Intro to Epidemiology Midterm
A pathogen is an organism or substance (such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites) capable of producing disease. Can a pathogen cause cancer?
yes
made nursing respectable, advocated cleanliness
Florence Nightingale
The definition of epidemiology includes the term "distribution." Which of the following best describes this term?
Frequency and pattern
period when pathogen is killed off or brought into remission by immune system
defection
period when symptoms are declining
defervescence
The relationship between the potential to be self-supporting by age and the dependent segments of the population by age, in other words, those segments of the population not in the work force, are called:
dependency ratio
describes the relationship by age between those who have the potential to be self-supporting and the dependent segments of the population
dependency ratio
design strategies
descriptive and analytic
Characterizing the distribution of health-related states or events according to person, place, and time is:
descriptive epidemiology
include case reports and case series, cross-sectional surveys, and exploratory ecologic designs
descriptive study designs
diminished capacity to perform within a prescribed range
disability
integers or counts that differ by fixed amounts ex: number of sick days
discrete data
Virulence means what?
disease evoking power of a pathogen
For which of the following study designs is the unit of analysis aggregated data on the population level rather than individual level data?
ecologic
involves making comparisons between variables where the unit of analysis is aggregated data on the population level rather than on the individual level
ecological study
The science and study of the causes of disease and their mode of operation is referred to as:
etiology
pyramid showing broad base and tall, pointed shape
expansive pyramid
True or False? Epidemiology involves studying infectious communicable disease, not events like injury, obesity, mental health disorders, seat belt use, etc.
false
period when disease is at max severity
fastigium
analytic epidemiology
finding and quantifying associations, testing hypotheses, identifying causes of health related states/events
index case
first disease case brought to the attention of the epidemiologist
primary case
first disease case in the population
What are the inanimate objects that serve a role in disease transmission?
fomites
A two-column table in which the left column displays all possible values a variable can take and the right column displays the number of records in the database with each value is called a:
frequency distribution
reservoir
habitat of which an infectious agent lives, grows, multiplies, and depends on
The epidemiologic triangle is based on the communicable disease model and is useful in showing the interaction and interdependence of certain factors. Which of the following best describes the Host?
harbors a disease
Health status and mortality of a population can be affected by the levels of employment within the population. This observation is called:
healthy worker effect
any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiologic, or of the anatomic structure or function
impairment
The rate ratio involves which of the following? A. Cumulative incidence rates B. Attack rates C. Incidence density rates
incidence density rates
time
incubation periods, life expectancy of the host/pathogen, duration of illness
What is the term for the number of deaths among infants ages 0-1 year during a specified time period divided by the number of live births in the same time period?
infant mortality rate
zoonosis
infectious organism in vertebrate animals that can be transmitted to humans through direct contact, a fomite, or vector
vector
invertebrate that is capable of transmitting an infection agent among vertebrates
applies to persons who are known to be ill with a contagious disease
isolation
A tall, pointed population pyramid shape represents all of the following except: A. Low birth rate. B. Poor medical care conditions. C. High death rate. D. Developing countries.
low birth rate
vehicle-borne transmission
needle sharing
A dichotomous or binary variable represents what type of data?
nominal
Unordered categories or classes represent what type of data?
nominal
unordered categories or classes ex: gender, race, marital status
nominal data
vehicle
nonliving intermediary that conveys the infectious agent to a host
frequency
number of healthrelated states/events and relationship with size of population
the order among categories provides additional information
ordinal data
case
person who has been diagnosed with a health-related state/event
What was the primary cause of death in 1900?
pneumonia and influenza
Outbreak of salmonella traced to chicken cooked and held at an improper temperature and served at a potluck supper is an example of a:
point source epidemic
What two theories have been proposed to explain better health among married individuals?
protection and selection
persons who have been exposed to a contagious disease but may or may not become ill
quarantine
A habitat in or on which an infectious agent lives, grows, and multiplies and which it depends for its survival in nature is a:
reservoir
cross-sectional survey that is routinely conducted
serial survey
case severity
severity of an illness
cause
specific event, condition, characteristic that precedes the health outcome and is necessary for its occurrence
case definition
standard set of criteria that ensures cases are consistently diagnosed
block shaped period
stationary pyramid
epidemiology
study of distribution and determinants of health related states/events in human populations and the application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems
environment
surroundings and conditions external to the human/animal that cause or allow disease transmittion
efficacy
the ability of a program to produce a desired effect among those who participate in the program compared with those who do not
effectiveness
the ability of a program to produce benefits among those who are offered the program
epidemic
the occurrence of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy in a community or region
endemic
the ongoing, usual, or constant presence of a disease in a community or among a group of people
secondary case
the persons who become infected from contact with the primary case
The incubation period is associated with which of the following stages?
the stage of pre-symptomatic disease
temporal
time
What health indicator is used to identify the average number of births per women?
total fertility rate
True or False? Antibiotics work against pathogens because of their toxicity.
true
True or False? Cross-sectional surveys can be used to measure the prevalence of a health-related state or event.
true
true or False? A population pyramid involves an age/sex comparison.
true
The primary cause of beriberi, rickets, and pellagra is what?
vitamin deficiency
mixed epidemic
when victims of a common-source epidemic have person-to-person contact with others and spread the disease
Descriptive epidemiology includes all except which of the following?
why
What is the term for a measure of public health directly related to the value of human life and the economic implications of the loss of individuals in a society?
years of potential life lost
Discovered the cure for scurvy
James Lind
Who applied experimental methods to identify that oranges and lemons were effective remedies for scurvy?
James Lind
Who demonstrated that cholera could be transmitted through contaminated water?
John Snow
improved the microscope
Leeuwenhoek
isolated anthrax
Louis Pasteur
Match the following terms to the correct example. A. Ratio B. Proportion C. Rate 1. Number of men who died from heart disease in a given year divided by the corresponding male population in the same year. 2. Number of men who died from heart disease divided by the number of women who died from heart disease. 3. Number of women taking an epidemiology class divided by the number of students in the class.
1-C, 2-A, 3-B
Match the following terms to the correct category. 1. Integer 2. Dose of ionizing radiation 3. Marital status 4. Preference rating A. Nominal data B. Ordinal C. Discrete D. Continuous
1-C, 2-D, 3-A, 4-B
What is the usual rate base for the case fatality rate?
100
Number of men in the US who died from stroke in 2011/Number of men in US who died in 2011 is an example of...
A proportion but not a mortality rate
Number of men in the US who died from stroke in 2011/ Number of women in the US who died from stroke in 2011 is an example of...
A ratio but not a proportion
Referring to Rothman's pies, the different component causes may include what?
A. Agent B. Host factors C. Environmental factors
Public health surveillance involves all of the following:
A. Collection of health data B. Analysis of health data C. Interpretation of health data D. Dissemination
William Farr has been described as the founder of modern epidemiology. Which of the following represent his accomplishments? A. He used vital statistics and other statistics to describe epidemiologic problems. B. He demonstrated the need for population studies to describe disease distribution and explain disease causation. C. He promoted the concept of multifactorial etiology. D. He developed standardized statistical measures, such as the infant mortality rate and the standardized mortality rate. E. All of the above
All of the following
Descriptive epidemiology is useful for all of the following except: A. Identifying the extent of the public health problem. B. Describing the public health problem in a way that can be easily communicated. C. Identifying who is at greatest risk. D. Answering why and how the health problem occurred.
Answering why and how the health problem occurred.
Why have health indicators typically been related to births and deaths?
Because such data has been more readily available than morbidity data
Who exposed his wife and children to cowpox?
Benjamin Jesty
In the United States, for which of the following is the age-adjusted cause-specific death rate for males most similar to females? A. Firearm-related injuries B. Occupational injury C. Suicide D. Homicide E. Cerebrovascular diseases
Cerebrovascular diseases
Latency period is a term used in the context of which of the following?
Chronic disease
__________________ epidemiology uses several indices to identify the health status of populations.
Descriptive
Father of medicine; first epidemiologist; atomic theory (four types of atoms and body was composed of four humors)
Hippocrates
Who introduced the terms epidemic and endemic?
Hippocrates
All of the following are activities that fall under completing the clinical picture of disease except: A. All the above are activities that fall under completing the clinical picture of disease. B. Identification of the environment where an infectious agent resides. C. Identification of the types of symptoms that characterize the disease. D. Description of the pathologic changes that occur, the stage of subclinical disease, and the expected length of this subclinical phase of the disease. E. Identification of probable outcomes (recovery, disability, or death) associated with different levels of the disease.
Identification of the environment where an infectious agent resides.
Analytic Epidemiology may involve:
Identifying why a certain group of people developed a given disease.
Education about the hazards of cigarette smoking. A. Secondary prevention B. Primary prevention C. Tertiary prevention
Primary prevention
Mammograms for early detection of breast cancer and surgical intervention if necessary. A. Secondary prevention B. Primary prevention C. Tertiary prevention
Secondary prevention
What contribution(s) did Janet Lane-Claypon make to epidemiology?
She published the results from a cohort study showing that babies who were fed breast milk gained more weight than those fed cow's milk. She developed a case-control study to assess the relationship between breast cancer and selected exposures. She showed that female breast cancer risk was greater for those who did not have children.
When the correlation is being assessed between two variables with skewed distributions, which of the following measure is most appropriate? A. Pearson correlation coefficient B. Coefficient of determination C. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient D. Slope coefficient
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
Physical therapy for stroke victims. A. Secondary prevention B. Primary prevention C. Tertiary prevention
Tertiary prevention
Effectiveness of a program refers to what?
The ability of a program to produce benefits among those who are offered the program.
classification of fevers
Thomas Sydenham
How many additional or contributing causes of death can be listed on the death certificate?
Two
Who is often considered the father of modern epidemiology?
Wade Hampton Frost
It is more difficult to identify diseases with longer incubation periods. For which of the following diseases would it be most difficult to identify the probable cause? A. Salmonella B. Whooping cough C. Pneumonia D. Influenza
Whooping cough
John Graunt divided disease into two types and causes. What are they?
acute and chronic
chain of infection
agent - reservoir - mode of transmission - host
pandemic
an epidemic affecting or attacking the population of an extensive region, country, or continent
suspect case
an individual with all signs/symptoms of a disease but has not yet been diagnosed
fomite
an object that can harbor an infectious agent and is capable of being a means of transmission
host
an organism that harbors the disease
What is a substance that stimulates the immune system?
antigen
pathogen
any virus, bacteria, fungus, or parasite
common-source epidemic
arise from a specific source
propagated epidemics
arise from infections transmitted from one infected person to another
risk factor
behavior, environmental exposure, or inherent human characteristic that is associated with an important health condition
some health indicators
birth rate, mortality rate, fertility rate or TFR
What is the term for humans who contain, spread, or harbor an infectious organism?
carriers
profile of a single individual
case report
small group of patients with a similar diagnosis
case series
agent
cause of the disease
The Framingham study involves which type of study design?
cohort
public health surveillance includes...
collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data
Describing health-related states or events by person, place, and time allows us to do all of the following except: A. Identify the extent of the public health problem. B. Describe the public health problem in a way that can be easily communicated. C. Identify who is at greatest risk. D. Confirm causal associations.
confirm causal associations
The primary limitation in establishing cause-effect relationships in descriptive studies is due to:
confounding variable
pyramid showing lower number of younger people
constrictive pyramid
carrier
contains, spreads, harbors infectious organism
measurable quantities not restricted to integer values ex: age, weight, temperature
continuous data
recovery period
convalescence
survey conducted over a short period of name and the unit of analysis is the individual; useful for examining associations between health related states or evens and personal characteristics
cross-sectional survey
A time trend in chickenpox is best referred to as a:
cyclical pattern
