Intro Psych Ch 8
Which of the following characteristics relates to iconic memory?
Visual sensory memory, which lasts up to about a second
What term describes the inability to recall information that one knows has been stored in long-term memory?
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Which of the following is most likely to help account for the memory and language disruption seen in many people with schizophrenia?
deterioration of semantic networks
For how long does information remain in long-term memory?
up to a lifetime
The ____ seems to occur because items at the end of a list remain readily accessible in short-term memory.
recency effect
A ____ is a test of explicit memory that measures your ability to identify previously learned or studied material after being exposed to it again.
recognition test
Which item is out of place here?
recording
The accuracy of eyewitness testimony can be increased by ____.
reinstating the physical environment or context in which the event took place
Which of the following refers to the defense mechanism in psychoanalytic theory that involves banishing threatening thoughts, feelings, and memories into the unconscious mind?
repression
What term describes the recovery of information from memory?
retrieval
What is the pegword method?
A mnemonic device that involves associating items to be recalled with objects that rhyme with the numbers 1, 2, 3, and so on to make the items easier to recall
Which of the following characteristics relates to the link method?
A mnemonic device that involves connecting, in sequence, images of items to be memorized, to make them easier to recall
According to the levels of processing theory, the LEAST effective strategy for remembering the meaning of the word "schema" is ____.
thinking about what words rhyme with schema
Which of the following characteristics relates to massed practice?
Cramming the memorization of information or the learning of a motor skill into one session
Why does the SQ3R method recommend first surveying the material to be remembered?
Encoding is more efficient if the information is organized into a framework.
Which of the following statements about our memory systems is accurate?
Information can pass back out of long-term memory into short-term memory.
What term describes a study technique in which the student surveys, questions, reads, recites, and reviews course material?
SQ3R method
What is the nature of the controversy surrounding the "false memory syndrome"?
Some researchers believe that some therapists may inadvertently lead their patients to "recall" traumatic events that never happened.
What is meant by distributed practice?
Spreading out the memorization of information or the learning of a motor skill over several sessions
Which of the following characteristics relates to the method of savings?
The assessment of memory by comparing the time or number of trials needed to memorize a given amount of information and the time or number of trials needed to memorize it again at a later time
Which of the following characteristics relates to encoding?
The conversion of information into a form that can be stored in memory
Which of the following characteristics relates to procedural memory?
The long-term memory system that contains memories of how to perform particular actions
Which of the following characteristics relates to retroactive interference?
The process by which new memories interfere with the ability to recall old memories
What is meant by proactive interference?
The process by which old memories interfere with the ability to recall new memories
What is long-term memory?
The stage of memory that can store a virtually unlimited amount of information relatively permanently
What is meant by semantic memory?
The subsystem of declarative memory that contains general information about the world
Which of the following characteristics relates to episodic memory?
The subsystem of declarative memory that contains memories of personal experiences tied to particular times and places
What is meant by serial-position effect?
The superiority of immediate recall for items at the beginning and end of a list
Which of the following characteristics relates to state-dependent memory?
The tendency for recall to be best when one's emotional or physiological condition is the same during the recall of a memory as it was during the encoding of that memory
What is meant by context-dependent memory?
The tendency for recall to be best when the environmental context present during the encoding of a memory is also present during attempts at retrieving it
What is meant by levels of processing theory?
The theory that the "depth" at which we process information determines how well it is encoded, stored, and retrieved
What is the information-processing model?
The view that the processing of memories involves encoding, storage, and retrieval
Paying attention to the unusual clothing worn by one person on a busy urban street would result in ____.
a memory of that person's appearance to be transferred to short-term memory
After a certain amount of time, memories that are not forgotten can permanently be held in what could be called ____.
a permastore
Memory researchers have shown that an eyewitness' confidence in his or her testimony has no relationship to the ____.
accuracy of that testimony
A neurotransmitter found to be heavily involved in the formation of new memories is ____.
acetylcholine
What term describes a mnemonic device that involves forming a term from the first letters of a series of words that are to be recalled?
acronym
To remember the names of seven neurotransmitters, Greg creates the nonsense word GAG-SEND. In other words, Greg is using which mnemonic device?
acronyms
The key process that determines what information will be transferred from the sensory register to short-term memory is ____.
attention to the stimulus
According to memory researcher George Miller, the typical capacity of short-term memory is ____.
between 5 and 9 chunks of information
There is a positive correlation between _____ levels and memory performance.
blood glucose
A student attempts to remember all of the information required for a comprehensive examination at the end of a college course. The key factor that will determine his or her success in encoding such a vast amount of information is ____.
careful organization of the material
Most of the evidence in support of the idea that we have separate memory systems in long-term memory comes from ____.
case studies of brain-damaged individuals
Eyewitness testimonies are most likely to be influenced by ____.
cognitive schemas
One of the roles of the hippocampus is to ____.
consolidate short-term memories into long-term memories
What name is given to the distortion of memories by adding, dropping, or changing details to fit a schema?
constructive recall
You have an encounter with a neighbor whom you dislike. Later, you remember the neighbor saying more negative things to you than he actually did. This memory effect is most likely an example of ____.
constructive recall
Encoding is to storage as ____.
conversion of data is to retention
During a particularly difficult exam, the smell of jasmine filled the room. Later, when in a candle shop, you smell jasmine and are reminded of the exam. One explanation of this phenomenon is ____.
cue-dependence theory
Memory researchers have found that ____, which include experiences, conventions, and expectations that are particular to one's own culture, can influence memory for stories.
cultural schemas
Which of these theories of why we forget certain information has received the weakest research support?
decay theory
Which of the following refers to auditory sensory memory, which lasts up to four or more seconds?
echoic memory
On an exam, to accurately remember the information contained in a chapter of your textbook, you must engage in ____.
elaborative rehearsal
To help students master material, the SQ3R method depends on ____.
elaborative rehearsal
What name is given to actively organizing new information to make it more meaningful and integrating it with information already stored in long-term memory?
elaborative rehearsal
Jasmine is asked to remember a tune that was popular during her teenage years. She knows that she knows the tune. She begins to think of where she was likely to have heard the tune and recalls being at a beach and being at a particular party. Visualizing all of these cues leads to her recalling the tune. This example supports the concept of ____.
encoding specificity
What name is given to the principle that recall will be best when cues that were associated with the encoding of a memory are also present during attempts at retrieving it?
encoding specificity
Lenore must remember important facts about all of the countries that lie along the west coast of the African continent. She studies by drawing a map of that west coast and associating some fact with each name (ex. Liberia = liberty for freed American slaves). Lenore is ____.
engaging in elaborative rehearsal
Your memory of your first romantic kiss is part of your ____.
episodic memory
The hormones ____ and testosterone can improve long term memory.
estrogen
Ebbinghaus' method of savings demonstrated that ____.
even when we cannot recall previously learned information, much of it remains in memory
What term describes conscious recollection of general information or personal experiences?
explicit memory
Which of the following refers to people's recollections about events, most notably about criminal activity?
eyewitness testimony
One factor found to increase the amount of information that can be held in each chunk of short-term memory is ____.
familiarity regarding the information to be chunked
What name is given to the failure to retrieve information from memory?
forgetting
Which of the following refers to a graph that shows that forgetting is initially rapid and then slows?
forgetting curve
Researchers have found that ____ are especially susceptible to forming memories of events that never took place.
hypnotized individuals
Another name for our visual sensory memory is ____.
iconic memory
Which of the following memory systems has the shortest duration?
iconic memory
The classic research study involving "partial reports" by George Sperling demonstrated that ____.
iconic memory holds all the information that stimulates our visual receptors for less than a second
What name is given to recollection of previous experiences demonstrated through behavior rather than through conscious, intentional remembering?
implicit memory
Senior level psychology students are conducting a laboratory experiment. They must follow complicated instructions to gather accurate data. According to the concept of context-dependent memory, these instructions should be given ____.
in the actual lab, because the same cues will be present during retrieval as were present during encoding
People almost never remember specific events from their childhood before the age of 2, a condition named ____.
infantile amnesia
What name is given to the theory that forgetting results from some memories interfering with the ability to recall other memories?
interference theory
Which of the following refers to the phenomenon related to the facilitation of neural impulses in which synaptic transmission of impulses is made more efficient by brief electrical stimulation of specific neural pathways?
long-term potentiation
What term is used to describe repeating information to oneself to keep it in short-term memory?
maintenance rehearsal
Steve witnesses an auto accident in which one car leaves the scene without stopping. He sees the license number of that car but has no paper on which to write it down. To remember the license number he must ____.
make use of maintenance rehearsal
Marty must pick up ten items at the supermarket on his way home but cannot write the list down. To remember the list he associates each item with particular landmarks that he passes when going to and from work. Marty is using which memory aide?
method of loci
What name is given to a mnemonic device in which items to be recalled are associated with landmarks in a familiar place and then recalled during a mental walk from one landmark to another?
method of loci
Which of the following refers to techniques for organizing information to be memorized to make it easier to remember?
mnemonic device
After your favorite sports team suffers a disappointing loss, you bring to mind several depressing memories. This is an example of ____.
mood-dependent memory
Unless we rehearse it, how long does material remain in short-term memory?
no more than 20 seconds
The items or concepts in a semantic network are called ____.
nodes
According to Ebbinghaus, you are likely to do most of your forgetting of the material you learned for this test ____.
over the next few days
What name is given to studying material beyond the point of initial mastery?
overlearning
Xavier studies a unit of world history until he believes he knows it well. He then goes over it several more times. He is using the study skill called ____.
overlearning
The ____ seems to occur because items at the beginning of a list are often rehearsed more as the learner memorizes the list.
primacy effect
Maria usually drives a car with a stick shift. When she rents a car with an automatic transmission, she repeatedly tries to place her left foot on the nonexistent clutch pedal. Her behavior is an example of ____.
proactive interference
An essay examination is a test of ____.
recall
When Ramon's family moved, Ramon went to a new high school and had to learn the names of dozens of new teachers. Now he has great trouble remembering the names of his teachers from his first high school. This problem is an example of ____.
retroactive interference
A cognitive structure that organizes knowledge about an event or object, for example "going to college" or "calendar," is called a(n) ____.
schema
What term describes the theory that long-term memories are stored as parts of cognitive structures that organize knowledge about events or objects?
schema theory
Which theory of memory organization suggests that we are likely to alter retrieved memories?
schema theory
During eyewitness testimony, Adam reports events in a burglary that did not actually take place. It is possible Adam added these events to fit a ____ for that type of burglary.
script
Karl Lashley's memory research was focused on ____.
searching for the sites where memories were stored in the brain
Your memory of who was most recently elected president of the United States is contained in your ____.
semantic memory
Which of the following refers to the theory that memories are stored as nodes interconnected by links that represent their relationships?
semantic network theory
What term best describes the stage of memory that briefly (for at most a few seconds) stores exact replicas of sensations?
sensory memory
What name is given to the stage of memory that can store a few items of unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds?
short-term memory
A student who has already completed introductory psychology is asked to remember what "negative reinforcement" is. The student thinks about such concepts as "behaviorism," "learning theory," "response rates," and "frequency," etc. According to the semantic network theory, this memory is being retrieved through the process of ____.
spreading activation
Many psychologists are interested in how we retrieve memories. Memory researchers who favor the semantic network theory study the role of ____, and psychologists who favor schema theory study the role of ____.
spreading activation; constructive recall
Which of the following refers to the retention of information in memory?
storage
To reduce the effect of retroactive interference, you should ____.
study right before going to sleep and right before taking an exam
Research about the nature of flashbulb memories suggests that, compared to other personal memories, we ____.
tend to have greater confidence in our memories of the details of important events
Research studies suggest that overlearning improves test performance because it ____.
tends to reduce anxiety and increases student confidence
Donald is very familiar with the poem that begins "'Twas the Night Before Christmas." However, he cannot recall the names of all of Santa's reindeer, yet he knows that they are in his memory. Donald's difficulty is an example of ____.
the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
In Sperling's research on sensory memory, Sperling was able to determine how quickly images in sensory memory fade by ____.
varying the amount of time participants had to wait before reporting a display of letters
While intoxicated, Peter witnessed an interaction between a crime suspect and a crime victim. Research on state-dependent memory suggests that Peter's memory for the details of that event ____.
will be better if he recalls it while equally intoxicated
The memory system that might incorporate information from both long-term memory and sensory memory is called ____.
working memory
