Intro to Criminal Justice Exam 4
what is revocation?
the official cancellation of a previously made decision
Why has the percentage of adult females in jail increased at a faster pace than that of males?
-police are concentrated on making arrests for specific crimes -drug offenses -mandatory minimums -mental health
What are the 5 primary purposes of jail?
1. detain accused offenders 2. hold convicts awaiting sentence 3. confinement for misdemeanor sentences 4. probation/parole violations 5. house felons wen state prisons are overcrowded
How many jail inmates suffer from severe psychosis?
100,000
What percent of offenders are sentenced to a suspended sentence?
20%
How many jail inmates are there per 100,000 US residents?
226
What percent of offenders are sentenced to a split sentence?
33.7%
What percentage of probationers have their probation revoked because they are arrested, violate probationary rules, or try to escape?
35%
How many jail inmates have mental disorders?
400,000
What percentage of women jail inmates have a history of trauma?
50%
What percentage of probationers successfully complete their probationary sentence?
65%
How many people are in jail throughout the entire US?
738,000
What court case established that sentencing guidelines are advisory?
US v. Booker
What are the 4 aggravating factors that cannot be used in trial without a jury trial?
Violence Intent Hate crimes Terrorism
What type of people are most likely to get their probation revoked?
Young men that are unemployed or have a low income, prior criminal record, or history of instability
What is judicial reprieve?
a delay in sentencing following a conviction to slow down the process and allow time to pursue a fair result
What is boot camp?
a short-term, correction facility where inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline
What are prison farms/camps?
correctional facilities where inmates engage in agricultural or manual labor activities as part of their incarceration.
Women jail inmates are at higher risk of being sexually abused by what people?
correctional staff; guards, officers
Where are most jail run through?
county sheriffs office
What is the difference between regular fines and day fines?
daily fines helps make fines a more equal process for those with lower incomes and are based on the convicted offenders daily income
What are the elements of intensive probation supervision?
decarceration control reintegration
What is the purpose of prison?
designed to hold convicted felons while they serve their criminal sentence
Why do some people think fines are an unfair alternative of punishment?
justice shouldn't be based on how much money you have
Furlough
leave of absence for inmates for special circumstances
How long are people held in jail for?
less than a year
What type of sentence has dramatically increased the prison population?
mandatory minimums
What percentage of male jail inmates are sexual abuse survivors? What percentage of women?
men - 10% women - 50%
_______________ is a huge reason people commit crime and contributes to recidivism.
mental health
What is one of the main reasons people commit crimes?
mental illness
What are the 4 types of prisons?
minimum security maximum security super maximum security medium security
prison-overcrowding theory
more overcrowded prisons means more violence - lack resources - cant separate "problem people"
What is the goal of forfeiture?
to hurt the offender economically and make it harder for them to fund their illegal activities
What is the purpose of bail reform?
to tighten restrictions on the most dangerous offenders
educational/vocational programs
work release
What are some reasons would drop a case?
· Insufficient evidence · Witness problems · Interests of justice · Due process problems · A plea on another case · Pretrial diversion · Referral for other prosecution
True or False; Most criminals that are sentenced to probation for the mot serious crimes are more likely to recidivate than those who are sent to prison for committing similar crimes
False - Even the most serious crimes who receive probation are less likely to recidivate than those who are sent to prison for committing similar crimes
What percentage of women are jail inmates?
15%
individual/group counseling programs
-faith based programs -anger management -drug treatment -cognitive behavior therapy
What are some reasons community sentences are so popular?
- lowers congressional congestion - helps with repeat offenders - helps individuals keep jobs, family ties, and social ties - cost benefit analysis
inmate social code
- mind your business - don't loose your head - dont exploit inmates - be tough/don't loose dignity - don't be a sucker
What type of offenders are placed in maximum security prisons?
- people with a history of violence - repeat offenders - offenders who were moved from lower level of prison for behavioral problems
judicial reprieve
A temporary suspension of sentence to reconsider punishment or allow certain circumstances to change before the sentence is imposed
What court case established that anything that increases the minimum sentence besides prior convictions must be submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt?
Apprendi v. NJ
What court case established that aggravating factors cannot be considered without a jury trial?
Blakey v. Washington
Nonresidential community-based treatment programs that have more supervision and treatment are called....
Day Reporting Centers
administrative-control theory
Prison disorder results from unstable, divided, or otherwise weak management
What is a split sentence?
Requires convicted criminals to spend a portion of their sentence behind bars and the remainder in the community (Jail first then probation)
What 5 factors that affect sentencing?
Severity of offense Prior criminal record Violence Weapons Money
What assessment is used in risk classification?
evaluate the likelihood of an individual's future criminal behavior based on various factors like criminal history, demographic information, and behavioral characteristics.
Forfeiture
government seizure of property and other assets derived from or used in criminal activity
cognitive behavior therapy
hep change behaviors without finding the cause of anger
If a prosecutor attempts to send the most prolific offenders away to prison for a long time to reduce the crime rate, what goal of punishment is this?
incapacitation
What can help with the revolving door (recidivism) we see in jails?
increasing community services
House arrest and intensive supervision are examples of what alternative form of punishment
intermediate sanctions
Programs administered through probation departments that include a group of punishments falling between prison and probation is called....
intermediate sanctions
intensive probation supervision
involves frequent face-to-face contact between the probationer and the probation officer - monitored on a daily or weekly basis
What type of crimes do people commit to be sent to minimum security prisons?
non-violent offenders -white-collar crimes -drug crimes
What is shock probation?
offenders are put into prison for a short period of time before beginning probation to scare them from imprisonment
How do residential community corrections protect offenders from reoffending?
placing the offender in the same environment where they committed the crime makes them more likely to re-offend - new environment with treatment programs lessens the risk of re-offending
inmate-balance theory
prison officials make an abrupt effort to take control of the prison and limit freedoms
A promise made by a defendant to return to court after being released on bail is called...
recognizance
Some prisons have programs where inmates can learn job skills or further their education. What goal of punishment is this?
rehabilitation
An offender hurt and stole money from the victim, and he is sentenced to pay the victim back the money they stole and pay for the victims hospital bill. This is an example of what alternative form of punishment?
restitution
If an offender is ordered to pay the hospital bills of their victim, what goal of punishment is this?
restitution
What alternative form of punishment is mainly used on juveniles by physically doing something to make up for their crime?
restorative justice
Proponents of this goal of punishment are against plea bargaining because they believe the offenders are not getting what they deserve. What is the goal of punishment?
retribution
inmate subcukture
rules prisoners follow based on the prison culture/environment - not official rules - pervades prisons - has its own norms, rules, and language
A law which sentences repeat offenders to life in prison, such as the Three Strikes Law, is an example of what goal of punishment?
specific deterrence
When and why do people typically violate their probation?
technical violations during the first 3 months of the probation sentence
What type of offenders are sent to super maximum security prisons?
the most dangerous that pose a severe threat to others and have a history of violence within the prison system
nolle prosequi
the prosecutor decides to drop a case - beyond a reasonable doubt
What type of offenders are sent to medium security prisons?
those who commit violent crimes without having any ongoing risks or a serious violent history
What is the purpose of jail?
to hold pretrial detainees and misdemeanants serivng their criminal sentence
