Intro to criminology Soc style

Evidence based practice EBP

Refers to approaches and interventions that have been scientifically tested and proven effective.

Indirect victimization

Relatives of homicide victims suffer at least as much grief as that felt by anyone who loses a loved one. Victims are generally not more likely than non-victims to hold punitive attitudes toward criminals.

Over reporting of violent crime

Reporting so many stories about it, tending to focus on homicide. "If it bleeds, it leads"

Rosenhan - Pseudo-patient experiment

Researchers admitted themselves to hospitals, stating they were 'hearing voices'. They were diagnosed as schizophrenics. Despite acting normally, they were treated by staff as mentally ill due to their labels. For example, researchers kept notes of experiences and staff saw it as a symptom of their illness.

Criminologists who devote themselves to the sociology of law engage in a number of different tasks. Which of the following is one of these tasks?

Researching the impact of legal change on society

What type of crime?

Robbery, murder, motor vehicle theft, prostitution, weapons, drug abuse, rape, aggravated assault.

postmodernism

"a perspective that claims that any body of knowledge is true or can be true"

Mala prohibita

"acts bad according to law" o Morality crimes o Traffic violations

Legal definition of crime

"acts prohibited, prosecuted, and punished by criminal law"

Pluralist definition of crime

"approaches to defining crime that take account of these multiple dimensions": wealth and power, culture, prestige, status, morality, ethics, religion, ethnicity, gender, race, ideology, human rights, etc. Sellin: primary (raised then transported to different culture) and secondary conflict (raised in same place, develop different value systems) related to conflict, but more specifically attuned to ethnic and cultural differences in a society and how they relate to definitions of, and responses to, crime

crimes of the powerless

"crimes for which those in relatively weak economic and political positions in society are predominately arrested" "those predominantly arrested for conventional criminal activities were from lower- or working-class backgrounds"; offend at same rate, arrested at different to maintain control

shaw and mckay social disorganization definition

"inability of a community to realize the common values of its residents and maintain effective social controls".

analogous social injury

"includes harm caused by acts or conditions that are legal but produce similar consequences to those produced by illegal acts" i.e. cigarette/alcohol advertising (p. 20)

Core point of examples of Keesee, Calley and Madoff

"ordinary human beings can become criminal offenders as a result of social processes through which they learn harmful behaviors and attitudes and rationalizations that excuse or justify harm to others" - LSA ch. 6 p.129

Consensus approach/definition of crime

"refers to definitions of crime that reflect the ideas of the society as a whole"; the similarities b/t people in a society serve as a "social glue" binding a shared morality this is the idea that people are basically the same and share core values; crime and punishment brings us together by exemplifying aberrations Durkheim, Roshier

Explain the distinction between "deserving" and "undeserving" poor. (pp. 42-3)

"respectable poor": those "suffering from sickness and contagious diseases, wounded soldiers, curable cripples, the blind, fatherless and pauper children, and the aged poor; seen as the responsibility of the more fortunate; segregated by class and condition and given immediate assistance ""unrespectable poor": vagabonds, tramps, rogues, dissolute women; described as worthless, and were punished with imprisonment and whipping before being trained for honest work --> first prison: Bridewell

The crimes the NCVS covers (e.g., robbery, rape, burglary) cost victims an estimated ____ in direct costs in 2008.

$17 billion

Routine Activities: Capable guardianship

( vary) Means by which a person or target can be effectively guarded so that a victimization is prevented from occurring Social -presence of another person Physical—weapon, alarm system

Sutherland's testable hypotheses

(9 total, see p.132) 6) "A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law"

Modern Self Help:

*conflict labeled and processed as crime in modern society resembles conflict management—described above—that are found in traditional societies which have little or no law. • Ex: homicide in response to adultery, disputes in domestic matters, affronts to honor, conflicts related to debt, property, custody, right and wrong.

What is the legal conception of crime? In what ways is the legal conception of crime said to be too limited?

- "Since the eighteenth century, the legal definition of crime has referred to acts prohibited, prosecuted, and punished by criminal law." - limited b/c "takes no account of harms covered by administrative law," "ignores the cultural and historical context of law" (definitions vary) - excludes white-collar crime and socially injurious crimes

moral entrepreneurship (ch.2)

- "the ability to whip up moral consensus around an issue that affects some individuals or a minority and to recruit support from the majority by convincing them it is in their best interest to support the issue too" p.18 - idea from Howard Becker that social norms are subject to change when sufficiently vocal people mobilize to shift opinions (p.168-170) - examples: marijuana, same-sex marriage - the point is not that they are counter-cultural, or experimenting w/ morals but tapping into law and institutions to effect change

Describe Bentham's Panopticon (p. 47). What was its purpose?

- "the ultimate disciplinary prison" - "all-seeing" - designed to "control not only the freedom of movement of those confined but their minds as well" - circular with guard in center

What's the scope of the sexual violence problem?

- 1 in 6 women and 1 in 33 men are raped in their lifetime in the US - Police make arrests in 40% of cases (UCR) - 2/3 of rapes aren't reported to cops per year (NVCS)

What are the coping stages for victims of sexual violence?

- Acute (days or weeks) - Outward adjustment (months to years) - Renormalization

What is the evidence for and against the effectiveness of capital punishment as deterrent?

- Ehrlich: each state execution prevents 7-8 victims; replicated by Bowers & Pierce, found that "executions actually increase the homicide rate" - "brutalization thesis" (initially Beccaria) - certainty of punishment had more impact than severity of punishment; greatest effect from informal peer sanctions (Paternoster & LeeAnn Iovanni) - disproportionately affects African Americans (42%) and Males (98% death row) - fallibility of evidence (DNA findings)

Why is the gender gap in crime decreasing?

- Factors that contribute to male/female violence is the same - Cops are more likely to arrest women now - There are more dual arrests for domestic violence cases - Men are committing less crime

Rape myths

- False accusations are common - Only certain women (ex. sluts, minorities) are raped - Rapists are often strangers

Types/amounts of losses due to white collar crime

- Generally price inflation and loss for the public in general 1. Employee theft- $5-10 billion a year 2. Antitrust violations- $350 billion a year 3. Unnecessary medical procedures- $4 billion a year 4. Business tax fraud- $7 billion a year 5. Total estimate of all white collar crime- $1 trillion per year

Johnson's typology- what is it used for and what are the types

- Gives reasons for IPV - Reasons: 1. Family Violence Research- Is CCV (Common Couple Violence); an occasional outburst from husband or wife 2. Feminist Research- Is intimate terrorism- systematic male violence; this type escalates because of a need to control the relationship 3. Mutual violence control ( 2 violent people living with each other) 4. Violent resistance ( 1 partner is violent abuser, other person violently fights back)

Weapons use with homicide/assault

- Homicide: firearms most commonly used - Assault: other weapons like pool sticks or shovels most common other than a strong arm or personal weapon - Men are more likely to use firearms and women are more likely to use knives/cutting objects

What are some reporting problems with sexual violence?

- Inconsistencies in definitions by data source, state, etc. - Some victims don't think that what happened to them was real rape - Sexual assault cases by known offenders are less likely to be reported - Estimates vary depending on context (ex. higher on a college campus)

What are some requirements to be a good burglar?

- Learn skills needed - Be able to form a criminal gang - Have insider information - Have connections to buyers who sell stolen goods

1990's-2000's history of IPV

- Mandatory arrest policies - Preferred arrest policies - No-drop prosecution policies (cop can move forward with a case without the abused's consent)

Moffitt's dual-taxonomy: Adolescence-limited

- Only commit crimes in their youth - Exhibit anti-social behavior only during adolescence. - Large group of people Motivated by a "maturity gap" - biologically mature but not socially (don't have the same privileges) Mimic anti-social behavior of others Crimes symbolize autonomy and adulthood - ex. Alcohol, drugs, disorderly conduct

Classical Criminology

- People have free will and make their own decisions. - Crime breaks the social contract, therefore the offender must be punished. - Regardless of background, all people are equal in their rights.

Moffitt's dual-taxonomy: Life Course Persistent

- Persist in crime and deviance as adults - Exhibit anti-social behavior throughout their lives - Relatively small group of offenders Motivation - Play into each other to enhance likelihood of life course persistent crimes. Risks: - Neuropsychological risk behavioral issues/attention issues - Criminogenic environment Limited opportunities for pro-social behaviors Exhibit variety of crimes - ex: substance use, property, personal

What are some causes of sexual violence?

- Rape myths - College hookup culture - Social learning - Societal support of violence/sexism - Lack of laws supporting victims

What are the problems with studying prostitution?

- Reliance on convenience/snowball sampling (ex. jails, STD clinics, etc.) - Many instances go unreported- those not caught by cops

Current era of criminology

- Resurgence of structural approach - Integration of biology-biosocial thesis

Crime and Economy

- Serious crimes have the slight & inconsistent tendency to rise in periods of economic depression and to fall in periods of economic prosperity. - General crime rate does not increase significantly in periods of depression - Property crimes including violence tend to increase during depression, but property crimes involving no violence show only a slight & inconsistent tendency to rise in periods of economic depression - juvenile delinquency tends to increase in periods of prosperity and decrease during periods of depression. Rate of unemployment is correlated to crime

Oppression paradigm

- Sex work is an expression of patriarchal gender relations; people who do it were usually previously abused and want to leave the industry - Exploitation/subjugation of women is intrinsic to sex work

Empowerment paradigm

- Sex work is the same as any other type of service work - Involves human agency - Nothing wrong with it from the buyer/seller side

What's the overlap in homicide and assault?

- Similar victims, offenders, and situational elements - Both involve the use of force and physical injury - Primary difference is the result of the action

What are some explanations for why men commit more crimes?

- Socialization - Social/political differences: as women gain more equality they will commit more crimes - Routine activities: boys have more deviant peers and girls' activities are monitored more strictly

What are some reasons for a higher crime rate among black people?

- Socialization or the fact that since they were oppressed in the past they have to make up for that now by being aggressive - Higher divorce rates due to unemployment/high mortality rates

Predisposing factors for white collar crime- define predisposing and list the factors

- Societal causes for white collar crime 1. Culture of competition 2. Increased organizational complexity 3. Growth in specialized/expertise-based jobs

Consensus Theory

- Society agrees - Common values

Conflict Theory

- Society disagrees - Contains conflicting values - Laws protect the small, elite groups

Conflict View- define and give an example

- Society is a diverse group of people in constant conflict - Criminal behavior is defined by those in power as a way to protect their self-interests - Criminal laws protect the haves from the have-nots - Real crimes like racism and sexism aren't outlawed and law is used to control the poor - Crimes prohibiting violent acts ensures that the poor's anger won't be directed at the upper class - Ex. street crimes vs. white collar crimes

Serial killer- define and list the types

- Someone who kills 3+ people in 3+ separate events - Types 1. Thrill- kill for sexual sadism or dominance 2. Mission- kill in order to reform the world 3. Expedience- kill for a profit or to protect themselves from a threat

When/where do most crimes occur and why?

- Summer for rapes, etc.; is because more houses are vacant (which means more burglaries) and more people are out of their house (which means more rapes) - Winter for murder and robberies; is because people carry gifts around for the holidays and there's more stress/tension - Larger urban areas; happens because there's more exposure to crime, people moving around more on public transit - South and the West; is because of income inequality and poverty

Criteria for Causality

- Temporal ordering: X (predictor) must precede Y (outcome) - Association (or correlation): X must be related to Y - No spuriousness: relationship is not false.

Mass murder- define and list/define the types

- The killing of 4+ people at one event - 4 types 1. Revenge- ex. kills wife/kids or employer/employees 2. Love- warped sense of devotion; might be murder/suicide of family 3. Profit- usually trying to cover up a crime 4. Terrorist- kill to send a message

Consensus View

- The majority of people share common values and agree on what should be deemed criminal - Laws applied equally to everyone - Society is justified in controlling these victimless crimes because they threaten the well-being of society - Society has a duty to protect those engaging in high-risk behaviors - Ex. murder, rape

Age of Enlightenment

- Thomas Hobbes: - Individuals are at war with one another - Individuals are rational - Individuals

Interactionist View- define and give an example

- Those with social power are able to impose their values to go on a crusade to fix society - People act according to their own interpretation of reality where they assign meaning to things - People label things as good/evil subjectively - Moral entrepreneurs: people who hold social power in a particular place wage moral crusades to control behaviors they don't like or to legalize things that they think are acceptable

How do different agencies collect IPV data?

- UCR: doesn't collect data on domestic violence or intimate partner violence; is classified under other crimes - NCVS: collects data on domestic violence (is committed by family member, relative, or intimate partner) and intimate partner violence (includes rape and assault by current bf/gf) - CDC: does a national survey that has a national sample with information on stalking, violence, etc. and includes the consequences of this abuse

What are some differences between robbery and other crimes?

- Use of firearms - Multiple offenders - Usually the victim is a stranger - Higher monetary yield than other crimes (avg. is $1,200)

Hate crimes- define and list the motivations for hate crimes

- Usually involve convenient, vulnerable targets incapable of fighting back - Motivations for hate crimes 1. Thrill seeking 2. Reactive- attack people as a way of defending people who they perceive to be a threat to their way of life 3. Mission- ex. KKK; seek to rid the world of evil 4. Retaliatory- committed in response to a hate crime, whether real or perceived

Notes on measuring white collar crime

- Vast majority goes undetected/unreported - Only fraud/embezzlement is included in the UCR - Relies on self-reported data - As many as 2/3 of employees engage in other misconducts (ex. abusing sick leave)

Progressive Era

- Wave of social reforms and crime was thought about differently - Sociology emphasized

three basic elements of routine activity

- a motivated offender - a suitable target/victim - a capable guardian

Criticisms of functionalists ( views on crime )

- crime may not necessarily be functional in reinforcing solidarity among the rest of society, but it obviously isn't 'functional' for the victim. - functionalism misses this because it fails to ask, 'functional for whom?' - Durkheim never suggests how much crime we need

What are some of the underlying assumptions about human beings made by biological theories of crime?

- humans have unique characteristics, or predispositions, that under certain conditions, lead some to commit criminal acts - something w/in a person influences them to do criminal acts but is triggered by certain environmental conditions

In what ways can crime said to be global? Why does globalization matter for the discipline of criminology?

- interconnectedness of people across countries - cyber-attacks - war? - disease attacks/crime

sampson and groves concept model for social disorganization

- low SES, ethnic heterogeneity, residential mobility (originally proposed by Shaw and McKay), family disruption urbanization, had a direct effect on crime and delinquency These variables also had an indirect effect on crime they affected other intervening variables that then affected crime

Major risk factors for victimization

- male - young - low income - racial minority - unmarried - past victimization

positivist

- method argues that social relations and events (including crime) can be studies scientifically using methods derived from the natural sciences - search for cause & effect relations

What are some of the problems associated with mandatory sentencing?

- reduces sentencing disparity - increases prison populations (incarceration rates up) - undermines judges and juries - # of plea bargains goes up - don't take realities/details into account

What has contributed to the decline?

- standard of living? - social programs - larger number of people in prison - more police - drug market - gun control laws - economy doing better

Robert Merton's explanations of deviance

- structural factors (societies unequal opportunity structure) - cultural factors (the strong emphasis on goals and the weaker emphasis on using legitimate means to achieve them )

collective efficacy definition

- the ability to activate informal social control has two fundamental dimensions: - social cohesion (collective) - shared expectations for control (efficacy).

What was the primary focus of utilitarian philosophers when it came to criminal justice?

- the greatest good for the greatest number - to transform arbitrary criminal justice into a fair, equal, and humanitarian system

atavism

- the tendency to revert to ancestral type - In biology, an atavism is an evolutionary throwback, such as traits reappearing which had disappeared generations before

Critiques of consensus theory

-"widespread" consensus on ranking study because nearly half of the crimes on the scale were serious (murder, rape, assault) -how do we gauge seriousness?

Beckett & Sasson politics of crime & war on drugs

-1960s: conservatives use crimes to discredit civil rights & welfare LBJ -1970s: social programs allow people to be lazy, tough on crime, war on drugs NIXON -1990s: tough on crime rhetoric crosses party lines CLINTON -crack vs. coke; race

Self-report Surveys

-Ask samples of respondents about their offending and victimization experiences -Most are of adolescents Can tell us: -Prevalence: # of people who commit a particular offense or # of victims who are victimized during a particular period. "ever" or "last year" -Incidence: average # of offenses or victimizations per person; or how many crimes take place during a particular period. "last year" -Seriousness, frequency, trends over time

Buck vs. Bell

-Buck was impregnated by a rape of a family member -Her parents institutionalized her, wanted her sterilized -She fought in court, lost -She was involuntarily sterilized -the state says its okay we can step in and sterilize you

Saints and Roughnecks

-Classic example of conflict research on deviance --Saints-Who are they? What did they do? --Roughnecks-Who are they? What did they do? -Saints: Wealthy, middle-class kids -Roughnecks-Working class kids -Both groups got involved in deviance -Saints were able to hide their deviance because they had cars. -Roughnecks had to stay in town and their deviance was more visible to the community. -The Roughnecks were looked at as the troublemakers. -The Saints were viewed as upstanding, good kids. -Difference is their class status.

Criminological Theories

-Criminology deals with human behavior and thus deals with probabilities -Human behavior is complex and theories that explain a behavior tend to be complex too -Theories explain how 2 or more events or factors are related to each other and the conditions under which their relationship takes place

Sociological criminology

-Criminology is a subfield within sociology that is centered on the scientific study of -creation of criminal law -definitions, causes, and dynamics of criminal behavior -consequences of, and effects to prevent/control crime -Involves numerous academic disciplines; i.e. interdisciplinary -

Factors that lead to strain

-Deviant peers -Beliefs -attribute the source of strain to outside forces

Nye's 3 main categories of social control

-Direct Control: Explicit punishment and rewards -Indirect Control: The pain and disappointment of others -Internal Control: Conscience and Sense of guilt

Reasons for Drug Reversal in 2015

-Drug markets -Declining imprisonment -Ferguson Effect

Crime rates & immigration (Sampson)

-Latino Paradox: living in the same communities with inequalities but commit less crime than their socioeconomic status would suggest -Newark phenomenon: Mexican immigrant killed American, raised panic that immigration causes crime -groups are bringing in communities, new cultural views

Hagan

-Laws cannot be very effective at controlling immoral behavior if we have different ideas about what is immoral (no consensus)

NIBRS Criticisms

-Less participation, 30% population compared to 97% with UCR -Rolling participation by agency makes it difficult to measure

UCR Criticisms

-Requires citizens or victims to report to police -Police discretion (even if reported, not necessarily recorded) -Focuses on Part 1 crimes minimizes seriousness of things like white collar crime and contributes to stereotypes about poor and minority groups -Arrest data do not take into consideration discrimination or police arrest behaviors -Different definitions of crime across jurisdictions -Hierarchy rule (only most serious offense counted when there are multiple offenses) -Colleges have to collect their own date, the Clergy Act mandates reporting to Dept. of Education is not required to share with FBI

Correlates of Crime: Socioeconomic Status (SES)

-UCR does not collect data on SES -NCVS and self report -Individual-level association (micro) is unclear, inconsistent or weak relationship -Aggregate-level association (macro) is much clearer, significant relationship with crime How to measure SES? -HH income and poverty -Education -Employment -Occupation

Victimization Survey Criticisms

-Victims are the only source of data (nothing from offenders) -No data on the most serious crimes: homicide -Victimless crimes are excluded -Crimes against businesses are excluded (only personal and household victimization)

Mechanisms of racial disparity

-differential involvement (result of structural, concentrated poverty and disadvantage) -biased laws & policy making (war on drugs, jim crow laws) -biased administration of justice (police action and sentencing)

Pager's criminal record study

-does prior incarceration impact employment? does race? -identical male candidates apply to jobs that require a hs diploma, make their criminal record known, only difference was race -for every 1 white man that was asked about his record, 4 black men were asked; white men with record were more likely to be called back than black men without record -negative credential would be having a record of imprisonment

Gendered approach to understanding crime needs to...

-explain both male & female criminality -account for differences in context of offending -consider how women's pathways to crime are different -consider how biological differences matter -consider organization of gender

Juvenile delinquency & gender article (study across countries)

-looked at gender and crime in a variety of countries -all findings showed the same thing: women commit less crime, less often and less serious -more social control with girls leads to lower crime rates

Racial differences & violence (McNulty, Bellair)

-problematic because only compares whites & blacks, doesn't account for other minorities -segregated neighborhoods lead to inequality, unequal opportunity which results in crime -residential inequality plays bigger role for black than Latinos

Elliot & Ageton self-reporting

-self-reports still showed differences in the distribution of delinquent behavior but the difference was greater in court data reports. -more crimes committed but less reported for whites --> higher in self-report

Which theoretical paradigm in the following focuses on societal reactions to crime, instead of crime per se? a. functionalism b. conflict c. symbolic interactionism d. structuration e. phenomenology

...

Interactionalists reject official statistics on mental illness because...

...they regard them as social constructs. Crime, suicide and mental illness are concepts made by human beings and not objective social facts.

According to Beccaria, what three things must be in place in order for deterrence to work?

1) certainty (of punishment) 2) severity (appropriate level of punishment) 3) celerity (punishment must occur swiftly after apprehension)

2 basic elements of Sutherland's theory (differential association)

1) the content of what is learned is key (i.e., specific techniques, rationalizations, attitudes) 2) the process by which learning takes place is important (i.e., group cues, collective steps, unspoken group rules) (p.132)

Criticisms of biological theories

1) unscientific • small sample sizes, inadequate comparisons, inadequate analysis of counterfactuals or control variable 2) simplistic and monocausal • "anomalies" were supposed to explain everything • Lombroso did teach combination of physical features and context/environment to prompt it 3) racist and sexist • certain people are reduced to stereotyped behavior because of their appearance

Symbolic interactionism is at the heart of labeling theory

1) we form our definition of self based on others' treatment of us 2) What people say and do are the result of how they interpret their social world 3) Humans communicate through symbols (language, speech) 4) Effective research comes from empathy with criminals

Name and define the ingredients of crime (there's 6)

1. Act requirement- must be a conscious and voluntary act 2. Legality requirement- act must be illegal at the time the crime was committed 3. Harm requirement- every criminal law has been created to prevent some form of crime 4. Causation requirement- criminal actor must have been the one to carry out the crime 5. Mens rea- aka "Guilt Mind requirement"; you must know that what you did was wrong 6. Concurrence- guilty act must be accompanied by an equally guilty mind

List some secondary sources of crime data and define these sources when necessary; (Hint: there's 7)

1. Cohort research- observing a group of people who share a like characteristic over time; can be expensive so some people will do something cheap like just look at police reports over time 2. Experiments 3. Observations/interviews 4. Meta-analysis- gathering data from multiple previous studies 5. Systematic review- getting data from previous studies and synthesizing research to address a particular scientific question 6. Data mining- use AI, etc. to analyze online data 7. Crime mapping- geographically mapping crime to find patterns

What are the 3 conceptions of crime?

1. Consensus View 2. Conflict View 3. Interactionist View

Be able to discuss the three different views of the definition of crime.

1. Consensus view- the belief that the majority of citizens in a society share common values and agree on what behaviors should be defined as criminal. 2. Conflict view- the belief that criminal behavior is defined by those in power in such a way as to protect and advance their own self-intresets. 3. Interactionist view- the belief that those with social power are able to impose their values on society as a whole, and those values then define criminal behavior.

General Theory of Crime

1. Criminal acts provide easy immediate gratification of desires but few long term benefits 2. Crimes require little skill or planning

Subfields of criminology

1. Criminal stats/crime measurement 2. Sociology of law/socio-legal studies- how criminal law affects society 3. Deviant Theories of Crime Causation- psychological, biological, sociological, etc. 4. Understanding/Describing Criminal Behavior 5. Penology- dealing with punishments/corrections for criminals 6. Victimology- study of victim's experience of criminal events

What are some understudied areas in prostitution?

1. Customers/managers 2. Male/transgender workers 3. Indoor vs. street prostitution 4. Legal prostitution

What are the reasons for why the theory that crime is due to poverty or sociopathy is wrong?

1. Data is derived from biased samples (ex. no rich criminals included) 2. Data doesn't apply to white collar criminals 3. Doesn't explain lower class criminality since these factors don't encompass all types of lower class crime

NCVS: Limitations

1. Doesn't capture "victimless" crimes - prostitution, drug use, etc. - arson, vandalism, theft, etc. of commercial establishments. - focuses on crimes against households 2. Respondents may "lie," exaggerate, or incorrectly remember aspects of their victimization. 3. Sampling bias - youth under 12 y/o are omitted 4. Does not provide information on likelihood of committing crime.

Limitations of Self-Report Studies

1. Focuses on minor and trivial offenses 2. Self-report respondents sometimes fib about offenses they have committed 3. Ignores white-collar crime once again

What are the top 3 industries affected by white collar crime?

1. Gas 2. Pharmaceutical 3. Automotive

National Incidence- Based Reporting System (NIBRS): Strengths

1. Incident-based system. - every crime that takes place is going to be accounted for. 2. More data and it collects on a much wider spectrum of crimes. 3. More useful and complete victim and offender characteristics - wide range of crimes, more detail per crime, all crimes committed are reported

What are some other explanations for crime?

1. Increase in legalized abortions= decrease in crime 2. Gangs influence crime rates 3. Media violence can increase crime 4. Increase in drug use= increase in crime 5. Increase in cop presence/aggressive tactics= decrease in crime

What are some reasons as to why the number of sexual abuse cases that are reported is down?

1. Increase in requirements of evidence to substantiate cases 2. Increase in caseworker caution due to new legal rights for caregivers 3. Increase in limitations on types of cases that agencies accept

Consequences of IPV

1. Injury 2. Homicide- is most likely right after separation 3. Trauma/Mental Health Issues 4. Health Risk Behaviors

What type of information does the NCVS collect on each victimization incident?

1. Offender characteristics 2. Crime characteristics 3. Self-protective measures taken by victim 4. Whether the crime was reported and why/why not it was/wasn't 5. Victim experiences with the criminal justice system

Name the features of crime types (there's 5)

1. Offender's criminal career (novice vs. chronic) 2. Offender's versatility (specialist vs. generalist (more types of offenses) 3. Level of crime planning (planned vs. spontaneous) 4. Offender motivation (instrumental vs. expressive) 5. Target selection factors (convenience/familiarity, level of protection, and expected yield/target attractiveness)

What are the crime groups found under the UCR and define those groups

1. Part I (index crimes)- prevalence/characteristics (ex. age, gender) of people arrested for these crimes 2. Part II- data on only characteristics of people arrested for these crimes

What factors will make a sexual assault victim more likely to report their victimization?

1. Perpetrator is a stranger 2. Weapon was used 3. Physical injury happened 4. Completed vs. attempted 5. Multiple offenders

List some factors that predict spousal abuse

1. Presence of alcohol 2. Access to weapons 3. Unpredictability 4. Military service

What are the different ways that UCR data is presented?

1. Raw figure of the # of crimes reported to cops as arrests 2. # of crimes per 100,000 people 3. Changes in the #/rate of crime over time

Seriousness of Crime

1. Reflect the value placed on human life and on personal property 2. People's judgements of crime seriousness affect their own views of appropriate punishment fro criminal offenders

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): Limitations

1. Severely underreports criminal events in the US 2. Only reports the most serious crime in a multi crime event 3. Only 96% of LE agencies 4. Only # of arrests Who sends data? - It's voluntary - Approximately 18,000 LE agencies volunteer arrest data. --- Represents 96.3% of total US population What data is collected? Only the number of arrests made for a given crime - Not the number of all crimes that happened - Not the number of convictions for crime Report each arrest for criminal behavior and the crime rate

Self-Report: Strengths

1. Sheds light on victimless crimes!! 2. Information on crime that goes unreported 3. Focuses on the actual behaviors of individuals. - Sheds light on the dark figure of crime. 4. Can collect as much personal & social information as wanted. - Researchers can correlate a variety of characteristics of offenders

NCVS Strengths

1. Sheds some light on the dark figure of crime 2. Does not rely on victims to proactively approach police 3. Captures information on rarely-reported crimes - notable indicator of sexual assault 4. Better picture of social and economic cost of criminality 5. Widely implemented

National Incidence- Based Reporting System (NIBRS): Limitations

1. Still underreporting crime (still institutional data) 2. Still not entirely fully developed and implemented 3. Asks a lot of LE

What are some non-pimp related routes to street prostitution?

1. Substance abuse- works to buy themselves their next fix 2. Financial difficulties 3. Socialization/normalization- if they're already familiar with the world of prostitution they might be more likely to join it 4. History of abuse 5. Sex trade hierarchy- started as escort and worked their way down

Time & Place of Occurrence

33% of crime involving non-strangers occur in the victim's home, only 5% of crimes involving strangers. 43% of violent crimes occur at night. 64% of all rapes and sexual assaults occur at night, as do 61% of al lmotor vehicle thefts.

just deserts model

4 key elements: limited discretion at all stages of CJS, greater openness and accountability, punishment justified by crime, punishment commensurate with the seriousness of the crime

A recent study on peer relations and crime found that kids involved in delinquency are __________ times more likely that non-offenders to associate with delinquent youth.

5

Gendered Pathways approach

5 Criminal Pathways for Women -Street Women -Harmed and Harming Women -Drug Connected Women -Battered Women -Other

According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, almost ________ percent of people 18 years and older report they drank alcohol.

55

NCVS findings indicate that violent crime victims try to stop the event ____ percent of the time.

60

Surveys show that more than __________ percent of the general public has been victimized by crime in their lifetime.

75

Men account for approximately ___ percent of violent crime arrests.

80

How does brain scanning fit within the Panopticon model of corrections? (think about Bentham)

???

consensus model of law

Belief that criminal law originates in (and reflects) the will of the majority. -Laws reflect the majority -Laws hold society together -Identifying/punishing deviant behavior brings society together -Rests on idea that society is stable

Collective conscience

Beliefs between people in society are the same

Foucault v. Bentham

Bentham: utilitarian values (greatest good for greatest number), need to reform British system • effective reform of the prisoner only happens by completely changing his/her habits, morals, and values (total surveillance) • people break the law because their sense of morality is out of balance. They seek excessive pleasure. Sex, money, and intoxication are temptations that we can keep in check via criminal punishment and deterrence Foucault: focused on power and social control; we don't always see power • total surveillance is a terrible idea! you end up stripping people of their individuality, of their soul; what's truly insidious about modern corrections, including the all-seeing prison, is that is makes power invisible • Whose morals do you have in mind Bentham?? The activities that you object to are not inherently criminal. They are constructed as criminal by social norms and laws

Election fraud includes a variety of behaviors designed to give a candidate or his/her party an unfair advantage. Which one of the following is NOT considered to be one of these types of behaviors?

Concealment

Experiment

Conducting experiments using the scientific method. ( scientists prefer case studies over experiments)

____________ criminologists suggest that economic systems control all facets of human life and consequently people's lives revolve around the capitalist's means of production.

Conflict

Understand the pros and cons of an incapacitation strategy to reduce crime.

Cons Little evidence that it deters criminals from future crimes Former inmates suffer post release personal financial problems Prison experience can expose young first offenders to higher risks,more experience criminals) Imprisoning established offenders may open new opportunities for competitors The cost may not justify the modest reduction in crime Pro The shorter the span to commit crime, the fewer offenses they can commit during their lives (reduces crime)

John Hagan: The Origin of Laws

Consensus: laws are a product of shared customs and harms; thus you cannot separate law from morality (the latter is the foundation of the former)-Stephen and Devlin Conflict: laws are "weapons" used by more powerful groups to enforce their own morality and self interests and control other (less powerful) groups; thus the legislation of morality is selective and advantages some groups over others-Mill and Hart

Regardless of its source, all criminal law in the United States must conform to the rules of the U.S. _____________.

Constitution

According to the textbook, which of the following is NOT one of the four broad categories of law in the U.S.?

Constitutional

Criminality theory

Criminality is learned in association with people who are already criminals; also, criminals don't talk to law-abiding contacts anymore

Androcentrism in criminology

Criminologists tend to devise theories about crime and delinquency among males. Criminologists tend to study samples comprised of males.

How does an ethnography differ from a case study

Ethnography is observing a complete sociocultural setting. A case study is an intense study of a situation,event or person

___________ theory states that the competition for scarce resources has influenced and shaped the human species.

Evolutionary

How does each source improve upon other sources

Extent of crime increases as me move from UCR --> NIBRS --> NCVS --> Self-Reports UCR: underreports, only reports most serious crime NIBRS: collects data on all crimes in event, more data from wider spectrum. Isn't fully implemented NCVS: captures info on rarely reported crimes. Doesn't capture "victimless crimes" Self-Report: can collect a variety of information & victimless crimes. Sampling bias

What's the place of the Panopticon in the modern carceral system? Is Foucault supportive or critical of Bentham's idea?

F: panopticon operates as a power mechanism; technology has allowed for the deployment of panoptic structures invisibly throughout society. "social 'quarantine'" The panopticon induces a sense of permanent visibility that ensures the functioning of power. *F: total surveillance is a terrible idea! you end up stripping people of their individuality, of their soul; what's truly insidious about modern corrections, including the all-seeing prison, is that is makes power invisible • Whose morals do you have in mind Bentham?? The activities that you object to are not inherently criminal. They are constructed as criminal by social norms and laws

It is long-standing news media practice to disclose the name of a woman of any age who tells police she was raped.

False

Lost productivity, medical care for physical and mental health, and victim services are all examples of direct costs.

False

The case of W.C. Frosch is a well-known example of duress as a defense to criminal prosecution.

False

The text points out that crime victims did not attract any attention until the mid-1980s, when the crack epidemic came crashing into American cities.

False

The text points out that international comparisons of crime data are extremely precise and U.S. crime data are almost totally reliable

False

The universally accepted definition of crime victim refers to people who have been victimized by street crime.

False

Thirty to 60 percent of convicted felons are found guilty at jury trials that do not involve plea bargaining.

False

True or false: There has been a decrease in the number of women killed by the man they live with

False

True or false: There has been an increase in gun violence as a whole.

False

Women fear crime more than men do because they are more likely than men to be victims of all kinds of crime besides rape.

False

. The main purpose for criminologists to propose deviance/delinquency theories is to help people understand the root cause of crime/deviance. That means whenever criminologists decide to propose a new theory, they should incorporate as many ideas/concepts into their theoretical statements as possible

False. . The main purpose for criminologists to propose deviance/delinquency theories is to help people understand the root cause of crime/deviance. That means whenever criminologists decide to propose a new theory, they should incorporate as few ideas/concepts into their theoretical statements as possible

. In terms of research focus, biological theory is a macro theory.

False. Micro theory

One of the structure theories in deviance/delinquency study is control theory.

False. One of the process theories in deviance/delinquency study is control theory.

One of the process theories in deviance/delinquency study is control theory.

False. One of the structure theories in deviance/delinquency study is control theory.

No scientific theory is reliable.

False. Only some scientific theories are reliable.

All scientific theories are valid.

False. Only some.

Overall, modern criminologists and law enforcement authorities follow the paradigm/philosophy of conflict theory when defining the concept of crime/deviance.

False. Overall, modern criminologists and law enforcement authorities follow the paradigm/philosophy of functionalism when defining the concept of crime/deviance.

In terms of classification paradigm, the underlying philosophy of individualistic explanations of crime/deviance (such as rational choice theory) is left realism.

False. Right Realism

If A represents cause while B effect, then tautology can be diagramed as follows: A ----> B -----> A -----> A

False. Tautology is A--->B--->A--->B

The philosophical foundation of psychological theory of crime is left idealism.

False. The philosophical foundation of psychological theory of crime is right idealism.

Spurious relationship between independent and dependent variables can only be found in macro theories, such as conflict theory.

False. this can be found in all theories.

Generally speaking, modern criminologists and law enforcement authorities follow the paradigm/philosophy of conflict theory to define the concept of crime.

False...functionalism not conflict

Duress

Fear for one's life or safety

Which of the following group of theorist is most critical of male bias in traditional sociological theories?

Feminists

'Dog eat dog'

This term means when someone is wooing to take anyone down to get what they want and so that they can succeed.

Strain theory - class differences in crime

This theory stems from the 'American Dream' of success, through materialism and consumerism. The strain comes from the inability for some to achieve the 'dream' and this causes what Merton calls 'status frustration'.

Criminogenic capitalism

This theory suggests that -crime is the only way the working class can survive poverty -the only way the working class can obtain consumer goods advertised by capitalism - alienation = frustration and aggression which leads to (physical) crime

Selective enforcement

This theory suggests that all social classes commit crime, but the criminal justice system ignores the crime of the more powerful (middle class), and powerless groups (working class) are criminalised.

Ideological functions of crime and law

This theory suggests that laws sometimes appear to benefit the working class, for example- safety laws. Pearce criticises this.

The state and law making

This theory suggests that the ruling class have the power to prevent the introduction of laws that threaten their interests.

Subculture theory - class differences in crime

This theory suggests that working class or lower status people try to gain status in other ways e.g. through crime as they cannot gain status any other way.

Be able to describe the concepts of rational choice

Law violating behavior is the product of careful thought and planning People who commit crimes believe rewards outweigh the risks If criminals are more likely to get arrested/punished, will not engage in criminal activities Reasoning criminals choose their target before choosing to commit crime, their behavior is systematic and selective Rational choice theorists view crime as both offense -specific and offender-specific

Consensus Perspectives

Laws should criminalize behaviors when members of society agree that such laws should exist. Best applied to homogeneous groups that share values and beliefs. - a.k.a. not in US Potential Problems - groupthink mentality - suppresses diversity of opinion - not realistic for everybody to come to a consensus

Change in definition of rape

Legacy definition: the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly against her will New definition: penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person without the consent of the victim

1980's history of IPV

Legislation of IPV in 47 states

Misdemeanor

Less serious offenses punished by less than a year in jail • Ex: MIP

Although there have been many newspaper accounts of attacks on homeless people, social science research on their victimization has been lacking.

True

At one point in its history, Robert K. Merton's anomie theory fell out of favor and in its place arose a new control theory of criminal behavior that emphasized the criminogenic effects of weak bonds to social institutions.

True

Gender, Race, & Ethnicity

Males have a higher victimization rate than females, especially when it comes to homicide. Women experience almost all the rape victimization reported to the NCVS. Blacks have higher violent victimization rates than whites, and are 6 times more likely than whites to be homicide victims. Latinos have somewhat lower violent victimization rates than non-latinos. Latinos are somewhere in the middle between whites and blacks in terms of victimization.

Conflict theory is generally the opposite of consensus theory.

True

Generally speaking all deviance/deliquency theories are tentative and speculative in nature. In other words all deliquent/deviant theories imply probabilistic concepts of causality.

True

If we combine the crimes of aggravated and simple assault, rape and sexual assault, and robbery, males have higher victimization rates than females.

True

Most people arrested and imprisoned for street crime are poorly educated with low incomes.

True

NCVS data reveal that most violent crime is intraracial.

True

One of the most influential self-report studies during the late 1950s was conducted by Short and Nye

True

One problem of experiments is that they are not generalizable.

True

One reason U.S. crime rates rose during the 1960s was the entrance of the "baby boom" generation born after World War II into the 15 to 25 age group.

True

Part of the reason for victimization's weak effect on the fear of crime is that some of the demographic groups that are most afraid of crime are those with relatively low victimization rates.

True

Research on the effects of victims' gender and age on case processing and outcomes is inconsistent.

True

The majority of the nonstrangers who commit violence are friends or acquaintances, but a significant minority are intimates.

True

The most important goal of criminal law is to prevent and control crime and criminal behavior

True

The official number of crimes in the UCR may change artificially if citizens become more or less likely to report offenses committed against them.

True

The text points out that clearly, people can be victimized by behaviors that do not necessarily violate the law and do not represent crimes.

True

The text points out that of all the legal defenses to criminal liability, perhaps the most controversial is the insanity defense.

True

The text suggests that offending and physical proximity to high-crime areas affect one's chances of becoming a crime victim

True

True or false and explain: Criminology is an interdisciplinary field.

True- people from all different backgrounds (ex. sociology, psychology, law, etc.) come into it

Functionalist view of deviance

Must serve a purpose -provide a safety valve (prostitution) -enable social change (civil rights movement) -reinforces social norms & conformity Social norms are the glue that holds society together. Identifying and punishing deviance maintains social solidarity.

Lt. William Calley

My Lai village, Vietnam

Which of the following seeks to measure hidden crimes or the "dark figure of crime"?

NCVS

NCVS

National Crime Victimization Survey Developed by the Department of Justice and the Census Bureau by giving household surveys. Developed to measure the dark figure of crime. Weakness: Crimes may be over and under reported due to dishonesty and memory lapse. Some at-risk populations are also not surveyed leaving dark figures.

To gather more information on Index crimes, the FBI has recently begun the __________, involving the collection from police departments of extensive information for the eight Index crimes and fourteen other Part II crimes, including the relationship between offenders and victims and the use of alcohol and other drugs immediately before the offense.

National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

NIBRS- what does it stand for and what is it

National Incident-Based Reporting System; It: - Collects data on reported crime incidents - Local police agencies report brief accounts of each incident and arrest - Provides: 1. Ability to distinguish between attempted and completed crimes 2. Detail on individual crime incidents 3. Name of all offenses in an incident vs. just the most serious offense - Improves uniformity in cross-jurisdictional reporting

Macro Level of Theory

Neighborhood, state, or national level; why are there variations in group rates of crime and deviance?

appeared in the 1970's and synthesizes the original classical philosophical arguments with a more scientific approach emphasizing that these philosophical concepts can actualy be operationalized and measured.

Neoclassical Theory

Part II: NON-INDEX CRIMES

Non-index offenses that are not used in the calculation of the crime rate: • Simple assault, • Embezzlement • Vandalism • Sex offenses • Drug law violations • Disorderly conduct

Highest Risk of Homicide?

Under one year old Most vulnerable

UCR

Uniform Crime Report The UCR is based on police records. Is made up of two crime categories: Part I offenses: Index Crime: Murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, theft, motor vehicle theft, arson Part II offenses: Non-Index Offenses: Simple assault, fraud, forgery, vandalism, public drunkenness. Weakness: The report creates a dark figure; many victims do not report the crimes committed against them due to "nothing can be done" or "its not important enough" perspectives.

The most important crime data collected from local law enforcement by the Federal Bureau of Investigation comes from the __________.

Uniform Crime Reports

The primary source of US crime statistics is the _____.

Uniform Crime Reports

Be familiar with the various forms of crime data.

Uniform crime report (UCR)- FBI collects data from local law inforcement agentcies and publisher that info yearly. National Incident-Based Repoting System (NIBRS)- a program that collects data on each reported crime incident. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)- nationwide survey of victimization in the U.S. Self- report surveys ask people to decribe in detail their recent and life time participation in criminal activity.

Which country has the highest homicide rate among Western democracies?

United States

Did Marx and Weber advocate a "value-free" sociology, or "praxis" (practical application, activism)?

Unlike Marx, felt sociological study should be value- free (without an "agenda")

Which of the following areas have the highest victimization rates?

Urban

Crime characteristics

Use of drug and alcohol, time and place of occurrence of crime, the use of weapons, the extent of self-protection and resistance by victims

Criminology- give definition and 4 parts to describe it; also make a question for each of 4 parts

Uses scientific method to study nature, extent, cause, control of criminal behavior 1. Nature- ex. When are crimes likely to happen? 2. Extent- ex. What's the rate of homicide in a given year? 3. Cause- Was the crime on an individual or community level? 4. Control- What types of interventions are the most successful at reducing crime?

What was created in 1994 to help legislate/prosecute IPV?

VAWA (Violence Against Women's Act); was renewed in 2013; It: - Established the National Domestic Abuse Hotline - Made spousal rape a crime - Increased criminal sanctions for violation of restraining orders - Made stalking a federal crime

Be familiar with the various elements of the criminological enterprise.

Various sub areas; criminal statistics/ crime measurement involve calculating the amount of and trends in criminal activity: sociology of law/ society concern with the role social forces play in shaping criminal law and role of criminal law in shaping society, research or specific criminal types/ patterns.

Ferguson Effect

Version 1: -due to increased criticism in the wake of publicized killings, police are disengaging from their duties, intervening less, so crime is going up Version 2: -due to publicized killings citizens are feeling alienated from institutions and taking things in their own hands -distrust of police=lower likelihood of calling to report crime=increased victimization

Be familiar with the most important theories of victimization

Victim precipitation theory-victim may initiate the confrontation Active precipitation-Victim does something to provoke attack Passive precipitation-social or personal characteristics make victim a target High-risk lifestyles- drinking, drugs,going out late Collage lifestyles-partying, drugs Deviant place theory-where people live Routine activities theory-suitable targets, absence of capable guardians, and prescience of motivated offenders

Be able to describe the victim's role in crime process.

Victims may play an active role in a criminal incident. A victims lifestyle and activities my increase risk of becoming crime targets. Victims my trigger or precipiate an agressive act.

Positive school

View of humans: - Deterministic - Biological - Psychological - Sociological Not responsible for their actions. Policies: - Rehabilitation.

Classical school

View of humans: - Free will - Utilitarian Responsible for their own actions. Weighs the cost versus the benefit. Policies: - Punishment

Keys to using the sociological imagination

View society as a respectful, but questioning outsider would - Free from cultural biases - Not influenced by personal experiences Seemingly normal behavior in one society is unacceptable or even illegal in others. Look beyond personal experiences to understand broader public issues

Be able to describe the most dominant victim characteristics

Women- sexual assault, by someone they know or are related to/ live with, woman aggressor verbal Men- victim's of violent crimes. Make aggressors- mare chance of victim suffering injury Age - elderly more likely victim's of fraud, scams, purse snatching Teens/young adults- highest rate of violent crime Wealthy-victim's of purse snatching and personal theft Poor-victim's of violent and property crimes African Americans-victim's of violent crimes Never married men/women-victimized more Widows-lowest victim's

Which of the following are generally included in a victim's bill of rights?

a. a speedy trial

Content analysis of web page defacements indicate that __________.

a. about 70 percent are pranks by hackers

General strain theorists argue that when negative stimuli (e.g., physical abuse, verbal threat/insult, conflictual relationships with parents/friends/school teachers, etc) are present, the most common behavioral pattern taken by frustrated people/teenagers is ________. k. aggression l. alienation/isolation m. communication n. reflection o. indifference

a. aggression

According to Robert Agnew, the most important/noteworthy emotional reaction to strain is ________. a. anger b. ignorance c. depression d. retaliation e. withdrawal

a. anger

Temperature may affect crime rates in an inverted U-shaped curve, meaning __________.

a. as the temperature continues to rise, crime rates will increase and then begin to decline when it gets too hot

According to your text, the link between substance abuse and violence appears in multiple forms. Which of the following is NOT one of these forms?

a. breakdown of social institutions

Who did Sutherland suggest has the greatest impact on teaching a person criminal behavior?

a. close friends or relatives

Psychologists with a __________ focus on mental health processes and how people perceive and mentally represent the world around them.

a. cognitive perspective

Crime data show that most criminal offenders __________.

a. commit a single criminal act, and upon arrest, discontinue their criminal activity

What term does William Julius Wilson use to describe the effect of middle- and working-class families fleeing inner-city areas and leaving the impoverished masses behind?

a. concentration effect

According to Cohen's deviant subculture theory, which of the following subculture categories is the most common response to middle-class rejection?

a. corner boy

The view that business enterprises cause white-collar crime by placing excessive demands on employees is known as the __________.

a. corporate culture view

The intentional or negligent discharge of a toxic or contaminating substance into the bio system that is known to have an adverse effect on the natural environment or life defines __________.

a. criminal environmental pollution

Both life course and latent trait theories maintain that most persistent offenders are ___________, beginning their delinquent careers in their adolescence and persisting into adulthood.

a. early starters

Which factor did the Glueck's research identify as being the most important to persistent offending?

a. family relations

Where did skilled thieves congregate in large cities, such as London, during the 18th century?

a. flash houses

When looking at gender and desistance, research indicates that __________.

a. for females, the path to crime is different than for males

Since 1991, the crime rate in the United States __________.

a. has been in decline

According to the National Crime Victim Survey, which of the following is most vulnerable to crime?

a. homes in the West

A form of contemporary transnational crime that involves buying and selling human beings with the aim of exploiting them in such activities as prostitution, forced labor, or slavery is known as __________.

a. human trafficking

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime, what are the two traits linked to the propensity to commit crime?

a. impulsive personality and lack of self control

One of the biggest concerns regarding General Strain Theory is its___________.

a. inability to explain gender differences in the crime rate

The __________ reduces crime by placing offenders behind bars during their prime crime years lessening their opportunity to commit crime.

a. incapacitation effect theory

David Huh's study of delinquency and parenting found that __________.

a. increases in adolescent behavior problems result in a decrease in parental control and support

In Hans Eysenck's cluster theory, which personality trait is similar to Freud's concept of superego? k. introversion l. extroversion m. psychoticism n. neuroticism o. b and c

a. introversion

According to your text, all of the following are considered to be major forms of cybervandalism except __________.

a. logic bombs

Who is more likely to commit an act of workplace violence?

a. middle-aged white males

Which of the following is a topic seldom discussed by criminologists/delinquency researchers? a. morality b. the nature of serial killing c. the root cause of voyeurism d. the nature of domestic violence e. the characteristics of child prostitution

a. morality

In her classic 1960 study of shoplifting, Mary Owen Cameron discovered that_____________.

a. most are amateurs

According to Wright and Becker, most professional burglars are motivated by the _________.

a. need for cash in order to get high

A large majority of child abuse cases in the U.S. involve ________ as the primary offenders.

a. parents

Empirical evidence supports the view that labeling __________.

a. plays a significant role in persistent offending

The Department of Homeland Security is engaged in all of the following activities except _________.

a. preventing money laundering

According to Edwin Lemert, __________ involves crimes that have very little influence on the actor and can be quickly forgotten.

a. primary deviance

An emerging form of violent emotional abuse in which a partner tries to damage a person's relationship with friends by spreading false rumors or revealing private information is _______.

a. relational aggression

Which statement about organized criminals/delinquents in the following is NOT correct? a. they will depersonalize victim b. they are smart, if not genius c. they usually live with partner d. they prefer skilled job e. they can control their mood while perpetrating a crime

a. they will depersonalize viction

sociological imagination

ability to shift perspectives from personal troubles to large scale issues; understanding how social outcomes are shaped by social context, culture and social interaction

According to the text's discussion of the 1990s crime decline, -one side gives the bulk of the credit for the decline to the criminal justice system; specifically, a get-tough-on-crime approach and smarter policing. -the other side says that social and demographic factors explain most of the crime-rate decline. -ironically, it might be possible that neither of these camps has a good explanation -all of the above

all of the above

In discussing the National Crime Victimization Survey, the text points out that -the risk of victimization varies dramatically for the demographic subgroups of the population. -the annual risk of victimization adds up and over the course of a lifetime can become quite high. -most of us will become a victim of at least one violent or property crime during our lifetime. -all of the above

all of the above

____________ theory focuses on the effects of gender inequality and the unequal power of men and women in a capitalist society.

b. Critical feminist

_______________ is a type of cybercrime which is typically designed to harass or extort money from legitimate users of Internet services by threatening to prevent access to service.

b. Denial of service attack

What is the name of Edwin Sutherland's classic social learning theory?

b. Differential association theory

____________ theory centers upon the premise that people in all strata of society share the same success goals but that those in the lower class have limited means of achieving them.

b. Differential opportunity

What is a common criticism of Hirschi's social control theory?

b. It does not adequately explain serious criminal acts.

The federal legislative act that recognizes the right of the victim to be protected from the accused in the case is the __________.

b. Justice for All Act

This type of law, often times referred to as "_____________," allows the average citizen to use deadly force when they reasonably believe that their homes or vehicles have been wrongfully invaded.

b. Stand Your Ground

________________ crimes are acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials, either elected or appointed, in pursuit of their jobs as government representatives.

b. State organized

How would lifestyle theorists recommend a person avoid becoming a victim of crime?

b. Stay home at night.

____________ is a phrase used to describe an individual's proactive attempts to lessen the likelihood of future victimizations by crime-proofing their house, car, business, property, etc.

b. Target hardening

According to the Cambridge study in delinquent development, __________.

b. a significant number of delinquent youths have criminal fathers

Studies conducted in the United States show that __________.

b. children who experience abuse are more crime prone than children who do not experience abuse

The behavioral treatment which seeks to help patients recognize, avoid, and cope with the situations in which they are most likely to abuse drugs is __________.

b. cognitive-behavioral therapy

Which of the following, according to Cloward and Ohlin, will encourage adolescents to get involved in tough and masculine activities, especially interpersonal violence/street fighting? f. retreatist subculture g. conflict subculture h. criminal subculture i. violent subculture j. abusive subculture

b. conflict subculture

Evidence of the positive influence of labeling theory on the criminal justice system can be found in the development of _________.

b. diversion programs

One of the fastest and largest growing environmental problems is the disposal of millions of tons of obsolete electronic devices referred to commonly as ___________.

b. e-waste

24. Suppose you want to propose a theory to explain white-collar crimes. In this case, your theory should not contain variables suitable only for explicating ________. a. computer forgery b. fencing c. insiders trading d. check forgery e. embezzlement

b. fencing

A type of Internet securities fraud where an individual makes securities recommendations and fails to disclose that they are being paid to disseminate their favorable opinions is _______.

b. illegal touting

According to general strain theory, some people may commit crimes/delinquent acts if they believe that social resources (especially money) are not distributed fairly/equally (i.e., there is a disjunction between expected outcome and actual outcome). Which of the following is one of such delinquent acts? a. lower inputs for other people b. increase outcomes for myself c. increase inputs for myself d. lower outcomes for myself e. increase outcomes for other people

b. increase outcomes for myself

The view that anomie pervades the U.S. culture because the drive for material wealth dominates and undermines social and community values is known as _________.

b. institutional anomie

A woman who employs prostitutes, supervises the behavior and receives a fee for her services is a __________.

b. madam

The project on human development in Chicago discovered that young teens who witness gun violence are __________ likely as non-witnesses to commit a violent crime themselves in the following years.

b. more than twice as

There is strong evidence linking the desire to rape with ___________________ disorder, a pattern of traits and behaviors that indicate infatuation and fixation with one's self to the exclusion of all others.

b. narcissistic personality

What type of non-professional fence would keep some of the booty for themselves and sell the rest in the neighborhood?

b. neighborhood hustlers

According to Loeber and associates, which pathway to crime may begin with bullying, progress to physical fighting, and then progress to serious violence?

b. overt pathway

Research has indicated that antisocial behavior will be reduced if parents provide the type of structure that integrates children into families, while giving them the ability to assert their individuality and regulate their own behavior - a process referred to as _____________.

b. parent efficacy

According to deterrence theory, not only does the actual chance of punishment influence criminality, so too does the

b. perception of punishment.

The focus of classical rational choice theory is on the ________ of crime/delinquency. a. elimination b. prevention c. categorization d. rehabilitation e. prediction

b. prevention

According to the_________________ view, crime is one among a group of interrelated antisocial behaviors that cluster together and typically involve family dysfunction, sexual and physical abuse, substance abuse, smoking, precious sexuality, and suicide attempts.

b. problem behavior syndrome

This theory of crime assumes that human behavior is both "willful and determined."

b. rational-choice theory

Which victimization theory would suggest target hardening as a way to reduce crime?

b. routine activities theory

Claiming certain area as a turf is a common behavior among juvenile delinquents. This behavior, according to sociobiology is related to the instinct of ________. a. survival b. safeguard/defense c. possession d. search e. congregation

b. safeguard/defense

The Minnesota Twin Family Study concluded that __________.

b. similarities between twins are due to genes, not the environment

Critical Criminologist Richard Quinney proclaimed that crime is a function of power relations and an inevitable result of ___________.

b. social conflict

According to your author, what distinguishes crimes from acts deemed immoral in our society?

b. social harm

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development, criminal offenders are more likely to be classified in __________.

b. stages 1 and 2 of moral reasoning

Based on the typologies in your text, the typical armed robber is likely to __________.

b. target people walking along the street

Divisions of terrorist group affiliates, each of which may be functionally independent so that each member has little knowledge of the others are called __________.

b. terror cells

Which of the following domestic terrorists is not considered a right-wing political group?

b. the Black Panther party

Generally speaking, which topic in the following belongs to criminal justice, but not to criminology/delinquency study? a. victimology b. the behavior of social control agencies c. the etiology of crime d. the defining characteristics of sadistic rape

b. the behavior of social control agencies

According to Engels, working people commit crimes because __________.

b. their choice is a slow death of starvation or a speedy one at the hands of the law

According to the Rand Corporation, which of the following is not a step required to defeat Jihadist groups such as Al-Qaeda?

b. use of military force again Jihadist groups

f the statements of a given theory can be verified by empirical data, then criminologists usually will argue that such a theory has ________. a. reliability b. validity c. predictability d. duplicability e. measurability

b. validity

According to the social process theories, __________.

b. whether or not one becomes a criminal depends on socialization

social conflict perspective

based on ideas put forth by Marx and Engels views norms as expressions of the interests of those in power which generates conflicting values between social groups and classes. this includes Marxist, feminists, peacemaking and cultural theories of crime.

What does empirical mean? Provide an example of empirical evidence that might be used in criminological study.

based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic; qualitative or quantitative study

Women are 2.7 times more likely to:

be attacked by someone they know than a stranger.

What is a common criticism of GTC theory in regard to explaining crime patterns?

c. It fails to address any ecological variation of crime.

According to the 18th century social philosopher, _____________, people choose to act after weighing costs and benefits; they believe that their actions will bring them an increase in pleasure and a reduction in pain.

c. Jeremy Bentham

_____________theory views criminality as a dynamic process influenced by a multitude of individual characteristics, traits, and social experiences.

c. Life course

Which of the explanations below does NOT explain why marriage helps people desist from crime?

c. Marriage increases income.

__________________ is a general term used to describe bizarre or abnormal sexual practices involving recurrent sexual urges.

c. Paraphilia

__________ suggests that girls are controlled more closely than boys in traditional, male-dominated households, and is used to explain gender differences in the crime rate as a function of both class and gender conflict.

c. Power-control theory

The _______________ Act is a federal law that outlaws conspiracies between corporations designed to control the marketplace and artificially maintain prices.

c. Sherman Antitrust

What argument do some criminologists use to dispute the tenets of conflict theory in regard to crime rates?

c. Some highly capitalist countries have low crime rates.

______________ programs are designed to facilitate face-to-face encounters between victims and offenders so that restitution agreements can be established and, possibly, resolution between the two parties involved.

c. Victim-offender reconciliation

Most people arrested for burglary are __________.

c. White adults

The word "hooker" is derived from _____________.

c. a Civil War general

A malicious software program that disrupts or destroys existing programs is often referred to as _______________.

c. a computer virus

According to trajectory theory, this group's conventional behavior makes them deviant because offending is the norm.

c. abstainers

Most life course theories suggest that persistent criminal careers are affected mainly by_________.

c. age of onset

As a result of the famous Supreme Court decision in Lawrence v. Texas, __________.

c. all sodomy laws in the United States were declared unconstitutional and unenforceable

According to the law of insertion of imitation theory, "old-fashioned" antisocial behaviors will be replaced by new patterns of delinquent acts if the latter _______. a. are perceived to be more risky b. are perceived to be less profitable c. are perceived to be more effective d. are perceived to be more costly e. all of the above

c. are percieved to be more effective

People with low intelligence appear to commit more crimes than those with high intelligence. Such a difference may be due to the variation of ________ rates. a. incarceration b. population c. arrest d. growth e. prevalent

c. arrest

Restoration can be used for all of the following except __________.

c. as a retributive process

Children who show a developmentally inappropriate lack of attention, impulsivity, and excessive motor activity while asleep display symptoms of __________.

c. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

According to Loeber and associates, which pathway to crime would be indicative of a person exhibiting stubborn behavior at an early age?

c. authority conflict pathway

Which of Walter B. Miller's "focal concerns" values being independent of authority figures such as police, teacher, and parents?

c. autonomy

Tautology means that someone uses ________ reasoning to support his/her argument. a. contrastive b. comparative c. circular d. composite e. centralized

c. circular

The cohesion among neighborhood residents combined with shared expectations of informal social control of public space promotes __________.

c. collective efficacy

The __________ type of robbery occurs in businesses ranging from banks to liquor stores.

c. commercial

A condition in which repeated negative experiences in adolescence undermine life changes and reduce employability is known as __________.

c. cumulative disadvantage

A view of criminal behavior that places emphasis on the changes people go through over the life course is known as __________.

c. developmental criminology

One major criticism of genetic research and crime is the __________.

c. fact that environment and genetic function are so interrelated that it is impossible to separate them

Some early psychologists believe that psychopaths have unique personality traits. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. higher threshold to punishment b. extreme selfishness c. higher threshold to use violence d. good intelligence e. shallow emotion

c. higher threshold to use violence

According to biological perspective of crime, which of the following may NOT lead to delinquent acts? a. high level of testosterone b. hormonal imbalance c. malnutrition d. chromosomal abnormality e. brain dysfunction

c. malnutrition

The first terrorist activities were committed by members of minority religious groups who engaged in violence to __________.

c. meet the requirements of the bloodthirsty gods they worshipped

Public order crimes often trace their origin to _____________ who seek to shape law toward their own thinking.

c. moral crusaders

In which of the following type of families does the father assume the traditional role of breadwinner, while mothers remain at home to supervise domestic matters?

c. paternalistic families

Compared to classical rational choice theorists, modern rational choice theorists tend to emphasize ________ as the root cause of crime/delinquency. a. age b. educational level c. perceived criminal opportunity d. gender e. all of the above

c. perceived criminal opportunity

The creation of websites that look legitimate, but are designed to gain illegal access to a victim's personal information, is known as __________.

c. phishing

What element(s) did differential reinforcement theory add to differential association theory?

c. positive and negative stimuli

Which of the following causes of rape discussed in the text proposes that rapists suffer from some type of personality disorder?

c. psychological abnormality

Which of the following is one of the characteristics of a hate crime according to King and Sutto's research?

c. publicity to make the event known to the public

The __________ hypothesis states as the percentage of minorities in the population increases, so does the amount of social control that police direct at minority group members.

c. racial threat

A study by Richard Petts on the effects of religion on youth misbehavior found that __________.

c. religion helps reduce deviant behavior

Treatment programs aimed at helping offenders after they are identified is a __________.

c. secondary prevention program

According to social ecologists, fear found in urban communities is reinforced by the constant presence of graffiti, trash, prostitutes, drug-dealers, burned-out buildings, and other constant reminders of crime - elements often referred to as __________.

c. social and physical incivilities

What was the focus of the Chicago School sociologists conducting research on crime during the early 1900s?

c. social forces

The theory that posits that people are not born with the ability to act violently, but they learn to be aggressive through their life experiences is __________.

c. social learning theory

The following social environment can be characterized by slum areas: High So M + High So T + Low So G

change "slum areas" to "natural disaster-stricken areas"

The __________ view of crime links illegal behavior to the concept of social harm.

consensus

Reliability

consistency and/or stability of measurement

Psychopathy checklist (PCL-R)

consists of 20 personality traits and behaviors o each item is rated on a 3 point scale (0 = does not apply, 1 = partial, 2 = good match/does apply maximum possible score = 40 o US threshold: 30/40 o UK threshold: 25/40 assessed via face-t-face interview & case history analysis

What does the "ideological" component of culture consist of? What function does it serve?

consists of cosmology, worldview, beliefs, values, attitudes, norms which are guidlines as to how one should ideally behave, provides meaning for existence.

If a lifeguard knows a swimmer is in danger and does nothing about it and the swimmer drowns, the lifeguard is legally responsible for the death under the concept of responsibility by __________.

contractual relationships

Stephen and Devlin say....

criminal law does need to regulate private morality so as to cultivate personal responsibility

In the article on teen brains, researchers found that teens in Taiwan have a lower crime rate than do teens in the US. The researchers thus argue that teens' impulse for violence is not universal. What factors do explain different juvenile crime rates, according to the researchers?

cultural and social factors

Which of the following are common elements of all developmental theories?

d. A criminal career must be understood as a passage along which people travel

A person neutralizing a deviant act by suggesting it was for the betterment of all humankind, and considers themselves somewhat of a hero, is following which technique of neutralization?

d. Appeal to higher loyalties

Which of the following was not one of Travis Hirschi's findings from his self-report study?

d. Attachment to parents had no impact on delinquency.

Whose work on human evolution helped to popularize the positivist tradition that all human activity could be verified by scientific principles?

d. Charles Darwin

The _______________ clause of the U.S. Constitution gives the federal government the authority to regulate white-collar crime.

d. Commerce

____________ refers to a program where efforts to prevent one crime helps prevent another.

d. Diffusion of benefits

Which of the following is NOT considered a Uniform Crime Report Type I (Index) crime?

d. Drug trafficking

Which of the following reasons does NOT justify decriminalizing drugs?

d. Drug users could increase their daily intake.

Which of the following is an anti-organized crime law passed by Congress?

d. Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act

A popular target of moral crusaders today is __________.

d. abortion clinics

A relatively new phenomenon known as "_______________", combines element of a brothel and call girl rings.

d. call houses

The __________ suggests that a subpopulation of men has evolved with genes that incline them toward extremely low parental involvement.

d. cheater theory

A recent change in the motivational pattern for vehicle theft suggests that cars are being stolen for __________.

d. chop shops and export rings

Prostitutes who service the entire crew at a construction site and then move elsewhere are referred to as __________.

d. circuit travelers

The fastest-growing type of fraudulent check today is the __________.

d. counterfeit check

According to the __________, people who are the victims of abuse in adolescence are likely to engage in violent behavior as adults.

d. cycle of violence phenomenon

Which of the following concept about human nature is rejected by rational choice theorists? a. reason b. calculation c. conditional free will d. determinism e. self-interest

d. determinism

The philosophy of ________ laid a foundation for modern American criminal justice policies. f. shock incarceration g. re-education h. rehabilitation i. deterrence j. treatment

d. deterrence

Labeling theory holds that __________.

d. deviance is the property conferred on behavior by the audience which witnesses them

According to critical thinkers, high schools in poverty-stricken neighborhoods where the completion rate is 40 percent or less are referred to as __________.

d. dropout factories

Research of social reaction theories can be classified into two categories: 1) focuses on the characteristics of those chosen to be labeled and 2) _____________..

d. effects of the labeling process

A nation whose government has lost control of its own territory is a(n) ________.

d. failed state

Which of the following sources of strain produce negative affective states?

d. failure to achieve goals

The crime of ________________ differs from traditional larceny because the victims willingly give their possessions to the offender, and the crime does not involve a "trespass in the taking."

d. false pretenses

According to abnormal and personality psychologists, criminals/delinquents will exhibit certain behavioral patterns. Which of the following is NOT one of such patterns? a. strong tendency to blame others b. low tolerance to frustration c. disregard for social norms d. hysteria e. persistent attitude of irresponsibility

d. hysteria

The type of violence used in an attempt to improve the financial or social position of the criminal is __________.

d. instrumental violence

What does the term "edgework" refer to?

d. integration of danger, risk, and skill

Proving guilt in a rape case is challenging for prosecutors because __________.

d. jurors are sometimes swayed by the insinuation that the rape was victim precipitated

The most common criminal offense in the United States according to the FBI is _________.

d. larceny

According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, the most widely illicit drug(s) is/are __________.

d. marijuana

The secondary source of crime data highlighted in the textbook that involves gathering data from a number of previous studies is __________.

d. meta-analysis

Which of the following is NOT a type of state-organized crime?

d. multi-level marketing crime

Some rational choice theorists contend that some crimes are __________, meaning that offenders are not robots who engage in unthinking, unplanned random acts of criminal behavior.

d. offender-specific

According to the text, "boosters" are __________.

d. professional shoplifters

According to Marx's "Communist Manifesto," the people who do the actual labor in society are known as __________.

d. proletariat

What does John Braithwaite suggest might lower crime rates?

d. reintegrative shaming

All of the following are considered to be reasons why an amateur thief would steal a car, except:

d. retaliation

The three interrelated variables of suitable targets, incapable guardians, and motivated offenders are central to which theory?

d. routine activities

According to Freud's psychoanalytic perspective, the conflict between id and superego will produce several outcomes. One of such outcomes is projection, which means ________. a. see someone's own desires/urges in young people b. see someone's own desires/urges in old people c. see someone's own desires/urges in juvenile delinquents d. see someone's own desires/urges in others e. see other people's desires/urges as my own

d. see someones own desires/urges in others

Shaw and McKay's ____________theory proposed that crime was the result of transitional neighborhoods comprised of poor ethnic minorities who were trying to survive their difficult economic situations.

d. social disorganization

Which of the following did Emile Durkheim study to indicate the presence of an anomic society?

d. suicide rates

The type of characteristic that increases the potential for victimization because the victim's physical weakness or psychological distress renders them incapable of resisting is called __________.

d. target vulnerability

Of the offenders victimizing females, about __________ are someone the victim knew or with whom they live.

d. three-quarters

Criminologists maintain that if the certainty of punishment could be increased to a critical level, the so-called __________, then the deterrent effect would kick in and crime rates would decline.

d. tipping point

According to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), it is a criminal offense _________.

d. to bribe foreign officials

What does the Mann Act of 1925 prohibit?

d. transportation of women into the country for purposes of prostitution

Goals of research

describe reality, establish correlations, establish causation

Status groups

determine the content of the law

General deterrence

deterrence that occurs when members of the public decide not to break the law because they fear legal punishment

Which of the following can deter crime? a. target-hardening b. neighborhood watch c. defensible space architecture d. elimination of hot spot e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following can serve as a capable guardian of crime/delinquency? f. German shepherd g. your roommate h. your boy/girl friend i. alarm system of your house j. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following, according to modern rational choice theorists, is less capable of exercising rationality or free choice? a. the elderly b. the insane c. young children d. morons e. all of the above

e. all of the above

In terms of crime/delinquency, modern adoption studies focus on the behavioral connections between ________ and ________. a. biological grandfather, biological grandson b. adoptive father, adopted son c. biological father, adopted son d. adoptive father, biological son e. biological father, biological son

e. biological father, biological son

Theoretically speaking, which of the following may not be able to serve as capable guardians? a. school teachers b. your neighbors c. young babies d. insane persons e. c and d

e. both c & d

From the angle of structure, which of the following is NOT a stable dimension of crime/delinquency? a. racial background b. gender c. social class d. living environment e. criminal experience

e. criminal experience

Suppose you want to propose a theory to explain violent crimes. In this case, your theory should not contain variables suitable only for explicating ________. a. drug-related murder b. domestic violence c. physical abuse d. aggravated assault e. embezzlement

e. embezzlement

Criminal phrenology is a concept supported by ________. a. Adophe Quetelet b. Richard Dugdale c. Sigmund Freud d. William Sheldon e. Cesare Lombroso

e. lombroso

The theory of atavism is suggested by ________. a. Adophe Quetelet b. Richard Dugdale c. Sigmund Freud d. William Sheldon e. Cesare Lombroso

e. lombroso

The founder of German eugenics is ________. a. Orson Lorenzo b. Cesare Lombroso c. Samuel Morton d. Charles Goring e. Alfred Ploetz

e. ploetz

Based on Merton's classification system of social adaptation, we can infer that ________ may be the ones who are least likely to become delinquents. p. retreatists q. revolutionaries r. innovators s. rebels t. ritualists

e. ritualist

The legacy of classical rational choice theorists includes everything but ________. a. making modern criminal justice system more humane b. advancing the idea of pure rationality c. helping modern criminology to take shape d. rejecting the idea that capital punishment can deter crime e. suggesting that racial minorities are a dangerous class

e. suggesting that racial minorities are a dangerous class

Criminologists are mainly concerned with the cause of crime, while criminal justice scholars spend their time identifying __________.

effective methods of crime control

Situational Crime Prevention

efforts in specific locations that aim to make it more difficult for offenders to commit crimes against potential victims

This crime occurs when someone who is trusted with property fraudulently keeps it for his or her own use.

embezzlement

Which of the following is not a "Part I" offense or "Index" crime within the Uniform Crime Reports?

embezzlement

By analyzing the family history of the Juke family, Richard Dugdale points out that crime basically is related to the process of self control.

false... INHERITANCE not self control

Classic strain theorists tend to focus their attention to the life experiences of upper-class people.

false... LOWER

Compared to monozygotic/identical twins, dizygotic/fraternal twins usually will show higher degree of behavioral homogeneity (including antisocial behaviors).

false... LOWER

Freud argues that people with underdeveloped superego will actively seek punishment.

false... OVERDEVELOPED

According to Robert Merton's adaptation model, if someone rejects socially/culturally--endorsed goals while still following socially/culturally B approved rules and obeying the law, then this person should be considered as a criminal or delinquent.

false... RITUALIST

According to Freud, the operation/function of ego is based on the principle of moral judgment.

false... change "ego" to "superego"

According to general strain theory, the removal of positively valued goals usually is associated with a social comparison process.

false... perceived process

According to Eysenck's cluster theory, people with the following personality traits are called stable introverts: Low Extrovert + Low Neuroticism + High Psychoticism

false... psychotic introverts

Both Cesare Beccaria and Cesare Lombroso are, among others, pioneers of rational choice theory.

false... remove cesare beccaria

The philosophical foundation of psychological theory of crime is left idealism.

false... right idealism

According to Eysenck's cluster theory, people with the following personality traits are called stable extroverts: Low Extrovert + High Neuroticism + Low Psychoticism

false... they are NEUROTIC INTROVERTS

Generally speaking, motivated offenders must possess special skill(s) or knowledge in order to gain access to (or control) soft target

false.... HARD target

In spite of the condition that our rationality is limited (according to modern rational choice theory), less-educated people can evaluate the outcomes of their behaviors as objectively/accurately as well-educated persons.

false...While our rationality is limited (according to modern rational choice theory), less-educated people normally cannot evaluate the outcomes of their behaviors as objectively/accurately as well-educated persons.

MMPI, CPI, and DSM-IV are measuring devices. They allow criminologists to evaluate the chromosomal configuration of (chronic) criminals/delinquents.

false...change "chromosomal configuration" to "personality/behavioral traits"

The following social environment can be characterized by gated communities: High So M + High So T + High So G

false...change "gated community" to "downtowns"

The following social environment can be characterized by impoverished rural towns: Low So M + High So T + Low So G

false...change "impoverished rural towns" to "church-concentrated neighborhoods"

According to Cloward and Ohlin, teenagers who identify with the subculture of retreatism may become priests or nuns. (

false...drug addicts

One of the structure theories in criminology/juvenile delinquency study is control theory.

false...process NOT structure

If we follow William Sheldon's somatotypes to analyze crime/delinquency, then we generally can predict that people with endomorphic body shape are more likely to perpetrate crime.

false...property crime

If someone lost a valuable thing (such as full-time job) and became very frustrated/upset, then according to general strain theory, the source of this person's negative feelings should come from the presentation of positive stimulus

false...the removal of positively valued things

rational choice theory focuses on the etiology of offending true or false

false: rational choice theory doesn't focus on the etiology of offending

CJS costs

federal corrections costs soared in the last 25 years increased 925% from 1982 to 2007 to over $5.4 billion

critical criminology

focuses on challenging traditional understandings and uncovering false beliefs about crime and criminal justice, often but not exclusively by taking a conflict perspective, such as Marxism, feminism, political economy theory or critical theory power-and-wealth version of conflict theory

Deviance

is against social norms but not always necessarily against the law

Formal Social Control

is that which is produced and enforced by the state (government)

According to the interactionist view of crime, __________ use their influence to shape the legal process in the way they see fit.

moral entrepreneurs

Biological, positivist, psychological, and criminogenic theories offer...

motives for criminal acts These theories may address punishment and social functions, but they are mainly concerned with understanding why people commit crimes

People who are 65 years of age and older are more fearful of crime than their younger counterparts, and their victimization rates are

much lower.

Interest in corporate crime first emerged in the 1900s, when a group of writers, known as ___________, targeted the monopolistic business practices of John D. Rockefeller and other corporate tycoons.

muckrakers

park and Burgess propose

natural process of change was influenced by mechanisms of invasion, competition, dominance and succession, such as observed in the natural environments. - The "new species" (or groups of people) invade an area, dominate it, and eventually drive out other groups.

the concept of social disorganization was

neighborhoods with high population turnover, low SES, high heterogeneity tended to be more disorganized as they lacked social networks, which led to a low ability to supervise and exert informal social control.

According to this theory, criminality is the result of the neutralization of accepted social values through the learning of a set of techniques that allow people to counteract the dilemmas posed by illegal behavior.

neutralization

The text lists three of the most common kinds of surveys. Which of the following is not one of these? -face-to-face interviews -mailed surveys -telephone surveys -non-structured survey

non-structured survey

• why did law enforcement intensify?

o (p.72) "The answer lies in the system's design ... Huge cash grants were made to those law enforcement agencies that were willing to make drug-law enforcement a top priority. The new system is traceable ... to the late 1980s" o in less than a decade, the War on Drugs went from being a political slogan to an actual war o The Department of Defense has provided over $4 billion in surplus military equipment free to local police departments" (pp.74-78)

Routine Activities Theory—Cohen and Felson (1979)

o A persons routine activities increase risk of victimization o Predatory Crimes (murder, rape, burglary)

Formal societal control

o Complex o Individualistic o Extensive division of labor o Largely secular o Variety of moral views o Increased need for formal controls ---Gesellschaft---

Age Trends

o Crime commission declines with age: • Juveniles under age 18 are more likely to be arrested for robbery Property crime peaks at age 16 • Persons between 18 and 34 most likely to be arrested for violent crime Violent crime peaks at 18 • White-collar crime=exception

TRADITIONAL SELF HELP

o Crime of self help distinguished from economic ones (selling of illicit goods and services), and recreation (gambling, underage drinking)

Victim Pracipitation

o Extent that a victim is responsible for his or own victimization • Some victims are responsible for being victimized

Victim Provocation

o Person does something that incites another person to commit an illegal act • Without the victim, the crime would actually not have occurred

Hentig

o Separated victims into 13 categories based on their propensity for victimization • Young, female, old, immigrants, depressed, etc. • Victims "provoked victimization" based on their characteristics

informal social control

o Simple o Communal o Lack of extensive division of labor o Sacred traditions o Similar cultures, isolated from others o Folkways and mores largely sufficient to maintain control o Limited need of formal controls --- Gemeinschaft ---

judicial branch

o Trial courts adjudicate criminal cases o Appellate courts interpret law via Constitution o The Federal Court system has 3 levels: • District (94) [trial] • Circuit (14) [appellate] • Supreme Court (1) [appellate]

Lockyer vs. Andrade (2003)

o claim that sentences were cruel and unusual punishment o Justice Sandra Day O'Connor: the sentences were severe, but not grossly disproportionate to the offense o dissenting opinion from Justice David H. Souter: "If this isn't grossly disproportionate, the principle has no meaning." o Leandro Andrade was found guilty of 2 felony counts of petty theft with a prior conviction after he stole approximately $150 worth of videotapes o under CA's 3 strikes regime, a judge sentenced him to 25 years to life. In affirming, the CA Court of Appeal rejected his claim that his sentence violated the 8th Amendment o After the Supreme Curt of CA denied discretionary review, Andrade appealed, but the USSC upheld lower court ruling o buying Disney movies for his kids as presents o he had no record of violence, small record of shoplifting

Mandatory minimums

o driving on a suspended license (DMV) (cycle) o drug charges (first offense for manufacturing, selling, distributing or possessing with intent to distribute = 5 years, 2nd: 5-life, 3 years mandatory; 3rd time: 10 years minimum) o assault on law enforcement (felony, 6 month minimum, defined by law enforcement) o use of a gun in commission of a felony (~3 year add on, often forces bargain) o felon in possession of a firearm (5 years added)

The case of Samantha

o given up for adoption with sister at a young age, mother financially unable to take care of her 4 children o both sisters were adopted into a stable household o demonstrated disturbing tendencies at a young age: violent thought, premeditated cruelty, confessed to desire to strangle siblings and parents o diagnosed as a psychopath at young age o practiced on stuffed animals o strangled her brother at the age of 6 o Minnesota, Mendota clinic

Bentham: Classification

o he introduces four main types of offenses and corresponding punishments: person, property, reputation, condition (= state of well-being of society; social condition) key point: "Punishments are offenses are both evils caused by the free agency of man" crime, he says, harms both a specific victim and the general society punishment, he says, harms the perpetrator but helps the general society • first- and second-order evil/good he identifies 2 classes of punishments: 1) corporal: aimed at the perpetrator's body); 5 kinds: 1) simply afflictive (i.e., whipping) 2) complexly afflictive (permanent; i.e., cutting off a thief's hand) 3) restrictive (imprisonment) 4) active or laborious (chain gang, labor camp) 5) capital (execution) 2) privative: aimed at the perpetrator's property (i.e., fines, forfeiture)

Lombroso's checklist of criminal traits:

o hooked or twisted nose o large jaw o large chin o bloodshot eyes o short torso o excessive wrinkles o long arms o over-developed muscles o handle-shaped ears o insensitivity to pain o excessive tattooing (*not born with it, confuses his theory)

Charlottesville Public Defender's office

o must be a criminal charge and defendant must face the possibility of incarceration o 7 full-time and 1 part-time attorney o 1 investigator o 1 sentencing advocate o office manager and a secretary

impact of the war on drugs

o narcotics previously permitted became criminalized (marijuana) o offenses previously considered misdemeanors became felonies o new types of social threats were developed" "crackheads," "junkies, dealers, superpredators" who were also associated with remorseless violence

Everyday cases

o not innocent usually: 1-7% innocent people wrongly convicted o German student, Jefferson and Echols scholar, dating another first year girl, she viciously murders her parents, she confides in her, they flee to Europe, caught in London, he confesses thinking he'll be immune and they'll be softer on his girlfriend, has been in prison since 1990 o abduction by force and assault and battery of 16 year old girl, 18 year-old boy held without bond o malicious wounding, abduction by force, already on probation (17 year-old boy to underage girl) o armed robbery (7/11 wood brook), minister took down license plate number, loan max evidence not as strong saying it was him o robbery on grounds, 18 year old, already representing as a minor out of juvenile detention, walked up to students with gun asking for money and phones, pizza record

corrections

o public and private agencies that oversee: • jail time • probation • parole • community-based sanctions (i.e. electronic tethers, house arrest) • mental health facilities o involves more than just jail o overall goal is to punish and rehabilitate convicted offenders

legislative branch

o state and national bodies of elected officials: • define crime • make laws • establish parameters for sentences • allocate funding for law enforcement agencies

executive branch

o the president, governors, and mayors: • appoint judges • appoint or nominate agency heads • appoint police chiefs • craft legislative agendas

courts

o tribunals tasked with: • determining criminal responsibility of persons accused of violating the law • imposing sentences on convicted persons • providing forum for justice via jury of peers, impartial judiciary • main actors (3): prosecutors, defense attorneys (everyone entitled), judges

In the last several decades, one of the most famous __________ in sociology is the late Elliott Liebow's Tally's Corner, a study of urban African-American men.

observational studies

criminologist

observe the realities of crime and try to piece together explanations. individual levels macro levels

The sociological perspective stresses that:

people are social beings more than mere individuals.

With respect to the relationship between crime and victimization, the text points out that

people can be victimized in many ways, but only sometimes are they victims of actual crimes.

In his study of suicide, Durkheim found that:

people in groups with high social integration had lower suicide rates.

Interactionist theory

people in power (lawmakers, media) decide who the criminals and deviants are -causes of crime: labeling theory

The text points out that self-report studies can be used to demonstrate the __________ of offending—the proportion of respondents who have committed a particular offense at least once in the time period under study—and the __________ of offending—the average number of offenses per person in the study.

prevalence/incidence

Criminalization

process where by criminal law is selectively applied to social behavior Involves: -enacting social legislation outlawing certain behaviors -surveillance /policing of those behaviors -if detected, punishment of those behaviors

broken window theory

proposed by Wilson and Kelling discussed the relationship between disorder and crime

Support for rational choice in different types of crime

prostitution and property, drug, violent, sexual, and white-collar offenses

Political-Legal institution

rules to counter chaos, how rules are established, leadership, protection from others and ourselves

Which region of the United States has consistently high crime rates, to the degree that some criminologists have suggested the existence of a subculture of violence?

southern states

Deterrence is based on an aversive emotional response to what people think may occur. Deterrence can be divided into two distinct types.

specific deterrence general deterrence

A type of computer software that gathers personal information involving web browser histories, emails, and online purchases and transmits them to the installer is known as __________.

spyware

According to the text, early biological criminology suffered from

susceptibility to racist views

genetic predisposition

the idea that some people have genes that make the more likely to display a certain trait or behavior (such as criminality) than others

According to sociobiology, some females got involved in crimes (especially property crimes) because their behaviors are still directed by the instinct of gathering

true

Adoption studies show that although the behavioral patterns of adoptive parents and children are not biologically linked, adoptive parents' delinquent behaviors, through the process of socialization, may still influence their adoptive children.

true

Comparatively, both convenience stores with alarm system and martial art instructors are hard targets for robbers.

true

Generally speaking, all delinquency theories are tentative and speculative in nature (in other words, all criminological theories imply probabilistic concepts of causality).

true

Generally speaking, light and/or small things (e.g., wallet and passport) are soft targets for motivated offenders.

true

Generally speaking, motivated offenders must possess special skill(s) or knowledge in order to gain access to (or control) hard targets.

true

Generally speaking, unattended babies, young children, and single old women are soft targets for motivated offenders.

true

In America, the family structure of Asian Americans is identical to that of White Americans (i.e., both groups have the lowest percentages of single parent-headed households).

true

Messner and Rosenfeld argue that certain social qualities (like mutual help and sympathy) in America are disappearing because of Americans' identification with wealth.

true

Modern biological theorists of crime suggest that when someone=s genetic makeups and/or autonomic nervous system are defective (i.e., less sensitive to external stimuli), then this person may want to commit crimes in order to satisfy his/her sensational needs.

true

Modern criminal psychologists generally agree that criminals (especially sociopaths and chronic offenders) share several personality traits in common. One of such personality features is superficially charming.

true

Since theory can inspire criminologists to assume the possible relationship between observed phenomena, it is not unusual for criminologists to discover empirically that there is a causal relationship between two seemingly irrelevant phenomena.

true

Some of the factors that may prevent the phenomenon crime displacement from taking place include personal skills, information, legal punishment, and expected cost/benefits.

true

Some valid theories are unreliable.

true

The concept choice-structuring properties is advanced by Derek Cornish and Ronald Clarke.

true

The concept ecological fallacy means that we use macro theories to explain micro phenomena, or vice versa.

true

The concept sublimation means that antisocial desires and drives generated by id are diverted to socially acceptable actions.

true

The underlying assumption of biological and psychological theories of crime/delinquency is that abnormal biological and psychological makeups will make some people more susceptible to crime/delinquency

true

Theological and philosophical theories usually cannot be tested empirically.

true

Quasi Experiments

try to disentangle cause and effect using treatment vs. a control group

dichotomy

two discrete categories; yes or no as far as involvement in crime.

anomic suicide

type of suicide that occurs when the structure of society is weakened or disrupted and people feel hopeless and disillusioned

Criminologists conduct research on the links between different kinds of crimes and criminals; this is referred to as crime__________.

typology

Classical, neo-classical, and rational choice theories seek to...

understand the best ways to deter crimes and to punish them, when they do occur These theories do not explain why people commit crimes

Latent functions of law

unintended functions

What is high culture? Popular culture?

upper/upper-middle classes vs all others

What did the temperance movement at the turn of the 20th century suggest was a threat to the lifestyle of the nation's population?

urbanism

Severity

whether someone is incarcerated and , if so, for how long

When people are asked about their perceptions of fear in various kinds of hypothetical crime scenarios, which of the following is not one of the scenarios they mention as being most fearful?

with a close friend

Freddie Gray

• 25 year old Baltimore resident • arrested April 12th, 2015 on suspicion of weapons concealment • died April 19th from injuries sustained in police custody—namely, spinal cord severed in the back of a police van • Baltimore prosecutors' office brought charges against all 6 officers involved in his arrest and transport • 6 police officers were acquitted (some by judge, some jury) • prosecutors alleged that the police department was not forthcoming with evidence • note: police-prosecution cooperation can be tricky when police are the ones being charged

Donald Black ( Self Help)

• Extracting retribution sometimes, getting positive energy out of it o Not all types of crimes are crimes of self help • Economic crimes and recreational crimes aren't examples of self help

Part I Index Crimes: Violent Crime Index

• Murder, non-negligent manslaughter • Forcible rape • Robbery • Aggravated assault

Self report Surveys

• Often school or delinquent populations • Allows measure of victimless crimes, and crimes not reported to police

Lifestyles Theory: Characteristics

• People with whom one associated, working outside of the home, and engaging in leisure activities

NCVS

• Persons over the age of 12 asked about victimization experience in previous 6 months • Most common experienced was theft • Most common reported was simple assault

Principle of Homogamy

• The more frequently a person comes into contact with persons in demographic groups with likely offenders, the more likely it is the person will be victimized.

Comparing Crime Rates

• Things like unemployment • Beginning of Ch. 3: cross sociocultural process of crime, why its difficult to compare crime across time and space ( READ TO LEARN THIS ONE)

attachment theory

• a secure emotional base in early childhood = sensitive, responsive, and less likely to harm self and others • typically built through parents (post-Freud)

implicit bias

• attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner • these biases, which can be positive or negative, are activated involuntarily and without an individual's awareness or intentional control. Residing deep in the subconscious, these biases are different from known biases that individuals may choose to conceal for the purposes of social and/or political correctness

Jeffrey Dahmer

• born in 1960 • first murder: 1978 (hitchhiker, Steven Mark Hicks, bludgeoned to death b/c he wanted to leave - raped, dismembered) • Raped, murdered, and dismembered 17 men and boys until arrest in 1991 • died Nov. 1994 (beaten to death by fellow inmate, because he was "creepy" with ketchup and weirdness) • started in solitary confinement b/c of threats • "The Milwaukee Cannibal" • diagnosed with many mental disorders o the prosecutor, Michael McCann, described him as a sane man, in full control of his actions, who simply strove to avoid detection:

3 C's of crime

• broader society Categorizes acts as criminal or not • laws and judges Codify criminality • police and law enforcement Concretize criminality through everyday surveillance and detainment

Marxian Conflict

• class inequality is a perpetual struggle between the wealthy (those who control capital) and the poor (those with little or no capital) • poor people are disproportionately punished Example: Jeffrey Skilling Key player in the Enron scandal, a $60 billion fraud 2006, found guilty of 19 counts of securities fraud, insider trading, and deceit sentenced to 24 years in prison, commuted to 14 years (release in 2020) • b/c of great/persistent legal team'

Gideon v. Wainwright (Supreme Court 1963)

• confirmed the right of indigent defendants in criminal proceedings to have counsel appointed to represent them • Court Appointed Counsel - private attorney who have agreed to take appointments from the Court and are paid a pre-determined or a capped fee • States and the Federal Government have established Public Defender Offices where attorneys are paid by salary to take appointments in cases of indigent defendants • usually have to face jail time to get one

colorblindness

• disregard for individuals' ethnic or racialized characteristics when making decisions about, for example, employment, prison sentences, or program allocation • core example: college admissions at some schools are deliberately "color blind" Scalia: if universities want to increase their minority population, they should lower their standards

Name three features of the modern prison system.

• event/bureaucratic duty • swift: "one death per condemned man" (p.12) • techniques for a quick death, minimal pain • little contact between executioner and victim *"The age of sobriety in punishment had begun" (D&P p.14) *"We punish, but this is a way of saying that we wish to obtain a cure" (D&P p.22)

Bernie Madoff

• founded Madoff Investment Securities LLC (1960) • his $50 billion Ponzi scheme was the largest in history • March 2009: pleaded guilty to 11 federal felonies, no plea bargain • June 2009: sentenced to 150 years in federal prison (71 years old) • interviewed by Barbara Walters 2007 (no other videos allowed in federal prison)

mass incarceration

• refers both to the rapid increase in the number of prisoners in the US and • the high concentration of prisoners from poor communities of color

caste

• refers to a hereditary group consisting of people with the same social status • differs from social class in that it is fixed; you never fully escape your caste • antithetical to the American Dream • i.e. Indian caste system • US system: upper class → upper middle → lower middle → working → working poor → underclass Alexander: "I do believe that something akin to a social caste system is alive and well in America" • p → a/c → poor whites → poor blacks → slavery

Limitations of the psychoanalytic approach

• tautological (the argument is redundant or proves itself, ex: "our football team will either win or lose this weekend") • dependent on individual clinician's observations or interpretations • usually based on a very small number of subjects/patients (p.104)

judicial discretion

• the judges' ability to use individual circumstances from the case to make determinations about criminal sentencing • mandatory minimum sentencing takes away this ability from judges

Why did Beccaria argue against excessive punishment? (hint: pp. 45-6)

"Beccaria did not believe that the best way to reduce crime was to increase laws or increase the severity of punishment, since doing so would merely create new crimes and "[embolden] men to commit the very wrongs it is supposed to prevent"" argued that "laws and punishments should be only as restrictive as necessary to just deter those who would beak them by calculating that it would not be in their interests to do so" "punishments should be proportionate to harm cause" - creates new crimes

Where and how was the modern prison "born," in Foucault's argument?

"Damiens the Regicide"

Mens rea

"Guilty mind" or intent. Whether or not an offender knew/meant to do what they did.

"white collar psychopath"

"I have left a legacy of shame, as some of my victims have pointed out, to my family and my grandchildren. This is something I will live in for the rest of my life. I'm sorry." - Bernie's apology, issued in court on June 29, 2009 idea: shame is positive

Name one way that Bentham's views on punishment differed from Beccaria's.

"In contrast to Beccaria, Bentham believed that, in the case of the repeat offender, it might be necessary to increase the punishment to outweigh the profit from offenses likely to be committed. Also, Bentham introduced the notion that different offenses required different types of punishment" - repeat offender --> increase punishment

What about fear of crime?

"More than 45 percent of Gallup respondents also said they worry 'frequently' or 'occasionally' about having their homes burglarized or their cars stolen or broken into, and 31 percent worried about getting mugged."

What is the role of the soul in the modern prison system? What are the mechanisms that act upon the soul?

"The expiation that once rained down upon the body must be replaced by a punishment that acts in depth ...should strike the soul rather than the body'"

Be able to discuss the elements of situational crime prevention

Involves developing tactics to reduce or eliminate a specific crime problem. Increased efforts to discourage crime(unbreakable glass, locking gates) Increase risks of crime through better security efforts Reducing the rewards of crime to lessen the value of the crime to the potential criminal Increase the guilt of the criminal to lessen crime Reduce excuses

credited with developing the principle of utility which argues that humans are rational actors. People seek to maximize pleasure and avoid pain at all costs. (criminal calculus.)

Jeremy Bentham

Who invented the ingredients of crime?

Jerome Hall

Crime and Religion

Jews have the lowest crime rate, followed by protestants Catholics have the highest crime rate - include low-income minorities Attendance at religious services reduced crime commission "forgotten factor"

What time of year do most reported crimes occur?

July and August

The historical roots of critical criminology can be traced back to the work of ____________.

Karl Marx

Be able to discuss how offenders structure criminality

Kids are more likely to choose crime when they are unsupervised, partying and drinking with friends Offenders may love the thrill they get from committing a crime Economic need/opportunity- offenders need money so they commit the crime. Opportunity for big money arises they commit the crime Personal trait/experience- when a criminal learns when to commit crimes they also become aware when to quit. Also experience allows them to gain expertise in how to commit crime without getting caught.

What's a solution to the problem of people at a high risk for offending not being present to complete self-reported surveys? Also, define this solution.

Known Group Method- compare people labeled as offenders to good people to try and find a relationship

Reintegrative shaming

Labels the act, not the act. So it is 'has done a big thing' rather than 'is a bad person'

What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis? In what societies is it found? Can it be used to understand politically-correct speech?

Language is more than labels/communication It may create "Reality" for its users Is true of all languages Is the basis for "Politically-Correct Speech" It is at the base of "labelling theory" in sociology (you may live up to a label imposed upon you)

Consensus Model

Law comes from the majority of people deciding something is wrong. ( value based, normative). Everything works because everyone agrees on it.

Structural Factors on Fear of Crime

Less social integration increases fear of crime

__________theory suggests that one's lifestyle, such as carrying a weapon, makes one more prone to victimization.

Lifestyle

Demographic Variation in Victimization

Lifestyle and routine theories are less applicable to violence in the home, because these theories focus on predatory crime outside the home.

David Altheide

Looked at the media and how it portrays crime and deviance i.e. "framing"

Which of the following is a structural factor that contributes to fear of crime?

Low levels of social integration

Individual Traits

Low self-control and lack of social relationships will result in higher victimization. As well as childhood problems, mental disorder, puberty

Family Income

Lower the income, higher the rate of property-crime victimization. Lower the income, higher the rate of violent victimization.

Crime as a social construct

Macro - Society Meso - Organization Micro - Individual Crime is a social construct. - Varies across time, place, and social constructs. Criminals are socially constructed Crime control and responses to crime are affected by social influences.

Social conflict analysis

Macro level of analysis Focuses on social struggles, winners/losers, the exploited/oppressed, social injustices (experienced by the poor, racial minorities, women, and other "victims" of capitalism, society, racism, sexism, etc.) Marxist/socialist; exposes the "evils" of capitalism while extolling the virtues of socialism

Structional functional analysis

Macro level of analysis: model stressed over actual people Views society as consisting of "a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability." (Spencer) Discovers/categorizes the components of society/culture (its structures)

What is the difference between mala in se and mala prohibita crimes?

Mala in se crimes are considered wrong in and of itself, while mala prohibita crimes are crimes considered wrong because they are prohibited

__________ crimes refer to behaviors that violate contemporary standards only.

Mala prohibita

College Student Victimization

Male students have higher victimization rate except for sexual assault. Blacks in college have a higher victimization rate for serious violence. Nonstudents in the same age bracket have lifestyles or other risk factors such as living near hot spots, makes them more vulnerable to victimization.

Explain the situational dynamics for male vs. female serial killers

Male: more likely to be hands-on aggressive and track/stalk their victims Female: more likely to poison or lure victims, more likely to have dissociative personality disorder or be manic/depressive

Virility mystique

Males must separate their sexual feelings from their needs for love, respect, and affection; men are shamed if they aren't sexually active

In 1958, which criminologist developed the idea of "victim-precipitated" homicide?

Marvin Wolfgang

Be familiar with the concept of repeat victimization

May occur when victim does not take defensive action Target vulnerability-incapable of resisting due to physical or mental distress Target gratifiability-some quality, possession, skill offender wants Target antagonism- aroused anger or jealousy

__________ means "guilty mind" and refers to criminal intent.

Mens rea

Symbolic interaction analysis

Micro level of analysis: dealing with actual people as they are behaving in social situations: observation (direct, indirect), surveys, experimentation

White collar workers

Middle class workers

Treating young psychopaths

Minnesota, Mendota clinic • focuses on juvenile psychopaths • emphasis on intense therapist-patients relations; incentives rather than punishments • gradual increase in social freedoms the problem: • they don't stop being psychopaths • how do we accommodate it?

Why do we study crime?

Misinformation (a lot out there in the world), fear of crime, resource management.

A very popular self-report survey that involves both a cross-sectional design and a longitudinal follow-up of a sample of its respondents is called

Monitoring the Future.

Why do we measure crime?

Moral health of nations, basis of social policy and innovative strategies. Compare how our society is doing to how other societies are doing -- United States is failing when it comes to crime. Goal of Criminal Justice - to reduce crime Demographic information is important because it shows you why the system is failing -- gives you a clearer picture of what is actually going on. Helps create awareness of how crime actually works.

Mores

More serious norms (immoral behavior)

Common Reports to NCVS

Most common report is simple assault *more accurate than UCR*

Prevalence of crime

Most crime is property crime (87.7%) Violent crime: 12.3% Murder: 0.15%

Be able to compare crime rates under different ecological conditions.

Most crime occurs July and August, summer, by teenagers when tempratures rise, crime rates rise ( rape declines) urban areas have higher violence than rural. Western and southern states higher crime than midwest/ northeast.

Perceived race and victimization

Most violent crime is interracial (within one race) White victims of violence are 5 times more likely to be attacked by whites than by blacks.

What are all of the crimes listed under part I crimes?

Murder, rape, robbery, arson, non-negligent manslaughter, aggravated assault, car theft, burglary, larceny/theft

3 strikes rule

Must serve a mandatory life sentence if convicted of 3 felonies

What program was developed by the FBI during the past 30 years to provide more detailed information about criminal incidents?

NIBRS

Which of the following is true regarding victimization?

No universally accepted definition of crime victim exists.

Be able to discuss the recent trends in the crime rate

Number of crimes has been indecline, dropped almost 50%, property crimes, larceny, moyor vehicale theft, arson dropped 10%. Sexual assalt dropped 68%. Robbery dropped 77%. Aggravated assult 80%.

Qualitative Research

Observing and intense interviewing

Statutory rape

Occurs when the victim is underage

Use of Alcohol and Other drugs

Offenders were under the influence of alcohol or drugs in more than half of all violent crimes in which they could distinguish whether those substances had been used.

Uniform Crime Report

Official police report on crime that is maintained by the FBI +comprehensive across US +allows for comparison across states +allows for comparison over time (kinda) -dark figure of crime, misses petty crimes -no measurement of police brutality, police bias

Racial and Ethnic Minorities

Often the subject of distorted treatment in media coverage. News media also often pays disproportionate attention to white crime victims. The media's racially tinged coverage exaggerates the involvement and menacing nature of people of color in crime.

History of IPV up until the early 20th century

Only 7 states had laws about IPV from 1640-1874; it was viewed as a private family matter

What distinguishes an open-ended survey (questionnaire or interview) from a closed-ended survey?

Open ended is like an essay test, closed ended forces choices, agree-disagree, like an objective test (MC\TF)

peterson and krivo conducted a study and propose that

Overall, concentrated disadvantage and white composition of surrounding areas account for differences in violence rates, not race

altruistic suicide

Overly integrated into society and willing to die for the group.

___________ refers to a condition caused by a disturbing event. Symptoms may include anger, depression, anxiety, and self-destructive behavior.

PTSD

the most difficult loss to quantify

Pain and Suffering

Metaphysical (Comte Stage)

Philosophical explanation

Labelling theory - class differences in crime

Police and members of the criminal justice system are involved in stereotyping based on class bias. (Cicourel suggests that crime statistics are therefore invalid.) For example, police may focus on working class individuals for stop and searches.

UCR

Police reports/official crime reports

Democratic Theory

Policy decisions by public officials should reflect public opinion

Self-Defense

Prevent an offender from harming you or someone nearby, if one injured the attacker more than legitimate self-defense would have required, one may be held liable.

PARK AND BURGESS: ECOLOGY OF CRIME

Proposed the study of urban ecology - the city could be equated to natural ecologic systems: the city was a type of super-organism and the communities within the city as organisms, comprised of institutions and individuals.

Which of the following would be considered a mala prohibita crime?

Public intoxication

Interdisciplinary Work

Pulling together different perspectives to understand more thoroughly

Which of the following is not one of the critiques mentioned in the text of the Uniform Crime Reports?

The UCR are fabricated by bureaucratic officials.

Process of Developing Theory & Researching Crime

Qualitative, quantitative (survey), & mixed methods. Dissemination-> impact -> identifying problem -> designing research--> data collection and analysis-> writing up results

Which of the following groups has often been the subject of distorted treatment in media coverage?

Racial and ethnic minorities

How does the NCVS define rape and sexual assault?

Rape: unlawful penetration of someone against their will with use/threat of force - Includes psychological coercion - Includes male/female victimization Sexual assault: defined across a wide range of victimizations separate from rape/attempted rape

Mala in Se crimes

Refer to behaviors that violate traditional norms and moral codes

Theological/Supernatural (pre 18th century) (Comte Stage)

Religious explanations

What does sociology study?

Science involves observation (through our senses), classification, quantification, making probability statements, looking for patterns/generalizations, and striving to be unbiased/objective (it is not "scientific stereotyping")

Criminology

Scientific study of the definition, forms, causes, and societal reactions to criminal behavior.

4th Amendment

Search & Seizure

Sociological Imagination

Seeing the connection between personal events and larger society -Private troubles (individuals) -Public issues (social)

Which of the following crime measurement instruments is most useful for compiling data about drug abuse, such as the Monitoring the Future (MTF) Study?

Self-report surveys

social disorganization and race

Several studies have found that differential exposure to extreme concentrated disadvantage (partly due to the racial segregation of communities) can adequately explain the racial gap in serious offending

Three key elements are crucial in order for a punishment to realize a deterrent effect.

Severity refers to the painfulness or unpleasantness of the punishing outcome. Certainty concerns the probability that a misdeed will be detected and punished. Celerity refers to the swiftness with which the punishment follows the criminal act.

Are the social-behavioral sciences really sciences? How so, or why not?

Short answer: Yes Science is just an attitude used in gathering knowledge about the universe It wants to understand, predict, and control all things and events It seeks "the truth" (but so does religion, although religion has a different attitude regarding how it shall be sought)

Explaining Gender Differences

Social Factors: Gender Role Expectations - "boys will be boys" Increased Social Control - control over behavior that society would exert, - supervision over girls - being allowed to engage in certain behaviors

empirical evidence on social disorganization

Social disorganization has gathered a generous amount of support in more recent years

__________ refer(s) to the organized patterns of social interaction and social relationships that exist in a group or society.

Social structure

What did Weber think was most important to understanding society?

Society should be studied from the viewpoint of individuals (the deep meaning of social life). Talking to real people,

Social Control

Society's restraint of norm-violating behavior

Which of the following best reflects what Peter Berger referred to as the "debunking motif"?

Sociological research often exposes false claims about reality and taken-for-granted assumptions.

Lemert - study of paranoia

Some individuals don't fit into groups easily and as a result, others label them (e.g. as odd) and begin to exclude them. This persons negative response to the exclusion is the beginning of secondary deviance (giving people more reason to exclude him). They talk about him and this confirms his suspicions that they are conspiring against him. His reaction is conformation of their fears for his mental health. Psychiatric intervention leads to him being officially labelled. (He may be put into a hospital and given a 'master status', for example 'mental patient'. Everything he does from now will be interpreted with this context).

Psychological Criminology

Something is out of one's control--> how did you grow up/ Pays specific attention to the relationship with one's parents.

"a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability"

Spencer

Which of the following activities would a lifestyle theorist suggest contributes to victimhood?

Spending time outside the home at places such as bars and nightclubs

What is meant by a spurious correlation? Examples?

Spurious (not authentic) correlation: as the number of churches in a city increases, so too does the crime rate. Circumstantial/coincidental

Kai Erikson

States that if deviance performs positive functions, perhaps it means society is actually organised as to promote deviance. The true functions of agencies of social control such as the police may actually be to sustain a certain level of crime rather than to rid society of it

Victim precipitation theory

States that victims contribute to their own victimization by initiating certain chains of events Victim facilitation and provocation. - facilitation: makes it easier - provocation: kind of egging it on

Victim Offender Relationship

Strangers versus nonstrangers: Strangers commit more crime against men than women. Women are 2.2 times more likely to be attacked by someone they know than by a stranger. 79% of rape or sexual assault on women is committed by a nonstranger.

Lifestyle Theory of Victimization

Stresses that some lifestyles put people more at risk for becoming crime victims. Spenidng much more time oustide home in places such as bars and nightclubs or just out on the street.

Which sociological/theoretical perspectives use a macro level of analysis?

Structional-Functional, uses abstract "big picture" models. Discovers/categorizes the components of society/culture (its structures

What factors was Durkheim concerned with when he tried to understand why some people commit suicide?

Studied (from death certificates) suicide as related to social factors of social order and social integration

Albert Cohen

Suggests that deviance can be a warning that an institution is not functioning properly.

What is the research process?

Surveys and Experiments

_______________ usually involves a political crime that emphasizes violence as a mechanism to promote change.

Terrorism

pretext stops

"a classic pretext stop is a traffic stop motivated not by any desire to enforce traffic laws, but instead motivated by a desire to hunt for drugs in the absence of any evidence." (p.67) how a minor offense becomes a major offense intimidating offer by refusing plea bargains packet dockets of defenders

Mala in se

"acts bad in themselves" o Murder o Rape

Routine Acvitites: Motivated offenders

( taken as given) Capable of community activity, willing to do

What are some explanations for why minorities are arrested more?

- African Americans make up 12% of the population but 28% of arrests - 1 in 4 black men will be incarcerated in their lifetime - Is due to racial profiling, structural racism, and family dissolution - The War on Drugs has increased black marriage rates

What are some possible explanations for changing crime rates?

- Age structure of population ( more old people=less crime) - Immigration (immigrants don't commit crimes as much) - Economy (good economy=less crime) - Gun availability (more guns/more crime)

What are the motivations for sexual violence?

- Anger - Power - Sadism

In the Washington Post article, Raine and Satel disagree about the appropriateness of relying on brain scans to diagnose criminality. What are some of Satel's concerns about the science itself?

- Bias when reading/interpreting scans - Misapplication of brain scans

What kind of data does the UCR collect with sexual violence and what did they do with the definition of rape after 2013?

- Collects data on rape (except statutory rape) - After 2013, they dropped the term forcible rape as well as the gendered use of rape

1950's-1970's

- Dissatisfaction with structural approach - Began to integrate psychology and sociology with a strong emphasis on socialization

Thinking about the implications of biosocial criminology research for criminal justice policy, what are 2 potential applications (ie policy measures) that some people have advocated to reduce the incidence of crime

- Eugenics --> limiting the ability of the "undesirable" to reproduce - segregation - drug therapy - surgery

What are some techniques to being a good burglar?

- Technical competence - Financial success - Burglary specialization - Ability to avoid prison sentences

Lombroso's theory of atavism and crime

- founded on Darwinian ideas about humanity's "worst dispositions" --> "reversions to a savage state" - criminals were hereditary throwbacks to less developed evolutionary forms

Provide a definition of victimology and explain why it is referred to as the "reverse of criminology."

- founded/coined by Hans von Hentig and Benjamin Menelsohn - "the scientific study of the physical, emotional, and financial harm people suffer because of criminal activities" - "study of who becomes a victim, how victims are victimized, how much harm they suffer, and their role in the criminal act" p.10 - also looks at victim's rights and role in CJS - "reverse of criminology" because focuses on victim not the criminal

Marxist views on crime & deviance - Criticisms

- they ignore the relationship between crime and non-class inequalities (ethnicity and gender) - not all w/c commit crime - not all capitalist societies have high crime rates - the CJS sometimes act against the interest of the capitalist class

Correlates of Crime: Race/Ethnicity

-Arrest data seem to show that whites and non-Hispanics commit (or get arrested for them) more crimes than Hispanics and racial minorities This is misleading, why? -We need to take into consideration the overall percentage of each group in the total population, minorities are over-represented-disproportionality

National Incident-Based Reporting System

-Compared to UCR, NIBRS tracks 46 different offenses instead of 8 Part 1 crimes -Contains more info on: -victims, offenders, arrestees, offenses, locations, injuries, weapons, relationships -Distinguishes attempts from completed crimes (UCR combines these) -All offenses in multi-offense incident are reported (no hierarchy rule)

Victimization Surveys

-Conducted by Department of Justice -Sample of 90,000 households -Everyone 12 or older in household -Each household is interviewed twice a year Reveals that only about 50% of crime is reported to the police

Conflict

-Conflict is a fundamental part of social life, in inevitable and can never be fully resolved -Law is a tool for the power that furthers the interests of those powerful enough to make it

Merton's Strain theory

-Conformists: accept values and conventional means of achieving them -Innovators: accept the values and then use illegitimate means to get them- criminals -Ritualists: Lost sight of values, compulsively follow rules for rules sake. -Retreatists: Reject the goals and the means -Rebels: Reject the existing values and means of achieving them. Work to create new ones

Why the decline in violence for adults?

-Decrease in intimate partner violence-homicide (IPH) -due to decline in marriage rates/increase divorce rates -increase in prevention and intervention resources -largest drop was in women killing partner -Policing -more aggressive tactics (stop and frisk, zero tolerance policy-broken windows theory, arresting misdemeanor offenders of nuisance crimes -Increase in incarceration: changes in sentencing laws -The economy -unemployment -continued expansion of the crack market -Firearms Policy -Brody Act required background checks and waiting periods for handguns -targeted gun seizures in high risk areas -longer prison sentences for people who use guns in crimes *No factor here is a complete explanation, any explanation for the crime drop

Marshmallow Test

-Eat marshmallow now or wait 5 mins and can eat two -Example of self-control

Agnew's Strain theory

-Failure to achieve positively valued goals -Removal of positively valued stimuli -Confrontation with negative stimuli

Self-report Survey Criticisms

-Focuses on minor or less serious crimes -Under-reporting (especially minority males) -Non-participation, dropping out of survey, selection bias -Validity: being honest in reporting

Factors that protect against strain

-High Self-esteem: confidence in one's own worth -High Self-efficacy: Belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task

Crime Data: Unit of Analysis- the entity you want to analyze

-Individual: offenders, victim, police officer, prosecutor -Group: peer networks, gangs, business -Geography: (crime mapping), neighborhood, city, state -Offense -Incident -Arrest -Organization: police agencies, prisons

Crime Data Sources

-Official (agency) reports ex. NIBRS, UCR -Victimization surveys -Self-report surveys Others: -Ethnography (field reporting) ex. Stickup Kids -Quasi Experiments

Uniform Crime Report

-Primary source of US crime statistics since 1930 -Individual precincts report crimes known to police and crimes cleared by arrest -Compiled by state and then sent to the FBI -Voluntary, based on agency resources

How do we test/validate a theory?

-Quantitatively: empirically testing, using stats -Qualitatively: focusing more on the substance of the theory

*FBI does not rank agencies or places b/c crime is a sociological phenomenon Why is ranking places problematic?

-Rankings do not inform us about risk factors for crime -age, race, gender, types of activities people engage in -Comparisons within places are more useful than those across places -help places determine where to concentrate resources -Some cities are merged with other much safer places within their county which dilutes their crime rate relative to other independent cities

Deterrence Doctrine

-Severity: The punishment should fit the crime -Certainty: The probability that of apprehension and punishment -Celerity: Swiftness into which criminal sanctions are applied

Pluralistic

-Society is increasingly complex and consensus is hard to find. Groups have their own agendas and values -Yet most still agree that the law is necessary for peace-keeping and settling disputes -State officials are unbiased and have society's best interest in mind

Validity

-The degree to which a measure captures what it is intended to measure -If it's valid it's accurate

Reliability

-The extent to which the same results are obtained each time a measure is used -If it's reliable, it's consistent and dependable

Crime Data

-The statistics of crime and criminals are known as the most unreliable and difficult of all stats -The government uses official data to inform policy decisions and allocate federal criminal justice funding to states

Why youth's?

-Urban crack markets and spread of firearms -crack market expansion led to recruitment of youth minority males and they would need guns for protection -Shrinking markets also began in these same cities which explains the decline in violence

Why do men commit so much crime?

-crime is a masculine endeavor -committing crime allows them to maintain masculinity despite challenges to their masculinity

Cesare Lombroso: The Criminal Man -The Father of Criminology

-criminals are born criminals, not made -they are of unhuman species -they have certain and distinguishable characteristics

General theory of crime (Bentham)

-offender is rational, logical person -driven by pleasure and pain because crime is a result of "hedonistic calculus"

What makes a good theory?

-parsimony: simple, logical statement -breadth of phenomena explained -accuracy of predictions of future phenomena -ability to be disproved

Scared Straight

-popular but not effective -media makes it seem more effective than it actually is

Early Writings from Positivist School -The Jukes 1915

-reversed the original emphasis on environment and emphasized heredity and argued that environmental changes wouldnt change their genetic tendency towards criminality -Feeble-mindedness: "environment will not of itself enable all people to escape criminality"

Parts of deterrence needed for it to be effective

-severity: punishment should "fit" the crime -certainty: probability of apprehension and punishment -celerity: swiftness with which criminal sanctions are applied

In order to achieve social solidarity, functionalist so believe there should be...

-social control (for when it doesn't go right) -socialisation

Functionalism (Durkheim)

-society as an organism -crime is normal because it's in every society (even saints would create some sort of crime)

Early Writings from Positivist School -The Jukes

-studied the inmate records from 13 different county jails in NY -created detailed genealogy charts to link criminal behavior to the Jukes family -Included that not just heredity as a cause of criminal behavior but also environment

Women & less crime arguments

-under patriarchal control -women's liberation will create more criminals as women adopt more male characteristics via socialization (social learning)

Why were crack markets concentrated in poor urban inner-city neighborhoods?

-urban poverty and social isolation -reduced collective efficacy -code of the street to replace formal law enforcement

Rios' dreams deferred, juveniles in Oakland

-wanted to see how juveniles' position in society and interaction with authority figures impacts how they see themselves -shadowed 40 teens, observations & interviews -was surprised at how the boys were criminalized; slick was kicked out of school when his friend died b/c he missed too much class and school thought he was plotting revenge -wanted to give boys a voice, sympathizes with those in the situation

Why more women are getting arrest for assault

-women are experiencing more stress (strain) -family & church are eroding (social control) -women's behavior is the same but how we treat it has changed (constructionist)

The objectivity of criminological research may be questioned if studies __________.

. are funded by organizations that have a vested interest in the outcome of the research

Victim precipitation*

...

Becker states that...

..."Deviance is in the eye of the beholder", meaning we have different ideas of deviance and decide what is deviant as a group/ society.

Early 19th Century: big changes in criminal justice

1) Disappearance of punishment as spectacle • "The ceremonial of punishment tended to decline" and was outlawed in France in 1831. 2) Appearance of non-physical means of punishing people • "From being an art of unbearable sensations punishment has become an economy of suspended rights." (ch.1 p.1) • "The body is the major target of penal repression disappeared" (ch.1 p.8)

Revisions to classical theory

1) Inadequate explanation of "equality" 2) Inattention to crime rate disparities o late 19th century: with the rise of Darwinist evolutionary ideas, criminology became more scientific o late 20th century: criminal justice policies were changed to take into account individual and social differences

What social conditions led to the development of the discipline of sociology?

1) Late 1700s to early 1900s. 2) Industrial capitalism. 3) Urban growth (from factories) 4) Revolutions, Social unrest (Socialism, Marx)

What were some deficiencies in classical theories of criminal justice, and how did neoclassical theories try to correct them?

1) assumption that people were equal 2) system designed to punish differently for wealthy and poor 3) why do some people commit more crimes than others, if they are equally endowed with reason?

5 natural areas

1) central business district/Loop 2) transitional zone 3) working class zone 4) residential zone- 5) commuter zone

2 big problems of the CJS

1) civil forfeiture abuses (p.80-84) • Civil Asset Forfeiture Reform Act of 2000 (meant to address police misuse of seized assets), only partially successful 2) legal misrepresentation and (bad) pleas bargains (p.85-89)

2 requirements for conviction:

1) criminal intent (mens rea) 2) criminal act (actuc reus) (reus/rea = accused, guilty)

3 reasons psychological conditions mater for criminology

1) determining criminal intent (sane? insane?) 2) sentencing/corrections (prison or clinic?) 3) understanding motives (why'd they do it? And can we prevent the next crime?)

2 main social process theories

1) differential association • views crime and delinquency as the outcome of normal learning processes whereby youth learn the "wrong" behavior • what matters most is the different types of associations that people have with criminal or non-criminal patterns of behavior 2) neutralization and drift • views crime and delinquency as a result of juveniles learning to excuse, justify, or otherwise rationalize potential deviant and even criminal behavior (allowing them to be "neutral" with respect to social norms and then "drift" into deviance) (p.130-133)

making a causal argument

1. Association: causation 2. Correct temporal Ordering 3. Lack of Spurious: Are there confounding variables?

What are some explanations for IPV?

1. Intergenerational transmission of violence- people who see their parents getting abused become the abusers later in life, etc. 2. Feminist perspective- we live in a patriarchy where females are submissive 3. Structural racism- has created inner city communities with poverty, segregation, etc. which leads to concentrated disadvantage - Could be why there's more black IPV than white IPV

What are 2 examples of types of self-reported surveys?

1. Monitoring Youth Survey 2. Youth Risk Behavior Survey

List the 2 different paradigms to explain prostitution

1. Oppression paradigm 2. Empowerment paradigm

theories provide

1. a scientific orientation for studying crime 2. it grounds modes of inquiry into systematic analysis 3. identifies possible cause and effect relationships

Highest Rate of Violent Victimization

12-17 Next highest: 18-24

The Routine Activities theory was proposed

1979 by Cohen and Felson as a theory of crime events, with the objective of explaining the increase in crime rates in the US.

The first federal statute that explicitly penalized industrial espionage was passed in _____.

1996

psychopath: 2 main types of factors

1a, 1b: selfish, callous, and narcissistic personality disorder o remorseless use of others o inability to empathize with others o obsession with self, image, reputation o demands admiration, praise o key idea: inwardly focused 2a" chronically unstable, antisocial, and socially deviant lifestyle o reactive anger o violent impulses o deviance o disregard for rules o key idea: outwardly focused

A front-page article in The New York Times published during the 1980s reported that serial killing was a national epidemic. At that time, in fact, serial killing appeared to account for about __________ percent of all annual homicides.

2

What is the percentage of white collar criminals that go to jail?

2%

What percentage of reported index crime is cleared by arrest each year?

20 %

Victim Self-Protection and Resistance

60% of victims try to stop the crime

Folk Devils

A group that is vilified by the media (exaggerated) for a problem and painted in a certain light. People in society believe the portrayals and it leads to moral panic.

Which of the following structural factors contributes to an increased fear of crime in big cities?

A high proportion of people of color

Classical school of criminology

A movement accentuating rational thoughts as the major influence on human behavior. Jeremy Bentham, and Cesar Beccaria whose works emphasized the concepts of free will and deterrence in the context of crime and punishment.

Georgia's rape code

A person rapes when he has knowledge of: female forcibly and against her will; female at least 10 years old; marriage isn't a defense for rape

Determination

A philosophy contending that human behavior is caused by biological and psychological factors specific to individuals and/or structural factors composing the environment.

Positivism

A philosophy contending that scientific inquiry should focus on the study of relationships between observable facts

shaw and mckay result indicated that

A) areas with the highest delinquency rates were those located within heavy industry B areas with the lowest SES had the highest rate of delinquency C high rate of delinquency also indicated high rate of foreign born and minority families

Which of the following is a topic seldom discussed by criminologists/deviance researchers? a. morality b. the nature of serial killing c. the root cause of voyeurism d. the nature of domestic violence

A. Morality

Self Control

Ability to delay gratification of immediate impulse and pursue long-term goals

According to critical feminist criminologists, crime is a vehicle for men to ___________ because it separates them from the weak and allows them to demonstrate physical bravery.

According to critical feminist criminologists, crime is a vehicle for men to ___________ because it separates them from the weak and allows them to demonstrate physical bravery.

Victim blaming

Accusing a victim of being responsible for their victimization. - involves a denial of victimhood Some see crime-prevention tips as victim blaming

Mala se

Acts that are universally condemned. "Evil in itself" Murder, rape, theft, robbery.

Who commits crime?

African American men from lower class statuses represent the majority.

What about victimization?

African Americans--Severely underreport crime to authorities, more likely to be victimized by fellow blacks, especially likely to be victims to street crime (prostitutes, public drug offenses, larceny). Criminology is slowly recognizing recognizing the need for Hispanic crime rates. What we know now: rates fall between blacks and whites. Gender--Male victimization rates (27.3 per 1000 males aged 12 and older) Female rates (23.0 per 1000 females aged 12 and older) Rate of female victimization decreases with age White females, 65+: lowest violent crime rates Af-Am females, 65+: lowest personal theft rates

Which of the following accurately reflects findings involving race, gender and age, and victimization?

African-American men are most likely to be homicide victims.

Age-crime curve

Age is inversely related to crime (aka you're less likely to commit crimes the older you get); this applies to all types of crime

Criteria for evaluating a theory

Aker's 6 criteria: - Logical consistency - Scope - Parsimony - Testability - Fit with empirical evidence - Usefulness and policy implication

Routine Activities Theory

Argues that people engage in regular activities that increase their risk for victimization

. Which of the following theory of crime/delinquency emphasizes that the law will become a tool for the ruling class to maintain its dominant position? a. functionalism b. conflict c. symbolic interactionism d. social exchange e. all of the above

B. Conflict

Suppose you want to propose a theory to explain white-collar crimes. In this case, your theory should not contain variables suitable only for explicating underground economies like ________. a. computer forgery b. fencing c. insider's trading d. check forgery e. embezzlement

B. Fencing

If the statements of a given theory can be verified by empirical data, then criminologists usually will argue that such a theory has ________. a. reliability b. validity c. predictability d. duplicability e. measurability

B. VALIDITY

Which of the following theory of crime/delinquency emphasizes that the law will become a tool for the ruling class to maintain its dominant position? a. functionalism b. conflict c. symbolic interactionism d. social exchange e. all of the above

B. conflict

Generally speaking, which topic in the following belongs to criminal justice, but not to criminology/deviance study? a. victimology b. the behavior of social control agencies c. the etiology of crime d. the defining characteristics of sadistic rape e. the social context of juvenile crime

B. the behavior of social control agencies

Attention to crime can be traced back to...

Babylonia and the Code of Hummurabi and Judeo-Christian perspective depicted in the Bible.

Correlates of Crime: Gender

Basic Pattern: women have lower levels of offending and victimization than men -Gender gap is smaller for less serious crimes and has recently reversed in NCVS -convergence gender gap not due to more female violence but larger declines in male violence relative to females

What's the difference between battery and assault?

Battery requires offensive touching whereas assault doesn't; assault is moreso about attempted battery or intentionally scaring the victim

Common Law- when did it come into existence and define it

Became a thing under King Henry II; was a fixed body of rules that applied across a number of cases became precedents for punishment; crimes included things like rape and murder

Crime

Behavior considered so harmful that it is banned by criminal law

Explaining Age-crime curve

Bonds to conventional society Involvement - more free time - More closely bonded you are to society, the less likely you are to break the rules. - juveniles are less involved and have more free time - adults have Investment - Juveniles have less to lose - lesser penalties for youths Belief - valuing the group and altruism increase with age

Historical and Comparative Research

Both what they sound like

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

Bureau of Justice Statistics - 1972 Trying to overcome underreporting problem Victim and Offender info - demographic info - time and place - weapon used - injury nature - economic cost/consequences for the victim - LE response A picture of how much crime affects people

What are two ways of conceiving of "social facts" (Durkheim's and as presented in class)?

But be aware of Durkheim's conception of social facts (by which he meant the ideological component of culture)

Tautology means that someone uses ________ reasoning to support his/her argument. a. contrastive b. comparative c. circular d. composite e. centralized

C. Circular

Sociological imagination

C. Wright Mills Refers to an understanding of the relationship between an individual and the wider society, both today and in the past Distinction between "personal troubles" and "public issues" Social contexts influence individual behavior and vice versa.

Which theoretical paradigm in the following focuses on societal reactions to crime/deviance, instead of crime per se? a. functionalism b. conflict c. symbolic interactionism d. structuration e. phenomenology

C. symbolic interactionism

Racial Prejudice

Can have an affect on public policy this is anti-democratic principles.

Criminal careers

Career criminality is more common among those with low education and bleak job prospects

Krebs and Lindquist

Caveats against the citation of the '"1 in 5" statistic for rape -Not a nationally representative estimate -Only 2 universities -Not only rape (if excluding less severe forced assaults and counting rape only, it drops to 1 in 7) -Includes only completed assaults, not also attempted -Low response rate

What do the 3 theoretical perspectives/approaches/paradigms in sociology key on?

Census data, police records, hospital records, vital statistics, diaries, books, letters, newspapers, magazines, movies, videos, television programs, newsreels, photographs, earlier sociological research

immigration research finding indicate that

Cities possessing a larger foreign-born population do not evidence higher crime rates immigration is actually associated with a decrease in crime rates, working more as a protective element than a risk factor

grounded in the principles of deterrence (certainty, severity, and celerity) crime is the result of free will and rational choice

Classical school of criminology

In which of the following states is smoking marijuana least likely to be considered deviant?

Colorado

Collateral Consequences

Community policing went out the door once SB1070 was enacted. This ended up actually supporting crime, as immigrants were no longer willing to work with police.

What's a way to determine how large the gap in reported and unreported crimes is?

Compare the UCR to the NCVS

Compare/contrast the conflict and interactionist views

Compare: - Both views say that behavior is outlawed when it offends people with power Contrast: - The conflict view is when people of power use their power to make laws to protect their self-interests whereas with the interactionist view people as "moral entrepreneurs" and go on crusades to make things illegal to help society (ex. make abortions illegal)

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

Compiled by the FBI Most widely cited source of data for crime and delinquency trends. Established in the 1930s to indicate nature of crime in the US FBI collects data from local law enforcement and compiles a national database - Mainly reports 10 Part I crimes known to police - Part I crimes are the main crimes - Also reports arrest data for 21 other Part II crimes Calculating a crime rate: - Divide number of reported crimes by the population then multiply by 100,000 - Controls for population size.

Marx and Engels are considered the early creators of which theory?

Conflict

Three law and social order perspectives

Consensus Pluralistic Conflict

How do we create laws?

Consensus Perspective: laws should criminalize behavior when members generally agree that such laws are necessary Pluralist Perspective: behaviors are criminalized through political process after debate over appropriate action. What is criminal - most people agree that is should be there. All of us agree that those things are bad. Almost total societal agreement that those things are bad. Ex. Marijuana - debate about whether or not it is a criminal act. What behaviors will be criminalized and what behaviors will be accepted.

How does the media portray crime?

Crime on TV is depicted as violent, street crime. A crime that gets solved every time. Over simplify the crime problem - good vs. evil. News media sensationalizes crime - distorts public opinion of crime. Media influences public opinion. Media over simplifies, exaggerates and sensationalizes (Ex. "Crime Waves") Effect --> Ignorance, unwarranted fear of crime, punitive public (and the political cycle that results.)

Which of the following trends is supported by both UCR and NCVS data?

Crime rates have been declining since the early 1990s.

What will happen with crime rates as women gain more equality?

Crime rates will increase as women will commit more crimes

Routine activities theory

Crime requires a motivated offender, a suitable target of criminal victimization and a lack of capable guardians of persons or property

8th Amendment

Cruel and Unusual Punishment

__________ refers to the use of the Internet, email or other electronic devices to repeatedly harass or threaten another person.

Cyberstalking

Know the greatest problems faced by crime victims.

Damaged property, pain and suffering to victims, (medicical, mental counseling, lose wages, reduce quility of life, and fear of being victimized again) and involvement of police and other agencies of the justice system.

John Hagan

Debate: Should and can laws be used to legislate morality?

__________ is a term used to refer to actions that depart from social norms, values, and beliefs.

Deviance

Know the difference between crime and deviance.

Deviance includes a broad spectrum of behavior that differ from the norm ( not illegal) and crime is a serious illegal offense by law.

How is deviance different from crime?

Deviance is acts that are socially unacceptable but not necessarily harmful whereas crimes are deemed socially harmful and is also prohibited officially by law

Secondary deviance

Deviance that is already publicly labelled, (a negative label), for example 'thief'

Primary deviance

Deviance that is not yet publicly labelled (as bad), for example; not paying on the train

Ida B. Wells-Barnett

Documented perhaps the most extreme use of law titled Southern Horrors, an indictment of lynch law.

Policy Implication

Does the theory guide social and criminal justice policy?

14th Amendment

Due Process

Random sampling

Ensures our sample is representative of the population. Prevents bias Each person in the population has an equal chance of being selected into the sample. Magic number is usually 1000

3 elements of social norms

Expectations, violations, and reactions

What methods are used by sociologists as they try to scientifically study society?

Experimentation, Surveys\polls, Observation\Ethnography, Existing resources\Secondary data analysis, you could formulate a hypothesis using any of the above methods.

__________ are very common in psychology, but much less common in sociology and criminology.

Experiments

________ occurs when the victim has a clear right to expect a service and the offender threatens to withhold the service unless an additional payment or bribe is forthcoming.

Exploitation

The costs associated to crime are not only associated with formal sanctions

Extralegal and informal sanctions are also considered as costs of crime - The higher the stakes in conformity the higher the extralegal costs of crime

Contact crime includes theft of personal property.

False

Crime & Punishment (Fyodor)

First written book on crime--> stated that humans are logical and choose to commit crime

How many times more likely are African-Americans to be victims of homicides than Whites?

Five times

Self-report surveys

Focus on behaviors the individual has engaged in. Provide a way for criminologists to collect data without having to rely on government sauces. Often involves samples of students - Monitoring the Future (MTF) - National Youth Survey (NYS) May involve other populations - Probationers and parolees - Incarcerated persons Longitudinal: KLAMS

Edwin Sutherland

Focused on criminogenics: crime causing conditions of urban neighborhoods. Developed differential association theory. Highly critical of white collar crime

Subculture of Violence

Focusing on the deficiencies of black subculture has resulted in weak findings. Negative social conditions are more likely to affect blacks, they exhibit higher rates of violence because they are more likely to reside in a community context with high levels of poverty, unemployment, family disruption, and residential instability.

Be familiar with Wolfgang's pioneering research on chronic offending.

Followed criminal careers of 9,945 boys, 54% repeat offenders, 46, one time offenders, 35.6% more 1 less 5, 18% 5 or more. 71% homiscides, 73% rapes, 82% robbers, 69% assult. Second study both male+female 1% females chonic offenders.

Laws

Formal recorded norms (lessor more serious)

As cited in the text, one research team interviewed forty-seven people, many of them elderly, who lost funds when a savings and loan company collapsed because of criminal conduct by its officers and employees. __________ percent of the sample lost large sums of money and were affected by their victimization several years later.

Forty

Functionalist and Conflict perspective on deviance.

Functionalism: Everything i society must have a function. - Brings communities and societies together and helps to hopefully promote acceptable behavior. Ex. Criminal Justice System - Helps establish ingroup, outgroup, strengthen bonds within group, solidify acceptable behavior. -People giving out labels are in favor, those receiving labels are opposed. Ex. Anyone who is not criminal is in favor of our criminal law, those who are not in favor are probably criminals. -Favor the labelers. Oppose, the labeled -Process of consensus (agreement) Ex. Most of our criminal law, people agree with. Almost total societal agreement of what is right and wrong. -Consensus determines outcome Conflict: Everything is based on inequalities in society. People have unequal access in society. We are always in competition with each other. - Maintain power in society by labeling people below them as deviant Ex. those in prison become much more likely to stay in poverty because they are not bettering their economic standpoint Ex. Labeling sex offenders - hurts life chances of this specific group -It benefits those doing the labeling. -It's all about power. People who have power will use labels against those who do not have any power. Ex. Marijuana vs. Alcohol. One is acceptable, the other is not. Both have similar, harmful effects. -Groups in power will try to subjugate others, benefit themselves, and maintain status quo. -Process of plurality. Competing groups in society trying to manipulate this process. Whoever has the most power will probably win. Ex. Gay marriage. Whoever has the best campaign is going to establish whether or not that behavior is deviant or acceptable. -Plurality that has resources to manipulate.

Correlates of crime

Gender Race/Ethnicity Class/SES

Correlates of Crime: Age Age Crime Curve (Farrington 1986)

General Trend: -crime peaks in the late teens and declines precipitously in the early 20s -neither offending nor victimization is randomly distributed among groups

Felony

Generally offenses punishable by a year or more in a state or federal prison • Ex: murder, drug charges, etc.

____________estimate(s) that the annual number of victimizations that occur in the U.S. is roughly 25 million per year.

The NCVS (National Crime Victim Survey)

Comte

The Progression of Knowledge: "Law of Three Stages"

Cesar Lambroso's atavism- what is it and what historical time is it from?

Had this idea of a born criminal. He thought criminals have certain types of features such as bone structure, etc. This idea is from the Enlightenment period.

Stanley Cohen (1972)

Has examined the important role played by the media in the 'dramatisation of evil'. In the view, media converge of crime and deviance often creates 'folk Devils'

Durkheim - crime

He says that crime is inevitable and universal, 'crime is normal, an integral part of healthy societies'

Lemert

He talks about primary and secondary deviance

What is the significance of August Comte in the history of sociology?

Held that the "laws" of society could be discovered through science ("positivism") Rejected Theological and Metaphysical models

Why do we need criminological theories?

Helps us gain an understanding of crime and criminal justice

Hot Spots

High-crime locations, more likely to be victimized

Be able to describe "victim's household."

Homes located in urban areas in the south and west are the ones most vulnerable to crime, especially those occupied by African American families (on decline) Rural areas in northeast and Midwest least likely target of crimes

Parsimony

How complex the explanation is. "More is better."

Process

How do people become criminals?

Structure

How is society organized?

Prevalence

How many people possess the trait being investigated

Scope

How much or how man types of crime the theory covers. "Wider is better."

Incidence

How often people exhibit that trait

Neoclassical Criminology (within last century)

Humans rationally choose to commit crime, but there are sociological and psychological impacts

Be able to discuss the basic concepts of specific deterrence

I'm not going to do the crime again because it wasn't worth the punishment last time I got caught. Criminal sanctions should be so powerful that convicted criminals will never repeat their criminal acts. This could bring defiance rather than deterrence.

Implications of the question "What causes Crime?"

Implication #1: Answer expresses world views/theories. Theory: Provides an understanding of the world, explanations for phenomena, & principles to guide. Ex: Thomas Hobbes--> all humans are evil, if you get rid of society all together man will be in a state of war.

Which of the following is thought to explain why Japan has a lower crime rate than the US?

In Japan, harmony is a very important value.

Criminal punishment was arbitrary in feudal times. In what ways did Enlightenment philosophers try to change that?

In feudal Europe, justice was rough and punishment was arbitrary; only the rich were entitled to legal rights and protections Fundamental principles of classical theory: o equal rights: government is not just for elites o people are rational and reasoning o due process for all (jury of peers, having an official lawyer, speedy trial (celerity)) o punishment is calibrated to the crime o corrections provide a second chance

Homeless Victimization

In terms of victimization and fear of crime, race appears to make a difference in the world of the homeless.

Generalize

In the example of a random sample survey, one can generalize the results of a random sample to the entire population.

Classical Criminology

Increase the cons of committing crime, crime will decrease. (Deterrence)

Micro Level of Theory

Individual why are some individuals more likely to commit crimes than others?

Crime and institutions: family, school, religion, economy

Institutions: relatively stable social patterns that serve a broad range of crucial functions in society

__________ crimes are those committed by indigent people to compensate for the lack of legitimate economic opportunity.

Instrumental

Actus reus

The act in which the offender broke the law.

Be able to describe the development of rational choice theory

The contemporary (recent) application of Beccaria and Bentham assumptions about people being rational having free will, knowing the difference between right/wrong etc. The classical school assumptions were tested using data developed into rational choice theory. RTC explains why people commit crime.

Objective deterrence

The impact of actual legal punishment

Crime rate

The level of crime attributable to a geographic locale such as a city county or country

Capitalism makes criminals - Marxism

The media and some criminologists contribute by portraying criminals as disturbed individuals, therefore concealing that the nature of capitalism makes people's criminals.

Does a crime rate reflect mostly its population size?

The multiplication by 100,000 standardizes it and makes it relative to other places so population overall does not mean the crime rate will be higher

Youths

The news media also disproportionately portrays young people as violent offenders

Virtuous victims

The news media tents to give more coverage to crimes whos victims seem to be entirely innocent and even virtuous.

Foucault does not believe that the prison system can be fully abolished. Instead, he says that it is an inevitable component of a modern society. Why?

The panopticon was destined to spread throughout society. It makes power more economic and effective. It does this to develop the economy, spread education and improve public morality, not to save society. The panopticon represents the subordination of bodies that increases the utility of power while dispensing with the need for a prince.

Inequality

The poor, people of color, and the young are the most likely to fear crime and have the highest rates of both criminality and victimization.

What was the Milgram experiment about

The procedure was that the participant was paired with another person and they drew lots to find out who would be the 'learner' and who would be the 'teacher.' The draw was fixed so that the participant was always the teacher, and the learner was one of Milgram's confederates (pretending to be a real participant).

Causal mechanism

The processes or pathways through which an outcome is brought into being

the expected utility

The rewards of crime vs. potential costs + opportunity

Social contract

The sacrifice of indiviidual freedom in exchange for protection and social benefit. First introduced by Thomas Hobbes

Criminology

The scientific study of crime, criminals, and criminal justice.

Routine Activities Theory

The view that an individual's daily activities can affect his or her chances of becoming a crime victim

Positivism

The view that human behavior and attitudes are influenced by forces both external and internal to the individual

Rational Choice theory

The view that people plan their actions and weigh the potential benefits and costs of their potential behavior

Social Control

The ways in which our behavior, thoughts, and appearances are regulated by norms, rules, and laws

What is a short, textbook definition of the "culture" concept?

The ways of thinking and acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life. Beliefs, values, behaviors and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.

Of the following, which type of crime is one most likely to be a victim of?

Theft

According to the text, what ethical concern is often raised against criminologists who tend to only focus upon the poor and desperate in their studies of crime?

Their efforts lead to harsh measures taken against the lower classes.

Empirical Validity

Theory can survive scrutiny. How far can the scientific research support the theory?

Biological Criminology

There are some innate factors that cause crime

Victim-Impact Statements

These statements tend to increase victims' satisfaction with the criminal justice process but they do not make it more likely that judges will assign harsher sentences to convicted defendants.

Left realists - criticism of Marxist views

They suggest that Marxism ignores intra-class crimes

Snowden

Totalizing Surveillence

_____________ is a term used to describe an act of disloyalty to one's nation or state.

Treason

A century ago, some of the most respected physicians in the United States believed that women should not attend college because the rigors of higher education would upset their menstrual cycles and they could not be expected to perform well during "that time of the month."

True

A random sample allows for generalization of research results to the total population

True

African Americans comprise about 13 percent of the U.S. population and represent 39 percent of all Index violent crime arrests.

True

Comparative research usually means cross-cultural or international research.

True

The news media tend to give more coverage to crimes whose victims seem to be entirely innocent or virtuous.

True

How is crime reported and/or measured?

UCR: -Average all police dept. numbers, compare with population of US -> FBI Crime Index --Compared over time, from one location to another --Expressed as "X" number of offenses per 100,000 people -Also expresses clearance rates for each crime --Arrest made, or perpetrator known but not arrested NIBRS: -Incident, victim, property, offender, arrestee info NCVS:-Solicits info on serious offenses (minus murder and arson) -Survey on a 6 month basis - total of 5 times within a 2 year period- "have you experienced this within the last 6 months?"

Who is in charge of getting the data?

UCR:-Asks for local police departments to aggregate their crimes over the course of a year, and send it into the FBI NIBRS: -Still not entirely fully developed and implemented-asks a lot more of the people collecting the information (police force) NCVS: - Interviews of randomly selected, representative households - # of houses and people doubled last 2 years

Be familiar with the ecology of victimization risk.

Violent crimes are more likely to take place in an open public area(park, street field) More serious violent crimes( sexual assult, rape) take place after 6pm Living in central city higher rates of theft and violence Schools high victimization due to abundance of teenage male offenders

__________ is a term used to describe the process of illegally obtaining software and then "cracking" or "ripping" its copyright protections before posting it on the Internet for other members to use for free or for a price.

Warez

Myths of Crime

Waves, over reporting violent crime, race, teenagers, virtuous victims. False beliefs about crime.

Raine recounts the case of Michael to point out that head trauma can change behavior for better or worse. Suppose removing a tumor reduces a convicted felon's violent impulses. What factors should be taken into account to decide whether to release that person back into society?

We don't know how much of it was actually the tumor. It could be partially the person as well

Consequences of Fear

Weakens ties within communities, leads to mistrust, prompts people to move away from high crime areas and threatens the economic viability of whole neighborhoods.

Use of Weapons

Weapons are used in about 20% of all violent crimes

Jeremy Benthem

Weighing out cons & pros of committing crime--> if you want people to stop comitting crime, increase the negatives. (Deterrence)

According to the text, which of the following statements is confirmed by the facts?

Well under 10 percent of all felonies in a given year lead to someone being imprisoned for committing the felony.

Geographical Patterns

Western households have higher victimization rates than other regions. Urban areas have higher victimization rates than suburban or rural areas.

Know what is meant by the term "seductions of crime."

What motivates people to engage in criminal behavior? The thrill to steal, seductions of dark crime(sexual assault/rape)

Fee-splitting

When a doctor refers you to the surgeon that will give him/her the highest fee instead of the one that is the most qualified for the job

Correlation

When one or more variables change in relation to another or others.

Value consensus

When the whole of society agrees on the values/ beliefs put in place

Process of differential association

Whether someone becomes a criminal or not is determined by frequency/intimacy of his/her contacts with criminals and non-criminals

According to the UCR, most criminals are _____.

White

According to Sigmund Freud, who would commit crime due to penis envy?

Women

Age

Young people are much more likely than older people to be violent-crime victims.

Views about the police

Young people of color who have been stopped by police are especially likely to hold negative views of the police, Why? 1. Blacks and latinos are more likely than whites to have negative experiences with the police 2. Blacks and latines are more likely to live in high-crime neighborhoods where police-citizen relationships are contentious.

Chronic Offenders

Young people who break the law consistently: Recidivism: biggest indicator that someone will commit crime

Michel Foucault

a French philosopher (1926-1984) who lived from 1926 to 1984. He was one of the 20th century's towering intellectual figures. Discipline and Punish was his most influential book work focused on power and social control • we don't always see power, and we're not always aware that is acting on us • believed the Benthamite reforms were insidious because they led to total surveillance and control - thought total surveillance was wrong --> supported by Michella Alexander

Theoretical rationale

a coherent reason why this association exists, correlation and theoretical rationale alone are still not sufficient enough, also need correct time sequence -Independent and dependent variables

subculture

a culture within a culture, have own lingo, customs

Overgeneralization

a reasoning error in which we conclude that something is true for all cases just because we observe it for some cases

neoclassical theory

a revised version of the classical theory that acknowledges individual and situational differences in motivation, rationality and free will (i.e. bounded free will)

Anderson code of the street

a sparked of street violence in young black males has occur due to structual hardships of black inner city ghettos cynicism towards conventional institutions and values

heritability coefficient

a statistical estimate that provides information on how much genetic factors influence variance in a particular trait.

gene

a stretch of DNA base pairs that work together to perform a function in the body

_____________ theories maintain that all people have the potential to violate the law and that modern society present many opportunities for illegal activity.

a. Social control

________________ refers to the interactions people have with various organizations, institutions, and processes of society.

a. Socialization

An investment fraud that involves the purported returns to existing investors from funds contributed by new investors is called ____________.

a. a Ponzi scheme

The life careers that alter the development of a criminal career are referred to commonly as _______________.

a. turning points

Which of the following is NOT one of the three methods used in the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) to express crime data?

a. types and amounts of harm caused

The use of __________ is controversial because there seems to be no agreement on whether it is torture or a relatively harmless instrument of interrogation.

a. water boarding

Which of the following factors has the greatest influence on crime rates?

age

The ____________ view of terrorism states that a lack of economic opportunity and recessionary economies are positively connected with acts of terrorism.

alienation

Most credit card abuse is the work of __________.

amateurs

mala in se

an act that is inherently & essentially evil (rape, murder)

biosocial criminology

an approach to studying the etiology of criminal behavior that focuses on both environmental and biological factors such as hormones, genes, and the brain

phrenology

an idea from the 1790s and early 1800s that as different parts of the brain develop to a different degree this could be seen through different bumps on the head; the belief that bumps on certain parts of the head indicated criminology

Edwin Sutherland

an influential American sociologist, active in the first half of the 20th century o he rejected biological and psychological theories of crime o instead, he argued that crime is learned in social contexts through interaction and communication o it's not necessarily about organizational dysfunction; he believed that a group or organization could be well-run, efficient, and cohesive, but still produce social delinquents

Secondary Data Analysis

analysis of existing data collected for other purposes

causal reductionism

assuming a single cause or reason when there were actually multiple causes or reasons

Sociologist Wayne Wooden refers to a juvenile between the ages of 4 and 9 who starts fires because his or her parents are careless as a __________ fire setter.

b. "playing with matches"

According to the Uniform Crime Report, the gender ratio for arrests for prostitution is __________.

b. 2 to 1 - female to male

In their study, Tracy and Kempf-Leonard found that __________ of delinquent offenders desisted from crime as adults.

b. 2/3

Which of the following Constitutional Amendments repealed the prohibition of alcohol?

b. 21st Amendment

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the crime of assault?

b. Assault victims tend to be female.

____________, considered to be the founder of sociology, applied scientific methods to the study of society.

b. Auguste Comte

____________ hypothesized that a certain segment of society was in fact "born criminal" and actually resembled prehistoric cavemen.

b. Cesare Lombroso

Which of the following is NOT one of the three independent, yet overlapping branches of the social structure perspective on crime?

b. Conflict theory

The first international treaty to address the definition and enforcement of cybercrime is the __________.

b. Convention on Cybercrime

The lower-class subculture in cultural deviance theories stresses __________.

b. fearlessness

Which of the following is not a cost associated with victimization?

b. observer costs

specific deterrence

believe that the offender is inhibited from repeating criminal behavior by the unpleasant experience of being punished from the misdeed or the direct experience of punishment by the offender involves reducing recidividism

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): Strengths

best sauce for serious crimes and murder rates

Some traits theorists believe ___________ conditions, including those that are genetically predetermined and those acquired through diet and environment, control and influence antisocial behavior.

biochemical

Macro

broad in scope; explain rates or group dynamics link social structure to those rates/groups

shaw and mckay

built upon Park and Burgess wanted to know if the concentric zone model was a good approach to studying crime and if it would hold up to empirical testing.

how did sampson and groves retest the theory

by resorting to the British crime survey

Which Constitutional Amendment protects the outlawing of material depicting nudity and sexual situations?

c. 1st Amendment

______________ is the willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text.

c. Cyberbullying

Which distinguished criminologist was the first to use the phrase "white-collar" crime?

c. Edwin Sutherland

The term terrorism first became popular as a result of the ______________.

c. French Revolution

Which historical debate did Travis Hirschi and Michael Hindelang resurrect after it had remained dormant for a great period of time?

c. IQ-crime debate

______________ is a type of cybercrime that occurs when a person uses the Internet to impersonate the victim to conduct illegal financial or other unauthorized transactions.

c. Identity theft

_______________ refers to the taking of another's life by the commission of a negligent act, without regard for the harm they may cause others.

c. Involuntary manslaughter

_______________ theory states that some people may initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death.

c. Victim precipitation

Select Observations

choosing to look only at cases that are in accordance with our own beliefs

According to the text's discussion of geographical patterns of crime

cities have higher victimization rates than rural areas.

the oldest and most enduring perspectives of crime

classical theory

According to your text, all of the following are major forms of cybercrime, except:

cybersex

According to political crime expert Randy Borum, the second cognitive stage to becoming a political criminal is referred to as ______________

d. "It's not fair."

What do instrumental Marxists consider as essential to do to criminal justice systems?

d. Demystify the true purpose of law and justice.

According to the text, which of the following is NOT one of major diverging views on the association between the economy and crime rates?

d. There is a strong relation between the economy and crime.

Which of the following is NOT a typical goal of political crime?

d. personal profit

A conspiracy to set and control the value of a necessary commodity is considered _______.

d. price-fixing

A research approach that requires subjects to reveal their own participation in delinquent or criminal acts is/are _________.

d. self-report surveys

Positive relations with individuals and institutions that are life sustaining are called __________.

d. social capital

Ethnographies

detailed descriptive studies of human societies

Behavior that violates social norms and arouses negative social reactions is called

deviance.

Behaviors that violate norms and arouse negative social reactions are called _____.

deviant

Race/ethnicity and crime

differences between arrests and actual offending Some studies show strong correlation between race and arrest. - According to UCR Self-report data do not mirror this relationship Black more likely to be arrested for violent crimes and drug crimes Whites more likely to be arrested for property crime Higher rates among blacks for serious crimes.

Edwin Sutherland's __________ theory centered on peer influences as a prime ingredient in the promotion of criminality.

differential association

What is meant by culture shock?

disorientation when exposed to a different culture

Pastoral society

domesticated animals

According to Merton's adaptation mode model, which of the following are innovators? k. stock manipulators l. con men m. burglars n. identity thieves o. all of the above

e. all

Which of the following can improve/increase our rationality? a. victim experience b. education c. financial hardship d. academic training e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Deviance

equals crime

Natural explanations

events are the result of material, real-world events and factors that are observable

Spiritual explanations

events are the result of other-worldly powers and unseen forces determine guilt

Catharsis Hypothesis

exposure to media violence facilitates the letting-off-of-steam, reducing the likelihood of violence

Precipitation Hypothesis

exposure to media violence will increase the likelihood of violence.

Medelsohn- simulating/imaginary victim

fabrication of victimization event mental disorder

Biological theory is a macro theory.

false Micro NOT macro

Negative punishment means something undesirable is removed from a situation.

false... DESIRABLE

According to the FBI's psychological profiling, one of the core personality characteristics of disorganized criminals/delinquents is that they are socially mature.

false... socially immature

According to general strain theory, strained people may try to lower their outcomes if they believe that they are under-rewarded.

false... to increase their outcomes

theory lend support

findings are consistent with theory.

theory is falsified

findings are inconsistent with theory

Micro

focus is on the individual or very small groups behavior; not focused on broader society's structure but instead interactive processes that lead to criminal behavior

micro-level theories

focus on individual and small group behavior, such as face to face interaction.

Longitudinal

follows respondents over time

Criminals involved in cybervandalism are generally NOT motivated by __________.

greed

learning theories, cultural, sociological, and structural approaches are ________ oriented

group

According to your text, which category of "crime discouragers" is comprised of parole officers and parents?

handlers

Positivism

held that the "laws" of society could be discovered through science

Primary groups

highly personal, caring, long lasting

Much of the research of the three so-called founders of sociology—Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and Karl Marx—was

historical

Economic institution

how goods and services are to be produced and distributed

rationality

humans' ability to anticipate the consequences of different actions and to calculate the most beneficial outcomes

free will

humans' ability to control their own actions and destiny

hedonism

humans' tendency to maximize pleasure and minimize pain

What are values? How do they relate to beliefs and institutions?

idealized shared beliefs thought to be essential to the survival of society,

Secondary groups

impersonal, short-lasting, task\goal oriented

Other Data: Ethnography

in depth on-site study of a particular place or particular group Example: The Stickup Kids

Urban-industrial society

in or near cities, industries

What is a group?

in the sociological sense is (1) 2 or more people who interact over a period of time, (2) has different roles (a division of labor) within it, or (3) is a source of identity for its members.

Material Behavior

includes "tools", mathematics, and language.

In addition to suffering the grief that accompanies any loved one's death, relatives of homicide victims, as well as partners of rape victims, have been found to experience symptoms to those of victims of violent crimes. This has been referred to as

indirect victimization.

In reference to what makes some people more afraid of crime than others, __________ include demographic variables such as age, gender, and race, and crime-related factors such as personal and vicarious victimization.

individual characteristics

Crime

is something that is against the law, sometimes a deviant act

choice structuring

is the process of deciding to act

What is meant by applied sociology?

is the utilization of sociological theory, methods, and skills to collect and analyze data and to communicate the findings to understand and resolve pragmatic problems of clients.

What does the term "multiculturalism" refer to, and what are its pros and cons?

is the view that cultural differences should be respected or even encouraged.

pure research

is to generate research for the sake of advancing knowledge

applied research

is to inform criminal justice system policy and practices

According to the U.S. Constitution, a criminal law forbidding adults to engage in "immoral behavior" could not be enforced because __________.

it is too vague

Four definitions of crime (ch.2)

legal, consensus, conflict, and pluralist

Gendered pathways approach (Daly, qualitative study)

limitations: probation officer's perspective, not representative of women who commit crimes criminal pathways for women: street, harmed & harming, drug connected, battered, other Emphasis on victimization, substance abuse and economic deprivation --> but this matters for men too

According to the text, most Americans said that there was __________ in comparison to one year earlier.

more crime

Women are __________ likely to be attacked by someone they know than by a stranger.

more than twice as

Studies estimate that about one in every __________ shoppers steals from department stores.

nine

Which of the following is NOT a principle of life course theory?

no an

Stats say one thing; people think another

o "Opinion surveys regularly find that Americans believe crime is up, even when the data show it is down" o Pew Research Center survey 2016): 57% of registered voters said crime had gotten worse since 2008, but federal data show that violent and property crimes declined by double-digit percentages in that period

Mendelsohn

o "father of victimology" -Coined term in mid 1940's. o Classified victims based on culpability—responsibility for blame

Why does public opinion matter?

o "moral entrepreneurs" can sway values, norms o "public outrage" stigmatizes/approves certain practices (p.16) o Elected officials know that public opinion impacts their reelection prospects!

Lombroso's assumptions

o 1) humans have unique characteristics, or predispositions, that lead some people to commit crimes under certain conditions o 2) such characteristics are fixed and unchanging o 3) biological features can be assessed as good or bad using scientific measures

Wolfgang

o First to empirically investigate victimization • Examined 565 homicides to see what extent victims precipitated homicide.

There is a tendency to incorrectly believe that crime is worse than it had been in the past, in part attributable to:

o Improvements in our Data-Gathering o Increased reporting o Social changes following the stability of the post-war era of the 1940's and 50's o Victim surveys indicate crime rates are decreasing

Cesare Lombroso

o Italian criminologist (1835-1909) o trained in medicine and forensic science • focused work on prison population o applied his understanding of human anatomy to the study of violent behavior o said there is no single "criminal type" but rather certain traits that, when combined, predict increased criminal behavior o scholars like Cesare Lombroso and Rafaela Garrofalo rejected Beccaria and Bentham for being vague and unscientific o thought you could see "atavistic" characteristics in physical traits "father of modern criminology"

Victim Facilitation

o Victim unintentionally makes it easier for the offender to commit the crime • Victim may be the catalyst for the situation

Shafer

o Victims have functional responsibility to avoid provoking others to commit crime • Mixture between personal characteristic ( Von Hentig) and behaviors ( Mendelsohn) • Unrelated victims, provocative victims, biologically weak victims, socially weak victims, political victims, etc.

Sigmund Freud

o believed that the unconscious mind is the source of anxiety, anger, and conflict in humans o "founder of modern mental health therapies" o Guilt is a basic conflict in every person. We deal with in in one of 2 ways: sublimation or repression o these coping strategies can lead to crime when the conflicted person seeks a quick fix/diversion

hormones

o chemicals that carry messages from glands to cells within tissues or organs o 2 types: steroids and peptides dopamine and serotonin (which affect mood and self-restraint) are neurotransmitters

"Causal agents" of crime (has been identified in academic studies as causing crime at some point)

o chromosomes o nervous system disruption o hormones o neurotransmitters o genes o brain lesions, brain trauma

3 main components of the CJS

o police o courts o corrections

Cross-sectional

one survey, at one point in time

Strangers commit about __________ of assault, rape or sexual assault, or robbery victimizations, with the remainder committed by family members, friends, or acquaintances.

one-third

Regarding the time and place of occurrence of crimes, the text points out that

only 20 percent of all household thefts occur at night.

According to the text's discussion of the economic and medical costs and consequences of victimization

only about 18 percent of victims who had money or property stolen can expect to recover all of it.

For Part II offenses the FBI reports

only the number of people arrested.

phenomena

ordered as either causes or effects

Religion\science instituion

ordering and explaining every thing and event in the universe (provides comfort, "reason" counters chaos}

classical theory

originates from the early writings of Cesare Beccaria

General crime trends

overall declining since 90s - violent - property SES - inverse relationship Race - arrests vs. actual - arrest discrepancy - drug crimes are equal between races Property crime vs. violent crime Arrests going up for drug crime, but use is going down

Scholarly investigation of media crime coverage reveal that the news media

overdramatize crime.

The National Crime Victim Survey shows that violent crimes are more likely to take place in a __________.

park

Which of the following is NOT a sentence geared toward a chronic or career offender?

parole

Institutions

patterns of behavior, built up through time, which solve problems for humans (so that they may survive)

According to the text's discussion of public opinion about crime: -people have many strong opinions about the causes of crime and the punishment of criminals. -public views about crime topics are always well informed. -most media coverage of violent crime is neither sensationalistic or alarmist. -none of the above

people have many strong opinions about the causes of crime and the punishment of criminals.

Role of power & inequality in conflict theory

power: those who have power want to hoard it, create definitions to preserve own power inequality: law helps bolster it, integrate race & gender

deterrence

prevention of a certain act or acts (such as crime)

Why did Ottolenghi, Lombroso, and their contemporaries reject Beccaria's ideas?

rejected classical penology as abstract, unscientific, and out of touch with the facts

Deviance is a(n) __________ concept.

relative

Cross-sectional time series

repeated surveys but of different people

The text points out that most feminist scholars who have studied rape find the notion of victim-precipitated rape to be

repugnant

Hierarchy rule

requires the police to report only the most serious offense committed in a multiple offense-single incident to the FBI Two exceptions: - human trafficking - arson

Out groups

seen negatively, in competition with one's in group

Looking glass self

self is socially constructed, performative

In criminology, surveys are a popular way of gathering "__________" data on crime and delinquency.

self-report

core traits of a psychopath

self: intelligent, selfish, shameless, guiltless, impulsive, no life plan, intolerant relations with others: superficial, disconnected, impersonal, unreliable, disloyal, deceptive, lack of empathy, unable to sustain friendships relations to society: disregard norms/rules/obligations (p.105)

The text points out that race is a __________ construction.

social

All societies have standards of behaviors called _____.

social norms

If girls are raised to be less assertive, less dominant, and more gentle and nurturing, crime rates will be lower. This suggests a ____ explanation of lower crime rates.

sociological

empirical evidence by Shaw and mackay

some authors found Shaw and MacKay's theory held for data between the 40's and 50's but not for data from the 50's to the 70's - other have argued that the structural characteristics have no effect on crime after controlling for individual level characteristics

theoretical expression

sorting out causes and effects

Relabeling and upcriming

status offenses being relabeled as violence; mandatory arrest for IPV

why do we still study biological theories of crime

still have some resonance of truth despite flawed ideas

Which of the following individuals is most likely to victimize a man in a violent attack?

stranger

social capital

structure and process of relationships that can facilitate or inhibit access to resources and action for mutual benefit. (resources in your social network)

According to investigations cited in the text, which of the following groups of college students have been found to be more likely to be crime victims?

students who spend more money on nonessential items

In his most famous study, the French sociologist Emile Durkheim determined that __________ has social roots.

suicide

egoisitic suicide

suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group

extent

sum total of delinquent acts committed by the group

Cybervandals have developed a new form of "entertainment" known as __________, which involves calling 911 and faking a major emergency or crime that draws a quick response from law enforcement officials.

swatting

Clarke and Cornish proposed

that individuals' behaviors are characterized by "limited" or "bounded" rationality

In the industrial world, __________ is the worst offender for violent crime.

the United States

equal environments assumption (EEP)

the ___ ____ ____ states the environmental experiences of identical twins are no more similar than are the environmental experiences of fraternal twins.

Sociological imagination

the ability to see the link between society and self

What is the "Hawthorne Effect?"

the alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed. you know your being observed.

System Capacity Argument

the belief that areas with high crime rates have low arrest rates because the police have many more crimes to investigate and also realize that too many crimes would overburden the criminal justice system

positivism

the belief that it is possible to identify causes of phenomena using scientific methods

Deterrence Theory

the belief that the threat or application of legal punishment prevents criminal behavior

Atavism

the condition of being less developed than "normal" people; a genetic throwback to an earlier physical and social form of person

Dark figure of crime

the crime that goes unreported. highly concentrated at non-serious end of the spectrum

Caveat to the crime curve

the curve exists for everyone, but its shape is slightly different for different groups -peaks earlier for females than males -higher and wider for minority male youths -peaks later for violence than property crime

What is meant by "cultural imperialism"?

the deliberate imposition of one's own cultural values on another culture

Cesare Lombroso

the father of positivism; he believed that criminals were underdeveloped forms of humans and exhibited a wide range of atavistic stigmata, indicating their less developed state.

Dark Figure of Crime

the gap between reported/unreported crimes

Increases in UCR rapes since the 1970s probably reflect

the greater willingness of rape victims to notify the police.

collective efficacy highlighted

the greatest addition made to the original social disorganization proposal which highlighted the fact that some neighborhoods considered "disorganized", actually had high levels of organization

Folkways

the least serious ( don't put elbows in the table, etc.)

Certainty

the likelihood of being arrested

The view that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to those of men is __________.

the masculinity hypothesis

pardon

the official decision to reverse a criminal conviction, making the accused person free and absolved (as if the conviction never happened) Per the U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 2: "the President "shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment." purposes: o temper justice with mercy o make allowance for new evidence that comes to light after an adjudication of guilt o incentivize cooperation with criminal investigation o protect against insurrection

severity

the painfulness or unpleasantness of a sanction

"The Lockdown"

the part of the book where Alexander makes the case for how the criminal justice system turns drug suspects into lifelong offenders by: o 1) imposing harsh sentences for minor offenses o 2) limiting or eliminating judicial discretion o 3) saddling people with the prison label

Social facts

the results of sociological research on various social categories that are usually respresented by way of figures, graphs, maps

C. Wright Mills referred to the ability to understand the structural and historical basis for personal troubles as

the sociological imagination.

Guardianship

the spatiotemporal supervision of the targets (people or property) by other individuals or structures that may prevent criminal events

What do "statics" and "dynamics" refer to? What is meant by "positivism?"

the structures of society: institutions in equilibrium), how and why societies change or evolve through time as related to disequilibrium

Which of the following types of crime is spread most evenly throughout the social structure?

theft

Hirschi and Gottfreason

they argue that the age-crime curve is invariant across: -time and place -demographic groups -types of crime

empirical support for Sampson and groves social disorganization theory

this perspective has received a large amount of support • this study was replicated twice and results were replicated • several studies have found that the structural characteristics have a large effect on crime, mostly by their effect on social disorganization within the community

mala prohibita crimes

those that have been prohibited by legislative action (bad because they were legislated as bad)

Spencer analogized society to what?

to a human organism

Contemporary Criminologist

trace the roots of criminological explanation of behavior to the Enlightment period of the late 18th century with Volaire, Rousseau, and Locke who were early philosophers who emphasized REASON over BLINDFAITH and SUPERSTITION.

One of the two new forms of theft that appeared in the 19th century was __________.

train robbery

large "have-not" class

transient/day workers, factory workers, peasants, unskilled labor, beggars, the infirm, subsistence farmers

rational choice theory definition

treat the offender as a passive actor in the crime, influenced solely by internal or external forces that pushed him/her in to criminal activity, not having an active role in the decision-making process

According to Merton's adaptation model, one of the best examples for retreatists is the alcoholic.

true

According to Merton's adaptation model, one of the best examples for ritualists is chronic welfare recipients.

true

According to Merton's adaptation model, one of the best examples for ritualists is hedonists.

true

According to Messner and Rosenfeld, the ideology of economic supremacy can create an environment conducive to crime/delinquency.

true

According to cognitive theory, exemplar model is more suitable to describe the unique characteristics of criminal offenders/victims than prototype model.

true

According to cognitive theory, prototype model will allow criminologists to describe the general characteristics of criminal offenders/victims.

true

According to rational choice theory, one of the methods for criminologists and sociologists to determine whether the criminals/delinquents will receive certain punishments is to measure the incarceration rates of arrested criminals.

true

Adolphe Quetelet is a positivist.

true

Based on the biological and psychological explanations of crime/delinquency, we can assume that the most effective way to stop crime is having criminal offenders treated.

true

Both Ronald Clarke and Marcus Felson are modern rational choice theorists.

true

Bounded rationality has received some support from the literature for some crimes, but pure rationality has not received support true or false

true

Classic rational choice theorists assume that people usually can make rational decisions, regardless of decision maker's emotional status or education level.

true

Some reliable theories are invalid

true

collective efficacy is not evenly distributed across neighborhoods true or false

true

white-collar crime applies more rational choice decision making processes than street crime true or false

true

Some studies have proposed that the perceptions of disorder rather than actual physical disorder as more associated with crime true or false

true perceived disorder >people move away > larger residential turnover and instability > weak social networks > more crime

Meldelsohn- Victim with minor guilt.

victimized due to ignorance, or inadvertently puts themselves in harms way

Mendelsohn- most guilty victim

victimized during preparation of crime or as a result of crime

Education institution

ways of passing on cultural knowledge

A recent study of immigration and crime in California found that noncitizen men ages 18 to 40 ________.

were 8 times less likely than US-born men to be in a correctional setting

Culture lag

when change occurs, some aspects of culture change more slowly than others (ideology being the most conservative)

If we consider __________ crime along with street crime, there probably is no relationship between social class and criminality.

white-collar

According to the text's discussion of the relationship between race, ethnicity, and victimization

whites are more likely than blacks to be violent crime victims.

According to the text's discussion of racial and ethnic stereotyping in reference to crime,

whites tend to think they are more likely to be victims of crimes committed by people of color.

According to the text's discussion of gender and crime

women's crime rates are much lower than men's.

According to the text's discussion of the fear of crime,

women's high fear of crime reflects their fear of rape.

Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham

writings characterized what is commonly known as the classical school of criminology.

Could counterculture be a subculture?

yes it is a subculture whose values and norms of behavior differ substantially from those of mainstream society, often in opposition to mainstream cultural mores.

Is language part of culture?

yes, it is used in material behavior which have "tools", language and mathematics.

empirical finding on routine activity on the highest frequency of victimization was on

young unmarried males

Rediscovery

young women were never "not" violent they were stereotyped as such

Part I Index Crimes: Property Crime Index

• Burglary • Larceny/theft • Motor vehicle theft • Arson

Consensus

-Most members of society agree on what is right and wrong and various institutions in society work together toward a shared vision of the greater good -The law serves the collective will of the people and serves all people equally

tautology

-a single proposition, not an argument, that is true due to its form alone -A implies A -Teenagers who engage in risky behavior like drinking and smoking pot are likely to engage in illegal behaviors like drinking and smoking pot

NCVS findings indicate that most violent crime victims passively let the crime occur, with fewer than 25 percent trying to keep the crime from being completed.

False

Over fifty percent of violent crime is committed by teenagers

False

Perhaps the first scientific criminologist was the French sociologist Emile Durkheim.

False

Public sentencing preferences are dramatically different among major demographic subgroups.

False

Race is what sociologists call a "social construction," meaning something that is real rather than something that is made up.

False

Random-digit dialing requires a separate procedure in order to yield random samples of respondents.

False

Repeat victimization is a fairly rare occurrence.

False

Scholarly investigations of media crime coverage suggest that news media seldom overdramatize crime.

False

The "three strikes and you're out" legislation required the death penalty for people convicted of a third violent felony

False

The media's over-reporting of crime tends to focus on property offenses.

False

True or false: victims are more likely to be injured with stranger robberies than with acquaintance robberies

False

When the U.S. Congress investigated the "Watergate" scandal, it was Chief Counsel to the President, John Dean who became famous for repeatedly asking about President Nixon, "What did he know and when did he know it?"

False

True or false: Aggravated assault is in the minority of violent crimes

False- is the majority

What does it means when a crime is cleared?

It happens when at least 1 person is given over for arrest or some element beyond police control stops an arrest

Explain the 1994-2010 trend for IPV

It has decreased 60% for men and women as a whole

Which of the following is one of the major advantages the NCVS has over the UCR?

It involves a very large random sample of the US population.

Which of the following is NOT an explanation for the "aging out of crime" phenomenon?

It is a deterrent effect of the criminal justice system.

Typically, how does a crime become known to the police?

It is reported to the police by the victim.

What happened with the IndieMac bank scandal?

It led to no prosecution and showed that it's hard to prove criminal intent

Which of the following is a recognized critique of the UCR?

It seriously underestimates the number of crimes committed each year.

What are some problems with official estimates of burglary?

It's hard to prove intent to commit burglary and only the most serious crimes are reported to the UCR

Homicide- define

It's the killing of one human being by another; 2 types are justifiable/excusable (aka self-defense) and criminal

In the late 1950s, __________ conducted what has since become a classic, self-report, longitudinal study, wherein they concluded that delinquency was not confined to youths from lower-or working-class backgrounds.

James F. Short Jr. and F. Ivan Nye

Race, Ethnicity, and crime

Latinos have higher rates of street crime than non-latino whites for several reasons: 1. Greater poverty and greater likelihood of living in rundown neighborhoods

In regards to media coverage, which of the following has been identified as contributing to providing the public with a misleading picture of the crime problem?

Reporters failing to provide the social and/or historical context for the information presented in the crime story

Victimology

Study of victims

__________ law is a branch of criminal law that defines both crimes and their corresponding punishments.

Substantive

self-report

Surveys asking respondent to report on their own level of criminal activity. +longitudinal, more detailed questions about crime/lives, catch crime that wasn't reported -inaccurate recall, different interpretations, doesn't reach everyone, tend to underreport deviant behavior

Who defined white collar crime?

Sutherland

Braginski et al (1969)

They conducted a study of long term psychiatric patients and found that inmates manipulated symptoms to appear 'not well enough' to be discharged but 'not sick enough' to be confined to a ward, therefore they were able to achieve their aims of free movement around the hospital.

Most crimes are NOT Index Crimes

True

There are some crimes in which victims seem to play an active role in their own victimization.

True

True or false: Experts say that the prefrontal cortex isn't fully developed until 30 now as opposed to 25 as it was said in the past

True

True or false: There has been an increase in mass shootings.

True

True or false: murder/non-negligent manslaughter rates are the smallest % of violent crimes

True

True or false: only 55% of domestic abuse cases are reported to the cops

True

True or false: rape/sexual assault rates peaked in the early 90's and have been declining ever since

True

True or false: there has been a decrease in the number of unmarried men killed by their partners

True

True or false: there has been an increase in the number of stranger homicides

True

Various government reports indicate that between 1.5 million and 2.5 million children are reported missing each year, but most missing children are in fact runaways.

True

When the police do record a crime, an arrest is the exception and not the rule.

True

True or false and explain: burglars usually return to to scene of the crime

True- could be to take replacement goods, burglar already knows house's layout, and there usually won't be a change in security after the burglary

Know what is mean by the term "cycle of violence."

Victimized as a child maybe more likely to commit crimes adult victims may seek revenge against their attackers.

According to political scientist James Q. Wilson in his classic 1975 book entitled Thinking About Crime, whom does he suggest commits a vast majority of crime?

Wicked

A __________________ is a computer program that looks like a benign application but contains illicit codes that damage the system's operation.

b. Trojan horse

What large-scale event created fertile soil for the spread of conflict theory in the late 1960s and early 1970s?

b. Vietnam War

A peacemaking technique in which offenders, victims and other community members are brought together to formulate a sanction is called _________.

b. a sentencing circle

A typosquat website is a website where __________.

b. deliberately registered web names with typos direct people surfing the Internet to pornography sites by mistake

Quetelet's pioneering research of crime in the 19th century _________:

b. identified many relationships between crime and social phenomena that serve as a basis for criminology today.

Downes and Rock

They argue that it cannot be predicted who follows a deviant career; it is a personal choice.

Which of the following ideas was advanced at the University of Chicago?

They attributed high crime rates to certain social and physical conditions.

Social categories

a collection of people that have certain characteristics or traits in common, but they tend not to interact with each other on a regular basis

Mendelsohn- victim as guilty offender/voluntary victim

bears as much responsibility as offender victim enters suicide pact

Meldelsohn- completely innocent victim

bears no responsibility child

Deviance

behavior outside society's expectations • The boundaries of deviant behavior may vary by social context

White-collar ___________ often take bribes in order to use their positions to grant favors and sell information to which their co-conspirators are not entitled.

c. influence peddlers

Security traders using inside business information for personal profit is known as ________________.

c. insider trading

Which of Hirschi's four bonds is illustrated by membership in school activities, religious groups, and social clubs?

c. involvement

The overwhelming majority of criminologists believe that capital punishment has _________.

c. little if any deterrent effect

Who is the founder of modern criminology? f. William Sheldon g. Richard Dugdale h. Cesare Lombroso i. Charles Goring j. Adophe Quetelet

c. lombroso

According to the text, which of the following is NOT an example of a possible latent trait?

c. low self-control

In theory, violent behaviors are more likely to be perpetrated by people with _____ level of testosterone and ______ level of serotonin. a. high, high b. low, high c. high, low d. low, low e. all of the above

c. high, low

According to __________ theory, sharp divisions between the rich and poor create an atmosphere of envy and mistrust that may lead to violence and aggression.

c. strain

What type of treatment program is required as part of a probation order or diversionary sentence?

c. tertiary prevention program

According to Stuart Green, the main reason white-collar criminals are treated more leniently than lower class offenders is __________.

c. the perception that white collar crime is clouded by moral ambiguity

Studies measuring neurological impairment have found that violent criminals have impairment of __________.

c. the prefrontal lobes of the brain

According to statistics, women are likely to report rape when _________.

c. the rapist used a weapon

The goal of a political criminal involving crime as a way to achieve social improvement is known as __________.

conviction

basic idea of biological criminology

crime is "in the blood"; inherited behaviors

According to Sutherland and Cressy, one of the most important areas of interest to criminalists is the area of crime where criminologists believe that social factors are at the root cause of crime. This area is known as __________.

crime is a social phenomenon

property crime

crime that includes theft and destruction of property

origin of social disorganization

crime was a social product. • The social disorganization theory was developed in this mindset and in the very particular social context of the 1920's and 30's in the US, characterized by industrialization, urbanization and immigration.

Instrumental offenses

crimes committed for material gain and with some degree of planning

Mill and Hart say.....

criminal law exists to prevent people from doing harm to others; if they aren't hurting anyone than the law should stay out of people's private moral conduct

Edwin Sutherland defined _____ as the study of making laws, breaking laws and society's reaction to the breaking of laws.

criminology

androcentric bias

a definition of males and male experience as a neutral standard or norm, and females and female experience as a sex-specific deviation from that norm -why do women commit so little crime instead of why do men commit so much

Which of the following is NOT one of the major federal environmental laws used to combat green-collar crime in the U.S.?

a. Chemical Reduction and Control Act

__________ is a type of white-collar crime that includes price-fixing, false advertising, and anti-trust violations.

a. Corporate crime

Congress began treating computer-related crime as a distinct federal offense with the passage of the ________________ Act in 1984.

a. Counterfeit Access Device and Computer Fraud and Abuse

Which of the following statements correctly applies to the crime of stalking?

a. Many stalking cases are dropped by the courts even though the stalkers often have extensive criminal histories.

According to Ronald Clarke's CRAVED model of theft, the appropriation of property is most likely to occur when the target is __________.

a. a mobile item

Sociologist Joseph Gusfield asserts that the purpose of outlawing immoral acts is to _______.

a. show the moral superiority of those who condemn the acts over those who partake of them

The perception by community members that the outside world has set out to destroy the neighborhood is referred to as __________.

a. siege mentality

Which theory holds that the conditions within the urban environment will affect crime rates?

a. social disorganization theory

Which one of the following is NOT one of the theoretical explanations for terrorism discussed in the text?

a. social learning

By integrating the concepts of ____________ and criminality, Gottfredson and Hirschi help explain why some people who lack self-control can escape criminality, and conversely, why some people who have self-control might not escape.

a. socialization

This theory holds that after experiencing criminal sanctions that are swift, severe, and powerful, the criminal will not repeat his/her criminal acts.

a. specific deterrence

According to the concept of _______________, kids who have the propensity to commit crime will find that this latent trait profoundly and permanently disrupts normal socialization.

a. state dependence

The type of crime arising from the efforts of the government to maintain power or uphold the race and gender advantages of those who support the government is _________.

a. state political crime

Sexual relations between an underage individual and an adult is defined as _________.

a. statutory rape

According to recent statistics, most child abuse is committed by __________.

a. the child's mother

Which of the following factors does NOT determine whether a theft will be considered as petty or grand larceny in most state statutes?

a. the insurance settlement

What does it mean to say that crime is "contextual"? Is this the same as saying that crime is "relative" to something?

"Criminal harm takes different forms depending on the historical period, specific context, social setting, location, or situation in which it occurs." p.14 - depends on factors around it - relative --> 2 separate acts of criminal behavior may be condemned by the same society but determined to be major or minor in comparison with each other

Who was Durkheim? Why is he important to criminology?

"On the Normal and Pathological" Society of Saints/Society of Sinners - Breaking a rule that they hold to be important that is normative to them, but may not be normative to us. -What becomes deviance is redefined. -Norms change based on society, so deviance changes based on society. There is no single definition of deviance. -There are always things that people are going to find unacceptable.

______________ theory holds that crime rates are influenced and controlled by the threat and/or application of criminal punishment.

d. General deterrence

_________ theory states that intelligence is largely determined genetically and that low intelligence is linked to criminal behavior.

d. Nature

_____________ is defined as a repeated pattern of cruel and demeaning behavior.

d. Sadistic personality disorder

__________ theory says that everyone has the potential to become a criminal, but most people do not because of their bonds to society.

d. Social control

All of the following major issues are chief concerns of contemporary critical criminologists, except:

d. The lack of educational opportunities for American youth

____________ theory proclaims that there is more than a single path to crime; thus there are different classes and types of criminals.

d. Trajectory

According to Freudian theory, females are inherently ________. a. jealous b. passive c. inferior d. a, b, and c e. none of the above

d. a,b, & c

Both mechanical and organic solidities are types of interpersonal interaction/social cohesion. Mechanic solidarity usually can be found in places like ________. a. Lafayette, LA b. Houston, TX c. Washington DC d. Mauice, LA e. New Orleans, LA

d. maurice, la

The victims of public corruption are __________.

d. the general public

Which of the following is NOT one of the key stages of the "violentization process" offered by criminologist Lonnie Athens?

d. uncontrollable violence stage

According to the Sherman and Bork study of domestic violence in Minneapolis, _______.

d. when police arrested the offenders, recidivism was substantially less

Which category of people has the highest risk of victimization?

d. young African American males

Symbolic interactionism

developed by early sociologists named Mead and Blumer that focuses on the shared meanings of social life. this includes differential association and learning, routine activities, social control, reintegrative shaming

Family Revenge Model

dominant during the fuedal era Trial by battle Victim or victim's family would fight the offender or offender's family Trial by ordeal The accused was subject to a test that would determine his/her innocence.

Agricultural society

draft animals, irrigation, terracing

Spurious relationship between independent and dependent variables can only be found in macro theories, such as conflict theory.

false ALL theories

According to criminal biologists, the genetic/chromosome makeup of the so-called super males is XXY.

false XYY

All scientific theories are valid.

false.. some not all

One of the process theories in Criminology/Juvenile Delinquency study is subculture theory.

false...

Totally, Lombroso identifies 27 physical characteristics which, he argues, may directly cause crime/delinquency.

false... 37

In Gesellschaft, people tend to pay more attention to ascribed statuses than individual achievements.

false... ACHIEVED STATUES

According to Carl Jung, gays' criminal/delinquent behaviors should come from the biological/native side of animus.

false... ANIMA

Given that people have reasoning capacity to calculate the possible outcome(s) of their actions, severe punishments usually can effectively deter crime.

false... CANNOT

One of the most influential perspectives of classic strain theory is differential opportunity theory. Such a perspective is developed by Robert Merton.

false... CLOWARD & OHLIN

Modeling theory of crime is developed by Sigmund Freud (i.e., Freud is the founder of modeling theory).

false... G. Tarde

In terms of the possibility of being killed by the police at crime scene, unarmed robbery usually is riskier than armed robbery.

false... LESS risky

According to Eysenck's cluster theory, people with the following personality traits are called sociopaths: High Extrovert + Low Neuroticism + Low Psychoticism

false... STABLE EXTROVERTS

Sigmund Freud contends that human conscience comes from the mental element of id.

false... SUPEREGO

According to Merton's adaptation model, one of the best examples for rebels is problem

false... Social Reformers

From the perspective of psychology, people with t-personality are sensation seekers (t: thrill).

false... T-personality

No scientific theory is reliable

false... are not is

According to institutional anomie theory, strain will be experienced by unemployed people only.

false... change "unemployed people only" to "all social members"

Modern rational choice theorists generally believe that crimes are replaceable or functionally equivalent.

false... classic not modern

The main purpose for criminologists to propose criminological theories is to help people understand the root cause of delinquent acts. That means whenever criminologists decide to propose a new theory, they should incorporate as many ideas/concepts into their theoretical statements as possible.

false... few Not many

Emile Durkheim argues that anomie usually will take place in pre-industrial or simple societies, like the Acadian village of the 19th-century Louisiana.

false... industrial societies

Robert Merton proposes a typology of social adaptation to see how people deal with stressful situations. The category ritualism is best exemplified by human smugglers.

false... monk

general deterrence

refers to the idea that punishing offenders has a discouraging effect on other would-be offenders or indirectly/ vicariously experiencing punishment involves reducing crime rates

According to DSM-IV, one of the behavioral characteristics of oppositional defiant disorder (or antisocial personality disorder) is that a child will argue frequently with his/her parents/legal guardians for at least 6 months.

true

According to Hans Eysenck's cluster theory, someone may commit suicide if this person scores high on the introversion scale.

true

According to Merton's adaptation model, one of the best examples for rebels is anarchists.

true

According to Merton's adaptation model, one of the best examples for rebels is terrorists.

true

According to Merton's adaptation model, one of the best examples for retreatists is bohemians.

true

According to sociobiology, some males got involved in crimes (especially violent crimes) because their behaviors, to an extent, are still directed by the instinct of hunting.

true

Adolphe Quetelet argues that both average men and born criminals will exhibit invariable propensity in their behaviors.

true

Generally speaking, big and/or heavy things (e.g., locked car and gun safe) are hard targets for burglars.

true

Generally speaking, convenience stores without any security apparatuses, single women who return home during nighttime, prostitutes who "do business" after midnight, and secluded houses are all suitable targets for motivated offenders.

true

Generally speaking, kids from single parent-headed families are more likely to experience strain than their counterparts who are from families where both parents are present.

true

Lombroso uses the two concepts of criminal man and born criminal to explain the relationship between physical features and crime/delinquency.

true

Which of the following is NOT included in Edwin Sutherland's typology of professional thieves?

wholesaler

social event approach

• there are so many pieces in the criminal justice process, and this is all reflective of how social life runs • one way that a society makes sense of changes in values, roles, technologies, and borders is through crimes and attendant controversies

police searches and consent

• without a warrant, police cannot search you/your possessions unless there is clear probable cause • many people do not know this • judicial opinion has recognized the difficulty

Criticisms of Public officials

1. Public officials are influenced by a small, wealthy, powerful elite than by the general public. 2. Majority opinion may violate democratic principles of fairness, equality, and justice. (ex: slaverly) Public opinion that violates democratic principles should not influence public policy. Public opinion is also often inaccurate.

What are some ways of defining deviance?

Absolutists: These things are always deviant all of the time. Statistical: Anybody whose within a couple of standard deviations within the mean is not deviant. Rarity. Biological Harm Criminal Normative-most useful - Whatever violates our norms-malleable definition because our norms are constantly changing. -Deviant behavior has to cause some type of reaction in order for it to be considered deviant. Reactive Deviance is a kind of relationship, of an act to the consensus of a society (or more simply norms). Deviance is a label attached to people and acts, specifically those that result in disapproval, condemnation, and hostility. We know its deviant because you are opening yourself up to social sanctions.

Legal Defenses to Criminal Liability

Accident or mistake, Ignorance, Duress, Self-Defense, Entrapment, & Insanity

Sentencing Preferences

Are fairly similar among major demographic subgroups

Adolphe Quetelet (1976-1874)

Belgian astronomer and mathematician who gathered and analyzed crime data in France. Found that crime rates remained fairly stable over time and were higher for young adults than for the elderly. Also found that crime is higher among men and the poor than among women and the non-poor.

How does sociological perspective relate to criminology?

Benefits: critically assess the truth of common sense, see opportunities versus constraints in our lives, more we understand societal operations the more active and educated citizens we become, helps us navigate in a diverse world, aids us to think critically about life. People within a given society growing up in various locations and under different socioeconomic circumstances also tend to act and think differently.

Social Connections

Classist people with higher income can get out of arrests

Measurement of Crime

Clery Act Statistics, UCR, NCVS, Self-Report

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

Includes the context of crime, such as the time of day and physical setting in which it occurs. Characteristics of the crime victims--> gender, race, income, extent of injury, & relationships with offenders. Includes sexual assaults short of rape, whereas the UCR excludes them.

NIBRS

National Incident-Based Reporting System -Newer program (1982-1998)

How do we research crime?

Research is certainly a fundamental part of criminology. As is true of research in sociology and the other social and natural sciences, criminological research often asks whether one variable influences another variable. Research typically tests whether the independent variable is associated with the dependent variable, that is, whether the degree of adolescents' attachment to their parents is related to the extent of their delinquency.

Debunking Motif (Berger)

Research often exposes false claims about reality and taken-for-granted assumptions about social life and institutions.

What do the Saints and Roughnecks and Salem Witch trials teach us about deviance?

Salem Witch Trials: Wayward Puritans -Classic example of functionalist research --Erikson looks at Puritan communities in pre-USA colonies -Experience witch trials -Outcomes: There were probably no witches at all, what was the function of society that caused them to have these witch trials? -Found: These things were timed just as there were real threats to the normative community - they experienced a period of growth and they were not all puritans, church lost lease to its land. Very public trial could shut down other viewpoint - established the norms and put puritan values at the forefront of that community. Witch trials helped line up with puritan belief that the world might end, helped strengthen their beliefs. -Why this need? --Function of "deviance" waves? --It united the community together, refocused everyone on puritan values, they had to watch their behavior, put on shows of piety. --They needed that deviance outbreak because it provided such a strong function for that society. --There was no deviant behavior. --Function of deviance, without the actual act.

What are some correlations to the social dimensions of crime (social class, race, age, gender)?

Social Class: While "street crime" arrest rates for lower social class members is relatively high, criminologists have argued the significance of class and crime. One problem is the definition of social class. Another problem is bias within the criminal justice system from arrest to guilty verdict to incarceration. Measures of class vary -- employment and income -> high correlation occupation and education -> low correlation Race: Blacks represent about half of all arrests despite being a much smaller proportion of the nation 1 in every 3 black males born around 2001 will spend at least some time in prison (33%) Again, defining race is an issue, as is bias within the CJ system Structural Factors -- SES-low income, few jobs, inadequate health resources. Family-single parent homes, low resources. Education-inadequate childhood & teen education, lack of role models. Juvenile justice system-bias & labeling. Age: 6% of population between 13-18 -- this age range accounts for 18% of total arrests each year and 30% of major crimes. 21.5 % of population between 10-24 [This age range accounts for nearly half of totals arrests each year.] Crime involvement decreases around 25. Gender: Low rates of female involvement. Cultural factors - Socialization, role expectations, reluctance of police and courts to arrest and sentence female offenders. Biological - aggression, size.

Social Bonding Theory

This theory emphasized the criminogenic effects of weak bonds to social institutions. Less of a macro-structural theory than the idea of social disorganization.

What kinds of crimes?

UCR: - Part 1 offenses (Violent personal crimes and property crimes) - Oldest set of crime statistics - Part 1: murder, rape, burglary, robbery, larceny/theft, arson, aggravated assault, motor vehicle theft - 4 violent crimes, 4 non-violent crimes NIBRS: -Data collected on circumstance of serious crimes - 46 crimes -Also collects data on 11 lesser offenses

Advantages and disadvantages of each dataset?

UCR: Problems with UCR: -Reporting --Dark figure of crime-crimes unreported not included --Trust of/confidence in police --Retaliation --Shame --Less than 40% of crimes reported --Value of items stolen for instance --Number of crimes that go unreported are not included -Law Enforcement Practices --Definitions of crimes differ across jurisdictions --Definitions of arrests --Skewed numbers for public relations --Only crimes reported to police (or discovered) get reported - better record of police practice and behavior --Certain ways to get around crimes showing up in the crime rate-report a cell phone as missing rather than being stolen -Methodological Issues --Most serious crime reported --Number of victims-robbery vs. murder --Incomplete vs. Completed Acts --Hierarchy Rule: Only the most serious crime counts NIBRS: Advantage: incident-based system. Every crime that takes place is going to be accounted for. More data and it collects on a much wider spectrum of crimes. -Task: more useful and complete victim and offender characteristics -Advantages: Wide range of crimes, more detail per crime, all crimes committed are reported -Criticism: not yet fully implemented -One problem is doesn't overcome: still underreporting crime (still institutional data) NCVS:Advantage: uncovers unreported crime Criticisms: -No inclusion of murder, arson, crimes against businesses (Shoplifting, burglary, robberies, credit card fraud) -Over reporting - misinterpret crime definitions -Underreporting - embarrassment, memory Exaggerations and falseness become a problem when asking someone about a crime that was committed against them Maybe you just provide answers because people are asking questions--desire to please

Limitations of NCVS

Underrporting: 1. Victims of several crimes may forget or decline to tell NCVS interviewers. 2. Underestimation can also be attributed to the fact that NCVS calls households, if someone does not have a home phone or a home at all they will not be able to answer. 3. Ignores white collar crime altogether

UCR

Uniform Crime Report - Begun by FBI in 1929 - Develop consistent statistics of crime

Self Report Studies

Uses interviewers, as well as questionnaires that respondents fill out themselves. Typically focuses on adolescents delinquent and criminal behavior. Can indicate prevalence of offending (the proportion of respondents who have committed a particular offense) as well as incidence of offending (average number of offenses per person)

Implication #4

Why do we label that ac rime? Sociology consensus vs. conflict. Norms and deviance.

Amir

*VICTIM BLAMING* • Student of Wolfgang's, examined rapes from 1958-1960 in Philadelphia o Defined rapes as "victim precipitated" o Alcohol, bad reputations, revealing clothing, risqué language.

What groups do self-reported surveys tend to focus on?

- Youth/young adults - Inmates/criminals - Drug users

correlation: sick minds and crime

"people diagnosed with mental illness are no more likely to commit crimes than those seen as mentally healthy" (Essential Criminology p.99) "While mental illness is not found to cause criminal behavior, the mentally ill are increasingly subject to the criminal justice system." (p.99)

crimes of the powerful

"power shapes not only the opportunity to commit crime but also the ability to resist arrest, prosecution, and conviction: "Crimes committed by the powerful are responsible for even greater social harms than those committed by the powerless." but difficult to identify and prosecute the powerful

Conflict approach/definition of crime

"refers to definitions of crime based on the belief that society is composed of different interest groups...[who] are in competition with one another, and the competition is most pronounced between the powerful and powerless" people are basically different; crime and punishment is a struggle over who belongs and who has authority

Charity Keesee

(vampire cult) • drank blood of victims • 15, underfed, pregnant, kicked out of home • released 2006

Routine Activities: Suitable Targets

(vary) Targets are deemed suitable based on their attractiveness would be to offenders • Stealing a computer rather than couch

learning matrix

(x) family environment: normal → traumatic • values taught at home, early traumas ,losses, relationship with parents, family structure, relationship with siblings (y) organizational learning environment: stable/healthy → unstable/unhealthy • religious groups, clubs, organized practices, school environment, social circles, neighborhood o Madoff: top left; pretty stable, pretty normal o Calley: most top left; normal, stable o Keesee: bottom right; traumatic, unstable

Durkheim's positive functions of crime

-adaption and change (change starts with an act of deviance - individuals with new ideas, values and ways of living must not be stifled by the weight of social control) -boundary maintenance (we have boundaries in place to reaffirm what we should and should not do)

Erikson & Puritans

-connection between cultural values of a group and the deviance that is punished -stable societies will have stable crime rates -crime waves are a product of a challenge to the collective consciousness

Secondary deviance can...

...amplify crime through a self fulfilling prophecy

What are pimp-related routes to street prostitution?

1. Love (Romeo pimp) 2. Debt (CEO pimp)- spoils the girl and then makes her feel like she owes him 3. Drug pimp- girls work for their next fix from pimp 4. Brute force (gorilla pimp)- uncommon because it produces little loyalty in the girls 5. Authority pimp- parent or relative

What happened in the 1980s that would cause blacks to be arrested for drugs more often then any other race?

1. Moral panic surrounding inner city--> claiming that drugs & crime has increased (particularly crack) 2. Congress ignored criminologists--> war on drugs--> punishment for crack is much more severe 3. Policemen created task forces in order to reduce drugs, typically going into urban areas where there is lower economic status (typically blacks) This will result in blacks being disproportionately arrested for the use of crack, even though they use it the least.

What are the types of public order crimes?

1. Prostitution 2. Drug crimes 3. Disorderly conduct 4. Public drunkenness

Self-Report: Limitations

1. Tend to uncover trivial forms of crime and deviance. 2. Various scales may not be equally valid or reliable. 3. Possible inaccuracy of reporting. - Lying, underreporting, overreporting, fatigue, etc. - Measures are taken to verify self-report data. - doesn't uncover serious criminal behavior 4. Sampling bias: - Data is often from convenience samples in schools and colleges. 5. Severe underreporting in most serious offenders

Limitations of UCR

1. Underestimation of the amount of crime 2. Diversion of attention from white collar crime 3. Misleading data on the characteristics of arrestees: UCR data may be more valid indicators of the behavior of the police than that of offenders. (Possibility is likely if police arrest practices discriminate against certain kinds of people i.e. poor, nonwhite, and male) 4. Citizens' reporting of crime: Official number of crimes may change artificially if citizens become more or less likely to report offenses committed against them. 5. Police crackdowns involving sweeps of crime-ridden neighborhoods may also affect the official numbers. 6. The police can change how often they record offenses reported to them as a crime, they can decide to record more offenses to make it appear that the crime rate is rising.

four criteria for establishing causation

1. logical basis, causal relationship exists 2. temporal order, issue of the time sequence 3. correlation, indicates the presence of a relationship 4. condition or superiousness relates to the possibility of an alternative or third variable.

Actus Reus (Actual Act)

Refers to the actual criminal act of which the defendant is accused

2015 Homicide Rate Increase

10 cities contributing the most homicides to the overall increase -larger populations -higher poverty rates -smaller Hispanic populations -larger black populations

Around what age does crime peak and then begin to decline?

18

What is the peak age for crime?

19-25

numbers of mass incarceration

2000 study: Hispanics, black, and native Americans all each incarcerated more than whites 1960-2010: growth of minority incarceration: all up, but especially for black men (more than triples) AA men have a 1 in 3 chance of being imprisoned in their lifetime • 1 in 6 for Hispanics • 1 in 17 for white men • 1 in 9 for all men also longer prison terms for minor crimes for AA

The National Crime Victimization Survey estimates that overall, about __________ percent of all crimes are reported to the police.

40

Crime Waves

A city's news media suddenly devotes much attention to a small number of crimes and create a false impression that crime is rampant.

What are social categories?

A collection of people that share one or more social characteristics

Delinquency

A crime committed by someone under the age of 18

Masculinity hypothesis

A few masculine females are responsible for the number of crimes that women commit

Classical School

A school of though popular in the 18th century in Europe. Its main assumptions were that criminals act rationally and that the severity of legal punishment should be restricted to the degree necessary to deter crime

National crime victimization survey

A survey of the general public (utilizing probability samples) to measure the rate and circumstances of victimization -interpretation of violence can be different

Theory

A systematic explanation composed of statements indicating an outcomes casual and associated elements.

Master status

A term that Lemert uses to define a controlling identity, sometimes derived from deviance or crime, for example, 'the ponders end crackhead'

Logical consistency

A theory must have a a defined concept with propositions that are logically stated and consistent.

Testability

A valid theory can be falsified. Non-falsifiable theories: - Tautological arguments - Vague/open-ended statements - Immeasurable concepts

Deviance

Attitudes Behaviors Conditions -That society finds offensive, wrong, or in violation of expectations

empirical evidence on collective efficacy found

Collective efficacy has been consistently associated with lower levels of criminality due to increased informal control

Mala prohibita

Acts that are bad because they are prohibited. Culture bound Prostitution, gambling, etc.

What was the Black Panther bumper sticker study about?

After police and Black Panther party members clashed during the summer of 1969, party members at California State College began to complain that law enforcement officers were harassing them. To find out whether the black students' complaints were justified, 15 students--5 white, 5 black, and 5 of Mexican descent--were chosen to participate in a study.

Be familiar with the factors that influence crime rate.

Age 7-12 composition of the population, number of immigrants, ability of legalized abortion, number of guns, drug use, availability of emergancy medicial services, number of police officers, the state of the emergency,culture change, and criminal oppertunities all influence crime rates. Temp-net, raises crime rate. Urban- raises crime rate- more than rural areas western southern states.

How mass incarceration happened (Alexander)

Alexander argues that colorblind criminal justice is a system of laws and rhetoric that uses prison to control and subdue poor people of color. "Crime" is code for "black." "from the back of the bus to the front of the prison"

the roundup

Alexander argues that it's a systematic abuse of the 4th Amendment "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized." (1789)

Public Defender guest speaker

Alicia Milligan • specialized in indigent criminal defense • clerkship → law firm, prosecutor/US attorney's office (federal system, more white collar), mother for 11 years, took VA bar her job: to make sure the charge is appropriate

Gender and Crime

Although female arrests have risen, that increase reflects an increase in decisions of police to arrest girls and women for violence rather than an actual increase in their level of violence which has been decreasing for years

One theme stands out among public beliefs about crime and criminal justice. Which of the following statements reflects that theme?

Americans are divided along the lines of race and ethnicity, social class, gender and age.

Punitiveness

Americans are punitive regarding crime, even if they also favor rehabilitation and alternatives to imprisonment. (67% of respondents replied that criminals were not being punished harshly enough)

Chicago School

An important movement influencing the social sciences that was concentrated in the University of Chicago Sociology department. Demonstrated that crime is a product of an areas social ecology, particularly social disorganization in urban areas.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement n the 17th and 18th centuries that challenged medieval religious beliefs

Consensus Theory (Emile Durkheim)

Assumes a consensus among people from all walks of life on what the social norms of behavior are and should be. Formal norms or laws represent the interests of all segments of the public. People obey laws not because they fear being punished but because they have internalized the norms and regard them as appropriate to obey. When crime occurs, they are violating these norms which requires punishment to ensure continuing social stability. Argued that deviance is necessary for social change to take place, a society cannot have social change without deviance.

Conflict Theory (Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels)

Assumes that members of the public disagree on many of society's norms, with their disagreement reflecting their disparate positions based on their inequality of wealth and power. laws represent the views of the powerful, not the powerless, and help them stay at the top of of society's hierarchy and keep the powerless at the bottom.

Perceptions of Criminal Injustice

Blacks and latinos more likely to perceive the criminal justice system as unjust.

_________ rape is a variety of forcible rape that occurs when sexuality becomes a means of expressing and discharging pent-up rage.

Anger

Implication #3

Answer suggests responses and these have results. Russel Pierce: capitalized on moral panic, argued that immigration is a problem and causes instability. Moral panic led to SB1070 (misdemeanor if one does not have their immigrant papers on them) "Suspiciously Illegal" led to collateral consequences.

Implication #2

Answers suggest policies, laws, and system of response. Development of prisons--> comes from laws. Policing oneself--> deterrence. Rational beings (enlightenment period)

Racial threat hypothesis

As the number of minorities in the population increases, so does the amount of social control that police direct at minority groups

_______________ theory suggests that a strong self-image insulates a youth from the pressures and pulls of negative influences found in their environment.

Containment

Bankster

Bank gangster

Self-Report Data

Based on self reporting that is available for all populations and collects information about individuals such as personality, behavior, and home life. Weakness: Can easily result in false information.

Common Law

Began during the reign of Henry II in the twelfth century. A complex system of law that specified the types of illegal behaviors, the punishment for these behaviors, and the elements that had to be proved before someone could be found guilty of a crime.

Deviance

Behavior that violates a social norm. Not always criminal/negative

Deviance

Behavior that violates social norms or standards of behavior

Pluralist Perspectives

Behaviors are criminalized after the process of debate over the appropriate course of action. Shows the importance of diversity in a society Diverse perspectives are considered, but agreement may be difficult.

Which 18th century reformer's writings helped to create the classical view of criminology?

Cesare Beccaria

believed the function of the criminal law should be social harm prevention rather than moral retribution and crime in society reflects irrational and ineffective laws. the effectiveness of deterrence depends on how punishments are administered.

Cesarre Beccaria

Anomie

Chaos / normlessness

Be able to discuss how criminals structure crime

Choosing the place of the crime-criminals choose carefully where to commit it Choosing targets-targets that decline in value due to oversupply avoided. Market forces can shape decision making Creating scripts- criminals create behavior scripts that guide their interactions with victims.

________________ law refers to a set of rules governing relations between private parties, including both businesses and governments.

Civil

Classification of a Theory

Classical: -people are rational, have free will, and they weigh the benefits and costs of their actions before they act -punishment is also rational and thus should increase the costs enough that they outweigh the rewards Positivist: -behavior is determined by the things beyond the individuals control (determinism) -focus is on rehabilitation

Disintegrative shaming

Crime and the criminal are labelled as bad, and the offender is thus excluded from society.

Be able to discuss the association between social class and crime.

Crime considered lower class, inner city high poverty areas. In negborhoods with income inequality, lack of social controls, and resource depravation. Instramental crimes- was of providing goods they can't obtain legally. Expressive crimes- rage( rape, assult). Middle-upper class- nonviolent business- related, white collar crimes.

Crime decline in America

Crime rates are falling, generally Drug arrests are the exception. - adults were hit hard on war on crime - for arrest reports For self-reports: - using drugs has decreased - decline emphasized when marijuana use is excluded Arrests - Violent crimes fell by 49% - Murder decreased by 52% - Property crime fell by 47% Victimization - Violent crime decreased by 72% - Household burglary decreased by 62% Why? - Why is it important to discuss the crime decline in the US

Routine activities/lifestyle theory

Crime takes place as three variables converge during a person's daily routine 1. Presence of motivated offender 2. Presence of a suitable target - In the wrong place at the wrong time 3. Absence of capable guardians Some lifestyles (or routine activities) increase one's likelihood of victimization. - deviant peers, drug use, binge drinking, late night recreation, living on college campuses, etc. Empirically supported for a variety of crimes

"Dark figure of crime"

Crime that goes unreported

Expressive Offenses

Crimes committed for emotional reasons with little to no planning

Misdemeanors

Crimes punishable by less than one year

Felonies

Crimes punished by more than one year in prison

Mala prohibita

Crimes refer to behaviors that violate contemporary standards only; examples: illegal drug use and many white collar crimes

Intra-racial crime vs. Inter-racial crime

Crimes tend to be intra-racial rather than inter-racial - victims and offenders tend to be classified as the same race

Meagher: What we don't know

Criminal justice operations: police use of force, traffic stops, prosecutorial decisions

Know what is mean by "criminal law."

Criminal law, written code that defines crimes and their punishments.

Psychological Consequences

Criminal victimization can be traumatic. Women who have been raped often suffer from depression and loss of self-esteem. 20% of rape survivors attempt suicide. PTSD and drug abuse is also common among women who have been sexually assaulted.

According to your author, which of the following is NOT one of the major positive policy initiatives that have resulted from the work on developmental theories?

DARE

Which of the following is NOT one the positive social programs that have resulted from the social structure theories?

DARE

Specific Deterrence

Deterrence that occurs when offenders already punished for lawbreaking decide not to commit another crime because they do not want to face legal consequences again

Robert K. Merton

Developed his anomie theory of deviance, attributed it to the poor's inability to achieve economic success in a society that highly values it.

Law in the United States has its origins in Native American spiritual principles.

False

W.E.B.Dubois

Disputed a biological basis for crime in his renowned book The Philadelphia Negro--> Attributed the relatively high crimre rates of blacks to negative social conditions rather than to biological problems.

Have knowledge of the evidence showing crime is rational

Drug use-drug dealers face many of the same problems as law abiding business people, but differ in tactics used to settle disputes. Violence-robbery can be a tool used to settle scores, display dominance,and stifle potential rivals Hate-crime-3 factors trigger events- incident that uses one group with a grievance against another, a definable target group held responsible for the deed, and publicity sufficient to make the event known to s broad public. Sex-crimes-johns take precautions, shared expertise, how to avoid cops, what car to drive, where to meet etc. Selfish or concerned, crimes product of calculation and planning.

What was the Enlightenment period of sociology?

During this time, science was used to explain human behavior

In Hans Eysenck's cluster theory, which personality trait may lead to delinquent acts? a. extroversion b. psychoticism c. neuroticism d. introversion e. a, b, and c

E. a, b & c

Suppose you want to propose a theory to explain violent crimes. In this case, your theory should not contain variables suitable only for explicating property offenses like ________. a. drug-related murder b. domestic violence c. physical abuse d. aggravated assault e. embezzlement

E. embezzlement

Long before the beginning of victimology, criminologists have studied the psychological consequences of criminal victimization.

False

____________ refers to the practice of obtaining information about a government, organization, or society that is considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information.

Espionage

Crime

Essentially a violation of the legal code in the area you live in. (A formal law you are breaking)

Be familiar with the ethical issues in criminology.

Ethical issues arise when information gathering methods appear biased or exclusionary. What to study their reseach must not be directed by sourse of funding on which research projects regulate what to study- researchers tend to pick the poor and miority, chocies need to be brader. How to study- should the subjucts be informed about subject of research? Keep records and info confidential should they tell of a future crime to the police?

What does ethical research require?

Ethical research becomes extremely important when dealing with human subjects. Research is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information (data) in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested and communicating what we discovered to the larger scientific community. The goal is to study ethics and what should occur in regards to human subject research treatment.

Precipitating factors for white collar crime- define precipitating and list the factors

Factors that make individuals want to commit white collar crimes: 1. Financial strain and loss of social standing if they don't commit a crime 2. Techniques of neutralization (ways to relieve them of their guilt for the crime) - Denial of victim (they'll say they were just borrowing the money, etc.) - Denial of injury (say that nobody was physically injured) - Denial of responsibility

As a social science, criminology is essentially the same as forensic science (crime scene investigation).

False

Consensus and conflict views of crime, law, and society are independent and have no relationship to analogous perspectives in the larger field of sociology.

False

Crime has been thought of as a serious problem since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

False

Criminologists disagree on all sorts of issues involving the measurement and patterning of crime, and age is one of the variables in reference to which there is the most disagreement

False

Intensive interviewing is never involved in survey-oriented longitudinal studies.

False

Why is it important to study the way that the media portrays crime?

Fear of crime. Structural Factors: concern the social and physical characteristics of the locations in which people live. Individual Characteristics: include demographic variables, such as age, gender, and race, and crime-related factors, such as personal victimization and vicarious victimization (knowing someone who has become a crime victim). Fear of crime weakens social ties within communities, leads to mistrust of others, prompts people to move away from high-crime areas, and threatens the economic viability of whole neighborhoods. Seriousness of crime, punitiveness (concerns judgements of appropriate punishment for convicted criminals), death penalty, views about the police, perceptions of criminal justice, and views about crime and criminal justice spending.

Be able to describe the difference between a felony and misdemeanor.

Felony- serious offense that carries a penalty of imprisonment of 1 year or none (rape,murder,burglary). Misdemeanor- minor, petty crime, punished by short jail time/ or fine ( unarmed assult and battery, petty larceny, disturbing the peace.)

Recognize that there are gender and racial patterns in crime.

Gender- males are high in crime, murder, structure but on the decline, male arrest rate decline 18%. Women- are lower in crime: in murder but are on the rise in robbery, burglary, larceny, female arrest rates decline 5%. Race African Americans about 13% general population account for 40% of arrests for Part 1 violent crime, 38% property arrests.

Patterning of Victimization

Geographical and Social. Those who live in locations with the highest crime rates also have the highest victimization rates

Correlates of Crime: What else?

Geography (location, population) -NCVS: violent and property victimization rates are higher in urban residences tan suburban and rural -UCR: overall VCR-385.9, many different groups

Which of the following criminologists is considered a pioneer in the development of the interactionist view of crime?

George Herbert Mead

Which of the following is not one of the explanations proposed in the text for women's low crime rates?

Girls are biologically more passive than boys.

Which of the following is an effect of media coverage?

Greater public ignorance of actual crime trends

Atkinson - Coroners common sense knowledge

He agrees that official statistics are a record or the labels coroners attach to death. He therefore relies on a taken-for-granted assumptions that coroners make when reaching verdict (e.g. More than 10 pills = most definitely a suicide)

Jenabi

He conducted a study of corporate homicide and found that even though there were a large number of deaths in the workplace, there was only one successful prosecution. He found that these laws (to keep workers safe) were not often enforced.

Pearce - ideological functions of crime and law

He disagrees that laws sometimes benefit the working class, and suggests that such laws benefit the middle class too - for example, keeping workers fit for work.

Durkheim - levels of crime

He says that a steady level of crime to important. Too little crime means that the state is too controlling and allows no change (repression). Too much crime threatens to tear bonds of society apart.

Merton - society and the game

He says that society values winning the game but not playing by the rules

Durkheim - Study of suicide

He studied suicide with the aim of proving sociology was a science. He used positivist methods but some say he should have used interpretativist methods.

Gordon - criminogenic crime

He suggests that crime is a rational response to the capitalist system and hence found in all social classes, even though the statistics make it seem it's mostly working class crime.

Cicourel - topic vs resource

He suggests that official crime statistics are not valid as they are socially constructed and manipulated by authority.

Douglas - meaning of suicide

He takes an interactionalist approach and is critical of official statistics of suicide because they're socially constructed. He suggests that they are socially constructed because others decide if it's a suicide or not and it tells us nothing as to why they did it.

John Braithwaite

He uses the terms disintegrative shaming and reintegrative shaming

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

Involves massive data collection from almost all the nation's police precincts. Part I focuses on typically violent & heinous crime (ex: homicide, rape, robbery, arson). Part II focuses on less heinous offenses.

Historical Issues with Crime

Highly westernized: US, Canada, Japan, Europe, S. Africa & Australia. Very recent and new research, there is no one opinion on what causes crime

Cesare Lombroso -Positivist School

History -came about due to criticisms w/ classical school -crime rates were increasing -criminals appeared more likely to re-offend -led to speculation that other social factors might affect crime, not just sanctions Heritage and Perspective -use of scientific method; systematic observation, accumulation of evidence, moving from general hypothesis to more specific ones -Guerry: the first statistician to analyze national crime rates and map them -Quetelet: found regularity in French stats over time and place Background -Both Guerrry and Quetelet linked crime to feature of social/structural organization (poverty, unemployment, and gender) -Lombroso linked crime to individual-level factors -Gall who studied phenology: skulls or shape of their heads linked to personality -Sheldon studied somatotypes: body types -endomorph: skinny, weak -mesomorph: physically fit -ectomorph: large, chubby

Interactionist Perspective

Idea that there is no finite universal meaning to anything, we come to create value in things through values. Laws aren't inherently universal. Consist from some level of interaction.

In 1973, critical theory was given a powerful academic boost when British scholars Taylor, Walton, and Young published __________.

In 1973, critical theory was given a powerful academic boost when British scholars Taylor, Walton, and Young published __________.

Discipline and Punish chapter

In Europe prior to the mid-19th century, criminal punishment was a ceremony and a performance. It was a ceremony because it was carried out with set rules and practices, done in particular sequences and with particular significant figures in attendance. It was a performance because its effectiveness was bound up in having an audience. Executions were a public event. Members of the public were expected to attend, to jeer and shout and clap or cry. This, Foucault said, was because the authorities needed to reinforce their power ("Look what awful things we do to law-breakers") and because the breaking of the prisoner's body was justified in terms of public witnessing. Foucault uses the case of Damiens the regicide. Robert-François Damiens was a domestic servant from Arras, France, who attempted to kill King Louis XV in 1757. After being tortured for information about accomplices (there were none) he was drawn and quartered, then burned. Foucault says that this horrific execution prompted broader evaluation of criminal punishment. Philosophers including Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham (both of whom you read about in chapter 3) were disgusted by the Damiens case and felt strongly that just, democratic societies should not use such methods. The rest of the chapter deals with the penal system that replaced torture and public execution. While definitely an improvement on the old regime, for being rational and scientific, Foucault criticizes the penal system for its attempt at totalizing control of prisoners' bodies, minds, and souls. This launches his broader critique of power and knowledge.

Nonmaterial behavior

Includes the ideology, cosmology, worldview, beliefs, values, norms: folkways, mores) Attitudes (Durkheim's social facts)

Goffman - Effects of being admitted to a 'total institution'

Inmate undergoes 'mortification of self' where the old self is symbolically 'killed off' and replaced with a new one. (This is achieved by various 'degradation rituals') This also happens in prisons, armies etc. The patient essentially goes in as one person and comes out as another. Goffman outlines that some inmates are like this, unable to adapt to the outside world, and others adopt forms of resistance / accommodate to new situations.

Cesare Beccaria -Classical School

Intellectual Heritage -science and reason took over; replaced spiritual explanation -explanation for behavior was hedonism: people will naturally try to maximize pleasure and minimize pain -Thomas Hobbes gave us the idea of social contract, governments exist to protect these rights/enforce a social contract b/w its people and those who govern -emphasis on human dignity and human rights Perspective of the School -crime and law were the focus, not criminal behavior -law is to protect the rights of society and individual -punishment itself was considered evil and to be used only to prevent crime -everyone is equal before the law -due process must be followed

Case studies

Intense study of a situation, event, or person

Survey

Interviews, questionnaires, telephone surveys

Crime and Education

Inverse relationship between years of formal schooling and arrest rates. Educational status reflects ones social class, location of residence, and exposure to criminal or delinquent opportunity.

Conflict theory

Laws do not exist for the collective good; rather they represent the interests of the group of people who have the power & maintain that power -powerful groups use laws to support their interests -cause of crime: interests of one group don't coincide with those of another

Conflict Perspective

Laws seem to favor those who are of power or wealth

What are RICO laws?

Laws used against the mafia; said that working with others to commit a crime means you're part of a conspiracy

Folkways

Less serious norms (improper behavior)

Gender and crime

Males are more likely to engage in crime than females. Why? Changing policies: - domestic violence - zero-tolerance Nations with greater gender equality have smaller gender gaps. Uniform Crime Report (2015) - All arrests: 73% male - Violent: 80% male - Property: 62% male Self-Report Surveys - Males vs. Females smoking marijuana --- follow same pattern --- male use is consistently higher - Alcohol --- female has dropped slightly --- male has dropped significantly --- men do it more, but the gap is shrinking - Cigarettes --- Male and female rates are close but dropping The Gender Gap is Shrinking

1960s and 1970s Scholars (in general)

Marked by intellectual upheaval. Many sociologists began asserting that society was rooted in conflict between the "haves" and "have-nots" in society. In the study of crime and deviance, labeling and conflict theories emphasized bias and discrimination in the application of criminal labels and in the development of criminal laws. Feminists also began to draw attention to the gendered nature of crime and victimization.

Know the historical context of criminology.

Marx- criminal criminology- who makes the rules- conflict theory. Lombroso- father of criminology- Born criminals, early positivism. Beocaria- let the punishment fit the crime, social construct theory. Comte- founder of sociology- positivism/ scientific method- behavior product of biological, social, psychological, or economic forces can be empirically measured.

Which of the following is one of the major advantages of the NCVS in comparison to the UCR?

NCVS information on the characteristics of victims and the context of victimization has furthered the development of theories of victimization.

rational choice theory

People will make rational decisions if based on the extent to which they they expect the choice to maximize their profits or benefits and minimize the costs or losses (expected utility principle).

Crime and Family

Most powerful predictors: - lack of parental supervision - parental rejection - a lack of parent-child involvement Medium predictors: - parent's marital relations - parental criminality Weaker predictors: - lack of parental discipline - parental health - parental absence _____________________________________________________ Most important part of socialization Most important variables correlated with delinquency are poor home discipline, neglect, and indifference. High correlations between: - delinquency and immorality/criminality/alcoholism of parents - absence of one or both parents - a lack of parental control - an unhappy home life - subcultural differences in the home - economic pressures Parental societal class determines the residence, school, and associates of its offspring. Delinquents were more likely to have homes that are characterized by physical illness, mental retardation, mental disturbance, alcoholism, and parental criminality. Neglect significantly related to later violent behavior.

NCVS

National Crime Victimization Survey -1972 - Bureau of Justice Statistics -Trying to overcome underreporting problem - asking victims what they have experienced -Victim and Offender info --Demographies --Time and place --Weapon used --Injury nature --Economic cost/consequences for victim --Law enforcement response --A picture of how much crime affects people --Better picture of social and economic cost of criminality

In the early 1970s, with the aid of the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the U.S. Department of Justice initiated the __________ to avoid the police reporting problems of potential bias and inconsistencies in the UCR and to gather information not available from the UCR.

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

NIBRS

National Incident- Based Reporting System o Developed in response to criticisms of UCR o Provides more comprehensive incident-based statistics • Distinguish attempted from completed offenses • Record all offenses included in a criminal event • Document offender, victim, witnesses • Document time/location of offenses

National Incidence- Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

National Incident-Based Reporting System - Newer program - asks a lot more of the people collecting the information (police force) How is crime reported/measured? - Incident, victim, property, - victim/offender relationship - age - race/ethnicity - sex

UCR Types of Crimes

Part 1 Offenses: violent crime and property crime Part 2 Offenses: index crimes-arrest data only

______________ precipitation occurs because of personal or social characteristics that make victims attractive targets.

Passive

Trends in US Crime Rate

Patterning: International comparisons --> different nations have varying definitions and interpretations of criminal behavior. US has the highest homicide rate of any western democratic nation.

____________ theory suggests that humanism can reduce crime and advocates conflict resolution strategies to reduce crime.

Peacemaking

Age and crime

Peak age of arrest for property crime: 16 Peak age of arrest for violent crime: 18 Maximum crime-committing ages: 15-24 Most of those arrested are 15-19 years old - particularly with serious property crimes

Know what is meant by the term "aging out process."

People commit less crimes as they age, dopamine is reduced/ while serotonin heavely increases in adults, reverse for teens meaning the commit more crimes.

Death Penalty

People most likely to favor it: men, whites, southerners, political conservatives, religious fundamentalists, residents of higher homicide rates and larger proportions of african americans.

Crime Victim

People suffering from street crimes, however no universally accepted definition of crime victim exists

Repeat victimization

People who lead risky lifestyles, including offending themselves, are more likely to be victimized again.

moderates the original classical philosophical assumptions by allowing for individual differences in motivation, rationality, and free will. rewards and punishments are more important for influencing behavior than differences in motivation.

Postclassical theory

Be familiar with the elements of general deterrence

Preventing the general public from committing a crime, due to a potential punishment that outweighs the potential benefits of the crime. I'm not going to commit this crime I fear the punishment if I get caught. Severity, certainty of punishment, speed of punishment, influence it.

Young girls and violence: is it getting worse?

Probably not

Social functions of wanted fugitive lists

Promote exposure of select offenders in order to warn the public and expedite apprehension - "The more people that know your face, the harder it is to hide." - Each member of society is recruited to enter into the search. Announce a LE agency's enforcement priorities to the community. - And how they change over time Act as a deterrent to future criminals.

Rational choice theorists, just like biological and psychological theorists, believe that some people got involved in crime because of involuntary/uncontrollable biological desires or psychological drives.

Rational choice theorists, unlike biological and psychological theorists, believe that some people got involved in crime because of personal decisions.

Positive (Scientific) ( Comte Stage)

Rationally, emphasizing scientific method(measurement, observing, proof, replication, and verification)

Labeling theory

Reactions of people and the subsequent effects of those labels create deviance -labeling someone as deviant will make them act on that label (Easy A)

Informal Social Control

Refers to our conformity to the norms and values of the society that is enforced by the people in our lives

__________ is the most interracial crime.

Robbery

Why are single young black males at the highest risk to be victims of homicide/assault?

Routine Activities Theory- they motivate offenders that are attractive targets with low protection

Social norms

Rules that make explicit social expectations about what is appropriate behavior for particular people in specific situations -Deviance exists because we have social norms

Rory O'Connor

Said that financial crises are inevitable and bound to happen every 7-8 years

Robert Agnew

Said that the age-crime curve has to do with features of adolescence in modern industrial societies; nowadays, teens: - Are increasingly influenced by their peers - Have more social/academic stress - Have more of a desire to obtain more adult privileges without means (aka money) to do so - Have a lack of self-control and a tendency to discount future consequences

The mafia originated in __________ in about 1860.

Sicily

Say who came up with definition for public order crime and define it

Siegal- crime which includes acts that interfere with society's operations and people's ability to efficiently function - Aka behavior is labeled criminal because it is contrary to shared norms, social values, and customs

Define the trend of crime since 1991

Since 1991, violent crime, property crime, and victimization rates have decreased

Horticultural society

Small-scale farmers, grow their own foods, produce plants.

Regina v. Dudley and Stephen

Story of Richard Parker (cannibalized) Mignonette shipwreck established important precedent for all common law countries (USA included) that necessity is not a defense for murder another takeaway: punishment does not always fit the crime. Dudley and Stephens were convicted of murder.

Merton's strain theory

Strain theories argue that people engage in deviant behaviour when they are unable to achieve socially approved goals by legitimate means. For example, they may become frustrated and resort to criminal means of getting what they want, or lash out at others in anger, or find comfort for their failure in drug use.

micro level?

Symbolic interaction, looks at actual/real people, not abstract models. Used to discover rules of interaction, opinions, values, beliefs, meanings, attitudes, symbols used in interaction, body language, conformity, mannerisms, linguistic tools

Correlates of crime: Class/SES

Tends to be an inverse relationship - as social class becomes higher, crime tends to decrease Neighborhood-level data show a correlation between social class and crime Relationship is weak or nonexistent at the individual lever Most crime is also intra-class Lower class typically commits more serious crimes

The early set of written laws of the ancient world which established a system of crime and punishment based on physical retaliation is __________.

The Code of Hammurabi

What led to Sutherland's theory on white collar crime?

The Great Depression

What is the sociological perspective?

The belief that social backgrounds influence individuals' attitudes and behaviors.

Danny Schecter

The cause of the most recent financial crisis was due largely to criminal activity

Can something that is dysfunctional in society also be functional?

The dysfunctional can be functional: crime, racism, poverty.

Absolute Deterrence

The effect of having some legal punishment versus the effect of having no legal punishment

Which of the following is not one of the false beliefs perpetuated by distorted media coverage of crime?

The elderly are disproportionately involved in property crime.

Quakers

The emergence of penitentiaries or correctional institutions in PA.Believed that isolation, labor, and Bible reading would rehabilitate the offender.

What did the Asch experiment deal with?

The experiments revealed the degree to which a person's own opinions are influenced by those of groups. Asch found that people were willing to ignore reality and give an incorrect answer in order to conform to the rest of the group.

Criminality

The extent and frequency of criminal offending by a group of people.

Understand what is meant by " the field of criminology."

The field of criminology is far reaching ranging from street level drugdealings to international oragnized crime. It is an interdisciplinary field. The various sub areas included with scholarls discipline of criminology, taken as a whole, define the field of study ciminal statistics / crime measurment, sociology of law / law ans society, research on specific criminal types and patterns study of penology, determinant of crime.

Subjective Deterrence

The impact of people's perceptions of the likelihood of arrest and punishment

Sociological Criminology

The institutional, structural and process that indicate who will commit crime. Process: Interactions with people. Critical: Highly concerned with inequality.

Correlation

The presence of a relationship between observable phenomena usually characterized in terms of strength and direction

Which of the following views asserts that elder abuse results from the abusive individual learning to use violence to resolve conflicts?

The social learning view

Criminal Intent

The state must show that the defendant intended to commit the act. Mens rea (guilty mind)

Criminology

The study of the various factors and processes of making and breaking laws: a social science address of crime characterized by a theoretical methodological symmetry.

Victimology

The study of victims of crime and the process of victimization - Same factors of offending apply to victimization - Being victimized increases chances of offending Victim-offender relationships Victims and the CJ system Effects of victimization

Negotiated Justice

The term used for when the middle class are able to 'negotiate' conditions of punishment in the criminal justice system.

Pre-Classical Theory

The theory that crime is caused supernaturally; devils or evil spirits make people commit crime.

Functionalism - class differences in crime

They suggest that subcultures and working class crime is a result of poor socialisation. They also state that crime is necessary as it plays a role (or function) in society.

How is white collar crime opposite from lower class crime?

They take from those that are weak/can't fight back

Chambliss - the state and law making

This Marxist states that: Laws to protect private property are the corner stone of the capitalist economy

Snider - the state and law making

This Marxist suggests that: Capitalist state is reluctant to pass laws that regulate the activities of businesses or threaten their profitability.

Ned Polsky

This functionalist argues that pornography safely 'channels' a variety of sexual desires away from alternatives such as adultery which would pose a much greater threat to the family.

Kingsley Davis

This functionalist argues that prostitution acts as a 'safety valve ' for the release of men's sexual frustrations without threatening the monogamous nuclear family

Repressive state apparatus

This is a term that describes any institution that reinforces inequality through ideologies - e.g. Religion.

Intra-class crime

This term defines crime where both criminals and the victims are working class

Criminogenic

This term means - by its very nature is causes crime (the way society is is the reason people commit crime)

In 1964, __________ initiated the study of crime seriousness with the publication of their book, The Measurement of Delinquency.

Thorsten Sellin and Marvin Wolfgang

Differential Association Theory

Through interactions with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior.

What was the Stanford County ("Zimbardo") experiment about?

To investigate how readily people would conform to the roles of guard and prisoner in a role-playing exercise that simulated prison life.

What's the UCR arrest data for prostitution and what do experts estimate that the numbers on arrests are?

UCR says 50,000 arrests in 2014 while experts estimate 1-2 million

Name the sources of crime data

UCR, NCVS, self-report surveys

Know the problems associated with collecting data.

UCR- omits crimes net reported to the police, omits most drug usage, and contains reporting errors. NCUS- it relies on victiums memory and honesty, omits substance abuse. SRS- relies on honesty of offenders, omits offenders who refuse, unable to participate (most decline/ criminal)

Aversive racism

Unconscious stereotypes that affect your actions

Seasonal and Climatological Variations

Violent crime & property crime is higher during the summer, although robbery remains the same throughout January.

The "sociological imagination" and "figuration" involve what?

What is happening to you (good or bad) is affected by social structures/circumstances, your culture, and historical factors (so don't "blame" or credit yourself). This contrasts with (or complements) the idea that what we are is largely/solely the result of our personal actions/decisions (responsibility/irresponsibility).

The consensus, conflict, and social event approaches to crime ask...

What is the social function of crime? these approaches do not explain why people commit crimes

Experiment Results

White males with a criminal record were more likely to get a call back over a black male with NO criminal record Pager: felony drug conviction and 18 months prison time Uggen: single arrest for disorderly conduct

Intimate-Partner Violence

Women are more likely than men to suffer violence by intimate partners, who commit 26% of the violent crimes against women but only 5% of violent crimes against men.

Individual Characteristics

Women are much more afraid of crime than men, nonwhites much more afraid of crime than whites.

Shield law

Women can't be questioned about their sexual history unless it bears directly on the case at hand

1960's-70's history of IPV

Women's movement; the private became political and there was the emergence of women's shelters

Blue collar workers

Working class workers

Crime Drop (Rosenfeld 2002) Is the crime drop that started in the 1990s real and is it meaningful?

Yes, Crime dropped for youths, adults, whites, blacks, females, males, in large cities and rural areas, and in every region of the country Caveat: timing and magnitude varied for different age groups. Youth crime rose

"Damiens the Regicide"

a domestic servant called Robert-François Damiens attempted to kill King Louis XV in 1757 o The assassination failed. Damiens was arrested, tortured, and publicly executed (amende honorable = making honorable amends, prescribed ritual of torture → tantamount to "multiple deaths"; rare) o The grotesque nature of his execution was controversial. Bentham and other Enlightenment philosophers felt that it was inhumane and despotic. pointed out by Foucault bc: o last instance of ritualized capital punishment for regicide in France, so horrific that people immediately condemned it o interested in use of technology (choreographed and pain maximized) o accelerated a process of reform that led to the birth of the modern prison

xyy chromosome

a genetic abnormality found among less that 1 percent of men; argued by some to be a cause of a high level of aggression and, hence criminality

In groups

a group one has loyalty toward and pride in; others are perceived to be like onself in some respect (perceive to be like you)

Reference groups

a group used as a model for one's behavior (can anticipate membership, or be a member of a reference group (role model) parents, family members

What is the main contention of Marcus Felson's notion about cars and crime?

a. Cars transport teens outside parental control.

In the U.S., what percentage of evening calls to police departments involve domestic disputes?

a. 60-70 percent

According to historian David Courtwright, an authority on sociocultural violence, what has accounted for high violent crime rates in the United States?

a. A frontier culture characterized by racism and personal honor

The text points out that __________ people a year die from illegal drugs.

about 17,000

Validity

accuracy of measurement

Charles Mason

accused of murdering 9 people in 4 incidents in July/August 1969 led an apocalyptic commune called Helter Skelter convicted of murder and conspiracy in 1971; sentenced to death (later, life without parole) image caption: dirt bag Charles Manson

sublimation

acting on something in an indirect way (triangulating/engaging in an activity that prevents you from having to deal with something; ex. turning to alcohol when you have relationship problems)

In constructing a legal defense to their criminal liability, some antiwar protestors during the Vietnam conflict who had been arrested for civil disobedience claimed in their trials that they were

acting under duress of their consciences.

Marriage Institution

adding and caring for young, social rights to children, male/female role models, creating alliances with other groups

Deterrence theory

aim of criminal justice system should be to deter crime -specific: apprehended and punished criminal will refrain from crime b/c of past experiences -general: state's punishment of offenders serves as an example to those in the public who have yet to commit a crime

What is meant by "cultural integration"?

all components of culture are intertwined

According to the text's discussion of Latino criminality, -Latinos have higher serious crime and victimization rates than non-Latino whites have, but lower rates than African Americans have. -Latinos are now the largest minority group in America. -Latinos' crime rates are generally explained by the fact that they tend to live amidst structural criminogenic conditions. -all of the above

all of the above

According to the text's discussion of recent trends in U.S. crime rates, there occurred -a sharp increase from the 1960s into the 1970s. -a leveling off and decrease in the early to mid 1980s. -another increase in the late 1980s and a leveling off and even decrease in the early 1990s. -all of the above

all of the above

Content Analysis

anything with TV, books, media, videos, etc.

The text points out that public judgments of crime seriousness are important because these assessments -are part of a society's ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that we call its culture. -help determine appropriate penalties for criminal offenders. -affect their own views of appropriate punishment for criminal offenders and their own fear of crime. -all of the above

all of the above

The text points out that street crime is primarily a young person's phenomenon because -adolescence is a time when peer influences and the desire for friendships are especially strong. -adolescents have an increasing need for money that part-time jobs or parental allowances may not satisfy. -our ties to society rise as we leave adolescence and move into early adulthood. -all of the above

all of the above

variable analysis

analytical strategy that specifies the causal elements into either independent variables (causes) or dependent variables (effects) process where we seek to explain variations in individual behavior

n developing his __________ theory, Robert K. Merton attributed deviance to the socioeconomically disadvantaged's inability to achieve economic success in a society that highly values such success.

anomie

Tools

anything outside the body used to adjust to, manipulate, or fashion the environment

What are "cultural universals"? Examples?

are patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies. one example is the family unit: every human society recognizes a family structure that regulates sexual reproduction and the care of children.

Cesare Lombroso

argued some people are born criminals.

very small upper crust

aristocracy, land /mine/factory owners, traders, bankers, hereditary "elite"

According to ____________ theory, for a variety of genetic and environmental reasons, some people's brains function differently in response to environmental stimuli including responses centered upon thrill seeking criminal actions.

arousal

According to your text, which of the following is NOT one of the most significant demographic characteristics regarding both victims and non-victims of crime?

c. education level

Some adolescents may get involved in delinquency when the things they value were/will be removed. Which of the following is one of the protective/self-defensive methods (i.e., behavioral strategies) used by such adolescents? a. trying to stay calm b. seeking revenge against those responsible for the removal of positive things c. trying to retrieve lost things through misconducts like theft d. using drug e. all of the above

c. trying to retrieve lost things

What did K. Marx believe was the major source of social conflict and social problems?

caused by capitalism (private ownership of means of production: land, factories)

neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that allow the neurons in the brain to communicate.

hormones

chemicals released into the blood stream by the body and brain. Hormones are most responsible for sex characteristics and, according to some theories, different types of behavior

cultural transmission

coherent system of values supporting delinquent acts and could learn these values readily in their daily interactions with older juveniles.

sampson Raudenbush and earls proposed what

collective Efficacy

Multilevel

combine structural or group dynamics with social processes to explain individual behavior

empirical finding found that crime is not randomly distributed but

concentrates spatially in certain types of areas: hot spots

According to the American "culture of poverty concept," which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics passed from one generation to the next?

concern

According to Freud, which of the following is a component of the superego part of the personality?

conscience

Which of the following is a critique of strain theories: a. early strain theorists tend to over-emphasize the violent nature of human behavior b. early strain theorists tend to overlook property crime c. early strain theorists tend to overlook female delinquency d. early strain theory includes some philosophic terms e. all of the above

e. all

Which of the following will allow/encourage stressful adults or teenagers to use non-delinquent methods to handle stressful events? a. if a society at large can provide emotional or financial support b. if a desired goal becomes replaceable c. if teenagers are taught that the potential costs of delinquency are far greater than associated benefits d. if horrible stories of "bad" models are told e. all of the above

e. all

According to the ideas advocated by eugenic movement, pregnant women should not ________. a. get involved in promiscuous sex b. read pornography c. use drug d. talk dirty e. all of the above

e. all of the above

If we use Emile Durkheim's concepts to analyze the societal context of strain, then organic solidarity usually can be found in places like _______. a. Toronto b. Phoenix c. Taipei d. Hong Kong e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which age group is particularly resistant to crime?

elderly over age 65

What term applies when a crime reduction program increases rather than decreases the potential for crime?

encouragement

The social goal of criminal law to formally prohibit behaviors believed to threaten societal well being or challenge authority is classified as __________.

enforcing social control

Explain the core ideas of routine activities theory.

everybody is capable of committing a crime given the right conditions. Poverty, education, scarcity, violent neighborhoods do not explain crime

Hedonistic/felicity calculus

explanation for people's actions; "Pain and pleasure are the great springs of human action" - ch.3 p.19 (Bentham) "people act to increase positive results through their pursuit of pleasure and to reduce negative outcomes through the avoidance of pain" p.46 we act to increase positive outcomes through pleasure, and decrease negative ones by avoiding pain Takeaways: the purpose of law is to maximize total happiness in the community laws should ban harmful behavior, provided there is a victim involved crimes without victims should be let go because they produce more good than evil • ex. parking, marijuana → weigh costs and benefits laws should set specific punishments (pain) aimed at specific good (pleasure) in society

Copycat Crimes

fads in crime that are often stimulated by media coverage or portrayals.

collective efficacy is high in less affluent communities true or false

false

If A represents cause while B effect, then tautology can be diagramed as follows: A ----> B -----> A -----> A

false A---B---A---B

Modern psychological theories of crime/delinquency, just like early psychological explanations of crime/delinquency, should be totally disregarded because they are abstract and speculative in nature. Few concepts/variables, if any, can be supported by empirical evidence.

false....They should not be totally disregarded because they can inspire criminologists to propose new theories

Institutional anomie theorists indicate that the most influential value of modern American society is sexism.

false...FETISHISM OF MONEY

From the perspective of crime displacement, arson and burglary share the same choice-structuring properties because both of them are property crimes.

false...From the perspective of crime displacement, arson and burglary do not share the same choice-structuring properties, even both of them are property crimes.

Comparatively, biological or psychological theory of crime/delinquency alone is more convincing than theories based on the philosophy of right/left realism

false...LESS

The underlying philosophy of individualistic explanations of crime (such as rational choice theory) is left realism

false...Right idealism NOT left

Both early biological and psychological theories of crime/delinquency were strongly supported by empirical evidence.

false...WEAKLY

According to Marxian conflict theory, why are white-collar crimes punished less severely than other types of crime?

focuses on why things change, identifying the disruptive forces in industrialized societies, and describing how society is divided by power, wealth, prestige, and the perceptions of the world Karl Marx argued that the law is the mechanism by which one social class, usually referred to as the "ruling class", keeps all the other classes in a disadvantaged position

According to the text's discussion of cross-national victimization patterns

for overall victimization, the United States rate is about average for industrialized nations.

With respect to violent crime victimization rates and different family incomes, the text points out that

for property crime, income is not related to overall victimization.

mala in prohibita

forbidden by positive law, not inherently immoral (parking violation, tax fraud)

crime

foremost dependent variable in criminology

examples of guardianship

formal guardians (e.g. police) - informal guardians (e.g. neighbors, etc.). - not limited to people security cameras can act as guardians - the absence of adequate and capable guardianship would lead to a greater vulnerability of the desired target

Suitable target

four characteristics (viva): - Value (material or symbolic), - Inertia (inability to resist attack), - Visibility, - Access

Which of the following paraphiliatic behaviors involves the non-consensual touching of a person in a crowded area?

frotteurism

Assessing Theory

gathering data according to the operationalization process and analyzing the data to discern the nature of the theoretical relationships and then comparing these results to the logic theory

Why, according Foucault, did prison reformers find it preferable to focus on correcting the soul rather than punishing the body?

give a man a fish, feed him for a day; teach a man how to fish, feed him for a lifetime philosophy

The process of creating transnational markets and political and legal systems in an effort to sustain a world economy is known as __________.

globalization

positivist school

has attempted to find scientific objectivity for the measurement and quantification of criminal behavior. As the scientific method became the major paradigm in the search for knowledge, the Classical School's social philosophy was replaced by the quest for scientific laws that would be discovered by experts. It is divided into Biological, Psychological and Social. In contrast to the classical school, which assumes that criminal acts are the product of free choice and rational calculation, the positivist sees the root causes of crime in factors outside the control of the offender.

Mores

have repercussions (ex: school dress code)

Bentham: The Ends of Punishment

he asks, what is the point to punishment? 1) (and foremost) deterrence particular prevention applies to the perpetrator secondary prevention applies to the community 2) helps heal society (balances evil/good) 3) corrects the individual perpetrator—hopefully to a point where s/he will not re-offend

The text points out that the riskiest locations for crime seem to be those with the most economic and social disadvantages: poverty, unemployment, and so forth. These locations are referred to as

hot spots.

rational choice, biological and psychological theories of crime are ___________ oriented

individually

rational choice

initially developed within the economic perspective, being adopted by criminology in the 1980's.

If a defendant does not have criminal intent at the time he or she commits a criminal act, the person is not assumed to have the necessary mens rea for criminal liability. These circumstances usually lead to a(n) __________ defense.

insanity

difference b/t 19th century and earlier classical criminology ideas

insistence on close observation of individuals' unique characteristics

In expanding the definition of victims and victimization, the text points out that the term __________ implies that the very structure of society is one that inherently oppresses, subtly or more overtly, the poor, women, and people of color.

institutional

A(n) ________ is the term used to describe a political movement that may use terror tactics to achieve control of the existing government.

insurgency

For most of the 20th century, criminology's primary orientation was sociological, but today it can be viewed as a(n) __________ approach to the study of criminal behavior.

integrated

Manifest functions of law

intended functions

Manifest functions

intended, obvious. we have to study its contribution to the continuation of a group, community, or society.

In most situations, for an act to constitute a crime, it must be done with __________.

intent

According to this perspective, people and events are viewed subjectively and labeled as good or evil according to the interpretation of the evaluator.

interactionist

The use of law enforcement and military personnel to intercept drugs and drugs supplies as they enter the country is an example of a(n) ___________ strategy for controlling illegal drug trafficking.

interdiction

What is "xenocentrism"

is the opposite of ethnocentrism, and refers to the belief that another culture is superior to one's own. An exchange student who goes home after a semester abroad or a sociologist who returns from the field may find it difficult to associate with the values of their own culture after having experienced what they deem a more upright or nobler way of living.

What distinguishes ethnocentrism from cultural relativism?

it involves a belief or attitude that one's own culture is better than all others. the second part is the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one's own culture

selfish gene

it is in the male gender's reproductive interests to act as a sexual predator Lee Ellis' idea contributes to the idea that men's sexual behavior is beyond their own control

What did Durkheim mean by "social order" and "social integration?"

knowing we can rely on human beings to do the good things (Rewards) behaviors that are rewarding tend to repeat, 2) how closely or how distantly a person feels attached to the society.

Critical criminologists view __________.

law as an instrument of power used to control society

consensus theory

law reflects shared values & norms; custom is king -root is punishing what's different from the norm; when you step out that's when you're punished

In larger, more modern societies, norms tend to be more formal and codified; these formal norms are referred to as

laws

rational choice

likened to a determination of gains versus risk, or criminal calculus.

Increasingly, intensive interviewing has been combined with surveying in

longitudinal studies.

macro-level theories

look at stuctural properties of society, such as social inequality, culture, and demographic compositional measures

Social networks

loose, informal associations with others; acquaintances. it's not what you know, it's who you know

three neighborhood elements

low socio economic status ethnic heterogeneity residential instability

Index Crimes

major felonies that are believed to be serious, to occur frequently, and to have a greater likelihood of being reported to the police

Vold et al

makes distinction between spiritual and natural explanations of crime can tell us that early spiritual traditions did not always use the best logic, nor were they based on observable conditions

During the 1930s, Harry Anslinger, then head of the Bureau of Narcotics, used magazines articles, public appearances, and public testimony to sway public opinion about the dangers of __________, which until the time was legal to use and possess.

marijuana

13th documentary takeaways

mass incarceration = systemic approach to imprison poor people of color • ¼ humans in jail are in the US "land of the free" (5% population, 20% incarcerated population) • 300,000 1972 - now 2.3 million • slavery as an economic system → 4 million new free people, what do you do with them? how do you rebuild your economy? → 13th amendment loophole immediately implemented • "The Clansman" book to blockbuster film - "A Birth of a Nation" - "confirmed the story that many whites wanted to tell...to erase defeat [and give a martyr]" • → shift to more legal outlets: segregation; permanent second-class status o crime was increasing at the same time as civil rights acts were being passed (baby boom) → made it easy for politicians to say that the two were correlated • Nixon era of law and order - War on Crime: where crime begins to stand in for race, federal spending increasing, thousands sent to jail for minor offenses • "of course we knew we were lying about the drugs" (antiwar left and blacks were opponents and targets) • wolf pack case

scientific theories

means of explaining natural occurrences through statements about the relationships between phenomena

small middle class

merchants, artisans, clerks, accountants, teachers, "professionals," farmers, civil servants, skilled workers, butlers/maids

According to William Sheldon's Somatotype School, the body type most likely to become criminal was the __________.

mesomorph

Family institution

mutual aid (economic, political/protection)

assumes causes of behavior can be determined that can enable predictions about behavioral outcomes that would be likely to occur given certain conditions. Human behavior is caused by biological, psychological, and environmental factors specific to the individual

notion of determinism

Biosocial criminology

o "All advocates of genetic explanation for crime agree that they are not claiming that genes alone determine behavior or that there is a crime gene. Rather, criminal behavior is believed to result from the combination of hereditary factors interacting with environmental ones." o "Together, these factors affect the brain and cognitive processes that in turn control behavior."

Jeremy Bentham

o British philosopher (1748-1832) o Utilitarian values (greatest good for the greatest number) o Wrote extensively on the need to reform criminal justice in Britain • current punishments inhumane and generally bad for society o Influenced broader thinking about deterrence and punishment

Lifestyles Theory—Hindelang, Gottfredson, and Farofalo ( 1978)

o Certain lifestyles or behaviors place people in situations where victimization is likely to occur • Your lifestyle can place you at risk more so than others

Jack Jones

o convicted of murder in 1996 in AK o sentenced to execution by jury o dead by lethal injection in April 2017 o victim, Mary Phillips, killed in 1995 by blunt head-force trauma, also beat her 11-year-old daughter o serious mental illness plagued Jack Jones (abused, hallucinating, suicidal, already committed to hospitals for severe depression - nothing disclosed to jury) what was the right thing to do? • Bentham: just system of punishment = assuming all are rational and reasoning

Motivated offender

offender with both criminal inclinations and the ability to carry out those inclinations

mala prohibita crimes

offenses prohibted by law but not wrong in themselves Examples: speeding, drugs, loitering, vagrancy

mala in se crimes

offenses that are wrong by their very nature, theirs a victim Examples: murder, rape, pedophilia, theft, arson

Which of the following groups of people is/are more likely than their counterparts to support the death penalty?

older people

Labeling theory

one of the most influential theories in the entire field of criminology looks at deviance as a process of interaction between those who violate norms and those who impose social control

According to your author, out of all the commonly practiced paraphiliatic behaviors, _________ is the one that most concerns the general public.

pedophilia

Well-known criminologist Edwin Sutherland referred to a jewel thief who replaces real jewels with fakes as a __________.

pennyweighter

behavior genetic theory

persons who share more genetic material will tend to behave more similarly to the extent that the given behavior is influenced by genetic factors.

functionalism perspective

perspective developed by Durkheim and Parsons and assumes social order is realized because people reach a normative consensus. this includes classical, deterrence, rational choice, subculture, and social ecological theories of crime.

empirical evidence on broken windows theory

physicall disorder may not have an effect as strong as orginally proposed may apply to some crimes such as robbery but not burglary

"Anomalies" of interest to biological criminologist included...

physiognomy (face), blood type, body type

By the 18th century in Europe, three categories of thieves were common. Which of the following was NOT one of these categories?

pirates

A common criticism of the Uniform Crime Report data is that __________.

police officials may deliberately alter reported crimes to improve their department's image

Ecoterrorists, such as the Earth Liberation Front (ELF), are a sub-group of what type of terrorism?

political

began to emerge in Europe in the 19th century emphasizes the application of the scientific method stresses the identification of patterns and consistencies in observable facts

positivism

Having rejected the ideas of Jeremy Bentham as being unscientific, biological theorists like Lombroso insisted on a _________ approach to the study of crime.

positivist

Intellectual

predecessors and influences; the dominant ideology that drives how we think

Mendelsohn- victim more guilty than offende

provokes own victimization

The most serious forms of psychological disturbances will result in a mental illness referred to as ___________, which causes a person to exhibit illogical and incoherent thought processes and a lack of insight into their behavior.

psychosis

police

public agencies tasked with: • maintaining order • law enforcement • provision of service (traffic control, safety patrols, etc.) • support prosecutors by providing evidence in criminal investigations through detectives; don't go to court, but often brought in to provide evidence, typically on behalf of prosecutors • *private police forces have different roles and constraints

C. Wright Mills emphasized that what people may define as private troubles are often more accurately described as

public issues.

According to scholars of democratic theory, policy decisions by public officials should reflect

public opinion.

The familiar Gallup Poll is a __________ sample of the adult population of the United States, allowing for generalization of the results to the population.

random

what happened in Chicago

rapid social changes influenced the studies of sociologists in Chicago and eventually lead to the creation of the social disorganization theory

How do innovation (invention, discovery), and diffusion (globalization) bring about cultural change?

refers to an object or concept's initial appearance in society, Material culture tends to diffuse more quickly than nonmaterial culture; technology can spread through society in a matter of months, but it can take generations for the ideas and beliefs of society to change.

The Classical School

refers to the ideas of Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham and their followers late 18th/early 19th century based in Utilitarian philosophy • happiness and suffering in society need to be balanced (Bentham) • punishments should fit the crime • reform, not torture, should be the goal of corrections

Social capital

resources in your social network, knowing someone who can get you a job -disadvantaged neighborhoods have less social capital & less social control

Process of operationalization

respecification of theoretical propositions from a conceptual level to a measurable level or actually identifying how you are going to measure your concepts

The influence of labeling theory can be viewed in the development of diversion and ______________ programs.

restitution

Salem Witch Trials

results from the belief that crime could be attributed to witchcraft and demonic possession

Of all business establishments, __________ are burglars' favorite targets.

retail stores

A __________ terrorist is not nationalistic, political, or revolutionary. Their desire is to impose their religious and social code on others.

retributive

sampson and groves

revitalized the social disorganization perspective by empirically demonstrating that community structural factors were only important if they produced social disorganization among residents.

A _____________ is a term used to describe a group that engages in civil war against a sovereign power that holds control of the land.

revolutionary

What type of terrorists use violence to frighten those in power and their supporters in order to replace the existing government with a regime that holds acceptable political or religious views?

revolutionary

What did Hans von Hentig and Stephan Schafer suggest was a key determinant of crime?

role of the victim

What are norms?

rules of conduct that everyone must follow in a society.

Eugenics

science of improving human population by controlled breeding, to increase the prevalence of desirable characteristics and reduce the prevalence of undesirable ones How? -involuntary sterilization -immigration bans -genocide -anti-misgenation laws: the mixing of races (marriage or babies)

_________ murder refers to three or more killings during three or more separate events with a "cooling off" period in between.

serial

Post-industrial society

service industries, hi-tech, automation, information\ideas, big bureaucracies (public and private)

why was social disorganization theory despite its innovative approach declined in the 50 ??

shift in the criminology field towards an understanding of the individual causes of behavior the idea of pathology was being contested and replaced by the idea of diversity the author of social disorganization were middle class individual not understanding the life of poorer areas of the city the lack of empirical testing of the theory

Broken windows theory sees visual cues as objective and obvious in their meaning:

signs of disorder serve as a signal of the unwillingness of residents to confront strangers, intervene in crime, or call the police.

Ethnography

similar to participant observation but greater time commitment and immersion into a culture

Crime prevention can be achieved by reducing opportunities people have to commit particular crimes; this is a crime prevention strategy known as_________________ crime prevention.

situational

Routine activities, lifestyle, and proximity explanations are all __________ explanations.

situational

Women prostitutes who barter drugs for sex are called __________.

skeezers

According to Mills, people are better able to understand and change the social forces that underlie their troubles when they acquire a/an _____.

social imagination

In reference to what makes some people more afraid of crime than others, __________ concern the social and physical characteristics of the locations in which people live.

structural factors

Martinson's Theory

supported the conclusion that nothing works in regards to offender treatment and correction

Reciprocity

system of mutual trust and obligation between researcher and subject

Confirmation Bias

tendency to interpret data or information in a way that fits what we already believe and to ignore evidence that it does not

Social

the immediate setting in which behavior takes place

Marginal deterrence

the effect of increasing the severity, certainty, and / or swiftness of legal punishment

Strain

the gap between culturally held goals and the access to actually achieve those goals.

According to the text's discussion (Crime and Controversy box on the news media and rape victims),

the practice of not disclosing women's names in cases of rape allegation began in the 1970s.

certainty

the probability that a crime will be detected and punished

criminal psychology

the study of the wills, thoughts, intentions, and reactions of criminals and all that partakes in the criminal behavior

Celerity

the swiftness with which punishment follows a crime

latent functions

the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern.

Triangulation

the use of multiple methods to measure the same entity

negative relationship

the variable fluctuates in the opposite direction. example educational attainment and street crime.

positive relationship

the variables fluctuate in the same direction. example drug use and criminal involvement

War on Drugs

the vehicle through which extraordinary umbers of black men are forced into the prison system; 3 distinct phases: 1) the roundup vast numbers of people swept into the criminal justice system by police who conduct drug operations primarily on poor communities of color 2) the period of formal control denied meaningful legal representation pressured to plead guilty more time in jail 3) the period of invisible punishment criminal sanctions imposed long after the prison term is over (voting rights, housing, certain professions, other supports)

Correlation

things tend to vary systematically in relation to each other

Failed socialization

this area of criminology has a lot in common with social process theories but is more interested in the role of powerful social institutions in creating crime

. Since the law is enacted by the government, the misconducts/crimes involved by state agents usually will be overlooked if someone uses the paradigm of functionalism to analyze delinquent/deviant acts.

true

. Theological and philosophical theories usually cannot be tested empirically.

true

A high level of collective efficacy is characterized by a high willingness of community members to exercise informal control or activate formal control true or false

true

Modern rational choice theorists argue that crimes do not have the same properties (i.e., choice-structuring properties). Accordingly, it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, for people (especially career criminals) to get involved in different types of crimes simultaneously.

true

Modern rational choice theorists believe that in hot spots (such as the Little Cuba in Miami or the French Quarter in New Orleans), motivated offenders can find abundant opportunities to commit crime.

true

Modern strain theorists (especially, Robert Agnew) emphasize that some stressful situations (like failing to win the Nobel Prize) do NOT necessarily lead to crime/delinquency.

true

New immigrants with relatives or friend in America are more likely to overcome strain than those new immigrants who do not have such networks.

true

Relatively speaking, people with low IQ are more likely to face bio-psychological problems, like attention deficit disabilities and hyperactivities.

true

Robert Agnew believes that the disjunction between aspirations (ideals) and actual achievements usually will NOT cause strain.

true

Since the law is enacted by the government, the misconducts/crimes involved by state agents usually will be overlooked if someone uses the paradigm of functionalism to analyze delinquent acts.

true

Some reliable theories are invalid.

true

causes and effects are termed

variables

The study of the role of the victim in the crime equation is known as __________.

victimology

Deviance equals Crime equals

violation of a norm violation of a law

Informants

violations of norms that take place in private usually have no witnesses and no complainants; this leads police to seek informants and frequently leads to corruption

To satisfy the requirements of Actus Reus, guilty actions must be __________.

voluntary

Households in which region are most likely to be victims of property crimes?

western

What distinguishes "ideal culture" from "real/actual culture?" Examples?

what should exist vs. what does exist. In an ideal culture, there would be no traffic accidents, murders, poverty, or racial tension. In real culture, police officers, lawmakers, educators, and social workers constantly strive to prevent or repair those accidents, crimes, and injustices.

Why is a random sample necessary for sociological research?

when everyone within the population being studied has an equal chance of being selected for a sample

What does participant observation involve?

when researcher joins in the normal activities of those being studied

Obtrusive\Overt observations

when the people being studied know they are being studied. Problem: the Hawthorne effect

Unobtrusive\Anonymous observation

when those being studied are unaware of it. Problem: ethical, invasion of privacy, spying

Spuriousness

when two variable appear to be causally related but really are not, because some less obvious third variable is actually causing both of them