each electron in a many-electron system other electrons from the nucleus because electron-electron to some extent counteract the nuclear attraction and the energy of an orbital.

shields repulsion increase

A solution is diluted by adding more _____, which means the _____ of the solution increases but the amount (moles) of solute stays the same.

solvent ; volume

utherford's nuclear model of the atom cannot exist according to classical physics because charged particles like electrons in orbit around a nucleus would continuously lose energy. The result would be that as electrons lose energy they would ______.

spiral into the nucleus to collapse the atom

To represent an ion, the charge on the ion is written as a right _____ next to the element symbol. If the charge is a number other than one, the number is usually written _____ the positive or negative sign.

superscript; before

For any element in the periodic table, the _____ number gives the n value of the _____ principal energy level containing electrons. For main-group elements only, the A _____ number is always equal to the number of valence electrons.

period; highest; group

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle states that it is not possible to know the exact momentum and of a particle simultaneously. In terms of atomic structure, this means that we cannot determine fixed for electrons but can only determine the of finding an electron in a given region of space.

position orbits odds

An insoluble product (i.e., a solid) that forms from a reaction in solution is called a(n) .

precipitate

Electrical current flow is the result of _______.

the movement of charged particles

An ionic compound is formed when ions of charge attract. An ionic compound is overall even though it contains charged particles; therefore it must contain equal numbers of positive and negative .

unlike neutral charges

The frequencies and wavelengths of visible light are perceived as different colors. The visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum ranges from higher frequency/shorter wavelength ______ to lower frequency/longer wavelength ______.

violet; red

In stoichiometry problems involving reactions in solution, the molarity of a solution is used to convert between______ the of a solution and the number of________ of solute.

volume moles

The common name for the compound H2O is , while the compound NH3 is commonly known as .

water ammonia

The common name for the compound H2O is , while the compound NH3 is commonly known as . Listen to the complete question

water ammonia

All matter behaves as though it moves in a(n) . The motion of any particle can be described by the de Broglie equation, which relates the wavelength of a particle to its and speed.

wave mass

energy is defined as the ability to do , and changes in energy occur in all changes of matter. Energy is neither created nor in these changes but is simply from one form to another.

work destroys changes

Match each species to its correct oxidation number. O in O2 Na in NaCl O in H2O Fe in FeCl3

0 +1 -2 +3

The number 0.025349 rounded correctly to three significant figures is ______.

0.0253

Match each soluble ionic compound with the number of moles of ions formed when 1 mole of each compound is dissolved into water. CaCl2 NaBr Fe(NO3)3

3 moles of ions 2 moles of ions 4 moles of ions

Convert an area of 125 km2 to mi2, given that 1.609 km = 1 mi.

48.3 mi2

Which orbitals are the last orbitals being filled in the actinide series?

A 1.00 g sample of gas occupies 250 mL at 273 K and 1.00 atm. Calculate the molar mass of the gas.

89.7 g/mol

Which of the following is the correct orbital diagram for the ground state of carbon?

Which of the following correctly defines an atomic orbital in terms of the quantum-mechanical model of the atom?

A mathematical function that describes the position of the electron-wave in three dimensions

Classify each of the following conversion factors according to the presence of exact numbers. 1km/1000m 6.25g/1cm^3 1 gal/3.789L

Both numbers exact Only denominator exact Only numerator exact

Match the trends in ionization energies correctly. IE decreases IE increases

Down a group From left to right across a period

Which of the following equa

E = hν

______ properties are dependent on the amount of substance. An example is ______. ______ properties are independent of the amount of substance. An example is ______.

Extensive; mass; Intensive; temperature

Which species exhibit paramagnetism? Select all that apply.

Fe3+ V3+ Mn2+

Which of the following options correctly describe how to name an ionic compound? Select all that apply.

For a monatomic anion, the element name is changed to end in -ide. The cation is named first and the anion second.

How is pressure defined mathematically?

Force ___________ Area

Which of the following solutions are acidic? Select all that apply.

H3PO4 (aq) CH3CH2COOH (aq) HBr (aq)

Which of the following actions are permitted in balancing a chemical equation? Select all that apply.

Inserting coefficients in front of formulas of reactants and products Multiplying all coefficients by a common factor

Which of the following wave properties are related to the amplitude of an electromagnetic wave? Select all that apply.

Intensity Brightness (for visible light)

Which of the following correctly defines spectator ions?

Ions that do not participate in the reaction although they are present

In stoichiometry problems involving reactions in solution, the molarity of a solution is used to convert between the of a solution and the number of of solute.

L mol

Which of the following formulas correctly identify the usual form of each element at room temperature? Select all that apply.

P4 O2 Cl2

Which of the following is the correct formula for the precipitate that forms when aqueous solutions of Pb(NO3)2 and KCl are mixed?

PbCl2

In which of the following examples has the oxidation number (O.N.) of the given element been assigned correctly? Select all that apply.

The O.N. for chlorine in the ion ClO3- is +5. The O.N. for iron in FeO is +2.

Select all that apply Phosphorus reacts with hydrogen according to the balanced equation P4 (s) + 6H2 (g) → 4PH3 (g). If 8.50 g of phosphorus reacts with hydrogen gas at 2.00 atm in a 10.0-L container at 298 K, calculate the moles of PH3 produced as well as the total number of moles of gas present at the conclusion of the reaction.

The total amount of gas present is 0.679 mol. 0.274 mol of PH3 are produced.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the limitations of the Rutherford model of the atom? Select all that apply.

This model could not explain observed atomic line spectra. This model could not explain why electrons did not emit energy continuously.

True or false: After the completion of a chemical reaction, the number of substances may have changed but the amount of matter remains constant.

True

True or false: Temperatures must always be converted to the Kelvin temperature scale for gas law calculations.

True

Use the activity series to determine which reaction will NOT occur.

Zn (s) with Al3+ (aq)

A(n) releases H+ in water, therefore it must have one or more atoms as part of its structure.

acid H

The _____ momentum quantum number has the symbol l and can take values from _____ to (n - 1). This number is related to the _____ of the orbital.

angular; 0; shape

A(n) contains only one type of atom, whereas a(n) is composed of two or more different elements bonded together. A(n) also contains more than one substance, but these can be separated by physical means, whereas the components of a compound cannot.

element compound mixture

Metal oxides are _____ and basic, whereas nonmetal oxides are _____ and acidic.

ionic; covalent

Select the correct symbol and units for wavelength. Select all that apply.

λ nm

Match each frequency/wavelength pair, given that the speed of light is 3.00 × 108 m/s. ν = 7.23 × 1014 Hz λ = 662 nm ν = 6.21 × 1010 Hz λ = 3.12 × 10-12 m

λ = 415 nm ν = 4.53 × 1014 Hz λ = 4.83 mm ν = 9.62 × 1019 Hz

Which of the following correctly depict the symbol and units for frequency? Select all that apply.

ν Hz

Which of the following is an acceptable orbital diagram for hydrogen, based on normal conventions?

↑ 1s

The distance a wave travels during one cycle is called its . This is usually measured as the distance between two or two troughs.

wavelength crests

Which of the following options correctly defines an electrolyte?

A substance that conducts an electric current in aqueous solution

The van der Waals equation for n moles of a real gas is given by (P+n2aV2)P+n2aV2(V-nb)V-nb = nRT. What is the meaning of each term in this equation? a b n2aV2 nb

Accounts for intermolecular attractions Accounts for molecular volume Adjusts predicted pressure up Adjusts predicted volume down

Which transition metals usually form only one monoatomic cation? Select all that apply.

Ag Cd Zn

Which of the following options correctly describes how straight-chain alkanes are named?

Alkanes are named with the root based on the number of carbon atoms followed by the suffix -ane.

Which of the following statements correctly define SI base units and derived units? Select all that apply.

All the base units are based on metric units. There are seven base units in the SI system.

Which of the following statements correctly describe how conversion factors are used in calculations? Select all that apply.

All units should cancel except for those required for the answer when multiplying by a conversion factor. The conversion factor should be selected so that the units in the original quantity cancel with one of the units in the factor. Conversion factors are relationships used to express the same quantity in different units.

Which of the following statements correctly reflects the most important consequence of Pauli's exclusion principle?

An atomic orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons as long as they have opposite spins.

Which of the following correctly describe gas law problems? Select all that apply.

An individual gas law can be used to solve problems where the change in one variable affects another while two other variables are held constant. The ideal gas law can be used to solve problems where one variable is unknown and the rest are known.

Which of the following options correctly describe Dalton's atomic theory? Select all that apply.

Atoms of the same element are identical. Compounds result from the combination of a specific ratio of atoms of different elements. All matter consists of atoms.

Which of the following are considered bases? Select all that apply.

Ba(OH)2 NaOH NH3

Which of the following net ionic equations correctly predicts the formation of an insoluble product? Select all that apply.

Ba2+ (aq) + CO32- (aq) → BaCO3 (s) Ag+ (aq) + Br- (aq) → AgBr (s)

Which of the following options correctly describe the three temperature scales and their relationship to each other? Select all that apply.

Both the Kelvin and Celsius scales have the same size degree unit. All temperatures in the Kelvin scale (other than 0 K) are positive. Absolute zero is 0 K or -273.15oC.

Which of the following atoms has the lowest 1s sublevel energy?

A compound has the empirical formula CH2O. What are the possible options for the molecular formula of this compound? Select all that apply.

C2H4O2 CH2O C6H12O6

Which of the following species will be present in an aqueous solution of Na2CO3? Select all that apply.

CO32- Na+

Which combination of substances will result in a spontaneous redox reaction?

Ca (s) + ZnCl2 (aq)

Identify the spectator ion in the following total ionic equation: 2Fe (s) + 3Ni2+ (aq) + 6Cl- (aq) → 2Fe3+ (aq) + 3Ni (s) + 6Cl- (aq)

Cl-

How do exact numbers affect the significant figures of the answer to a calculation?

Exact numbers do not limit the number of significant figures in a calculation.

Which temperature scale may be used for gas law calculations?

Which of the following statements correctly describe how units are treated in a mathematical calculation? Select all that apply. Multiple select question.

Quantities cannot be added or subtracted unless they have like units. Like units can be canceled by division. Units can be multiplied or divided.

Which of the following options correctly describe the gas constant, R? Select all that apply.

R is a proportionality constant used in gas law calculations. R may have different values depending on the units used to express volume and pressure.

Which of the following statements correctly reflect the rule governing rounding in a calculation? Select all that apply.

Rounding is necessary when there are too many digits after a calculation. The least certain measurement determines the certainty of the answer.

Why does an aqueous solution of an ionic substance conduct an electric current?

The solution contains ions that are free to move.

In order for a current to flow in a photoelectric cell, a photon of light must be by an electron in the metal. For this to occur, the of the photon must be equal to or greater than the energy needed to remove the electron from its energy state. It is the of the light that is important, not its intensity.

absorbed energy energy

A(n) _______ , Incorrect Unavailable releases H+ in water, therefore it must have one or more ------Blank 2Blank 2 atoms , Incorrect Unavailable atoms as part of its structure.

acid H

A neutralization reaction occurs between a(n) and a(n) .

acid base

neutralization reaction occurs between a(n)___ and ____.

acid base

Match the trend in electron affinity as we move from one element to another on the periodic table. Electron affinity increases Electron affinity do not change greatly

across a period. down a group.

The is a list of metals (and hydrogen) arranged from top to bottom in order of decreasing ease of oxidation.

activity series

A molecule is an independent structure composed of two or more atoms chemically together. A molecule composed of two atoms of the same element is called a(n) molecule.

bonded diatomic

Most elements occur in compounds combined with other elements by forming chemical , which are formed by the interaction of the of the atoms involved.

bonds electrons

A molecule is an independent structure composed of two or more atoms chemically together. A molecule composed of two atoms of the same element is called a(n) molecule. Listen to the complete question

bound diatomic

Two atoms may bond by sharing electrons. This type of bond is called a(n) bond.

covalent

Rutherford's famous experiment involved bombarding a piece of foil with particles, which were known to be heavy and positively charged. The pathway of these particles was tracked by allowing them to strike a zinc-sulfide screen after interacting with the foil.

gold alpha

A _____ mixture has no visible boundaries between its components because its composition is uniform, whereas a _____ mixture is not uniform and different components can be distinguished.

homogeneous; heterogeneous

Binary acids are named with the prefix _____ and the suffix _____.

hydro-; -ic

The van der Waals equation is a modified version of the gas equation that takes into account both the forces between gas particles and the real molecular of the gas particles.

ideal intermolecular volume

The ideal gas law is expressed as PV = nRT. In this equation, the symbol R indicates the gas constant, which may have different values depending on the units used to express and pressure.

ideal volume

Atomic radius generally decreases from left to right across a period because the effective nuclear charge _____ while electrons are being added to the same outer level. These additional electrons are shielded _____ by inner electrons and are therefore attracted _____ strongly by the nucleus.

increases; less well; more

Mg2+, Na+, and F- all have the same electron configuration as Ne, and are described as being _____ with Ne and with each other.

isoelectronic

What is the correct name of the ionic compound Li3N?

lithium nitride

.During a chemical reaction, the total _____ of the substances present does not change. The number of substances may change, but the total amount of matter present _____.

mass; remains unchanged

A central theme in chemistry is that we study ______ changes in matter to understand their ______ causes.

observable; unobservable

Electromagnetic radiation consists of particles called , each of which has a discrete amount, or quantum, of energy. However, since electromagnetic radiation also has wave properties, each particle is also characterized by a specific (usually expressed in nm) and frequency (expressed in s-1).

photons wavelength

An element is the simplest form of matter that has unique and chemical properties. An element consists of only one kind of .

physical atom

An insoluble product (i.e., a solid) that forms from a reaction in solution is called a(n)

precipitate

Energy is not continuous, but is quantized or divided into "packets," each of which contains a definite amount of energy. An energy packet is called a(n) _____, and the energy of each packet is directly proportional to its _____.

quantum; frequency

A conversion factor is a(n)____ used to express a quantity in different units of measurement. Multiplying by _____a conversion factor is the same as multiplying by because the numerator and denominator are equivalent.

ratio 1

Covalent compounds form when elements _____ electrons, which usually occurs between _____. A covalent compound is electrically neutral and is composed of individual units called _____.

share; nonmetals; molecules

Electron-electron repulsions result in each electron _____.

shielding the other electrons from the nucleus

All waves in the electromagnetic spectrum travel at the same _____ through a vacuum, but differ in their frequency and wavelength. A wave with a long (large) wavelength will have a _____ frequency.

speed; low

An electron not only moves around the nucleus but also on its own axis, thus generating a tiny field. The direction of this field is described by the quantum number, ms, which is not related to any specific orbital but is a property of the electron itself.

spins magnetic spin

Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom cannot exist according to classical physics because charged particles like electrons in orbit around a nucleus would continuously lose energy. The result would be that as electrons lose energy they would ______.

spiral into the nucleus to collapse the atom

Select the correct statements for key terms and ideas regarding the components of matter. Select all that apply.

Covalent compounds consist of atoms bonded by electron pairs mutually attracted to both nuclei. Homogeneous mixtures have the same composition throughout. Substances have a fixed composition throughout.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the information conveyed by the balanced equation 16Cu (s) + S8 (g) → 8Cu2S (s)? Select all that apply.

Cu and S8 are reactants and Cu2S is the product. 16 atoms of Cu react with 1 molecule of S8 to form 8 formula units of Cu2S. 16 moles of Cu react with 1 mole of S8 to form 8 moles of Cu2S.

Under which conditions do gases behave most ideally? Select all that apply.

At low pressures At high temperatures

Select the correct statements relating an atom's ionization energy (IE) and its chemical behavior. Noble gases are not included in these descriptions. Select all that apply.

Atoms with low IE are easily oxidized. Atoms with high IE tend to be reduced. Atoms with high IE tend to form anions.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the macroscopic view of the three states of matter? Select all that apply.

A liquid has a fixed volume. A liquid conforms to the shape of its container. A gas conforms to both the shape and the volume of the container it is in.

Which of the following equations correctly reflects the re

E = hν

In the Period 6 inner transition element series, the 4f orbitals begin to be filled after the element _____.

Which options correctly describe the procedure used to determine the number of significant digits in a reported quantity? (Select all that apply.)

Start at the left and move right until you reach the first nonzero digit. All digits from the first nonzero digit onward (going to the right) are significant if there is a decimal point. If the number has no decimal point, "trailing zeros" to the right of nonzero digits are usually assumed not to be significant.

How do the equations differ for the neutralization reaction between a strong acid/strong base and a weak acid/strong base?

The anion of the weak acid is a product, not a spectator ion. The weak acid reactant must appear as an undissociated, intact molecule in the equation.

Match each arithmetic operation with the rule that governs the rounding of the answer. Instructions Addition and subtraction Multiplication and division

The answer is rounded to have the same number of digits after the decimal as the quantity with the fewest digits after the decimal. The answer is rounded to have the same number of significant figures as the quantity with the fewest significant figures.

Any two waves that meet as they travel through the same medium will interact. If the two waves are in phase their crests will coincide and they will experience _____ interference, producing a wave with a(n) _____ amplitude.

constructive; increased

Elements combine in two general ways. In _____ compounds electrons are transfered from one element to the other, while in _____ compounds the electrons are shared between the atoms.

ionic; covalent

What is the charge of the monatomic cation usually formed by each of the following metals? Remember to include the sign with each charge, and enter the number along with the correct sign of the charge in each case. (Do NOT re-enter the element symbols.) Zn Ag Cd

+2 +1 +2

Which electrons are removed first when forming cations of Period 4 transition elements?

Identify ALL the spectator ions in the following total ionic equation: 2Na+ (aq) + SO42- (aq) + Ba2+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + 2Na+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq)

Cl- Na+

Which of the following correctly describes the diffraction of light?

Diffraction is the apparent bending of light around the edge of an object in its path.

Why does ionization energy generally increase from left to right across a period?

Effective nuclear charge increases, and the outermost electron becomes harder to remove.

Which of the following statements correctly describe a redox reaction? Select all that apply.

Electrons always move from an atom that attracts them less strongly. Reduction and oxidation always occur together. This type of reaction involves the transfer of electrons.

One definition for acids and bases describes each type of substance in terms of the ions it produces in aqueous solution. Match each type of substance with the ion produced in water. Acid Base

H+ OH-

In the acid-base reaction H3O+ + OH- → 2H2O, the H3O+ ion transfers a(n) to the OH- ion. An acid-base reaction can therefore be described as a(n) -transfer process.

H+ proton

Match each type of element with the typical trend it follows when forming an ion. Main-group s-block metals Main-group p-block metals Main-group nonmetals Transition metals

Lose all electrons from ns sublevel Lose first the np electrons, then the ns electrons Gain electrons to fill the np sublevel Lose ns electrons before losing (n - 1)d electrons

Which of the following reactions are expected to occur as written, with reference to the activity series for metals (shown)? Select all that apply.

Mg (s) + Co(NO3)2 (aq) → Co (s) + Mg(NO3)2 (aq) Pb (s) + 2HCl (aq) → PbCl2 (s) + H2 (g)

Which element has the ground-state electron configuration 1s22s22p3?

Which of the following correctly defines the amplitude of a wave?

The height of each crest or depth of each trough

Why does each element have its own unique atomic line spectrum?

The lines in the spectrum correspond to the differences between the specific energy states in the atom.

A sample of gas is heated steadily in a closed rigid container. Which of the following correctly describes the result?

The pressure in the container will increase.

Phosphorus reacts with hydrogen according to the balanced equation P4 (s) + 6H2 (g) → 4PH3 (g). If 8.50 g of phosphorus reacts with hydrogen gas at 2.00 atm in a 10.0-L container at 298 K, calculate the moles of PH3 produced as well as the total number of moles of gas present at the conclusion of the reaction.

The total amount of gas present is 0.679 mol. 0.274 mol of PH3 are produced.

Energy is quantized. What does this mean?

There is a basic unit of energy that cannot be subdivided further.

A barometer, which is a device used to measure pressure, consists of a vacuum tube containing a column of liquid such as mercury. The atmospheric pressure is proportional to the of the liquid column.

atmospheric level

A substance that conducts an electric current when dissolved in water is called a(n) .

electrolyte

True or false: In order to balance the reaction of hydrogen gas (H2) with oxygen gas (O2) to form liquid water (H2O), a student adds a subscript of 2 after the oxygen in H2O. This is an acceptable method of balancing the above reaction.

false

The anion formed by the element fluorine is called , and the anion formed by the element chlorine is called .

fluoride chloride

Boyle's law states that at constant temperature, the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is _____ proportional to the applied pressure. This means that if the pressure on the gas increases the volume will _____ correspondingly.

inversely; decrease

Wavelength and frequency are _____ proportional to each other. As wavelength increases, frequency will _____.

inversely; decrease

When describing orbitals, a node ________. Select all that apply.

is a region of zero electron density occurs when ψ2 is equal to zero

Both physical and chemical changes are accompanied by a change in the total ________ energy of the system, which is divided into two broad categories, energy due to motion and _________ energy due to position.

kinetic potential

Chemistry is the study of matter, which is commonly defined as anything that has_____ and occupies______ .

mass, space

The phenomenon where an electric current is produced by shining a light on a metal plate is called the effect. The minimum frequency required to cause a current to flow is called the frequency. This frequency depends on the identity of the metal used.

photoelectric threshold

An orbital with l = 0 is called a(n) _____ type orbital and has a(n) _____ shape. There is always a total of _____ orbital(s) of this type for each principal energy level.

s; spherical; 1

At STP, the density of argon is _____.

twice the density of neon

Which of the following statements correctly describe the percent yield in a chemical reaction? Select all that apply.

% yield = actual yield theoretical yield× 100 The actual yield is almost always less than the theoretical yieldUnder certain conditions, the reaction of propane and water will produce carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas.

Molecular equation- Total ionic equation- Net ionic equation

----Shows all the reactants and products as intact, undissociated compounds Shows all the reactants and products as intact, undissociated compounds ---Shows soluble ionic substances dissociated into ions Shows soluble ionic substances dissociated into ions ----Omits spectator ions and shows the actual chemical change taking place

A sample of gas has a volume of 32 L at 75°C. At what temperature will the volume be equal to 16 L?

-99°C

Which of the following statements correctly describe the macroscopic view of the three states of matter? Select all that apply.

-A liquid has a fixed volume. -A liquid conforms to the shape of its container. -A gas conforms to both the shape and the volume of the container it is in.

Match each arithmetic operation with the rule that governs the rounding of the answer. Addition and subtraction- Multiplication and division-

-The answer is rounded to have the same number of digits after the decimal as the quantity with the fewest digits after the decimal. -The answer is rounded to have the same number of significant figures as the quantity with the fewest significant figures.

Which of the following statements correctly describe how conversion factors are used in calculations? Select all that apply.

-The conversion factor should be selected so that the units in the original quantity cancel with one of the units in the factor. -Conversion factors are relationships used to express the same quantity in different units. -All units should cancel except for those required for the answer when multiplying by a conversion factor.

Which of the following options correctly describe physical and chemical properties? Select all that apply.

-When a chemical property is measured, the substance being observed is converted to a different substance or interacts with another substance. -A physical property can be observed without a chemical reaction.

Match the definitions and examples correctly as indicated. Instructions An extensive property is defined as- An intensive property is defined as- Density is an example of an- Mass is an example of an-

-a property that depends on the amount of substance present. a property that is independent of sample size. -intensive property. -extensive property.

The scientific method is a systematic approach to studying our world. Based on the observations we make, we formulate a(n) ____and test it by designing a controlled_____ . The results or _______collected in this phase will allow us to design further tests and potentially to formulate models and theories to explain the world around us.

-hypothesis -experiment -data

The items listed below relate to the method used for solving problems in chemistry. Match each pair of items correctly. Instructions The known quantities in the problem- The unknown quantity- The units of conversion factors- Any units that do not cancel-

-often provide useful conversion factors. -will be the solution to the problem. -must cancel at each step, except for the units needed for the answer. -are the units for the unknown quantity.

If 1.0 mole of neon, 2.0 moles of helium, and 3.0 moles of argon are mixed, what is the mole fraction of helium? Multiple choice question. 33

0.33

What is the molarity of a 500. mL solution containing 21.1 g of potassium bromide (KBr)? The molar mass of KBr is 119.0 g/mol. Multiple choice question. 42.2 M

0.355 M

A mixture of gases contains 1.50 mol of O2, 0.75 mol of He, and 2.25 mol of N2. The total pressure exerted by the mixture is equal to 2.50 atm. What is the partial pressure of the He?

0.418 atm

Which temperature and pressure correspond to STP?

0°C 1 atm

The abbreviation STP indicates a temperature of _____ and a pressure of _____.

0°C; 1 atm

When 429 mmHg of argon, 1.2 atm of neon, and 225 mmHg of helium are mixed, what is the total pressure?

1566 mmHg

Click and drag on elements in order Using the periodic table, place the sublevels in the correct order for placing electrons. Start with the first sublevel to be filled at the bottom of the list.

4p 3d 4s 3p 3s

Match each electron configuration to the correct description. Assume that all electron configurations represent ions. Noble gas configuration Pseudo-noble gas configuration Inert pair configuration

1s22s22p63s23p6 1s22s22p63s23p63d10 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s2

Match each electron configuration to the correct description. Assume that all electron configurations represent ions. Instructions Noble gas configuration Pseudo-noble gas configuration Inert pair configuration

1s22s22p63s23p6 1s22s22p63s23p63d10 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s2

The molecular formula of a compound having an empirical formula NH2 (ℳ = 32.05 g/mol) is N H .

2 4

Which of the following provides the correct mathematical operation to calculate the number of molecules in 2.0 mol of CH4?

2.0 mol × 6.022 × 1023 molecules/mol

At a given temperature and pressure, it takes 7.25 min for a 10.0-L sample of argon to effuse through a membrane. How long will it take for a 10.0-L sample of helium to effuse under the same conditions?

2.29 min

When the temperature of a 3.0-L sample of a gas is dropped from 200°C to 100°C, what will be the final volume of the gas sample?

2.4 L

Which conversion factor should be used to convert an area from in2 to cm2 if 1 in = 2.54 cm?

2.54cm/1in 2.54cm/1in x 2.54cm1in 2.54cm/1in = 6.45cm21in2

The density of a gas is 2.49 g/L at 3.00 atm and 25oC. Calculate the molar mass of the gas.

20.3 g/mol

How many milliliters of 0.120 M H2SO4 are needed to neutralize a solution containing 0.250 g of NaOH (40.00 g/mol)?

26.0 mL

Which of the following are decomposition redox reactions? Select all that apply. REDOX

2H2O2 (aq) → 2H2O (l) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g) → N2 (g) + 2O2 (g)

Which of the following are combination redox reactions? Select all that apply.

2K (s) + Br2 (l) → 2KBr (s) C2H2 (g) + 2H2 (g) → C2H6 (g)

Which of the following are combination redox reactions? Select all that apply. REDOX

2K (s) + Br2 (l) → 2KBr (s) C2H2 (g) + 2H2 (g) → C2H6 (g)

Which of the following are decomposition redox reactions? Select all that apply.

2KClO3 (s) → 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g) 2NO2 (g) → 2NO (g) + O2 (g)

Which of the following are decomposition redox reactions? Select all that apply. REDOX

2NO2 (g) → 2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2KClO3 (s) → 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g)

Given the balanced equation 2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) → 2AlCl3(s), select all the conversion factors that correctly represent the molar relationships in this equation.

2mol Al/ 3mol Cl2 2mol AlCl3/ 3mol Cl2

Which type of electrons are best at shielding a 3p electron?

A 2.26 M solution of KOH is prepared. Calculate the moles and mass of solute present in a 15.2-mL sample of this solution. The molar mass of KOH is 56.11 g/mol.

3.44 x 10^-2 moles 1.93 g

A 2.26 M solution of KOH is prepared. Calculate the moles and mass of solute present in a 15.2-mL sample of this solution. The molar mass of KOH is 56.11 g/mol.

3.44 × 10-2 moles 1.93 g

How many electrons are present in the ion Se2−3479Se2-3479?

What volume of gas is generated when 58.0 L of oxygen gas reacts at STP according to the following balanced equation? Assume that the reaction goes to completion and that no starting materials remain. CH3CH2OH (l) + 3O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (l)

38.7 L

Which of the following are combination redox reactions? Select all that apply.

3Mg (s) + N2 (g) → Mg3N2 (s) 2CO (g) + O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g)

Atomic masses are commonly read from the periodic table to significant figures. The atomic mass of H is therefore equal to amu, whereas the atomic mass of C is equal to amu. Use the periodic table given in your textbook to answer the question.

4 1.008 12.01

What is the mass percent of oxygen in aluminum oxide (Al2O3)?

47.08%

The effusion rate of HCl is 43.2 cm/min in a certain effusion apparatus. What is the rate of effusion of ammonia in the same apparatus?

63.4 cm/min

Which pressure is the greatest?

760 atm

The SI system is based on _____ fundamental units called base units. All other units are combinations of these fundamental units and are called _____ units.

7; derived

A sample of a gas has a volume of 52 L at a pressure of 1.2 atm. What volume will the gas occupy if the pressure is changed to 0.75 atm?

83 L

The four options are given as follows: A) 1s: A pair of opposite spin; 2s: a pair of opposite spin; and an upward arrow in two of three boxes of 2p. B) 1s: A pair of opposite spin; 2s: a pair of opposite spin; and an opposite spin in one of three boxes of 2p. C) 1s: A pair of opposite spin; 2s: a pair of opposite spin; and an upward arrows in each of three boxes of 2p. D) 1s: A pair of opposite spin; 2s: a pair of opposite spin; and an upward arrow in two boxes of 2p.

Which of the following statements correctly describe an s orbital? Select all that apply.

A 2s orbital has two regions of high electron density. An s orbital has a spherical shape.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the formation of binary ionic compounds? Select all that apply.

A binary ionic compound results from the combination of anions and cations. The metal atoms transfer electrons to the nonmetal atoms. A binary ionic compound typically forms when a metal reacts with a nonmetal.

How does Dalton's atomic theory account for the fact that different samples of the same compound always contain a fixed mass percentage of its component elements?

A given compound always contains a fixed ratio of its component elements.

Select the statements that correctly describe how a barometer measures pressure. Select all that apply.

A column of mercury inverted in a dish of mercury measures pressure exerted on the open surface of the mercury. Pressure exerted by the atmosphere is equal to pressure exerted by the column of mercury.

Which of the following options correctly describe covalent compounds? Select all that apply.

A covalent compound is formed when electrons are shared. The smallest unit of a covalent compound is called a molecule.

Which of the following statements correctly defines a molecule?

A molecule is an independent structure consisting of two or more atoms covalently bonded together.

Which of the following correctly defines a covalent bond?

A pair of electrons shared between two nuclei

Which of the following statements correctly describe a photon? Select all that apply.

A photon is a particle of electromagnetic radiation. Matter cannot absorb or emit a fraction of a photon.

Which of the following correctly defines a precipitate?

A solid product that separates from a solution

Match each term to the correct Bronsted-Lowry definition. Acid Base

A species that donates a proton (H+) A species that accepts a proton (H+)

Some covalent compounds are so common that they are named using "common" or "trivial" names instead of systematic names. Match each of the following compounds with its correct name. NH3 H2O CH4

Ammonia water Methane

Which of the following statements correctly describe general trends in electron configurations? Select all that apply.

Among main-group elements, the outer electron configurations within a group are identical. For any principal energy level n, the total number of orbitals possible for that level is equal to n2. The period number of an element corresponds to the n value of the highest energy level containing electrons.

Which of the following options correctly describe Rutherford's experiment? Select all that apply.

An α particle was known at this time to be positively charged. The pathway followed by the α particles was tracked using a zinc-sulfide screen. This experiment used α particles to probe atomic structure.

Which of the following statements correctly describe why real gases deviate from ideal gas behavior at high pressures and low temperatures? Select all that apply.

At low temperature a gas might liquefy. At low temperature forces of attraction and repulsion become significant. At high pressure the molecular volume of the gas particles themselves becomes significant.

Which species exhibit diamagnetism? Select all that apply.

Br- Cu+ Mn7+

Which of the following are combination redox reactions? Select all that apply.

C2H2 (g) + 2H2 (g) → C2H6 (g) 2K (s) + Br2 (l) → 2KBr (s)

Which of the following ions are isoelectronic with Ar? Select all that apply.

Cl- K+ S2-

Which of the following are postulates of the kinetic molecular theory of gases? Select all that apply.

Collisions of gas particles are elastic. The volume of gas particles is small compared to the volume occupied by the gas.

Why does the pressure rise as the volume of a cylinder filled with a gas is decreased by a piston?

Collisions with the walls are more frequent.

Match each general equation to the type of reaction it represents. X + Y → Z Z → X + Y X + YZ → XZ + Y XY + AB → XB + AY

Combination Decomposition Single displacement Double displacement

Which of the following statements describe combustion analysis correctly? Select all that apply.

Combustion analysis involves burning a compound in O2. The mass of hydrogen in the compound is determined from the amount of H2O produced. Every 1 mole of carbon in the compound will produce 1 mole of CO2.

Which of the following options correctly describe Dalton's atomic theory? Select all that apply.

Compounds result from the combination of a specific ratio of atoms of different elements. All matter consists of atoms Atoms of the same element are identical.

Match each element with the correct description of its properties or behavior, based on periodic trends. C Sb B F

Forms acidic oxides The most metallic metalloid in its group Most readily forms a cation Most readily gains electrons

Why are electrons restricted to certain, discrete energy levels within an atom?

Electrons have wavelike motion and are restricted to certain energy states associated with specific wavelengths.

Match each formula or model used to represent molecules with the correct description. Molecular formula Structural formula Ball-and-stick model Space-filling model

Element symbols with numerical subscripts to give the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule Shows the relative placement and connections of atoms in a molecule with either pairs of dots for electrons or a line to represent the bonds Shows the atoms as balls and the bonds as sticks with the angles between the bonds accurate Shows an accurately scaled image of the molecule with spheres giving the relative size of the atoms, angles, and distance between nuclei

Select the correct statements regarding the combustion reactions. Select all that apply.

Elemental oxygen is a reactant. Hydrocarbons and their oxygen-containing derivatives combust to produce CO2 and water. Combustion reactions are always redox reactions.

Match each element with the correct description of its properties or behavior, based on periodic trends. Instructions C Sb Ba F

Forms acidic oxides The most metallic metalloid in its group Most readily forms a cation Most readily gains electrons

Which of the following options correctly describe the arrangement of the periodic table? Select all that apply.

Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties. The elements in the upper right portion of the periodic table are nonmetals. The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called periods.

Which of the following statements correctly describe wave-particle duality? Select all that apply.

Energy and mass can be interconverted. Matter and energy are different forms of the same entity. All matter exhibits wavelike motion.

An acid can be defined as a substance that produces ions when dissolved in water, while a base produces ions in aqueous solutions.

H+ OH-

An acid is a covalently bonded substance that nonetheless produces ions when dissolved in water. This occurs because the acid molecule contains a(n) covalent bond between H and another atom X (such as the bond in H-Cl). The H of the acid is strongly attracted to the partially negative O atom of water. The H-X bond in the acid breaks and the acid .

H+ polar dissociates

Metals participate in two types of single-displacement reactions. A reactive metal can displace _____ gas either from water or from an aqueous acid. A _____ reactive metal can also displace the ion of a _____ reactive metal from solution.

H2; more; less

Which of the following statements correctly interpret the balanced chemical equation 4HCl (aq) + MnO2 (s) → MnCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (g) + Cl2 (g)? Select all that apply.

HCl is a reactant in this equation. The MnCl2 produced is dissolved in water.

Which of the following options gives the correct total ionic equation for the reaction between an aqueous solution of the weak acid H

HF (aq) + K+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → H2O (l) + F- (aq) + K+ (aq)

Which of the following options gives the correct total ionic equation for the reaction between an aqueous solution of the weak acid HF and strong base aqueous potassium hydroxide, KOH?

HF (aq) + K+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → H2O (l) + F- (aq) + K+ (aq)

Correctly order the steps for solving a problem involving the ideal gas law. Start with the first step at the top of the list. Instructions

Identify... Rearrang ... Solve...

Which of the following statements describe how to round a number correctly, using the conventions followed by this text? Select all that apply.

If the digit removed is a 5 followed only by zeros, the preceding number is increased by 1 if it is odd. If the digit removed is greater than 5, the preceding number increases by 1. Rounding at each intermediate step of a multistep calculation can introduce additional error.

Which of the following statements correctly describe isomers? Select all that apply.

Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula. Isomers are compounds with the same empirical formula. Isomers are compounds with the same molar mass.

Which of the following statements correctly describe isotopes? Select all that apply.

Isotopes of the same element have the same element symbols. Isotopes have similar chemical properties. Isotopes have different numbers of neutrons.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the steps required to solve a problem in chemistry? Select all that apply.

It is important to identify the known quantities in the problem. The units of the quantities given in the problem often provide useful conversion factors. Use the information given in the problem to construct appropriate conversion factors.

Which of the following is a consequence of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle?

It is not possible to assign fixed paths for electrons.

A nitrogen oxide contains 30.45% N mass. If the molar mass of the compound is 90. ± 5 g/mol, what is its molecular formula?

N2O4

Which of the following options correctly describe how acids are named? Select all that apply.

Oxoacids are named similarly to oxoanions except the suffix is changed from -ate to -ic and -ite to -ous. Binary acids contain the nonmetal root and then the suffix -ic. Binary acids have the prefix hydro- to specify that they contain hydrogen.

Which of the following nonmetals exist as diatomic molecules at room temperature? Select all that apply.

Oxygen Nitrogen Fluorine

Which of the following is the correct expression of the ideal gas law?

PV = nRT

molecular equation Total ionic equation Net ionic equation

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaCl (aq) → PbCl2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq) b2+ (aq) + 2NO3- (aq) + 2Na+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) → PbCl2 (s) + 2Na+ (aq) + 2NO3- (aq) Pb2+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) → PbCl2 (s)

Match each type of property to the correct description. Physical properties- Chemical properties-

Physical properties- Properties that can be measured without changing the identity or composition of a substance Properties that can be measured without changing the identity or composition of a substance Chemical properties-Choice, Properties that a substance displays as it transforms into or associates with another substance or substances Properties that a substance displays as it transforms into or associates with another substance or substances

Consider a sample containing 1 mol of an ideal gas in a flexible, closed container. Which of the following changes will cause the volume to decrease? Select all that apply.

Temperature decreases while external pressure remains constant. Temperature decreases and external pressure increases.

Match each group of the periodic table with the correct description of its behavior. Group 1A(1) elements Group 7A(17) Group 8A(18)

Tendency to lose electrons Tendency to form acidic oxides Tendency to be nonreactive

Match each group of the periodic table with the correct description of its behavior. Instructions Group 1A(1) elements Group 7A(17) Group 8A(18)

Tendency to lose electrons Tendency to form acidic oxides Tendency to be nonreactive

Which of the following options correctly describe the order in which sublevels (designated by nl) are most commonly filled with electrons? Select all that apply. (Ignore anomalous electron configurations.)

The 1s sublevel must be filled before electrons are placed in the 2s orbital. The 3d orbitals are generally filled after the 4s orbital.

Combustion analysis is commonly used to determine the empirical formula of unknown compounds containing principally C and H. For a compound containing C, H, and O only, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

The amount of oxygen is determined from the mass of H2O produced.

Match each type of reaction yield to the correct description. Theoretical yield Actual yield Percent yield

The amount of product calculated from the molar ratio in the balanced chemical equation Amount of product obtained experimentally from a chemical reaction actual yieldtheoretical yield × 100

Which of the following statements is true concerning a dynamic chemical equilibrium? Select all that apply.

The amounts of reactant and product do not change over time. The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are the same.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom? Select all that apply.

The atom is in its lowest energy state when the electron is in the orbit closest to the nucleus. Each energy state of the hydrogen atom is associated with a fixed circular orbit of the electron around the nucleus. Only certain energy levels are allowed within the hydrogen atom.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the atomic number of an element? Select all that apply.

The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. Each element has its own unique atomic number.

Which of the following options correctly describe how to determine the charge on a monatomic ion using the periodic table? Select all that apply.

The charge of most transition metal cations cannot readily be predicted from the periodic table. Ca is in Group 2A and therefore forms the Ca2+ ion. For main-group cations, the ion charge equals the A-group number.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the electromagnetic spectrum? Select all that apply.

The color of visible light is related to its frequency. All waves in the spectrum travel at the same speed in a vacuum.

Consider the formula for the ionic compound Na2O. Which of the following statements correctly interpret this formula? Select all that apply.

The compound contains 2 Na+ ions for every O2- ion. The cation in this compound is Na+.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the changes occurring during a dilution? Select all that apply.

The concentration of the solution decreases. The number of moles of solute will not change.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the SI base quantities and their units? Select all that apply.

The correct abbreviation for kelvin is K. The SI unit for length is the meter.

Which of the following statements correctly describe ground-state electron configurations? Select all that apply.

The ground-state electron configuration has the lowest-energy distribution of the electrons. The ground-state electron configurations are the basis for the recurring pattern of chemical behavior.

Which of the following statements describe the information that can be gained from a balanced chemical equation? Select all that apply.

The identities of substances involved. The relative quantities (moles) of substances involved. The physical states of reactants and products, often.

The information contains the conversion factor 45s135mm245s135mm2. The problem assumes that the conversion between seconds and hours is known. The starting point for the calculation is 7903 mm2.

Match each type of ion with the statement that correctly describes how to determine its charge using the periodic table. Main-group cations Anions

The ion charge equals the A-group number. The ion charge is calculated by subtracting 8 from the A-group number.

Match each type of ion with the statement that correctly describes how to determine its charge using the periodic table.' Main-group cations Anions

The ion charge is calculated by subtracting 8 from the A-group number. The ion charge equals the A-group number.

Which of the following statements describe/define ionization energy correctly? Select all that apply.

The ionization energy of an element is a measure of how easily it forms a cation. Ionization energy is the energy required for the complete removal of 1 mol of electrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms or ions.

The items listed below relate to the method used for solving problems in chemistry. Match each pair of items correctly.

The known quantities in the problem- often provide useful conversion factors. The unknown quantity -will be the solution to the problem. The units of conversion factors - must cancel at each step, except for the units needed for the answer. Any units that do not cancel- are the units for the unknown quantity. are the units for the unknown quantity.

Which of the following options correctly describe the products of the reaction between a strong acid and a strong base in aqueous solutions? Select all that apply.

The reaction forms a salt and water. The net ionic equation is typically given by H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → H2O (l).

Which of the following choices describe the steps required to determine the empirical formula of a compound from the mass percent? Select all that apply.

The mass percentage of each element is converted to moles using the mass formula massmolar massmassmolar mass. If a compound contains 52% of mass of C, it can be assumed that there are 52 g of C in 100 g of the compound. The ratio of atoms of each element must be a ratio of integer numbers.

Which of the following options describe the correct format used to represent an ionic compound? Select all that apply.

The number of atoms/ions in the formula is indicated by a subscript. Subscripts in the formula for an ionic compound are usually reduced to the simplest ratio. In the formula of an ionic compound, the cation is always placed first.

Under certain conditions, the reaction of propane and water will produce carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas. The reaction may be represented as a two-step process: C3H8 (g) + 3H2O (g) → 3CO (g) + 7H2 (g) CO (g) + H2O (g) → CO2 (g) + H2 (g) Select the statements that correctly describe how to write a complete balanced equation for the overall process. Select all that apply.

The overall equation is given by C3H8 (g) + 6H2O (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 10H2 (g) The second equation must be multiplied by 3.

Which of the following statements correctly describe probability density and electron probability density diagrams? Select all that apply.

The probability of finding an electron generally decreases with increasing distance from the nucleus. These diagrams show the probability of finding an electron in a particular region of the atom.

Which of the following options correctly describe mixtures? Select all that apply.

The proportions of the components can vary. The components of a mixture are not chemically bonded together. The components can be separated by physical means.

Select all the options that correctly describe the radial probability distribution plot of the electron in the ground-state hydrogen atom.

The radial probability distribution plot is the sum of Ψ2 values of spherical layers surrounding the nucleus. The radial probability distribution plot is the total probability of finding the electron as a function of distance from the nucleus. The radial probability distribution plot indicates the most probable distance from the nucleus in which to find the electron.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the steps used to determine which reactant in a given reaction is limiting? Select all that apply.

The reactant that produces the least amount of possible product is the limiting reactant. Calculate the molar masses of any reactants for which a mass has been given. Calculate the amount of product that could be formed from each reactant.

Iodine trichloride is produced in a two-step process, represented by the following balanced equations: I2 (s) + Cl2 (g) → 2ICl (s)I2 (s) + Cl2 (g) → 2ICl (s); and ICl (s) + Cl2 (g) → ICl3 (s)ICl (s) + Cl2 (g) → ICl3 (s). Select all the statements that correctly describe how to write a complete balanced equation for the overall process.

The second equation must be multiplied by 2. The overall equation is given by I2 (s) + 3Cl2 (g) → 2ICl3 (s)I2 (s) + 3Cl2 (g) → 2ICl3 (s).

dine trichloride is produced in a two-step process, represented by the following balanced equations: I2 (s) + Cl2 (g) → 2ICl (s)I2 (s) + Cl2 (g) → 2ICl (s); and ICl (s) + Cl2 (g) → ICl3 (s)ICl (s) + Cl2 (g) → ICl3 (s). Select all the statements that correctly describe how to write a complete balanced equation for the overall process.

The second equation must be multiplied by 2. The overall equation is given by I2 (s) + 3Cl2 (g) → 2ICl3 (s)I2 (s) + 3Cl2 (g) → 2ICl3 (s).

Which of the following correctly defines a formula unit?

The simplest ratio representing the relative numbers of cations and anions in an ionic compound.

Match each term with its correct definition. Empirical formula Molecular formula Structural formula

The simplest whole-number ratio of moles of each element in a compound Actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule Shows the relative placement and connections of atoms in a molecule

Which of the following statements correctly describe the rules for assigning oxidation numbers (abbreviated as O.N.)? Select all that apply.

The sum of the oxidation numbers for the atoms in a neutral compound is zero. The O.N. for a monatomic ion is the same as its charge.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the photoelectric effect? Select all that apply.

The threshold frequency differs for different metals used in the photoelectric cell. Current begins to flow immediately when light of the correct frequency shines on the metal plate.

Which of the following statements correctly describe a total ionic equation? Select all that apply.

The total ionic equation includes all ions, including spectator ions. Charges must be included where appropriate in this type of equation. Charges and atoms must be balanced in this type of equation.

A nail is measured with a ruler and its length is reported as 5.46 cm. Select all the statements that are correct about the certainty and uncertainty represented in this recorded measurement.

The uncertainty can be expressed by reporting the measurement as 5.46 ± 0.01 cm. The uncertainty is in the final digit of the measurement.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the steps required to solve a problem in chemistry? Select all that apply.

The units of the quantities given in the problem often provide useful conversion factors. Use the information given in the problem to construct appropriate conversion factors. It is important to identify the known quantities in the problem.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the angular momentum quantum number, l? Select all that apply.

The value of l dictates the allowed values of ml . The allowed values of l are determined by the value of n. The number of possible l values equals the value of n.

A titration is carried out using a 0.250 M solution of sulfuric acid and 35.2 mL of 0.450 M NaOH. Select all the options that correctly reflect the quantities of the two substances at the equivalence point. The balanced molecular equation is H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → 2H2O (l) + Na2SO4 (aq).

The volume of H2SO4 used is equal to 31.7 mL. There are 1.58 × 10-2 moles of NaOH present in the original solution.

Which statements correctly describe the amounts of the different ions present in 1.52 L of a 0.350 M solution of CaCl2? Select all that apply.

There are 0.532 mol of Ca2+ ions present. The concentration of Cl- ions is equal to 0.700 M.

A compound is described as a strong acid. What does this term mean? Select all that apply.

There are no intact molecules of the compound remaining in solution. The compound ionizes completely in water.

Match each gas law problem with the correct description of how it can be solved. If the temperature of a sample that is kept at constant volume is doubled, what is the effect on its pressure? What is the volume of a 0.500-g sample of neon at STP?

Two variables are being held constant, and there is a change in one that affects the other; therefore this problem can be reduced to one of the individual gas laws. One variable is unknown, and the other three are known; therefore the ideal gas law can be applied directly to find the unknown.

Which of the following steps is unique to solving stoichiometry problems involving one or more substances in solution?

Use molarity as a conversion factor to find the number of moles of any reactant or product in solution.

Which of the following determines the color of visible light? Select all that apply.

Wavelength Frequency

What quantities can be calculated from the Bohr equation for the energy levels of the hydrogen atom? Select all that apply. E = -2.18 × 10-18 J (1n2)

We can find the energy change of the electron moving between two levels. We can find the energy needed to ionize the hydrogen atom. We can find the wavelength of a spectral line.

Which option correctly describes the significance of zeros in a reported number? Select all that apply.

Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant. Zeros to the right of the number are significant as long as there is a decimal point present.

The condensed electron configuration of iron is [Ar] 4s23d6. Which of the following is the correct configuration for Fe3+?

[Ar] 3d5

Which of the following is the correct condensed electron configuration for selenium (Z = 34)?

[Ar] 4s23d104p4

Which of the following is the correct condensed electron configuration for titanium (Z = 22)?

[Ar] 4s23d2

Which of the following options gives the correct electron configuration for Sn4+?

[Kr] 4d10

Match each monatomic ion with its correct electron configuration. Pd2+ Zn2+ Ti2+ Mn2+

[Kr] 4d8 [Ar] 3d10 [Ar] 3d2 [Ar] 3d5

Match each monatomic ion with its correct electron configuration. Instructions Pd2+ Zn2+ Ti2+ Mn2+

[Kr] 4d8 [Ar] 3d10 [Ar] 3d2 [Ar] 3d5

Match each type of oxide correctly with its acid-base behavior. Instructions Nonmetal oxides Metal oxides Oxides of metalloids

are acidic. are basic. are amphoteric.

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same _____ number but a different _____ number. This is because isotopes have the same number of protons but a different number of _____.

atomic; mass; neutrons

Dalton's atomic theory stated that matter consists of tiny indestructible particles called , which combine in definite ratios to form .

atoms compounds

When naming an ionic compound, the is always named first. To name the anion, the root of the nonmetal name is added to the suffix -. The anion O2- is therefore named .

cation ide oxide

Atmospheric pressure ______ with increasing altitude.

decreases

In general for main-group elements, atomic size _____ from left to right across a period and _____ down a group.

decreases; increases

Using the Schrodinger wave equation, we can determine the probability of finding an electron in a particular region of the atom. The electron probability density _____ with distance from the nucleus, meaning that the farther one gets from the nucleus the _____ likely it is to find an electron. (Electrons are not found within the nucleus.)

decreases; less

Ionization energy generally decreases down a group because as one moves down a group, the outermost electron moves _____ the nucleus and it takes _____ energy to remove it.

farther away from; less

Pressure is defined as the exerted per unit of surface .

force area

Formula and molecular masses are calculated using the chemical of the relevant compound, and the atomic masses obtained from the table. The of the atomic masses in the correct proportions gives the formula or molecular mass of the compound.

formula periodic sum

A chemical equation is a statement using chemical that expresses both the identities and the relative of the reactants and products involved in a chemical or physical change.

formulas ratio

The speed of a wave is determined by multiplying the of the wave by its wavelength. In a vacuum all electromagnetic radiation travels at a constant speed, the speed of , which is equal to 3.00 x 108 m/s. (Include a word in the last fill in the blank space, not a number.)

frequency lo

Units can be multiplied and divided, just like numbers. For example, 1ft31ft21ft31ft2 equals 1 (enter a unit) and 1 m2 is equal to 1 m × 1 (enter a unit).

ft m

Which one of the following options gives the correct procedure to calculate the number of moles of a substance given the mass?.

given mass / molar mass

Each element in a given compound comprises a fixed fraction or percent by of the compound. This observation is summarized by the law of definite .

mass composition

Arrange the following regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing frequency: infrared, microwave, gamma, visible.

microwave < infrared < visible < gamma

The molar mass of a monatomic element is the numerical value listed on the periodic table expressed in units of g/. For example, the molar mass of calcium (Ca) is with units of g/. (Remember to round to 4 significant digits.)

mol 40.08 mol

The mass of a substance is the mass per mole of its entities, where the term "entities" can describe , ions, molecules, or formula units.

molar atoms

If the concentration of a solution is expressed in mol/L, it is called the _____ of the solution and has the symbol M. These units denote the concentration of a solution as the amount (moles or grams) of solute dissolved in a liter of _____.

molarity ; solution

A chemical equation that shows all reactants and products as intact, undissociated compounds is called a(n) equation. The name is misleading because not all compounds in the equation consist of .

molecular molecules

In redox titrations, the equivalence point occurs when the electrons lost by the____ species equal the electrons gained by the _______species.

oxidized reduced

A redox titration may be used to determine the unknown concentration of a reducing agent by completing reacting it with a volume of a(n) _____ of known concentration. REDOX

oxidizing agent

Electrons, like all other matter, exhibit the dual behavior of both and waves. Since electrons travel like waves, their energy is restricted to certain energy , each of which is associated with a specific wavelength.

particles states

As the temperature of a gas increases, _____. (Select all the options that correctly complete the sentence.)

the average speed of a gas particle increases the average kinetic energy of the gas particles increases

The electron configuration of an element describes _____.

the distribution of electrons in the orbitals of its atoms

The law of multiple proportions states that if two elements A and B combine to form two compounds, the different masses of B that combine with a fixed mass of A are ______.

the ratio of small whole numbers

True or false: An oxidation number is not the same as an actual charge on an ion.

true

True or false: The sublevels of each principal energy level of the hydrogen atom have the same energy.

true

A(n) ionic equation shows all soluble ionic substances dissociated into ions. Both the atoms and the electrical must be balanced in this type of equation.

total charges

Dalton's law of partial pressures states that for a mixture of gases, the pressure is the of the partial pressures of the individual gases. (Assume that the gases do not react with each other.)

total sum

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