Intro to Hospitality Management - Tourism (Chapter 8)

Tourism

"Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes."

Eco-Tourism

, "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of local people." Most ecotourism experiences are aimed at helping people to foster an appreciation of the environment, the conservation of wildlife, plants and resources, and respect and understanding of native peoples. Eco-tourism focuses on local cultures, wilderness adventures, volunteering, personal growth and learning new ways to live on our vulnerable planet. It is typically defined as travel to destinations where the flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions.

Characteristics of Tourism

- 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 52 weeks a year economic driver - Accounts for 9.1% of the GDP - Worldwide - Employs 259 million people (8.8% of the global workforce) - Leading producer of tax revenues

8 Sectors of Tourism

- Accommodation - Adventure Tourism & Recreation - Attractions - Events & Conferences - Food & Beverage - Tourism Services - Transportation - Travel Trade

Volunteer Tourism Sectors

- Community Welfare - Environmental Conservation - Religious (Mission Trips) - Construction Development - Healthcare - Business Development

Negative Social-Cultural Impacts

- Crowding - Congestion - Drugs - Prostitution - Locals displaced - Negative effects as a result of cross-cultural mis-understanding

Alternative Tourism Characteristics

- Eco-Tourism - Volunteer Tourism - Cultural/Heritage Tourism - Culinary Tourism - Sports Tourism - Adventure Tourism

The Impacts of Tourism

- Economic - Social - Cultural - Environmental

Negative Economic Impacts

- Infrastructure: tax payers $$$ - Seasonal Jobs - Increase in local property taxes - Increase in goods & services - Money does not always benefit the local community

Eco-Tourist Principles

- Minimize impact - Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect - Provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts - Provide direct financial benefits for conservation - Provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people - Raise sensitivity to host countries' political, environmental, and social climate - Support international human rights and labor agreements

Promoters of Tourism

- National Tourism Organization (NTO) - Travel Industry of America (TIA) - State Offices of Tourism -City-Level Offices of Tourism: Convention & Visitors Bureaus (CVBs) - National Offices of Tourism (NOT's) - Pacific Area Travel Association (PATA) - Destination management companies

Negative Environmental Impacts

- Overuse of natural & cultural resources: water supply, beaches, heritage Sites, and coral reefs - Increased: noise, sewage production, littering, and pollution.

Wellness Tourism Characteristics

- Primary purpose wellness travelers: those tourists who travel with wellness as their sole purpose for trip and destination choice are refereed - Secondary purpose wellness travelers: those tourists who seek to maintain wellness while taking any type of trip - Account for 437 billion (14%) of the global market - Wellness tourists spend 130% more

Mass Tourism Characteristics

- Resorts - Casinos - Cruise Ships - Sports Tourism

Culinary Tourism Characteristics

- Restaurants - Food and wine festivals and tours - Local food and wine trails - Cooking classes - Gourmet food and wine shopping - Wine tastings - Farmers markets - Culinary shows

Four Perspectives of Tourism

- The Tourist: seeks a physical but memorable experience depending on their destination of choice - The Business: Supplying goods and services that the tourist market demands to make a profit - Governments: View tourism as a wealth factor Foreign exchange receipts, tax receipts Tourism policy, development, promotions, implementation - The Host Community: Employment factor Cultural Impacts (Positive & Negative)

Sport Tourism Events

- Triathlons - Auburn Football - Gold Tournaments - Marathons - Surfing - Kit Boarding - The Olympics

Volunteer Tourism

A form of tourism in which travelers participate in voluntary work, typically for a charity. It is "the practice of individuals going on a working holiday, volunteering their labor for worthy causes" such as "aiding or alleviating the material poverty of some groups in society; the restoration of certain specific environments or research into aspects of society or environment", "for various reasons", "in an organized way", "alongside touristic activities

Adventure Tourism & Recreation (Tourism)

Adventure Tourism can be broke up into two pieces; hard tourism adventure and soft tourism. Hard tourism involves a greater risk, and extensive planning. Soft tourism is low risk and requires minimum preparation. Recreation is an activity done for enjoyment when one is not working. Ecotourism is tourism directed toward exotic, often threatened, natural environments, especially to support conservation efforts and observe wildlife

Food & Beverage (Tourism)

Considering that everybody eats and drinks, this sector can include restaurants from fast service to fine dining, as well as pubs, bars, nightclubs and lounges

Tourism Services (Tourism)

Consists of organizations, associations, government agencies and companies that specialize in serving the needs of the tourism industry as a whole rather than the needs of travelers specifically. Those working in tourism services include people who research tourism trends, advertise and market tourism products, educate or inform others about tourism, and those who distribute general tourism information, like statistics.

Cultural/Heritage Tourism

Cultural Heritage Tourism (or just Heritage Tourism) is a branch of tourism oriented towards the cultural heritage of the location where tourism is occurring. As defined by The National Trust for Historic Preservation, "Cultural heritage tourism is traveling to experience the places, artifacts and activities that authentically represent the stories and people of the past and present. It includes cultural, historic, and natural resources." Cultural Tourism is the subset of tourism concerned with a traveler's engagement with a country or region's culture, specifically the lifestyle of the people in those geographical areas, the history of those people, their art, architecture, religion(s), etc.

Attractions (Tourism)

Is a place of interest where tourists visit, typically for its inherent or exhibited natural or cultural value, historical significance, natural or built beauty, offering leisure, adventure and amusement

Events & Conferences (Tourism)

Is a type of Tourism where large groups of people come together for a particular purpose. Meeting, events and conferences have grown to be a very important and valuable tourism generator since the 1950's and has become an important source of income for the travel industry. Meetings and conferences create demand for services that are provided by the other sectors of Tourism such as transportation, attractions and accommodations.

Wellness Tourism

Is travel for the purpose of promoting health and well-being through physical, psychological, or spiritual activities. Wellness tourism puts your health and well-being at the very center of your travel experience! Trips organized around the principle of wellness tourism should include healthy food, exercise, spa treatments, and opportunities to experience or expand your spirituality and creativity. You learn how to better care for yourself, physically, psychologically and spiritually.

Positive Social-Cultural Impacts

Social: The improvements to infrastructure and new leisure amenities that result from tourism also benefit the local community. Tourism encourages the preservation of traditional customs, handicrafts and festivals that might otherwise have been allowed to wane, and it creates civic pride Cultural: Interchanges between hosts and guests create a better cultural understanding and can also help raise global awareness of issues such as poverty and human rights abuses. Tourism can generate positive impacts as it can serve as a supportive force for peace, foster pride in cultural traditions and help avoid urban relocation by creating local jobs.

Transportation (Tourism)

The Transportation sector refers to any area that supports the comfort, safety and enjoyable movement of individuals. This sector is divided into four categories including Air, Rail, Ground, and Water.

Travel Trade

The travel trade is a whole sales of companies, for charter, tour and inbound operations. This also includes retail travel agencies, business travel departments and travel club. The Travel Trade departments can provide you with collateral material, images, information. Travel trades also improve customer service and satisfaction while increasing your business and companies.

Positive Environmental Impacts

Tourism - particularly nature and ecotourism - helps promote conservation of wildlife and natural resources such as rain forests, as these are now regarded as tourism assets. It also helps generate funding for maintaining animal preserves and marine parks through entrance charges and guide fees. By creating alternative sources of employment, tourism reduces problems such as over-fishing and deforestation in developing nations.

Positive Economic Impacts

Tourism creates jobs, both through direct employment within the tourism industry and indirectly in sectors such as retail and transportation. The tourism industry also provides opportunities for small-scale business enterprises, which is especially important in rural communities, and generates extra tax revenues, such as airport and hotel taxes, which can be used for schools, housing and hospitals.

Importance of Tourism

Tourism has become an important sector that has an impact on development of country economy. The main benefits of tourism are income creation and generation of jobs. For many regions and countries it is the most important source of welfare. The ability of the national economy to benefit from tourism depends on the availability of investment to develop the necessary infrastructure and on its ability to supply the needs of tourists. The tourism industry aids and supports the foreign exchange reserves. It benefits countries in generating foreign currency. When tourists visit places; stay and; all this contributes to a significant amount of foreign currency generation. Tourism is a continual source of income for the public & private income. The government charges various forms of tax that is called government revenue. The income generated through these taxes is the public income. The profit earned by a seller, by selling items like local artifacts, handicraft items, etc, to the tourists is called private income. Tourism also helps in employment generation. It created jobs specifically in hotel industry, hospitality industry, service sector, entertainment and transportation industry. For many developing countries, tourism represents a large percentage of Gross Domestic Product GDP and a way of gaining a positive balance of trade with other nations

Multiplier Effect

Tourism not only creates jobs in the tertiary sector, it also encourages growth in the primary and secondary sectors of industry. To put it simply it is how many times money spent by a tourist circulates through a country's economy.

Sports Tourism

a specific travel outside of the usual environment for either passive or active involvement in competitive sport where sport is the prime motivational reason for travel and the touristic or leisure element may act to reinforce the overall experience

Culture & Heritage Defined

are "our legacies from the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations. Our cultures and natural heritages are irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration."

Accommodations (Tourism)

are used for tourist to spend the night; this includes hotels, motels and resorts. Accommodations are important because tourist need a place to stay and be accommodated. When accommodated guests from near and far should feel a warm hospitable accommodations making you feel right at home, whether it be for a weekend getaway or a family vacation or a business trip. Accommodations are important to the tourism industry because, it give the tourist a place to live and stay for a temporally amount of time.

Alternative Tourism

is a combination of tourist products or individual tourist services. In simple words, it can be described as people touring places and things other than usual tourist attractions. Thus, it involves uncrowded locations and non-peak holiday seasons. It is characterized by individual activities and tourists' desire to experience local culture and environment. Since alternative tourism is an individual experience, you can plan and create your experience according to your own preference, in contrast to mass tourism, where your tour is typically planned by someone else. Moreover, alternative tourism supports rural communities and facilitate the development of infrastructure in these areas. This can also be seen as nature-friendly tourism since a limited number of people means a limited amount of garbage and damage.

Mass Tourism

is an organized movement of large numbers of people to specialized locations. This is the most popular form of tourism since it is often the most inexpensive way to go on a holiday. Mass tourism often involves holiday package deals. A package deal is an arrangement where all tourist needs such as flights, activities, food, etc. are catered for by one company. Mass tourism may involve locations such as whole resort towns, theme parks, tourism business districts, etc., which are very crowded. However, these over-crowded places can also give more room to garbage and damage. Some activities in mass tourism include sunbathing on a popular beach, visiting a theme park (Disney World), taking a cruise, skiing in the mountains, etc. Mass tourism can generate a lot of income for local areas. Hong Kong, Singapore, London, Bangkok, Paris, Macau, New York and Istanbul are some of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. These can be described as mass tourism destinations.

Culinary Tourism

is defined as the pursuit of unique and memorable eating and drinking experiences. By combining travel with these edible experiences, culinary tourism offers both locals and tourists alike an authentic taste of place in our bountiful province

Sustainable Tourism

refers to the environmental, economic, and sociocultural aspects of tourism development, with the establishment of a suitable balance between these three dimensions to guarantee its long-term sustainability