Intro to Criminal Justice Final

Over the past 30 years, the number of people incarcerated in the United States has risen dramatically. This is most likely a result of ________.

"get tough on crime" policies

Which of the following best illustrates a delinquent child?

11-year-old Jake killed his baby sister because she cried constantly

Which of the following is an example of a status offender?

13-year-old Andrew buys beer at a convenience store.

Among which age group is the use of illicit drugs most common?

18- to 25-year-olds

Paul, who works for a county sheriff's department, shot and killed Jake, stating that he believed Jake was a terrorist. However, Paul had no evidence for this belief. Jake's family may file a ____________ against Paul for denying Jake's right to life without due process.

1983 Lawsuit

________ is a juvenile court disposition that imposes both a juvenile sanction and an adult criminal sentence upon a juvenile who has been adjudicated delinquent.

A blended sentence

Which of the following statements regarding dying declarations is true?

A dying declaration must be related to the cause and the circumstances of the person's imminent death.

Which of the following occurs during the indictment?

A formal written accusation is submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense.

Which of the following judges is most likely to impose a fine when sentencing an offender?

A judge in a court of limited jurisdiction

The fleeing-targets exception to the exclusionary rule relates to the search of

A motor vehicle

In which of the following situations could a civil suit for police negligence be brought against an officer?

A police officer injures an innocent bystander during a high-speed chase.

Which of the following is true about probation revocations?

A revocation hearing must be held before probation can be revoked

According to the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Chimel v. California, when does a search become illegal?

A search becomes illegal when it goes beyond the area within the defendant's immediate control.

Which of the following best describes the outcome of the criminal justice process in America, according to the text?

A social product that rarely pleases everyone involved in the criminal justice process

Which of the following agencies is most likely to be found in a state that uses a centralized model of state policing?

A state police agency

_______ is a credentialing process which provides recognized professional status for law enforcement agencies who are able to meet specific standards in a variety of areas such as day-to-day operations, administration, review of incidents involving the use of a weapon by officers, and evaluation and promotion of personnel.

Accreditation

Graystone Alpha, Inc. has a steel-manufacturing plant that was found to be emitting excessively high levels of toxic gas. This is an example of a breach of _______.

Administrative Law

Which psychoactive substance has been shown to commonly increase aggression?

Alcohol

Jim is charged with manslaughter and is indigent, so he cannot afford to hire an attorney. He is being defended by Alison, a criminal attorney whose name was selected at random from a list of all criminal lawyers practicing in the jurisdiction of the trial court. Alison is not receiving her normal fee but is being paid at a rate set by the state government. What form of indigent defense is being used in this scenario?

An assigned counsel system

Jason is furious when Mark fires him. To get revenge, Jason calls his old high-school buddy Lucas and offers him $5,000 to torch Mark's house. Although Lucas refuses, Jason is most likely guilty of ___________.

An inchoate offense

The defense of alibi is distinctive from other types of defenses to a criminal charge because it involves _________.

An innocence defense

Which of the following statements concerning three-strikes sentencing laws is true?

An offender can receive a life sentence for a nonviolent crime if it is his or her third strike

Which of the following is a responsibility of the bailiff?

Announcing to the court that judge is entering the courtroom

Which of the following statements best characterizes post-adjudicatory review in cases involving juveniles?

Appeals are less important and consequential in the juvenile justice system, compared to appeals of adult criminal convictions

After the American Revolution stopped Britain from transporting criminals to the American colonies, they began sending prisoners to which country?

Australia

Which of the following characteristics of the police working personality is considered to be essential for survival and effectiveness?

Authoritarian

Why is the current federal sentencing scheme considered a structured sentencing scheme?

Because it uses a matrix to introduce proportionality and equity into the federal sentencing system.

Why do some opponents of parole consider it to unhinge the scales of justice?

Because offenders are released before they have completed their entire sentence.

Why has the organization of American law enforcement been called the most complex in the world?

Because police agencies have been created at the federal, state, and local levels.

David was 17 years old when he viciously assaulted and raped Lisa, seriously injuring her. David's case was heard by a juvenile court judge, he was convicted of rape and attempted murder, and was sentenced to life without parole. Why was this sentence overturned upon appeal?

Because sentencing a juvenile to life without parole for a crime other than murder is cruel and unusual punishment

Which of the following is a criticism of public defenders and public defender programs?

Because they typically have huge caseloads, they may use plea bargaining excessively

At what point are the police required to advise a person of his or her rights, according to the Miranda decision?

Before Questioning

Acting on a tip regarding a possible suicide bombing, police stake out a train departing from Grand Central Station. Officer Baxter observes two men who appear to be Middle Eastern and notes that they appear nervous, avoiding eye contact with officers and others on the platform and hiding their carry-on bags under their coats before preparing to board the train. Officer Baxter notifies her supervisor, and the two men are removed from the train and searched for bombs and other terror devices. This scenario is an example of

Behavioral Profiling

In the case of In re Winship, what evidentiary standard did the Supreme Court require to establish allegations of delinquency?

Beyond a reasonable doubt

Bono is a junior in college and is on the honor roll. He occasionally takes heroin with his friends at parties but does not use the drug at other times. Which of the following statements best describes Bono?

Bono is a recreational drug user

Ronnie is a county sheriff and Sam is the chief of a city police department. Which of the following is true of both Ronnie and Sam?

Both head up local law enforcement agencies.

Which of the following crimes is most likely to be considered a misdemeanor?

Breaking and Entering

Which of the following statements is true of criminal activity in America?

By the mid-1980s, the sale and use of illicit drugs increased dramatically

Which of the following statements regarding case law is true?

Case law is the body of judicial precedent that serves as a guide to decision making, especially in the courts.

In the _______ model of state police organization, officers are responsible for the patrol of state highways and for major criminal investigations.

Centralized

Which of the following programs is characteristic of the just deserts era?

Chain gangs

___________ refers to the order of authority within a police department.

Chain of Command

22-year-old Perry is charged with first-degree murder. During the trial, the defense attorney calls Janice, Perry's elderly next-door-neighbor, to the stand. Janice describes Perry's personality to the jury, and explains how he has always refused to take any payment for helping her around the house and yard, because he said it was the right thing to do. The defense attorney uses this information to try to persuade the jury that Perry would never commit a violent crime. Janice is an example of a(n)

Character Witness

Which of the following statements is true regarding circuit court judges, who are members of the U.S. courts of appeals?

Circuit court judges are appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate.

Which of the following statements regarding circumstantial evidence is true?

Circumstantial evidence requires the judge or jury to make inferences

Which of the following is primarily true of city police chiefs, rather than sheriffs?

City police chiefs are typically appointed by the mayor or city council.

Donna left her job at Portland, Inc. and joined a rival company. Portland accused her of violating her contractual obligations and decided to take her to court. In this scenario, which aspect of justice is involved?

Civil Justice

_____________ governs relationships between parties and includes rules for contracts, property transfers, and the creation of wills.

Civil Law

Which of the following statements regarding civil law is true?

Civil law contains rules for contracts, divorces, and the creation of wills.

The _____________ assists law enforcement officers in identifying perpetrators involved in serious crimes such as murder, rape, and other sexual assaults.

Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)

In the country of Argonia, traditional law based on unwritten historical precedents are used to interpret many legal issues in the country. Argonia is using ___________ law.

Common

_______ refers to the traditional body of unwritten historical precedents that is based on nonstatutory customs, traditions, and precedents.

Common Law

Which of the following statements regarding defense counsel is true?

Communications between defense attorneys and defendants is confidential and attorneys cannot be required or forced to reveal any information confided to them by their clients.

__________ represents the newest progressive strategy to address the causes of crime and reducing the fear of crime and social disorder through problem-solving strategies and police-community partnerships.

Community Policing

What is required for the police to conduct a search of a person who is not suspected of a crime?

Compelling Interest

The Supreme Court has rendered a decision in a controversial case and the Chief Justice has written the majority opinion. One of the associate justices agrees with the judgment of the Court but not with the reasoning of the Chief Justice. This justice may write a(n) ______________ to explain her reasoning.

Concurring Opinion

Jerome H. Skolnick's research showing that the police preferred to use clearance rates as a measure of police effectiveness in solving crimes demonstrates support for the _______.

Conflict Model

The San Pano police department has begun to arrest domestic violence offenders, based on research that suggests this will help to reduce repeat violence. However, because court calendars are backed up and jails are dealing with overcrowding problems, the district attorney's office frequently releases the suspects without filing charges. Which of the following criminal justice perspectives is most applicable to San Pano?

Conflict Model

The ________ is a criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system's components work together harmoniously to achieve justice.

Consensus Model

In 1902, George owned a small shoe factory and wanted to expand his business. He went to the local prison and agreed to provide materials and equipment so that the inmates could make shoes inside the prison. George also agreed to pay the prison a set amount for each inmate he hired. This is an example of which system of inmate labor?

Contract System

Which of the following statements about juries is true?

Convicted felons generally are excluded from jury service.

Winston was arrested by police while in possession of gasoline and lighter fluids outside a burning building. The fire marshal finds that the fire was set deliberately using gasoline as an accelerant. The prosecutor has the required _________ to charge Winston with arson.

Corpus Delicti

Currently, the main priority of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is

Counterterrorism

_______ is/are designed to reduce the number of jurisdictions.

Court unification

The ____________ is/are responsible for interpreting the Bill of Rights and defining a person's individual and due process rights.

Courts

Which of the following is a Windows-based spatial statistics-analysis software program used for analyzing crime-incident locations?

CrimeStat

A high level of ________ is essential for criminal justice system practitioners, as it helps to ensure that the values, perspectives, and needs of all community members are addressed throughout the criminal justice process.

Cultural Competence

Jean, a Creole-speaking suspect, is charged with larceny. At his first appearance following his arrest, the court provides Jean with a Creole interpreter to understand the criminal charges filed against him, his rights, and the opportunity for bail. The provision of a Creole interpreter by the court is an example of the operation of _________ in the criminal justice system.

Cultural Competence

Which of the following statements is true of civil antidrug laws authorizing asset forfeiture?

Current civil forfeiture statutes are easier to enforce than the first federal laws authorizing forfeiture as a criminal sanction.

David is running for the U.S. Senate. During his campaign, he focuses on the drug problem in the U.S. David advocates a responsive, cost-effective strategy that substantially reduces the penalties associated with drug use but does not eliminate them entirely. What type of drug control strategy is David proposing?

Decriminalization

How have many departments today managed to dramatically increase their complement of officers from underrepresented groups?

Dedicated recruitment efforts by police departments to encourage applications from racial and ethnic minority groups

Which of the following statements regarding plea bargaining is true?

Defendants may withdraw a guilty plea after entering it with the court.

Which of the following statements regarding female police officers is true?

Demands related to child-rearing is a major factor contributing to the resignation of female officers.

To demonstrate the department's effectiveness in reducing drug dealing in the local community the chief of police encourages patrol officers to increase the number of arrests of drug dealers. To comply with this, Officer Cormac plants drugs in the homes of several suspected drug dealers. Officer Cormac's behavior is an example of which type of police corruption?

Denial of Civil Rights

According to research, why do some female police officers experience frustration and lack of job satisfaction?

Departments are reluctant to assign them to patrol and other potentially dangerous field activities

___________ refers to offenders who stop any future involvement in crime.

Desistance

It is generally up to ______ to solve most crimes and produce the evidence needed for the successful prosecution of suspects.

Detectives

Which of the following activities is part of the preliminary investigation?

Determining that a crime has been committed

The fact that a crime is considered a victimless crime is an example of which type of factor that could influence an officer's discretionary decisions?

Disagreement with the law

Which of the following is considered a reason to abolish the death penalty?

Discrimination

At which stage of the juvenile justice process does the judge determine what actions should be taken with a juvenile who has been found to be delinquent?

Dispositional hearing

Which of the following statements about dispute-resolution centers is true?

Dispute-resolution programs handle minor violations of law.

Donna is a sheriff. How did she most likely obtain this position?

Donna was elected

Ray has been charged with first-degree murder and is facing a jury trial. To ensure that Ray's rights are protected, the court should make decisions using a ________.

Due Process Model

Judith is a bank teller. Her two daughters are kidnapped, and the kidnapper threatens to kill them both. Judith steals money from the bank to pay the ransom. What defense is Judith most likely to use when charged with embezzlement?

Duress

The case of Escobedo v. Illinois recognized the right of a suspect to have legal counsel present

During Interrogation

Which of the following best represents how society viewed juveniles and juvenile crime during the 1980s?

During the 1980s, a get-tough approach toward serious and violent juvenile crime developed

Which of the following statements about early involvement of women in policing is true?

Early policewomen primarily worked with women and children, rather than providing the same types of police services as male officers

Carlo is addicted to drugs. He breaks into Jeffrey's home and steals his laptop. While the laptop was insured, Jeffrey still had to cover the $250 deductible on his insurance policy. This expense falls into which category of direct costs of drug-related crime?

Economic losses from crimes committed by users

Elan works as a field officer in a state law enforcement agency and has three officers reporting to him. Elan and another field officer both report to Jane. Based on these facts, which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

Elan's span of control is three

In order to arrest a drug dealer, Officer Barton posed as a customer. He purchased drugs from the dealer and then arrested him. Which of the following procedural defenses would the dealer most likely use in court?

Entrapment

Which of the following is an example of a procedural defense?

Entrapment

Nik is addicted to cocaine. To obtain money to purchase more cocaine, he robs Evan at gunpoint. Which of the following is a direct cost of this crime?

Evan's Rolex watch and his wedding ring are stolen during the robbery and are not recovered

The Department of Criminal Justice in Iberia used a new crime-fighting strategy to reduce crime in the state. The strategy was scientifically tested and was ready to be implemented. Which of the following methods did the department use to develop the strategy?

Evidence Based Practice

Which of the following is true of evidence-based practice in contemporary criminal justice?

Evidence-based practice refers to crime-fighting strategies that have been scientifically tested and evaluated by social scientists who study crime

The ________ holds that illegally-seized evidence cannot be used in a trial.

Exclusionary Rule

George has been convicted of sexual assault. However, after the case is over, his attorney discovers that the prosecutor had obtained evidence that would have proven George's innocence but had withheld it because he wanted a conviction in the high-profile case. This type of evidence is known as ________ evidence.

Exculpatory

Diminished capacity is an example of which type of defense?

Excuse

An emergency warrantless search of an individual falls under which exception to the search warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment?

Exigent Circumstances

In 1842, Hugo, a convicted offender living in England, was sent to Australia as a laborer. Which of the following punishments was imposed on Hugo?

Exile

Which of the following statements about the federal prison system is correct?

Federal administrative facilities are institutions that are designed to house many different types of inmates.

John was convicted of three counts of rape of his former girlfriend, Trisha, and was sentenced to 18 years in prison. John was convicted of a(n)_______.

Felony

Which of the following is an FBI counterterrorism component that developed following recommendations of the 9/11 Commission?

Field Intelligence Froups (FIGs)

Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of the use of fines as a sentence?

Fines result in unequal punishments for offenders with different levels of income.

Which of the following is an example of latent evidence?

Fingerprints

Which of the following statements about flogging is true?

Flogging is still employed as a punishment in some parts of the world

In which of the following situations could a Bivens action be brought?

Francis, an FBI agent, searches a suspect's home and vehicle without a warrant.

During the past 30 years, which of the following most greatly contributed to a change in the dominant philosophy of criminal justice in America, with more emphasis being placed on public safety and societal order, rather than on guaranteeing individual rights?

Frequent, random mass shootings across the country

Which of the following scenarios is an example of espionage?

George is a civilian working for the U.S. Army. He is told to deliver a briefcase containing the locations of key secret U.S. military deployments to the Pentagon. He loses the briefcase and it is later found by a Russian agent.

According to the Knapp Commission on police corruption, the most common form of corruption is

Grass Eating

Dwayne was convicted of robbery and sentenced to three years in prison. When he applied for parole, the parole board denied his request and did not explain why. When Dwayne objected, the board explained that as result of the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in _________, it was not required to specify the evidence or reasoning for its decision to deny parole.

Greenholtz v. Nebraska Penal Inmates

Officers are most likely to die in the line of duty as the result of

Gunfire

The first major piece of federal antidrug legislation passed in the United States was the ___________ Act.

Harrison

Which of the following factors reported in a presentence investigation would be considered a high-risk factor?

Having procriminal attitudes

Which of the following statements regarding incarceration rates in the U.S. today is true?

High levels of incarceration do not make society safer

What does a change of venue involve?

Holding the trial in a different jurisdiction

Which of the following is an example of an alternative sentence?

Home detention

Geoff has been convicted of a federal crime and has been sentenced to home confinement. He is required to remain at home at all times, unless he has a doctor's appointment or a court appearance. Geoff has been sentenced to which level of federal home confinement?

Home incarceration

The U.S. Coast Guard is part of the Department of _________.

Homeland Security

Which of the following types of work is primarily associated with staff operations in a police agency?

Human resources administration work by a HR professional

Which of the following statements about Intensive Probation Supervision (IPS) is true?

IPS is designed to extend probation to offenders who would otherwise go to prison

Which of the following statements about state appellate courts is true?

If a defendant is not satisfied with the resolution by the state appellate court, he or she may try to appeal the case to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Which of the following statements regarding probation is true?

If probation is revoked, the offender may be incarcerated

Which of the following terms specifically refers to situations in which the use of force by the police violates a law or statute?

Illegal use of force

Which of the following is true about current illicit drug users in the United States today?

Illicit drug use in the U.S. has decreased steadily since the late 1970s

Which of the following statements regarding private policing globally is true?

In most democratic countries, private police outnumber public police.

Which of the following is true of the corpus delicti of a crime?

In order to establish corpus delicti, the state has to demonstrate that a criminal law has been violated and that someone violated it.

Which Supreme Court case held that courts must provide four basic procedural rights in hearings that could result in commitment to an institution?

In re Gault (1967)

Ron has been convicted of armed robbery. He has multiple prior convictions for this and other crimes. The judge sentences Ron to 40 years in prison, stating that this will ensure Ron does not victimize anyone else in the community. Which of the following sentencing goals is the judge seeking to accomplish?

Incapacitation

Which of the following has contributed to the growth of the private security sector in the U.S.?

Increased workplace crime

Which of the following is an advantage of indeterminate sentencing?

Indeterminate sentencing allows judges consider differences in degrees of guilt when imposing sentences

Which of the following statements regarding indeterminate sentencing is true?

Indeterminate sentencing is based on the idea that offenders are more likely to participate in rehabilitation programs if it will reduce prison time.

Which of the following statements regarding the structure of the American court system is true?

Individual states have judicial autonomy over their individual court systems separate from federal control.

Advocates of protecting personal freedoms and civil rights within the criminal justice process emphasize ________ in the criminal justice system.

Individuals Rights

The "Christian burial speech" eventually led to the creation of the _______ exception to Miranda.

Inevitable Discovery

LEO and NLETS are types of

Information services

Scott works for a law enforcement agency that focuses on terrorism and transnational crime. Which of the following policing styles is Scott most likely to be engaged in to assist his agency's mission?

Intelligence-led Policing

Which of the following is true of intermediate sanctions?

Intermediate sanctions are socially cost-effective for offenders and their families

How has the return to determinate sentencing in many jurisdictions affected parole?

It has significantly reduced the amount of time offenders spend on parole

Joan works in a county mental health court that addresses both public safety concerns and the needs of defendants with mental illness. Defendants with serious and persistent mental illnesses are given treatment and counseling instead of being incarcerated in a jail or prison. Which of the following is true about the court in which Joan works?

It is a problem solving court

Which of the following is true of a strict liability offense?

It is also called an absolute liability offense

Which of the following statements best describes the jurisdiction of a court?

It is the territory, subject matter, or people over which a court or other justice agency may exercise lawful authority, as determined by statute or constitution.

Why is the case of Griffin v. Wisconsin considered to be so significant with respect to probation?

It limited the Fourth Amendment rights of probationers

Which of the following statements best describes the limitation model?

It makes drugs legally available but limits who is permitted to distributed them.

Which of the following statements regarding the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Laboratory Division is true?

It provides free laboratory services to law enforcement agencies throughout the U.S.

How has the USA PATRIOT Act impacted the use of capital punishment?

It significantly increased the number of federal crimes that are punishable by death.

Which of the following statements regarding evidence-based policing is true?

It uses research on the outcomes of police work to guide police in future decision-making.

How has the overcrowding problem in prisons affected the composition of today's jails?

Jails may be required to house felony offenders because there is no room for them in overcrowded prisons

Which of the following is characteristic of jails?

Jails supervise inmates who are on home detention

Jack is employed in the state court system. He is responsible for ensuring that the court system operates smoothly and efficiently. What is Jack's role?

Jake is a state court administrator

James is a federal agent attending a training seminar on use of deadly force. Which of the following statements correctly reflects the federal deadly force policy?

James should give a verbal warning before using deadly force.

Jean was arrested for disturbing the peace. Which sentence is she most likely to receive?

Jean is likely to be fined and sentenced to six months of supervised probation.

_______ is the philosophy of law, or the science and study of the law.

Jurisprudence

In 2005, in the case of Roper v. Simmons, the Court set a new standard when it ruled that age is a bar to execution in cases when the offender was under the age of 18 when he or she committed a capital crime. What was the Court's justification for this ruling?

Juveniles are less morally responsible and incorrigible than adults, due to their susceptibility to immature and irresponsible behavior.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the juvenile justice system?

Juveniles have a right against self-incrimination

Which large American city conducted the first major social research study of police practices?

Kansas City

Which of the following is considered the biggest challenge for probation and parole officers?

Lack of career mobility within the profession

Which of the following is statements regarding landmark cases is true?

Landmark cases cause changes in the daily operations of the justice system.

Which of the following best illustrates one major result of large caseloads for parole and probation officers?

Large caseloads may result in stopgap supervisory measures

An early crime epidemic in the United States occurred between 1850 and 1880. This crime wave was apparently linked to

Large-Scale Immigration

Which of the following is true regarding police use of force?

Law enforcement officers are authorized to use only the amount of force that is reasonable and necessary given the circumstances facing them.

Which of the following officers is most likely to be assigned to either criminal investigation or highway patrol?

Lea is a member of the Pennsylvania State Police.

District Attorney Matthew Morris believes that offenders who violate drug laws threaten the social order. He insists that these offenders charged with drug possession or dealing be prosecuted whenever possible and has been calling for increased penalties for these crimes. Morris most likely favors which school of thought?

Legalist Approach

Officers who follow the ______ style of policing are likely to take a hands-off approach to community disputes and violations of social norms.

Legalistic

_________ involve field activities that are directly related to daily police work.

Line Operations

Municipal departments, rural sheriff's departments, and specialized groups like campus police are all part of the ______ rubric.

Local

Which of the following is considered to be a factor contributing to police corruption?

Low police salaries

Which of the following most accurately characterizes MDMA or Ecstasy?

MDMA is extremely dangerous because it affects the body's ability to regulate temperature, often causing heatstroke and similar reactions

Many judges object to the use of fines because they feel that poor offenders cannot pay them while more affluent offenders can "buy their way out" of prison. Which of the following is a proposed solution to these concerns?

Making fines proportionate to both the severity of the crime and the resources of the offender

Milo and Simon are next-door neighbors. Milo lent Simon a lawn mower and some gardening tools. When Simon returned them, the mower was severely damaged. Simon refused to pay for the damage and Milo became very angry and stabbed Simon with the gardening shears, killing him instantly. The prosecutor wants to charge Milo with first-degree murder. Which element of first-degree murder is missing?

Malice

In which landmark case did the U.S. Supreme Court apply the exclusionary rule to the state level?

Mapp v. Ohio

The most common illicit drug in use today is _____.

Marijuana

Which of the following drugs falls into Schedule I of the federal Controlled Substances Act?

Marijuana

Mark was arrested for shoplifting and the court has given him the opportunity for pretrial release. Which of the following alternatives to bail will mean that Mark will forfeit money or other property if he fails to appear in court when required?

Mark has been released on a property bond

In 2013, 15-year-old Michael was incarcerated for committing a serious violent crime that was part of an epidemic of violence sweeping across the United States between 2012 and 2017. Michael was most likely sent to prison for ________.

Mass Shooting

Which of the following terms refers to the state of mind required to accompany a criminal act?

Mens Rea

Mike is being arraigned in court. Which of the following is most likely to occur during his arraignment?

Mike will be asked to enter a plea

Tessa was arrested for illegal possession of drugs. The court ordered her to spend her weekends in jail and to receive probation supervision in the community during the week. Which of the following intermediate sanctions has been imposed?

Mixed Sentence

Which of the following statements regarding the use of cameras in courtrooms is true?

Most states prohibit the recording of jurors or juveniles, or of conferences between an attorney and the defendant or the judge.

When Juan heard the guilty verdict, he had a heart attack and was taken to the hospital. His attorney wants the court to delay sentencing until Juan is recovered. What motion does Juan's attorney file?

Motion for arrest of judgement

Which of the following motions is attempting to delay the start of the trial?

Motion for continuance

Perceptions of undocumented immigrants from Latin America concerning the fairness of the police and American criminal laws reveal the influence of _________ in the criminal justice system.

Multiculturalism

Which of the following statements regarding multiculturalism is true?

Multiculturalism in American society encompasses a heterogenous array of different religions and personal values that poses many daunting challenges for the criminal justice system to address.

Devon was born in the eleventh century and made his living as a pickpocket. When he was caught, his hands were broken to deter him from continuing his life of crime. This is an example of which type of punishment?

Mutilation

Which of the following statements regarding the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP) is true?

NCISP outlines methods law enforcement agencies can take to participate in sharing information

Kelly is window-shopping on Main Street with her 10-month-old son, who is in a stroller. While walking down the street, Kelly runs into her friend Carol and they begin talking. They step away from the stroller to look at a display of shoes in a nearby shop window. While they are looking at the shoes, the stroller rolls down the sidewalk and into the street, where it is hit by a passing car. Kelly is prosecuted based on which type of mens rea?

Negligent

Nina is a patrol officer in an urban police department. In which of the following situations would Nina most likely be expected to exercise discretion in deciding whether or not to make an arrest?

Nina observes that 17-year-old Jim is drinking beer out of brown paper bag on a city street.

Although Jack has not pleaded guilty, he is treated by the court as if he has. What plea has Jack entered?

Nolo Contendere

Which of the following scenarios most likely involves racial profiling?

Obi, who is African American, is pulled over because his tires are underinflated. The police insist on searching Obi's car, despite his refusal to give permission.

Which of the following statements regarding restorative justice is true?

Offender accountability is defined by taking action to repair harm.

____________ refers to the number of inmates that a facility can effectively accommodate, given its staff, programs, and services.

Operational capacity

Which of the following crimes increased significantly during the Prohibition period in the United States?

Organized Crime

_________ jurisdiction is the lawful authority of a court to hear or to act on a case from its beginning and to pass judgment on the law and the facts.

Original

Oscar has been adjudicated delinquent. What is the most likely disposition?

Oscar is most likely going to be placed on formal probation

Which of the following statements regarding presentence investigation reports (PSIs) is true?

PSIs provide the judge with background information about the offender prior to sentencing

The centralized model of state law enforcement organization was first used in which state?

Pennsylvania

Which of the following best describes peremptory challenges?

Peremptory challenges allow attorneys to challenge a potential juror without disclosing the reason for the challenge.

________ dependence refers to a biologically based craving for a specific drug that results from frequent, regular, and consistent use of that drug.

Physical

Officer Simons knows that Joey has been dealing drugs outside a local elementary school but has been unable to obtain enough evidence to arrest him. Frustrated, Officer Simons plants drugs on Joey and then arrests him for possession. Which defense should Joey use?

Police Fraud

Which of the following is true regarding the recruitment and selection of new officers by police organizations today?

Police departments are increasingly recruiting from universities, to ensure more highly-educated officers.

Which of the following statements regarding the police subculture and working personality is true?

Police departments in different parts of the U.S. have subcultures with similar elements.

Which of the following statements regarding civil suits against police officers is true?

Police supervisors may be sued in civil court based on the actions of their officers.

Neil is a law enforcement officer who uses the CompStat process in his daily work. Neil is most likely engaged in activities that relate to which part of the police mission?

Predicting Crime

Cathy was arrested for vehicle theft and taken to court. The judge held a session to determine whether there was probable cause to believe that a crime was committed and that the defendant was guilty. Which of the following stages of pretrial activities is described in this scenario?

Preliminary Hearing

What is the minimum evidentiary standard required for a juvenile to be adjudicated a status offender?

Preponderance of the evidence

John is a criminal justice reformer who is encouraging the state legislators to form a sentencing commission to develop sentencing guidelines. He believes that judges should be required to follow the guidelines or provide written explanations if they deviate from them. Which sentencing model is John advocating?

Presumptive sentencing model

Which element of the police mission involves a proactive approach to the problem of crime?

Preventing Crime

Which of the following operational policing strategies consumes most of the resources of local and state-level police agencies?

Preventive Control

Which level of law enforcement operates on a for-profit basis?

Private

Which is the largest level of law enforcement in the United States today?

Private Protective Services

Jason is presenting a proposal to the state legislature that would permit the state criminal justice system to house inmates in a privately run prison. Which of the following arguments would Jason be most likely to use to persuade the government to privatize prisons in the state?

Private companies can generally design and build a prison more quickly than the government

Why is private security believed to have been largely responsible for the recent decade-long decline in reported crime?

Private security activities limit opportunity for potential criminals.

What is the necessary minimum level of belief required for the police to arrest individuals and conduct full searches of dwellings, vehicles, and possessions?

Probable Cause

______ refers to facts and circumstances that would cause a reasonable person to believe that a particular person has committed a specific crime.

Probable Cause

Probation and parole officers must balance two conflicting sets of duties. Which of the following is a characteristic of the social work model?

Probation and parole officers should assist clients to meet the conditions of their parole or probation

Sam is 45 years old and has a prior record of burglary. He was recently convicted of driving while intoxicated and sentenced to six months of probation, including 10 hours of community service per month. During his first two months on probation, Sam only performed 5 hours of community service. After warning Sam, his probation officer reported this to the judge. Sam's behavior will most likely lead to _____.

Probation revocation

Jane argues that all burglars should receive similar punishments, regardless of which state they are tried in. Malik disagrees, arguing that factors such as the offender's prior criminal record should influence the sentence. Jane is arguing in favor of which sentencing principle?

Proportionality

Paula is part of the FBI's "Flying Squad." Which of the following is most likely to be one of her responsibilities?

Providing specialized counterterrorism knowledge to FBI field offices

After enduring years of violent and sexual abuse by her husband, Sonya kills him. She claims the defense of ________ when charged with his murder.

Provocation

State legislators are developing a new drug control policy that includes stronger monitoring and regulation of controlled substances that may be legally prescribed. The policy also expands the availability of treatment programs for drug addicts. The state legislators appear to favor which approach?

Public health generalism

Individuals who emphasize addressing criminal threats to public safety, achieving crime control, and maintaining social order are known as ____________.

Public-Order Advocates

In 2013, U.S. law enforcement officials announced that they would question 19-year-old Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, the surviving Boston Marathon bombing suspect, before reading him his Miranda rights, based on the ________ exception to Miranda.

Public-Safety

Officer Franklin is a patrol officer in a suburban police department. While in hot pursuit of a suspected rapist, she strikes and kills a pedestrian. There is no state law prohibiting high speed chases and departmental policy permits them when the suspect is believed to have committed a violent felony. In this situation, __________ shields Officer Franklin from a lawsuit.

Qualified Immunity

The broken windows model of policing focuses on which type of offenses?

Quality of Life

Which of the following statements regarding release on recognizance (ROR) is true?

ROR requires defendants to agree in writing to return for hearings as specified by the court.

Mariana is a criminology student and has been studying the Kansas City research. Based on the results of these studies, which of the following statements is Mariana most likely to support?

Rapid response to citizen reports of crime did not increase police ability to arrest suspects.

According to the comprehensive study of strategies for changing the juvenile justice system released by New York's John Jay College of Criminal Justice, which of the following is true of realignment strategies?

Realignment strategies involve closing facilities and eliminating agencies.

What is the minimum standard required for a police officer to stop and frisk someone without having made an arrest?

Reasonable suspicion is required for a stop and frisk without an arrest.

The courts have supported drug testing of employees, including police officers, based on

Reasonable suspicion that drug abuse is occurring

Which of the following advantages applies more to probation than to parole?

Reduced risk of criminal socialization

_____ are specialized courts that oversee an offender's supervised release into the community.

Reentry courts

During the _______ era of policing, the police focused on traditional crime-fighting.

Reform

_______ jails are built and run using the combined resources of several local jurisdictions.

Regional

Which of the following is a central function of state correctional agencies?

Rehabilitating convicted offenders

Which of the following statements best describes reintegrative shaming?

Reintegrative shaming is intended to bring the community and offender together to prevent future crime commission.

Which of the following is most likely to be a standard general condition of parole?

Requiring the parolee to find employment within 30 days of release

Which is most likely to be a special condition of probation?

Requiring the probationer to complete a term of community service`

What was the legacy of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)?

Research supported by LEAA funding established a tradition of scientific police management during the 1970s.

In which activity are police officers most likely to exercise discretion?

Resolving routine situations involving less serious violations of the law without arresting the offender

Which of the following measures is strongly linked to citizen satisfaction of police performance?

Response Time

Bill has been convicted of aggravated assault after seriously injuring Mike. At sentencing, the judge states that Bill is required to reimburse Mike for all the medical bills that Mike's insurance did not cover. The judge is focusing on which goal of sentencing?

Restoration

What is the dominant philosophical basis for the contemporary victims' rights movement?

Restorative Justice

_________ have often become the basis for the dismissal of charges or the acquittal of defendants.

Rights violations

Which of the following is true about rising incarceration rates and lengths of incarceration since the mid-1990s?

Rising incarceration rates have imposed significant financial burdens on state and federal government

What new instrument has been embraced by today's reentry advocates to evaluate the likelihood of success for offenders who are being considered for community supervision?

Risk prediction tools

Officer Jacobs knows that her partner regularly accepts gratuities and small bribes. While Officer Jacobs does not engage in these behaviors herself, she does not report her partner's misconduct and lies about it when questioned by a supervisor. Officer Jacobs is engaging in which type of police corruption?

Role Malfeasance

When Dante was 16, his girlfriend was murdered. Ten years later, the police arrested Dante for the crime. He was convicted of first-degree murder. At the sentencing hearing, the judge informed the jury they could not impose the death penalty, because when the crime was committed, Dante was under the age of 18. The judge's statement to the jury was based on which U.S. Supreme Court decision?

Roper v. Simmons

16-year-old Julius was arrested for assault. Julius's attorney claimed that as a juvenile, Julius had a right to pretrial release. However, the judge required that Julius be held in secure custody until an adjudicatory hearing could be scheduled in juvenile court. On what case did the judge base his decision?

Schall v. Martin (1984)

Which of the following best describes the academic study of criminal justice in the 1960s?

Scientific research into criminal justice system operations was encouraged by the federal government

Which of the following is an example of a quality-of-life offense?

Sean consumes alcohol in public and vandalizes a grocery store

Which of the following is a characteristic of a high-security U.S. penitentiary (USP)?

Security perimeters with walls or reinforced fences

Which of the following is characteristic of community policing?

Service calls are considered a key function

In U.S. law enforcement today, the ______ is/are usually responsible for operating the county jail.

Sheriff

In early Britain, the ____________ was the leader of the county and was responsible for leading a posse to apprehend an offender.

Shire Reeve

___________ is a sentencing option that makes use of "boot camp"-type prisons to impress on convicted offenders the realities of prison life.

Shock incarceration

The right to a speedy trial, the right to a jury trial, and the right to an attorney are all guaranteed by the __________Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Sixth

Which Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees defendants the right to a speedy trial?

Sixth

An ideal of justice that embraces all aspects of civilized life and that is linked to fundamental notions of fairness and to cultural beliefs about right and wrong is called _______.

Social Justice

Which of the following describes information about a crime that forms the basis for determining the perpetrator's identity?

Solvability Factor

Which of the following statements regarding the prison privatization movement is true?

Some state laws prohibit the criminal justice system from using private prisons

___________ refers to the number of personnel or units that a particular commander supervises.

Span of Control

Alex was convicted based on evidence the police obtained when they searched his home. Alex asked the court to overturn the conviction because, due to a typo on the search warrant, the address specified on the warrant was not his house. The judge ruled that the search was valid, based on the "good faith" doctrine that was developed by the U.S. Supreme Court in the landmark case of United States v. Leon (1984). Which of the following legal principles did the judge follow in her ruling?

Stare Decisis

Which of the following statements is true of private prisons?

States that use private prisons are still responsible for protecting the rights of inmates in those prisons

British police practices were codified in the ______, written in 1285.

Statute of Winchester

The country of Zendargo uses a system of written or codified laws that result from legislative action. This "law on the books" refers to ________ law.

Statutory

Requiring a man convicted of domestic violence to apologize to his wife in public is an example of

Stigmatic Shaming

Laura is the chief of a large urban department. She believes that the goal of policing is professional crime fighting but also wants her department to focus on criminals such as white-collar criminals, computer criminals, and serial offenders. Laura is a proponent of

Strategic Policing

Which of the following statements regarding stress and fatigue among police officers is true?

Stress related to policing may affect officers' family members.

In a speech before the state senate, June claims that the methods the senate is proposing to implement in response to the drug problem in the state may lead to significantly greater long-term problems. Which strategy for dealing with the drug problem is the senate considering?

Strict Enforcement

A(n) ____________ does not require a culpable mental state and is an exception to the requirement that all crimes require a concurrence of mens rea and actus reus.

Strict liability offense

Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of Hawaii's Opportunity Probation with Enforcement (HOPE) probation program?

Successive probation violations are dealt with in a proportionate manner.

Susan is a police dispatcher. She is engaged in which core operational strategy?

Support Services

Which of the following characteristics or traits of the police working personality is considered to be advantageous?

Suspicion

During a criminal trial, the judge employs the Daubert standard to determine whether which of the following items of evidence is admissible?

Testimony from a physician explaining the level of accuracy of DNA evidence

Celia died during a terrorist attack in the United States. Her family is eligible for victims' compensation payments as a result of which federal act?

The 2001 USA PATRIOT Act

Which recent federal act focused on the investigation of methamphetamine offenses by authoring money for the federal Meth Hot Spots program?

The 2006 reauthorization of the USA PATRIOT Act

What is the primary purpose of programs such as Collier County's Spousal Academy?

The Academy is designed to teach police spouses how to deal with feelings of stress resulting from police work.

Which of the following is true about the Second Chance Act of 2008?

The Act appears to be reducing recidivism among parolees

Which of the following is a limitation of the Crime Victims' Rights Act?

The Act does not establish rights for victims of state crimes

Which of the following is addressed by the 1991 Bloodborne Pathogens Act?

The Act requires law enforcement officers receive proper training in how to prevent contamination by bloodborne infection agents.

The "Black Lives Matter" movement had its roots in which of the following controversial events?

The August 2014 shooting death of Michael Brown, an unarmed 18-year-old black man, by a white Ferguson, Missouri, police officer.

Which piece of legislation still forms the basis for federal enforcement efforts today?

The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act

Which of the following statements regarding the U.S. Supreme Court's rulings on the death penalty is true?

The Court has ruled that death penalty cases must be decided by a jury.

Because the criminal justice system of the state of Cadmia has focused on the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders, the crime rate in Cadmia has decreased by 60 percent in the past few years. Cadmia's criminal justice system exemplifies the operation of ________ in criminal justice.

The Crime-Control Model

Which of the following has recently occurred in an effort to protect defendants against hastily arranged plea bargains?

The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure require judges to determine a plea is voluntary before accepting it.

Which Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides protection from being arrested without probable cause?

The Fourth Amendment

Which of the following includes representatives from the Department of Defense, the Secret Service, and the Central Intelligence Agency?

The Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF)

Which of the following best describes how the M'Naghten Rule concerning the insanity defense operates in many state jurisdictions?

The M'Naghten rule holds that a person is not guilty of a crime, if at the time of crime, the person didn't know what he or she was doing was wrong. The burden of proving this version of the insanity defense falls on the defense.

Which of the following statements regarding the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Miranda v. Arizona is true?

The Miranda rule is based on the self-incrimination clause of the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

How has the Missouri Plan addressed the concern about allowing politics to enter the judicial selection process?

The Missouri Plan requires judicial candidates to be screened by a nonpartisan state judicial nominating committee.

Which of the following statements about the Pennsylvania system is true?

The Pennsylvania system emphasized rehabilitation through solitary confinement and penitence

Which of the following best describes the Roberts Court?

The Roberts Court is a Court that is very willing to change the law.

Which of the following statements regarding the concept of curtilage in drug investigations is true?

The Supreme Court has ruled that property within the curtilage of a residence is considered to be part of that residence and falls under Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable search and seizure.

Which of the following is true about the power of judicial review?

The Supreme Court uses its power of judicial review to decide whether lower courts decisions are aligned with the intent of the U.S. Constitution.

Police dispatchers receive calls reporting gunfire at the house of Bill, a suspected drug dealer. The responding officers enter Bill's house without a warrant. While securing the house, they observe and seize evidence of drug trafficking, which is later used to convict Bill. Bill appeals on the grounds that the search was illegal because the police did not have a warrant to enter his house. What should the appellate court's decision be, and why?

The appellate court should deny Bill's appeal, based on the emergency search exception to the exclusionary rule.

Detective Mazor believes that John has committed a series of home burglaries. He applies for and is granted a warrant to search John's house for stolen property. The search yields property stolen from three of the burgled homes, and this is used to convict John. John appeals the conviction on the grounds that the warrant application was not sufficient to establish probable cause. What should the appellate court's decision be, and why?

The appellate court should deny John's appeal based on the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule.

Which of the following factors is most likely to affect the extent to which local police departments engage in activities related to the prevention of terrorism?

The assessed likelihood of attack

Which of the following statements regarding the use of incarceration is true?

The average length of sentences to prison is decreasing

Which of the following statements regarding the civil rights era is true?

The civil rights era led to the recognition of fundamental personal rights.

Which member of the courtroom working group is responsible for maintaining custody of physical evidence during a trial?

The clerk of the court

Which of the following is the most active stage of the probation/parole process for the probation or parole officer supervising an adult offender?

The client supervision stage

What is a common criticism of the consensus model of criminal justice?

The consensus model underplays the self-interested motivations of criminal justice agencies in making self-serving decisions that have a tenuous relationship to the interests of social justice.

Which of the following statements regarding the decentralized model of state police organization is true?

The decentralized model creates separate agencies for traffic enforcement and other law enforcement functions.

Which of the following statements regarding private protective services is true?

The decline in reported crime has been attributed to private security.

Which of the following statements regarding drugs is true?

The definition of a substance as a drug depends more on social convention than on the composition of the substance

Which of the following was one of the philosophical principles on which the early juvenile court movement was based?

The denial of due process in procedures involving children is justified because the court's purpose is to help children

Which of the following statement regarding police corruption is true?

The discretionary nature of policing facilitates police corruption.

Which of the following statements regarding due process is true?

The due process standard was set in the 1960s by the Warren Court

Which of the following is a key principle of the National Drug Control Strategy?

The expansion of medication-assisted therapies for drug users

When the police arrested Jack, they did not have an arrest warrant. He claims that the police did not have probable cause to make the arrest. Which pretrial activity includes the first opportunity for a probable cause hearing in Jack's case?

The first appearance

Liam is told that an indictment has been filed against him. Who filed it?

The grand jury

Which of the following has contributed to the increased use of evidence-based practices in the criminal justice system?

The increasing professionalization of criminal justice as a career field and a field of study

Dan has been indicted for arson. The judge takes into consideration Dan's ties to the community, the fact that he owns a house, has a full-time job, and is married with a small child. Based on this, the judge rules that Dan may use his house as collateral instead of requiring that he post cash for bail. Which of the following statements is true in this case?

The judge believes that Dan is likely to appear at all pretrial and trial activities and that he is not a danger to the community.

After a week of deliberations in a capital murder case, the jury reports to the judge that they are deadlocked. What happens in this situation?

The judge may declare the jury to be a hung jury and the state decides whether to retry the defendant.

At Sarah's preliminary hearing, her attorney claims that she is mentally incompetent to stand trial. What is the most likely next step in this situation?

The judge orders Sarah to undergo a mental health evaluation to help determine whether she is competent to stand trial.

The prosecutor wants to present fingerprint evidence during a trial and the defense counsel objects. How does the judge decide if the evidence is admissible?

The judge uses the state rules of evidence.

Jason has been accused of second-degree murder. During the arraignment, the judge asks him to enter a plea, but Jason refuses to respond to the request. What will the judge do in this situation?

The judge will enter a plea of not guilty on Jason's behalf

Which of the following appears to be true of the juvenile justice system today?

The juvenile justice system is moving back toward the original principles of the juvenile court

Which of the following elements would lead to a charge of manslaughter rather than murder?

The killing involved negligence

Which of the following is an example of a departmental factor that could influence the discretionary decisions of individual officers?

The level of supervision of the officer

Which of the following statements about parole is true?

The majority of offenders on parole complete it successfully

Which of the following statements regarding racial profiling is true?

The majority of police officers disagree with racial profiling.

According to the U.S. Supreme Court, what is the current legal standard for determining whether the use of deadly force is justifiable?

The objective reasonableness standard

Which of the following is one of the most frequent reasons why probation or parole is revoked?

The offender fails to report to a parole or probation officer as required.

Based on the police use-of-force continuum, what is the appropriate level of force a police officer should use in response to passive resistance by a subject?

The officer should respond with take downs or pain compliance.

Which of the following is true about Americans in prison today?

The percentage of women incarcerated for murder is similar to that of males

_____ is the set of informal values that characterize the police force as a distinct community with a common identity.

The police subculture

Which of the following is true about the dual court system in the United States?

The power of the federal government has been increasing and states' rights have gradually weakened.

Dwayne is African-American and grew up in a low-income home, the oldest of 7 children. His father deserted the family when Dwayne was 14. Dwayne did very poorly in school and dropped out when he was 16. Because of his lack of education, he was unable to find a job and eventually turned to crime to help support his younger siblings. In 2005, Dwayne was convicted of armed robbery and sentenced to three years in prison. How was Dwayne most likely to be viewed by the public after his conviction?

The public most likely viewed Dwayne as a dangerous social predator who usurps the rights and privileges of law-abiding citizens

Which of the following is a recent development that may have jeopardized the future of private prisons?

The recent move by the Bureau of Prisons to end the use of private correctional facilities in the federal system

Which of the following rights is guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution?

The right against double jeopardy

Senator Smith was tried in federal district court for accepting illegal foreign campaign contributions to his senatorial campaign committee. Despite his wealth and political status, Senator Smith was convicted and sentenced to two years in prison. The above scenario is an example of ______ at work in the American criminal justice system.

The rule of law

Although federal district court judges may serve for life, why do many choose to serve a shorter term?

The salary received by district court judges is low compared to what they could earn in private practice

In 1984, Fred was convicted of a crime and sentenced to three years in prison. He was surprised at the severity of his sentence, and his attorney pointed out that the President had declared a "war" against the type of crime he had committed. Fred was most likely sentenced for ________.

The sale and use of illicit drugs

Jamie is a patrol officer working for a police department with a model police-community relations (PCR) program. Jamie's department collaborates with social services and other community agencies to provide counseling for minor offenders and to assist community groups in preventing crimes and solving problems. What style of policing is practiced by Jamie's police department?

The service style of policing

Which of the following is one of the common features of states that use the centralized model of state police organization?

The state police agency has exclusive responsibility for conducting major criminal investigations and patrolling state highways.

Which of the following is an example of a mitigating circumstance?

The victim consented to the criminal activity.

A federal postal inspector investigating an interstate child pornography ring requests a search warrant of Jack's residence. The investigator states that the warrant will not be executed until a parcel of CDs containing child pornography is delivered to Jack's house. Jack later argues that the warrant is invalid. What does the judge decide?

The warrant is valid because anticipatory warrants may be issued based on probable cause to believe that evidence of a crime, while not currently at the location described, will likely be there when the warrant is executed

Which of the following represents a current trend in juvenile justice policy in the states?

There is an increased focus on reestablishing boundaries between the adult and juvenile justice systems

Clark wants to kill Brian, his drug dealer. While driving to Brian's house, he fantasizes about how he will commit the crime. However, four blocks from Brian's house, a speeding SUV runs a red light and rams into Clark's car. Brian is a passenger in the SUV and is killed instantly. Although Clark was planning to kill Brian, he cannot be prosecuted because

There is no concurrence

Which of the following statements regarding detention is true?

There is no specific maximum time limit for detention.

Which of the following is true of the majority of offenders released from prison?

They are rearrested within three years

What is the purpose of smurfing and structuring?

They are techniques used by drug traffickers to avoid banking laws designed to catch money launderers.

Jerry has been convicted of three counts of arson. The judge sentences him to nine years in prison for each count and orders that all three sentences will be served at the same time. Therefore, Jerry is serving

Three concurrent sentences

In the case of Illinois v. Gates, the U.S. Supreme Court established the _________ test for determining whether information provided by an informant can establish probable cause for issuing a warrant.

Totality of Circumstances

Which of the following serves as the trial court of the federal court system?

U.S. District Court

In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court hold that the warrantless search authority normally reserved for probation and parole officers extends to police officers when supported by reasonable suspicion and authorized by the conditions of probation?

U.S. v. Knights

How do community courts differ from dispute-resolution centers?

Unlike dispute-resolution centers, community courts can hand down sentences such as fines and a period of incarceration in jail without the need for further judicial review.

Which of the following is true about victim-impact statements?

Victim-impact statements do not appear to have much effect on sentencing decisions

In the late 1800s, Nathaniel traveled out to the American West. There were few law enforcement officials there, so when someone tried to steal Nathaniel's horse, he was forced to take the law into his own hands. Nathaniel was most likely a

Vigilante

The ___________ Court is considered to be liberal and progressive because of a series of decisions that guaranteed nationwide recognition of individual rights by agencies at all levels of the criminal justice system.

Warren

Which U.S. Supreme Court landmark case established the exclusionary rule at the federal level?

Weeks v. US

Which of the following accurately describes the initial point that a suspect should consider himself or herself under arrest by a police officer, according to the Supreme Court?

When a suspect believes that he or she is not free to leave the custody of a police officer.

James has been arrested and charged with burglary. How long can he be held in custody before he must be permitted his first appearance before a court for a probable cause determination?

Within 48 hours of his arrest

The fasted-growing segment of the jail population is

Women

Which of the following groups is significantly underrepresented in policing today?

Women

Which of the following was an early form of imprisonment intended to instill habits of industry in the idle?

Workhouse

Jack works for an organization that regularly monitors court proceedings and attempts to document and often publicize inadequacies at the state trial court level. Jack most likely works for

a court-watch citizen's group

A judge sentences Dan for possession of drug paraphernalia and marijuana to a term of 90 days in a local jail followed by two years of probation. This is an example of ____________.

a split sentence

Which of the following is an example of documentary evidence?

a video recording

14-year-old Sari has been accused of burglary and is appearing before a juvenile court judge. The judge is attempting to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to sustain the allegations. Sari is participating in a(n) _________ hearing.

adjudicatory

The ______ of a drug is registered and identifies it in the pharmaceutical marketplace.

brand name

Synthetic psychoactive substances that are often found at bars and raves are known as

club drugs

In early England, punishments generally fit the doctrine of lex talionis. This meant that

convicted offenders were sentenced to a punishment that closely approximated the original injury

Suzette received a traffic ticket and wants to contest the ticket rather than paying it. To do this, she has to appear in traffic court. Traffic court is an example of a

court of limited jurisdiction

The prosecutor calls a witness to the stand. In this case, if a recross-examination is necessary, it would be conducted by the

defense attorney

A(n) _____ is a child who has engaged in activity that would be considered a crime if the child were an adult.

delinquent child

The purpose of external custody classification is to

determine the security level to which a new prisoner should be assigned

Police professionalism places limits on

discretionary activities of individual officers.

Bart is accused of truancy. The juvenile court has __________ jurisdiction over Bart in this case.

exclusive

The first time defendants are formally informed of the charges against them is during the ________ state of the criminal court process.

first appearance

George is an inmate serving a sentence of five to ten years in a federal prison. He is released after only three years, because he earned _______ for his participation in a series of rehabilitation programs while in prison.

gain time

One argument in favor of retaining capital punishment is the protection argument. This is considered to be the weakest retentionist argument because societal interests in protection can also be met by other sentencing options, including

incarceration

When sentencing convicted felons, the most commonly used sentence is

incarceration in prison.

Judge Evans strongly advocates giving defendants sentencing credit for good behavior and believes parole is an important tool for encouraging rehabilitation. The judge also opposes any statutory limitations on his sentencing discretion. Judge Evans most likely is a proponent of ____________.

indeterminate sentencing

Daniel is a member of the U.S. Coast Guard. He is a member of a special team focusing on stopping boats suspected of carrying illicit drugs from entering U.S. waters. Daniel is involved in __________.

interdiction

Jake's teacher has filed a(n) __________ with the juvenile court, alleging that Jake has committed several criminal acts on school grounds.

juvenile petition

In the 1971 case of McKeiver v. Pennsylvania, the U.S. Supreme Court held that

juveniles do not have the constitutional right to trial by jury

Persuading the judge or jury that the defendant actually committed the crime is necessary to establish ________ guilt.

legal

In states that have the death penalty, the most common method of imposing death is

lethal injection

The largest proportion of indirect costs of drug abuse come from

lost worker productivity, including lost work in the labor market and in household production that was never performed but could reasonably be expected to have been performed in the absence of drug abuse.

George is serving a prison term for armed robbery. His release date is already set by law, although he may still earn more time off for good behavior or other special considerations. George is most likely going to receive _________ parole.

mandatory

Drug dealers often attempt to hide the financial evidence of drug dealing through the process of __________.

money laundering

At the federal level, appellate courts are most likely to reverse the decision of a lower court when hearing _________ appeals.

nonconsensual

A criminal trial is in progress and both the prosecutor and the defense attorney are explaining to the jury what they intend to prove during the trial. What stage of the trial is this?

opening statements

In Morrisey v. Brewer, the U.S. Supreme Court established procedural safeguards for

parole revocation hearings

In jury selection, attorneys use a _______ to challenge a potential juror without disclosing the reason for the challenge.

peremptory challenge

The common law principle of parens patriae _____.

permits the state to assume the role of the parents when dealing with children who break the law

The theft of prescription medications for illicit use is known as

pharmaceutical diversion

According to the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) report

police supervisors should conduct spot-checks to ensure officers do not engage in biased policing.

Justice reinvestment focuses on

prioritizing the use of alternative sanctions

Donald was convicted of burglary and sentenced to six months in prison. His sentence was suspended, and he was placed under the supervision of an officer of the court and ordered to perform community service at a local children's hospital. Donald was sentenced to

probation

Which of the following sentencing principles seeks to ensure that the severity of sanctions should bear a direct relationship to the seriousness of the crime committed?

proportionality

A _____ is a chemical substance that affects cognition, feeling, or awareness.

psychoactive substance

In the case of Arizona v. Fulminante (1991), the U.S. Supreme Court put limits on the use of __________ during interrogation.

psychological manipulation

The term "stir crazy" grew out of the adverse experiences of many inmates during the ___________ era.

punitive

The system of marks developed by Alexander Maconochie was considered new and innovative because it

put the responsibility for early release from prison on the inmate

The Illinois Department of Corrections built a new prison facility. It was originally intended to hold 180 inmates, but correctional experts who examined the new prison have stated that they believe it can handle 250 inmates. The prison is currently housing 220 inmates. The state's claim that the prison is not overcrowded is based on the prison's __________ capacity.

rated

The level of proof necessary for conviction in criminal trials is

reasonable doubt

Two counties in Colorado pool their financial and human resources to build and operate a local correctional institution. This would be an example of a

regional jail

A judge that attempts to reform a particular criminal offender and his or her behavior through sentencing is most likely to embrace a sentencing goal of _____.

rehabilitation

Alabama gives rewards to government officials who spend money on establishing community-based rehabilitation programs rather than on detaining juveniles in secure facilities. This is an example of a __________ strategy for changing the juvenile justice system, as described by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice.

reinvestment

Gary has been sentenced to probation but is only allowed to leave his home to go to work or to go shopping at stores located within a 5-mile radius of his house. He is required to wear a device that allows his probation officer to track his movements. This is an example of

remote location monitoring

In Mempha v. Rhay, the Supreme Court held that a probationer has the right to _________ before a probation revocation can be imposed for an alleged probation violation.

representation by counsel

Kiara is a correctional officer in a large county jail in Oregon. She is likely to find that

she will have equal status as compared to the male correctional officers

According to the American Bar Association, the rule of law includes

substantive and procedural limitations on governmental power in the interest of the individual.

In general, male officers

tend to use more physical force than female officers

The federal prison population has grown significantly in the past 20 years. The single greatest contributor to this population increase was

the increase in the amount of time that drug offenders are expected to serve

Effective policing appears to depend mainly on

the officer's innate personal qualities.

During the treatment era, some inmates opposed the treatment model of corrections because

they were not given the option of refusing treatment

One result of the development of the juvenile court movement was

to treat status offenders as if they were delinquent, rather than providing them with needed help

The ________ is often one of the most forgotten people in the courtroom.

victim

During the community-based era, _________ programs developed in which inmates in prison were temporarily released into the community to meet job responsibilities and rehabilitative goals.

work release

Which of the following statements about the 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act is true?

The Act created a federal right of allocution.