Intro, homeostasis, organic compounds
Explain what metabolism is, and why it is necessary
the sum total of all biochemical processes(reactions) which take place inside an organasm. They are ongoing and constant. Without this there is no repair of tissues that are falling apart and you die.
Explain what entropy is, and how it obligates organisms to maintain metabolic processes
Entropy means order of any kind is inherently unstable and will degrade into more chaotic and less orderly . IE protein breaks into amino acids and then into gases and vapors. We are constantly falling apart so if we don't keep repairing we die. Due to this, we have Anabolism which is synthesis reactions to replace macromolecules as they degrade. IE taking amino acids into proteins. Anabolism are endergonic, meaning they require an external source of energy so the solution is catabolism which breaks down organic compounds like glucose to make smaller, simpler molecules. This goes along with entropy and liberates energy to be used to power anabolic processes.
Explain the meaning of homeostasis
It is the ability for an organism to keep a relatively stable internal environment despite challenging conditions of their external environment. This includes regulating things like blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature. REGULATION OF INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT BECAUSE METABOLISM REQUIRES A NARROW SET OF CONDITIONS TO OPERATE.
Explain the principle of negative-feedback control; provide an example
Negative feedback control systems reverse deviations within the internal environment and are used to control homeostasis. Deviation from homeostasis-> sensor-> integration center-> effector-> compensatory response blood pressure falls-> baroceptors-> brainstem-> smooth muscle in artery walls-> vasoconstriction
Explain what a steady-state chemical system is, and how it differs from an object
Steady state: in a state of homeostasis where the composition of both body compartments (extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid) are relatively stable. This is dynamic. For an organism, the goal is to have a dynamic steady state where conditions are relatively the same, rather than have exactly the same conditions which is known as equilibrium. Objects have a certain set of molecules, there is no input or output of energy, it is STATIC
Explain what the internal environment is
The sum total of all the concentrations of chemicals, inorganic and organic compounts, enzymes, oxygen as well as physical conditions like body temp, blood pressure, pH. the internal conditions within an organism. For multicellular organisms, this is the extracellular fluid that forms a barrier between the external environment and cells within the organism/their intracellular fluid. EXTRACELLULAR FLUID COMPARTMENT, you want it stable
Explain the role of organ systems in maintaining homeostasis: circulatory digestive respiratory urinary skeletal muscular integumentary immune nervous endocrine
cardiovascular- Distribution of Materials Thermoregulation Defense against infection pH regulation digestive- chemical energy supply raw materials supply water supply respiratory- gas exchange pH regulation(exhaling CO2 lowers acidity) Vocal communication Olfaction urinary- water balance electrolyte balance pH balance metabolic waste disposal skeletal- protects internal organs structural support of body blood cell production calcium and phosphate storage muscular- structural support of the body mobility thermoregulation(most of body head comes from skeletal muscle) ventilation of the lungs integumentary- Protection against hostile environment Vitamin D synthesis Thermoregulation lymphatic system- systemic fluid balance defense against infection immune system- defense against infection anticancer nervous- organ system coordination awareness of external environment behavioral coordination endocrine- coordination of organ system activity reproductive system- (not for homeostasis) continuation of species only system not required for homeostasis
Explain how living organisms are steady-state chemical systems
input of matter and energy with an output of matter and energy. Matter and energy flow through constantly. There is a constant changing of molecules yet it physically looks the same/is maintaining the same environment. As time goes by, matter is exchange but the pattern remains the same so nothing changes but is still exchanged. In a living organism this happens one molecule at a time.
Understand & describe the levels of structural organization of life: molecular (chemical) cellular tissue organ organ system organismal
molecular (chemical)- made up of atoms linked together and is the most basic level of organization includes atoms, molecules, and macromolecules cellular- collections of molecules in living organisms make cells, and is the smallest unit of structure capable of carrying out all life processes. has metabolic processes, is self-contained, self-regulating, and can replicate tissue- collections of cells that carry out related functions. made of two or more cells with a common morphology(appearance) and common physiology(function). Morphology is the way it is because of the job the cells have to do organ- structural and functional units made up of tissues at least two tissues, each performing part of the overall function of the organ organ system- created by groups of organs that integrate their functions together has at least two organs, each performing part of the overall function of the system organismal- the whole of an organism a functional individual, the sum of organ systems, self-regulating, self-contained, and individuals are capable of reproduction.