Intro Athletic Training Test #1

Evidence Based Steps

1. Develop a clinical question. 2. Search the literature. 3. Appraise the evidence. 4. Apply the evidence. 5. Asses the outcomes.

For A Negligence Suit to Be Successful

1. Must prove a duty to exercise reasonable care. 2. Breached that duty. 3. Establish a connection between failure to use reasonable care or injury suffered by the individual.

BOC Requirements for Certification

1. Successful completion of an entry-level AT program accredited by CAATE. Permitted to take certification exam last semester of college prior to grad if all clinical requirements are satisfied. 2. Endorsement of the examination application but the CAATE program director. 3. Proof of certification in CPR/AED. MUST BE CURRENT.

Professional Organization Goals (Sports Med)

1. To upgrade the field by devising and maintaing a set of professional standards. 2. To bring together professionally competent individuals to exchange ideas, stimulate research and promote critical thinking.3. To give individuals a chance to work a group with a singleness of purpose, making it possible from them to achieve goals they couldn't separately.

Hypertrophy Theory

1.Muscle fibers increase. 2. Increase in number of capillaries. 3. Increase diameter of Myofilaments.

Cool Down

10-15min. Very important. Allows body to cool temperature and return to resting state, helps get rid of metabolic waste, decreases soreness.

NATA 1950

101 Trainers met in KC and developed professional standards and made the NATA.

Annual Survey of Football Injuries

1931 conducted first study. Conducted at UNC. Collect data about HS, public school, private schools, colleges, professional and sandlot football.

Taping/ Bandaging Areas

3-4 taping tables adjacent to a sink and storage cabinet.

Continuous

3-4x a week. 70% maxHR, aerobic 20+min.

Proteins

4 calories/g. 15-20% calories. Building blocks of body. Have antibodies. Complete (chicken, beef, dairy, fish) Incomplete (plant sources, beans, soy nuts, seeds)

Carbohydrates (CHO)

4 calories/g. 55-60% caloric intake. Simple (refined sugars, glucose, fruit). Complex (fiber, high content of vitamins, vegetables)

NATA 1974

4500 members.

Fats (Lipids)

9 calories/g. 25-30% total caloric intake. Concentrated form of energy. Fat soluble vitamins (A,D,K &E).

Energy Systems

ATP, Glycolic and Oxidative Systems.

Cardiorespiratory Endurance

Ability to perform whole body large muscle activities for extended periods of time.

Macronutrients

Absorbable components of food. Carbs, fats, proteins.

Emergency Action Plan

Access to emergency personnel. Include transportation of athletes to emergency facilities. Practice/meet w/ outside personnel. Determine roles and rules regarding athlete equipment care.

Security Issues (Risk management)

Accessibility to AT room; staff, physicians, athletic training staff, others. Athletic training students; supervision. Coaches may have access in HS setting.

Team Physician

Acts as an advisor to the AT. AT and MD must have similar philosophies on injury management and rehab. MUST WORK TOGETHER. Diagnose injury. Responsible for compiling medical histories and conducting physical exams. Deciding on dysqualifications.

Maintaining Certification

All ATCs must document a minimum of 75 continuing education units (CEUs) attained during each 3-year recertification term.

Malfeasance (torts)

An individual commits an act that is not legally his or his to perform. Ex: perform advance treatment leading to complications.

Misfeasance (torts)

An individual improperly does something he or she has the legal right to do. Ex: incorrectly fits a football helmet.

Incidence of Injury

Analyzes the risk of sustaining an injury during a specified time period.

Injury Prevalence

Analyzes total number os injuries in a specific population.

Size

Anywhere from large storage closet to 1500 square feet.

Facility Personnel Coverage

Appropriate coverage of facility and sports. Set up of treatments, rehabilitations, game and practice coverage vary.

Athletic Trainer and Team Physician

At works directly under the supervision of the team physician. Physician should be an advisor, but the AT should function independently. Need to share philosophical opinions on injury management and rehab programs.

Support Services

Athlete may require treatment or consultations from someone who is not an AT or MD. School health services, nurse, physician, dentist, physical therapist, sports chiropractors, social worker, equipment personnel, nutritionist, sports psychologist, massage therapist, ect.

Scope of Operation Athlete

Athlete: to what extent? What services will be rendered?: systemic illness, muscoskeletal injuries, etc.

Oxygen Transport

Between heart, lungs, bloodvessels and blood.

Limiting Flexibility Factors

Bony, fast, skin, connective tissue, neural tightening.

19th Century

Came into existence as we know it with the firm establishment of intercollegiate sports. AT's had no technical knowledge. Usually applied a counterirritant, message and the prescription of home remedies

Supplements

Can help, but risky. Limited reliable sources. Placebo affect.

Commission

Care giver does something a reasonably prudent person would not.

Omission

Care giver fails to do something a reasonably prudent person would not.

Muscle Spindles Stretch (improving flexibility)

Causes muscles to reflexively contract.

Provide immediate Care (BOC)

Certification (CPR, AED, First Aid). Have established emergency action plans.

Sports Coverage

Certified AT's/Team MD. Practices and games. Consider personnel number, location and greatest risk sports.

Athletic Training Staff Cleaning Responsibilities

Clean treatment tables, disinfect hydrotherapy modalities daily, clean equipment regularly.

Athletic Trainer Employment

Clinics, hospitals, secondary schools, armed forces, colleges, professional sports, amateur and youth sports, the government, health and fitness clubs, law enforcement.

Point of Service Plan (POS)

Combination of HMO and PPO.

Macrocycle (Periodization)

Complete training period (1 yr. seasonal sport/ 4yrs Olympics) Endurance sports is a good way to see this. Usually a yearlong cycle, but if training for he Olympics would be four.

BOC Certification Exam

Consists of 175 terms. CBE exam tests for knowledge and skill in the 5 domains.

Training Techniques to Increase Endurance

Continuous, interval and speed play (Fartlek)

Aerobic Activities

Continuous, long duration sustained activities. Less intense, 60%-90% of maximum range, 20-60min in duration, 3-6 times a week.

PNF Stretching

Contract and relax of both antagonist/agonist

Reciprocal Inhibition (improving flexibility)

Contraction of the agonist muscle causes a reflex relaxation in the agonist muscle (running)

Dynamic Stretching

Controlled patterns that mimic activity (BEST)

Role AT in Strength Conditioning

Cooperate with strength and conditioning coach. Provide alternative exercises, injury trends, and rehab. Design a workout program with strength coach to keep the athlete active in the weight room.

Professional Liability Insurance

Covers against claims of negligence on part of individuals. All AGCPS should carry and understand limits of coverage.

General Health Insurance

Covers illnesses, hospitalization and emergency care. Sometimes offered through academic institutions for students (athletics).

20th Century

Created professional standard and a code of ethics. Able to exchange ideas, stimulate research and promote clinical thinking.

Injury

Damage to the body that restricts activity or causes disability to such an extent that the patient is not able to practice/compete the next day.

Treatment, Rehab and Reconditioning (BOC)

Design preventative strategies/training systems. Rehab program design. Supervising rehab programs. Incorporation of therapeutic modalities and exercise. Offering psychosocial intervention.

Wellness Screening

Determine if athlete is engaged in a healthy lifestyle. Can warrant disqualification.

System of Health Care Management

Determine; need for program, function, program goals, and who is involved (administrators, allied health care, coaches, physicians, parents, community leaders, ect.) Develop a written mission statement

American With Disabilities Act (1990)

Dictates that a physician cannot make an athlete sit out of competition for a medical reason. potential dysqualifications should be made during pre-participation exam.

Purchasing of Equipment

Done through direct buy, competitive bid, or renting equipment.

Early History

Early Greek and Roman civilizations. Specialized in messages and rub downs. Helped athletes reach top physical condition

Prevention (BOC)

Ensure safe environment. Conduct pre-participation physicals. Develop training and conditioning programs. Select and fit protective equipment properly. Explaining important diet and lifestyle choices. Ensure appropriate medication use while discouraging abuse.

Reducing Risk of Litigation

Ensure safe equipment and facilities. DEvelop an understanding with coaches and staff on how and when injured players should return to play. Allowed injured players to return following physician clearance. Follow physician's orders. Purchase liability insurance. Know scope of practice. Use common sense.

Non-Consumable Capital

Equipment not usually removed from the training room, ice machines, hydrocolators, etc.

Consumable Capital

Equipment that can be removed from the training room. Crutches, ice bags, tape, ect.

American College of Sports Medicine

Established in 1954. Interested in the study of ALL aspects of sports.

Contemporary Athletic Training

Evolved rapidly after WWI. Trainers were developing specialists in preventing and managing athletic injuries.

Physicians Exam Room

Examining table, sink, locking storage cabinet, and small desk with a telephone.

Anaerobic Activities

Explosive, short duration, burst type, activities. More intense than aerobic, 90%-100% of maximum range. 10 sec-2min, 3-4x a week. Using oxygen as a fuel source.

Negligence

Failure to use ordinary or reasonable standard of care

NATA 1938 & WWII

First meeting at Drake Relays, Des Moines, IA.

Hydrotherapy Area

Floors should slope towards a centrally located drain. 2-3 whirlpools, lavatories, storage shelves.

Cramer Family

Gardner, KS. Developed liniment for sprained ankles. Published First Aider in 1932.

Injury Care and Management (sports med)

Goal to aid in prevention and treatment of injuries. Practice of medicine, athletic training, sports physical therapy, message therapy, sports dentistry, osteopathic medicine, chiropractic, emergency medical technology.

Performance Enhancement (Sports Med)

Goal to improve and maintain functional capacities. Biomechanics, physiology, sports nutrition, strength/conditioning coaching, and personal fitness coaching.

Third Party Reimbursement

HMO, PPO, POS, EPO, MEDICARE, MEDICAID, work comp etc. Primary mechanism of payment for medical services.

HIPPA

Health Insurance and Portability and Accountability Act. Regulates dissemination of personal history information. Guarantees athlete access to information and control over disclosure.

Pre-Event Meals

Individual preference. Meals 3 days up to an event. Digestible up to 4 hrs before. 30 min before consume 225-400 calls of liquid.

Assumption of Risk

Individuals os made aware of inherent risks involving in sport and voluntarily decide to participate. Written aver or implied consent once participation begins. Can be used as defense against negligence.

Equipment Warning Labels

Informs individuals of possible dangers inherent with product use. NOCSAE

5 Domains of Athletic Training (BOC)

Injury/illness prevention and wellness protection. Clinical evaluation and diagnosis. Immediate and emergency care. Treatment and rehabilitation. Organizational and professional health and well-being.

FAmily Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPHA)

Law protecting privacy of student education records.

Torts

Legal wrongs committed against a person (liability results). 3 forms.

Athletic Health Care System Recreational

Leisure and free time. Less structured, often without a coach, usually volunteer work with them, consults family MD and often referred to PT.

Golgi Tendon Organs (improving flexibility)

Length and tension on the tendon. Cause reflex relaxation of the agonist.

Product Liability

Liability of any, or all arties involved in manufactures products for damages caused by product. Includes manufacturer of components, assembler, wholesaler, and retail store owner.

Licensure

Limits the practice of athletic training to those who et the minimum standards for liscensure. The state limits the number of individuals who can perform functions related to athletic training as dictated by the practice act. Requirements vary from state to state. Most restrictive of all forms of regulation. Will not let someone call themselves an AT without.

Accident Insurance

Low cost plans cover accidents on school grounds or in the workplace. Additional protection can cover hospital care, surgery, ect. Protects against loss from medical and hospital bills.

VO2 Max

MAaximum

Evidence Based Practice

Making clinical care decisions based on supporting evidence available in the literature.

Express Warranty

Manufacturers written guarantee-product safety.

Athletic Trainer Paper Work

Medical Records, Paperwork, treatment logs, personal information cards, injury evaluations, progress reports, supply and equipment inventories, and annual reports.

What an Exam Should Include

Medical history, health problems, height, weight, vision, pulse, dental, ear, etc.

Treatment Area

Minimum of 4 treatment tables w/adjustable height. 3/4 adjustable roller stools, should be close to ice and hydrocolator.

Licensure Requirements

Most states require specific educational and training background, evidence of good moral character, letter of rec from current practitioners, and minimal acceptable performance on licensure exam.

Sports Medicine Definition

Multidisciplinary, including the physiological, biomechanical, psychological and pathological phenomena with exercise and sports.

Emergency Communication

Must be able to contact outside emergency help ad call for additional onsite assistance. Radios, cell phones, landlines, back up.

Record Keeping

Must be accurate and up to date at all times. Medical records, injury reports, insurance information, injury evaluations, progress notes, equipment inventories, annual reports.

Hygiene

Must be aware of/adhere to guidelines according to OSHA.

Designing and Athletic Training Room

Must meet all requirements. Depends on scope of program and number of athletes and sports.

NATA

National Athletic Trainers Assocation

Micronutrients

Needed for body functions. Do not provide energy. Aid in utilizing energy.

Pharmacy

Needs to be in a separate room that can be well secured.

Sovereign Immunity-federal gov

Neither the gov nor gov employees can be held liable for negligence. Typically waved. Varies state to state.

Hygiene Rules for a Clinic

No equipment/cleats in the training room. Shoes off treatment tables. Shower prior to treatment. No roughhousing or profanity. No food or smokeless tobacco.

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Other Considerations

Office needs to be at least 10x12ft. Large walk in closet for storage is necessary.

Standard of Reasonable Care

Ordinary and reasonable prudence. Bring commonsense approach to situations. Must operate within the appropriate limitations of ones educational background.

NATA Now

Over 34,000 Members. More than 40% of trainers are employed in clinics and hospitals.

Static Stretching

Passively stretch and hold of antagonist

Secondary Insurance

Pays the remaining bills after the initial insurance company has made its payment.

Fire Safety

Post evacuation plan. Test fire systems, alarms, and fire extinguisher.

Warm Up

Prepare the body physiologically for upcoming physical work. Increase blood flow, increase muscle temp and cardio respiratory system. 10-25 min. Whole body activities, sports specific (stretching, skills). Activity should start w/in 15 min of warm up.

Pre-Participation Exam

Prior to start of practice. Purpose is to identify an athlete that may be at risk. Should include: medical history, physical exam, orthopedic screening, wellness screening, maturity exam (mainly HS), cardiovascular screening. Establishes a baseline. Satisfies insurance liability issues.

Hygiene and Sanitation of The Athlete

Prompt illness and injury reporting, following good living habits, showering after practice. Avoid sharing clothes, towels. Good hygiene. Avoid common drinking sources. Avoid contact w/ infected athletes. `

Errors and Omissions Liability Insurance

Protects individuals against suits claiming malpractice, negligence, errors and omission. Individuals within the program should have personal liability insurance.

Maturity Assessment

Protects young, physically active athletes. Methods: circumpubertal, skeletal and dental.

Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs)

Provide discount health care but also limit where a person can go to be treated. AT must be advised in advance as to where the patient needs to be taken.

Station Examination

Provides detailed exam in lithe time. Team of 9 is ideal. 2 physicians, 2 non physicians, 5 managers/student athletic trainers.

Good Samaritan Law

Provides limits protection against legal liability to one that provides care should something go wrong. Need consent or implied consent.

Flexibility

Range of motion. Through the joints. Bad flexibility= bad performance.

Clinical Evaluation and Diagnosis (BOC)

Recognize nature and extent of injury. Involves both on and off field evaluation skills and techniques. Understand pathology of injuries and illnesses. Referring to medical care and supportive services. Clinical evaluation and diagnosis.

Health Care Administration (BOC)

Record Keeping. Ordering supplies and equipment. Establishing policies and procedures. Supervising personnel.

Catastrophic Insurance

Relatively rare. Overwhelming to all involved. NCAA, NAIA, NFHSA provide additional coverage to deal with lifetime extensive care.

Autogenic Inhibition (improving flexibility)

Relaxation of the agonist muscle during contractions (deep tendon reflex)

Coach

Responsible for clearly understanding the limits of their ability to function as health care providers. Responsible for preventing injuries by having a good conditioning program. Must ensure all sporting equipment fits. Should be certified in CPR and First Aid.

Certification

Sate certification differs from BOC certification. Restricts the performance of an AT functions to only those certified by that state. Indicates a person has the basic knowledge and skills required. MAny states use the BOC exam as granting state certification.

Mesocycles (periodization)

Several weeks-months.

Location

Should have outside entrance from field or court. Double doors at each entrance. Near locker room. Wheel chair ramp or elevator.

Red Flags on Eating Disorders

Social isolation/withdrawn. Low confidence. Ritualistic eating behavior. Counting calories. High volume of exercise. Weighing excessively. Over estimate body size. Patterns after meals (going to the bathroom, leaving, ect.). Increases injury/illness. Family Hx

Athletic Trainer

Specialize in preventing, recognizing, managing and rehabilitating injuries. Deal with the patient and injury. The athletic trainer is a highly educated and well-trained professional who is responsible for the overall health and safety of the athlete.

Statutes of Limitations

Specific length of time an individual can sue for injury resulting in negligence. Clock begins when act results in a suit and from the time it results in injury. Minor get an extension.

SWOT Analysis

Strengths. Weaknesses. Opportunities. Threats.

Maintenance Crew

Sweeps floors daily, cleans and disinfects sinks and tubs, mops hydrotherapy room, empty waste baskets.

Athletic Health Care System Organized

Team or League: NCAA, NFL, NHL, MLB, NBA.

Antagonistic Muscle

The muscle being stretched in response to the contracting muscle (hamstring in knee extension)

Agonist Muscle

The muscle that contracts movement

Liability

The state of being legally responsible for the harm one causes another person.

Periods

Transition(early off season), and prepatory (off season, strength phase, power phase).

Facility Disinfecting

Turf Fields (sanitizing machines), water fountains, showers, wrestling matts.

ATP

Ultimate source of usable energy. Glucose is derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates. Glucose not stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver. Then it can be transferred to the blood.

Electrotherapy Area

Ultrasound, e-stim, lazer, diathermy. At least 2 treatment tables, 2 tables for holding supplies w/ shelves and storage cabinets. Sufficent number of grounded outlets. Rubber matts on either side of treatment tables.

NATA 1947-1950

University athletic trainers. Regional conference of trainers, which later became districts within the NATA.

Scope of Operation Community

WIll the community or outside groups be allowed to use facility?

Equipment and Clothing Hygiene

Washed ofter, proper fitting, appropriate for weather conditions, use of clean dry towels.

Nonfeasance (torts)

Where an individual fails to perform a legal duty. Ex: fail to refer.

Scope of Operation Institution

Who else can be served medically an educationally? What are the legalities?

Scope of Operation

Who will be served by the program?

Interval

Work to rest, 80%. 40% maxHR, sports specific.

Examinations by Personal Physicians

Yields an in-depth history and ideal patient-physician relationship. May not result in detection of factors that predispose injury.

Ballistic Stretching

bouncing movement pattern to stretch antagonist

Orthopedic Screening

cervical spine motion, shoulder shrug (trap strength), Abduction of shoulders (deltoid strength), elbow rom, pro.sup wrists, hand and finger rom, quad and knee symmetry, lunge, spine symmetry, toe raise.

Principles of Conditioning

minimize likelihood of injury. Safety, motivation, overload, consistency, progression, intensity, specificity, individuality, minimize stress.

Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)

provide preventative measures and limit where the individual can receive care. Except in emergencies, permission must be obtained before patient can go to another provider.

Accident

unplanned event capable of resulting in loss of time, property damage, injury, disablement or death.

Speed Play

varying surges, elevated HR, usually done in the off season.