Intro to Geospatial Information Technology
GIS first started being used in the: -1950s with the Harvard Graphics Lab -1970s with the implementation of NEPA -1960s with Canada's CGIS -1980s with Esri's GRID program
!960s with Canada's CGIS
Of the following locations, where is a user most likely to experience multipath errors? Select all that apply. -a stream running through a deep canyon -an open field of soybeans -a city street lined with tall buildings -a tree-covered hiking trail
-A stream running through a deep Canyon -A city street lined with tall buildings -A tree-covered hiking trail.
Of the following choices, which are characteristics of a file geodatabase? Select all that apply. -Other data such as CAD data can be included. -Feature classes are limited to 1 TB of storage. -It is based on an object-oriented structure. -It can contain an unlimited number of feature classes.
-Other data such as CAD data can be included. -It is based on an object-oriented structure. -It can contain an unlimited number of feature classes.
What are the differences between a GeoPDF and a regular PDF? Select all that apply. -GeoPDF provides users with lossless compression. -The GeoPDF allows users to make map measurements. -The GeoPDF normalizes the user's map data. -The GeoPDF permits users to interact with map layers.
-The GeoPDF allows users to make map measurements. -The GeoPDF permits users to interact with map layers.
Which one of the following representative fractions indicates the largest scale map? 1:1 1:24,000 1:100 1:1000
1:1
Which of these is equal to 2.5 decimal degrees of latitude? -2 degrees, 5 minutes, 0 seconds of latitude -250 minutes, 0 seconds of latitude -2 minutes, 5 seconds of latitude -2 degrees, 30 minutes, 0 seconds of latitude
2 degrees, 30 minutes, 0 seconds of latitude
What kind of objects are polygons? - 0-dimensional - 2-dimensional - 1-dimensional - 3-dimensional
2 dimensional.
Using WAAS can reduce the positional error to within: -10 meters -3 meters -1 meter -5 meters
3 meters
One minute of latitude is equivalent to __________. -60 seconds of latitude -1 degree of longitude -60 degrees of latitude -60 meters
60 seconds of latitude
If it's 11p.m. Sunday night in London, England; what day and time is it New York City, New York? -6pm Monday -4am Sunday -4am Monday -6pm Sunday
6pm Sunday
Of the following choices, what would most help a GIS analyst with the National Park Service determine which parcels of land surrounding Gettysburg National Military Park will be under pressure to convert to an urban land use? -a Boolean operator -a GIS Model -a Python script -an attribute query
A GIS model
Of the following choices, what is necessary to receive a GPS satellite signal? -a Y code-enabled GPS receiver -a protected indoor location -a dual frequency GPS receiver -a direct line of sight to satellites
A direct line of sight to satellites.
In a GIS network, an "edge" represents: -The boundary of a road on the network -An intersection on the network -The side of the road on a network -A link on the network
A link on the network
On what platforms does GIS operate? Select all that apply. -laptop computer -the Web -mobile device -desktop computer
All of the above
Of the following choices, which one best describes geoprocessing? -applying an action to one or more datasets that results in the creation of a new dataset -using a Boolean or relational operator in a simple or compound SQL query -querying a database to determine which records will most likely satisfy an SQL query -identifying the common features across multiple datasets based on a suitability index
Applying an action to one or more datasets that results in the creation of a new dataset.
How is spatial data represented in the raster data model? -as continuous fields using point and line objects -as polygon objects when the geographic coverage is large -as areas using equally spaced and equally sized grid cells -as different sized grid cells within the same dataset
As areas using equally spaced and equally sized grid cells.
In a GIS, what term is used to represent non-spatial data? -attributes -databases -layers -points
Attributes
An area of spatial proximity around a point refers to which GIS operation? -buffer -closed circle -spatial join -union
Buffer
What is China's equivalent of GPS? -WeiXing -Eisei -COMPASS -QZSS
COMPASS
The art and science of making maps describes __________. -geography -graphicacy -cartography -topology
Cartography
CORS
Continuously Operating Reference Stations; a system operated by the National Geodetic Survey to provide a ground-based method of obtaining more accurate GPS positioning.
The use of a base station or other earth-bound source to transmit a correction signal to a GPS receiver is known as: -DGPS -PDOP -SA -C/A
DGPS
Of the following, what methods can be used to improve the accuracy of GPS positional measurements? Select all that apply. -DGPS -FAA -CORS -GPX
DGPS CORS
The shortest path between an origin and other nodes on a network can be determined with: -Network Junctions -Impedance Values -Dijkstra's Algorithm -Address Standardization
Dijkstra's Algorithm
What is an unavoidable consequence of translating a 3D object to a 2D surface? -generalization -selection -classification -distortion
Distortion
What type of GPS receiver can access the military P code? -linear feedback frequency -dual frequency -single frequency -channelized frequency
Dual frequency
What is the European equivalent of WAAS? -Galileo -Compass -EGNOS -MSAS
EGNOS
A single layer in a geodatabase refers to which of the following? -feature layer -feature dataset -feature class -feature tool
Feature class
Examples of vector data that can be represented by points:
Fire hydrant locations crime incidents trailheads
Which one of these is NOT an Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS)? -MSAS -GLONASS -WAAS -EGNOS
GLONASS
The overall term for the technologies that use signals from satellites to find locations on Earth's surface is: -GNSS -3D TriLat -GPS -NAVSTAR 3D
GNSS
High-tech "treasure hunting" that is assisted by GPS is known as: -geosearching -geocaching -geotagging -geocollecting
Geocaching
A model of the Earth based on mean sea level is a(n): -ellipsoid -spheroid -geoid -great circle
Geoid
GEOINT
Geospatial intelligence information that is gathered, used, and analyzed for military or government intelligence purposes. It encompasses all types of remotely sensed imagery, GIS, and GPS data for information related to national security and defense. Used by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) in the United States.
Tweets sent by Twitter users can be mapped using: -virtual globe -remote sensing -CDC app -geotagging
Geotagging
GNSS
Global navigation satellite system; an overall term for the technologies that use signals from satellites to find locations on Earth's surface.
A KML or KMZ file contains user-created content for use in: -OpenStreetMap -ViewRanger -GoogleEarth -Yelp
GoogleEarth
The shortest distance between two points on a sphere is the _______ distance? -equatorial -great circle -datum
Great circle
What type of data is temperature measured in degrees Celsius? -ratio -Interval -ordinal -nominal
Interval
Of the following choices, which one best describes SQL? -It is a structured query language used to retrieve information from databases. -It is a software query language used to join databases of the same area. -It is a standard quotient language used to manage large spatial datasets. -It is a spatial quotient language used to overlay georeferenced datasets.
It is a structured query language used to retrieve information from databases.
Which of these map projections is best suited for north-south trending areas like South America? -Mercator projection -Azimuthal Equidistant projection -Lambert Conformal Conic projection -Transverse Mercator projection
Lambert Conformal Conic projection
Vector data models
Made up of vector objects; points (zero-dimensional), lines (one-dimensional) and polygons (2-dimensional). It is a means of representing and handling real-world spatial information as a series of vector objects.
What unit of measure does the UTM system use? -degrees -decimal degrees -feet -meters
Meters
Who has access to the P code? -military personnel -civilians -municipal governments -businesses
Military personnel
A major road (such as Virginia Beach Blvd) would be represented in a GIS as: -One file entitled "FENAME = 'Virginia Beach Blvd'" -Multiple records, with each representing one piece of the road -A single record -Two records, each representing half of the road's distance
Multiple records, with each representing one piece of the road.
Which of the following states would be best displayed using a landscape orientation? Select all that apply. -Nebraska -Tennessee -California -Vermont
Nebraska Tennessee
Polygons representing land parcels by owner on a county parcel map is an example of what type of data? -nominal -ordinal -interval -ratio
Nominal
Which of these is an example of VGI? -OpenStreetMap -Zillow -NGA -GEOINT
OpenStreetMap
Linear interpolation is used in geocoding to: -Place a point an approximate distance along a line -Count the number of houses on the street -Separate the component parts of an address -Find the exact point where an address is matched to
Place a point an approximate distance along a line
PDOP
Position dilution of precision; the amount of error due to the geometric position of the GPS satellites.
What model is used to represent the data in the NLCD? -raster -vector -topological -non-spatial
Raster
Streams on a map are symbolized by the number of available fishing days. What type of data is this? -nominal -ordinal -interval -ratio
Ratio
Acquiring real-time location information from a series of satellites in orbit best describes: -remote sensing -global positioning systems -geographic information systems -satellite imagery
Remote Sensing
SBAS
Satellite-based augmentation system; a method of using correction information sent from an additional satellite to improve GPS position determination.
Address parsing is done to: -Separate the parts of an address -Align each address with a zip code -Make sure that all parts of an address have the same format -Remove incorrect addresses prior to geocoding
Separate the parts of an address
Using John Snow's 1854 cholera map to see the connection between the locations of cholera deaths and water pumps is an example of: -spatial join -cartography -map math -spatial analysis
Spatial analysis
Destinations to visit on a network are referred to as: -Batches -Stops -Junctions -Edges
Stops
A file containing line segments representing roads is a: -Connectivity file -Address matching file -Street centerline file -Transit cost file
Street centerline file
Which statement is correct concerning GPS signals and codes? -The C/A code is transmitted on L1, and the P code is transmitted on L1 and L2. -The C/A code is transmitted on L1 and L2, and the P code is transmitted on L2. -The C/A and P codes are transmitted on L1 and L2. -The C/A code is transmitted on L1, and the P code is transmitted on L2
The C/A code is transmitted on L1, and the P code is transmitted on L1 and L2.
What has the USGS established to allow volunteers to contribute their geographic knowledge to edit and update the data in its online viewer? -The Citizen Science Brigade -The National Map Corps -The Foursquare City User Group -The OpenStreetMap Consortium
The National Map Corps
NAVSTAR GPS
The U.S. Global Positioning System
If an address is matched to the correct street segment but the wrong location on that street, the problem could be: -The street address was parsed incorrectly -The reference database does not contain the proper zip code information -The address ranges in the reference database do not match the actual street address ranges in the real world -The linear interpolation algorithm used in the process is out of date
The address ranges in the reference database do not match the actual street address ranges in the real world
How is a geocoin tracked? -The coordinates of the geocoin are broadcast from a transmitter inside the geocoin. -The geocoin's unique ID number and geocache location are logged online. -The geocoin contains a tiny GPS receiver, which is WAAS enabled. -The geocoin position is monitored by at least three GPS satellites.
The geocoin's unique ID number and geocache location are logged online.
What condition must be met in order to join two tables? -The two tables must have a common field. -The two tables must cover the same geographic area. -The two tables must have a common record. -The two tables must contain the same data layers.
The two tables must have a common field.
Why is it important to determine whether the NAD27 or NAD83 version of SPCS is used to map an area? -There may be different zone designations for each state. -There may be different projections used for each zone. -There may be different values for each zone's origin. -There may be a different number of zones used.
There may be different values for each zone's origin
Of the following choices, what is the best description of why models are used in GIS? -to provide large-scale land use mapping -to link geospatial and non-geospatial data -to simplify or generalize real-world information -to capture or create geospatial information
To simplify or generalize real-world information.
The number of units to travel along a link of a network is: -Transit cost -Via points -Link speed -Travel vector
Transit Cost
A map projection is a: -representation of how time zones are distributed with respect to geographic boundaries -system used in translating decimal degrees to other forms of the measurement -model of the Earth based on the size and shape of objects on the Earth's surface -translation of locations on the Earth's surface to their corresponding locations on a flat surface
Translation of locations on the Earth's surface to their corresponding locations on a flat surface
TIGER files are created and maintained by: -NAVTEQ -USGS -US Census Bureau -US Department of Transportation
US Census Bureau
The SPCS is used only for data from the: -European Union -United States -polar regions -United Kingdom
United States
What is the datum used by U.S. NAVSTAR GPS? -NAD83 -WGS84 -ETRS89 -GRS80
WGS84
What does the location of the line or lines of tangency indicate about a map projection? -where great circle routes can be calculated -where all measurements are accurate -where all properties are preserved -where distortion is at its least
Where distortion is at its least.
WAAS
Wide Area Augmentation System; a satellite-based augmentation system that covers the United States and other portions of North America
What is the encrypted version of the P code? -C/A code -SA code -L code -Y code
Y Code
Which of these web resources does NOT utilize VGI? -Zillow -Wikimapia -OpenStreetMap -The National Map Corps
Zillow
The Mercator Projection should not be used to: -Map a route from Madagascar to Australia -navigate the Atlantic Ocean from Cuba to Senegal -follow a line of constant compass bearing -compare global population densities by country
compare global population densities by country
When modeling the world in GIS, features treated as objects with definite locations and boundaries describe a __________ view of the world. -continuous surface -discrete object -geodetic -ellipsoidal
discrete object
Which of these would be best represented by a raster data model? -roads -parcels -elevation -stop signs
elevation
Examples of vector data that can be represented by polygons:
land parcels building footprints county boundaries
In the vector data model, all items are represented as: -dimensionless objects -uniformly sized grid cells -points, lines, and polygons -topological pixels
points, lines, and polygons.
Examples of vector data that can be represented by lines:
roads streams power conduits
What is cartographic generalization? -shaping the symbols so that a legend is unnecessary for interpreting them -simplifying features so they can be represented on a small-scale map -adding detail to the map so that the features are more recognizable -changing the scale of the map so that more features can be represented
simplifying features so they can be represented on a small-scale map