Intro to Human Biology Test 1

Polymers of amino acids form a polypeptide. What is the shape of a polypeptide? A)A coiled string of beads B)A straight, unbroken chain C)A series of rings D)A hexagon E)An orbital shell

A)A coiled string of beads

What does the term complementary mean when it is applied to DNA? A)Adenine always pairs with thymine; cytosine always pairs with guanine. B)Each nitrogenous base can pair with any of the others. C)Adenine always pairs with cytosine; thymine always pairs with guanine. D)The order of bases on the two strands is identical. E)There are always four rings across the width of the helix.

A)Adenine always pairs with thymine; cytosine always pairs with guanine

Which of the following molecules provides the energy that maintains concentration gradients across cell membranes? A)Adenosine triphosphate B)Active transport C)Deoxyribonucleic acid D)Ribonucleic acid E)Glucose transporter

A)Adenosine triphosphate

Why is it impossible to prove that a scientific hypothesis is completely true? A)Alternative hypotheses always exist. B)It is difficult to design experiments to prove alternative hypotheses. C)The evidence needed would be too extensive to collect. D)Scientists rarely agree on anything. E)Science has a high error rate.

A)Alternative hypotheses always exist.

________ are to cells as organs are to the body. A)Organelles B)Cells C)Mitochondria D)Cell membranes E)Organs

A)Organelles

A chain of many sugar monomers joined by chemical bonds forms a ____________. A)polysaccharide B)disaccharide C)monosaccharide D)lipid E)ring structure

A)polysaccharide

Sodium chloride (table salt) dissolves easily in water. This occurs because of which of the following properties of water? A)Atomic number B)Lack of polarity (nonpolarity) C)Polarity D)Hydrophilic nature E)Role as reactant

C)Polarity

Which of the following is an important difference of good science but not of pseudoscience? A)Conducting surveys B)Including scientific principles in explanations C)Rigorous testing of alternate hypotheses D)Formulation of hypotheses E)Use of scientific data

C)Rigorous testing of alternate hypotheses

Water is a good solvent, in part, because of its hydrogen bonds. Which of the following statements is true of this type of bond? A)They do not occur between water molecules. B)They cause water to be less polar. C)They can be intramolecular or intermolecular. D)They cause water to be a poorer solvent. E)They are strong bonds.

C)They can be intramolecular or intermolecular.

Frank and Tim are brothers. Frank is a scientist trying to find a cure for the common cold, whereas Tim works in an automobile repair shop. At last Sunday's family barbecue, their dad said to them, "You know, you both do the same kind of work?" What did he mean? A) Both are paid twice a month. B)Both often work at night. C)Both use electrical devices in their work. D)Both test hypotheses systematically. E)Both dress in casual clothes for work.

D) Both test hypotheses systematically.

Epidemiologists often gain information from which of the following types of study? A)Double-blind B)Placebo-controlled C)Controlled D)Correlational E)Randomized

D)Correlational

Which choice shows the substances that rely on facilitated diffusion to cross the cell membrane? A)Water, large molecules, and carbon dioxide B)Carbon dioxide, water, and oxygen C)Charged molecules, water, and oxygen D)Hydrophilic molecules and charged molecules E)Oxygen and carbon dioxide

D)Hydrophilic molecules and charged molecules

Units of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen-containing base make up which of the following molecules? A)DNA only B)A protein C)RNA only D)RNA and DNA E)A lipid

D)RNA and DNA

In the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane, the heads of the phospholipids are ___________ and face ___________. A)hydrophobic; inward and outward B)hydrophilic; inward C)hydrophobic; inward D)hydrophilic; outward E)hydrophobic; outward

D)hydrophilic; outward

Dr. Santos believes that aloe vera cream helps heal wounds; after all, his family has used it for generations. He conducts a study of this effect on patients who visit his dermatology practice. Of which type of bias should Dr. Santos be particularly careful, and what kind of placebo-controlled study should he design to avoid it? A)Correlational; cohort B)Observer bias; single-blind C)Participant bias; single-blind D)Participant bias; ecological E)Observer bias; double-blind

E)Observer bias; double-blind

Which of the following represents a correct pairing of a term and its definition? A)Correlation; "relationship between two variables" B)Model system; "use of rodents instead of humans" C)Statistically significant result; "accurate real-world measurement" D)Sample; "entire group surveyed" E)Standard error of mean; "arithmetic average"

A)Correlation; "relationship between two variables"

Which of the following is an accurate statement of an important difference between covalent and ionic bonds? A)Covalent bonds represent shared electrons; ionic bonds represent donated electrons. B)Covalent bonds are present in salts; ionic bonds are present in organic molecules. C)Covalent bonds are weak; ionic bonds are strong. D)Covalent bonds are strong; ionic bonds are weak. E)Covalent bonds represent donated electrons; ionic bonds represent shared electrons.

A)Covalent bonds represent shared electrons; ionic bonds represent donated electrons.

Substance R is too large to diffuse across the cell membrane or to be transported across by a protein. Molecules of Substance R can, however, cross the membrane and exit the cell. By which of the listed processes do they cross? A)Exocytosis B)Active transport C)Facilitated diffusion D)Endocytosis E)Osmosis

A)Exocytosis

Based on the information in Chapter 1, tell which of the following factors has consistently been shown to prevent the common cold. A)Frequent hand-washing B)A low-fat diet C)Vitamin C D)Zinc lozenges E)Echinacea tea

A)Frequent hand-washing

Researchers studied the relationship between stress levels and colds. Subjects were asked to rate their own stress levels before receiving nasal drops that contained a tiny amount of cold virus. Then they reported whether they developed a cold during the next few days. Subjects' reported stress levels served as which of the following? A)Independent variable B)Control condition C)Dependent variable D)Placebo condition E)Model system

A)Independent variable

Some molecules, such as glucose, require proteins for transport across the cell membrane. This method does not require energy. Why is this form of transport a type of diffusion? A)It relies on concentration gradients. B)It involves hydrophobic molecules. C)It requires protein pumps powered by ATP. D)It involves the movement of molecules. E)It requires protein carriers.

A)It relies on concentration gradients.

Which of the following best describes the process of facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane? A)Movement of a solute down its concentration gradient with the help of membrane proteins B)Movement of water from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration C)Movement of a solute down its concentration gradient with the help of ATP D)Movement of a solute against its concentration gradient with the help of membrane proteins E)Movement of a solute down its concentration gradient in the absence of membrane proteins

A)Movement of a solute down its concentration gradient with the help of membrane proteins

Janna was a subject in a scientific experiment comparing two different deodorant brands. She was assigned to use Brand A for six weeks and then report on its effectiveness. Janna was told that the experiment was "double-blind." What does this mean? A)Neither Janna nor the investigator knew which deodorant Janna was using. B)No one knew which deodorant Janna was using. C)The investigator did not know which deodorant Janna was using, but Janna did. D)Janna did not know which deodorant she was using, but the investigator did. E)Both Janna and the investigator knew which deodorant Janna was using, but did not tell one another.

A)Neither Janna nor the investigator knew which deodorant Janna was using.

You want to know whether boys in high school are taller now than they were 50 years ago. You gather height data from 30 boys at the local high school and from physical education records of 30 boys who attended the school 50 years ago. Tests show that the average height of boys in high school now is much greater than it was 50 years ago. However, you report that "It is possible that boys are taller now, but further investigation must be done." What might be the statistical reason that your conclusion is not stated more strongly? A)One group had a much higher standard error of the mean than the other. B)Most people know that boys now are shorter than boys 50 years ago. C)It is risky to trust historical records when doing research. D)The sample sizes of the two groups were unequal. E)Boys now receive better nutrition than boys 50 years ago.

A)One group had a much higher standard error of the mean than the other.

Several studies have shown that echinacea tea leads to a statistically significant reduction in the severity of colds. What does this statement mean? A)The reduction in cold symptoms in drinkers of echinacea tea probably did not occur by chance. B)If you drink echinacea tea, your cold symptoms will be less severe. C)If you drink echinacea tea, you will not get a cold. D)Everyone should drink echinacea tea. E)Even if they get a cold, people who drink echinacea will not have symptoms

A)The reduction in cold symptoms in drinkers of echinacea tea probably did not occur by chance.

An ____________ is made of atoms, the smallest units that have the properties of that _____________. When atoms form covalent bonds, a ____________ is formed. A)element; element; molecule B)element; atom; molecule C)molecule; molecule; molecule D)molecule; element; molecule E)atom; atom; molecule

A)element; element; molecule

The black-capped chickadee can maintain its internal body temperature of 108°F (-42°C) even when the air temperature around it is well below zero. This is an example of _____________. A)homeostasis B)metabolism C)adjustment D)evolution E)synthesis

A)homeostasis

After visiting your best friend on the weekend, you awaken on Monday with small red dots on your arms. When you call your friend to tell her, she reminds you that you used her new laundry soap while you were visiting. Your friend has formulated which of the following? A)A scientific hypothesis that cannot be tested B)A testable scientific hypothesis C)A scientific hypothesis that cannot be falsified D)A random guess E)A scientific theory

B)A testable scientific hypothesis

Drug A is advertised in Internet advertisements as "clinically proven" to reduce acne. Drug B is advertised in your dermatologist's office as "highly effective for my patients" in treating acne. Drug C is advertised as "effective" on the website of the National Institutes of Health. Which would you select to treat your acne? A)Drug A B)Drug C C)Drug B D)All of them E)None of them

B)Drug C

When substance X is dissolved in water, the resulting solution has a low pH. What does this indicate about substance X when it is put into solution? A)It can both donate and receive H+ ions. B)It donates H+ ions. C)It donates OH- ions. D)It receives OH- ions. E)It receives H+ ions.

B)It donates H+ ions.

A polyunsaturated fat contains which of the following? A)Many double bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms B)Many double bonds between carbon atoms C)A few double bonds between carbon atoms D)No double bonds between carbon atoms E)Few water molecules attached to the carbon atoms

B)Many double bonds between carbon atoms

Which of the following macromolecules performs all of the following functions: forms integral part of cell membrane, regulates chemical reactions, forms channels in the cell membrane, and acts as hormones? A)Nucleic acids B)Proteins C)Lipids D)Carbohydrates E)All of the listed choices

B)Proteins

Which of the following choices lists the major macromolecules found in living things? A)Proteins, steroids, DNA, and RNA B)Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids C)Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids D)Proteins, salts, carbohydrates, acids, and bases E)Proteins, carbohydrates, sugars, and nucleic acids

B)Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

Happy Village has a population of 300 people. A survey of 20 people attending the local dog show demonstrated that 18 of them (90%) wanted a Golden Retriever dressed like Santa Claus in the holiday parade. Before the mayor goes looking for the most handsome Golden Retriever in Happy Village, however, he should be sure that which type of error has not occurred? A)Standard error of mean B)Sampling error C)Random error D)Cohort error E)Statistical error

B)Sampling error

Sven has moved to a town near the Arctic Circle, an area that receives relatively little sunlight. Sven eats a very healthy diet. His doctor tells him, however, "Now that you live in this part of the world, you should take a vitamin supplement." Which of the following vitamin supplements should Sven take? A)Vitamin C B)Vitamin D C)Multivitamins D)Folic acid E)Calcium

B)Vitamin D

In eukaryotic cells, all of the following organelles except one are located in the cytoplasm. Name the exception. A)Lysosomes B)Chlorophyll supplements C)DNA D)Mitochondria E)Rough endoplasmic reticulum

C)DNA

Which of the following statements is an example of inductive reasoning? A)If people who take vitamin C have fewer colds, then vitamin C prevents colds. B)If people who exercise rarely get colds, then giving them vitamin C should prevent colds even better. C)If vitamin C prevents colds, then people who take vitamin C should have fewer colds. D)Because vitamins and fruits contain vitamin C, then people who eat apples should have fewer colds. E)If people who take vitamin C have fewer colds, then vitamin C must act against the cold virus.

C)If vitamin C prevents colds, then people who take vitamin C should have fewer colds.

What is the important structural difference between rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and smooth ER? A)Rough ER is found within the nucleus; smooth ER is in the cytoplasm. B)Smooth ER has a lipid membrane; rough ER does not. C)Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it; smooth ER does not. D)Smooth ER has DNA attached to it; rough ER does not. E)Smooth ER is found within the nucleus; rough ER is in the cytoplasm.

C)Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it; smooth ER does not.

When placed in solutions with different concentrations of salt, animal cells may change their shape. Which of these processes determines whether the cells expand, shrink, or remain the same shape? A)The movement of ions across the cell membrane B)The movement of salts across the cell membrane C)The movement of water across the cell membrane D)The movement of large molecules across the cell membrane E)The movement of water across the cell wall

C)The movement of water across the cell membrane

A protein is to ___________ as a polysaccharide is to ____________. A)amino acids; sucrose B)glycerol; amino acids C)amino acids; monosaccharides D)glycerol; monosaccharides E)nitrogen; water

C)amino acids; monosaccharides

A controlled experiment is an experiment that ______________. A)assigns participants to groups based on their age B)is carefully controlled by the investigator C)includes a control group D)uses a placebo treatment or drug E)has two or more levels of the independent variable

C)includes a control group

Which of the following is a true statement regarding antioxidants? A)Dark chocolate plays a role in slowing aging. B)Antioxidants in processed food are beneficial. C)High doses of beta-carotene reduce the risk of lung cancer. D)Antioxidants inhibit the effects of free radicals. E)Antioxidants promote the effects of free radicals.

D)Antioxidants inhibit the effects of free radicals.

Which of the listed organelles consists of a series of membranous sacs and contains pigment molecules? A)Mitochondria B)Lysosomes C)Endoplasmic reticulum D)Chloroplasts E)Cytoskeletal elements

D)Chloroplasts

Many people believe that probiotics will help them stay healthy. For which health problems is the evidence strongest that these substances may be effective? A)High blood pressure B)High cholesterol C)Acne D)Diarrhea E)Colon cancer prevention

D)Diarrhea

Which of the following substances uses facilitated diffusion to cross the cell membrane? A)Potassium ions B)Carbon dioxide C)Oxygen D)Glucose E)Water

D)Glucose

Imagine that your diet is high in carbohydrates, with plenty of white flour and sugar. One day, you read about the Nurses' Health Survey. This study has followed 20,000 people for more than 20 years. It has shown that a diet low in refined carbohydrates such as white flour and sugar, but high in vegetable fat and protein, significantly reduces heart disease by as much as 30%. Now that you know this, what will you do to stay healthy, and why? A)I will change to the vegetable fat/protein diet because the results are statistically significant, even though they are not practically significant. B)I will stick to sugar and white flower because the results are neither statistically nor practically significant. C)I will stick to sugar and white flour because the results, although statistically significant, are probably not practically significant. D)I will change to the vegetable fat/protein diet because the results are most likely practically significant. E)I will change to the vegetable fat/protein diet because it will cost less.

D)I will change to the vegetable fat/protein diet because the results are most likely practically significant.

Which of the listed substances does not contain carbon? A)Lipids B)Proteins C)Polysaccharides D)Minerals E)Vitamins

D)Minerals

The gold standard for medical research is the double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized experiment. Often, however, researchers must use correlational studies instead. Which of the following type(s) of research studies is (are) "correlational"? A)Ecological B)Case-control C)Cohort D)More than one of the listed choices E)Cross-sectional survey

D)More than one of the listed choices

Dr. Cy Ence hypothesizes that playing video games prevents colds. He forms two groups: Group A, which will not play video games, and Group B, which will play video games for 2 hours every evening. All subjects will keep track of their colds for three months. Dr. Ence recruits the members of Group A at his gym, and the members of Group B at a local bar. What is wrong with his experiment? A)There is no control group. B)Ence does not have a hypothesis. C)Participants are not assigned fairly to groups. D)Participants are not randomly assigned to the groups. E)There is no experimental group.

D)Participants are not randomly assigned to the groups.

Which type of molecule is made of a glycerol molecule attached to two fatty acid chains and a phosphate head group? A)Fat B)Protein C)Steroid D)Phospholipid E)Carbohydrate

D)Phospholipid

Sam and his brother Luke are "like oil and water." What does this common expression mean, and why? A)Sam and Luke get along well; oil is hydrophobic B)Sam and Luke get along well; oil and water are polar molecules C)Sam and Luke don't get along well; oil is hydrophilic D)Sam and Luke don't get along well; oil is hydrophobic E)Sam and Luke get along well; water is hydrophilic

D)Sam and Luke don't get along well; oil is hydrophobic

The large Swansea Nasal Overton Town (SNOT) study showed that vitamin E can reduce the number of colds. SNOT involved 21,000 subjects who were followed for 5 years. Results showed a statistically significant 3% reduction in the number of colds for subjects who received vitamin E tablets. Which of the following is an accurate statement about the SNOT results? A)The effect of vitamin E on colds is practically, but not statistically, significant. B)Vitamin E has no effect on colds. C)The effect of vitamin E on colds is both statistically and practically significant. D)The effect of vitamin E on colds is statistically, but not practically, significant. E)The effect of vitamin E on colds is neither statistically nor practically significant.

D)The effect of vitamin E on colds is statistically, but not practically, significant.

What role do vitamins play in the body? A)They serve as coenzymes to increase reproduction of bacteria that produce the vitamins. B)They help maintain fluid balance. C)They direct proteins to Golgi apparatus. D)They serve as coenzymes to speed up chemical reactions. E)They help build muscle and bone.

D)They serve as coenzymes to speed up chemical reactions.

We eat to gain macronutrients. What substances are included in the term macronutrients? A)Water, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals B)Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids C)Water and vitamins D)Water, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins E)Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

D)Water, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Some people believe that tea made from the leaves of the Echinacea purpurea plant can reduce the symptoms of the common cold. To study this, scientists divided subjects into two groups: Group A, which drank the Echinacea purpurea tea, and Group B, which drank tea that was identical to Group A's tea except that it did not contain Echinacea purpurea. Group A is called the _____________. A)control group B)placebo group C)dependent variable D)experimental group E)independent variable

D)experimental group

A newspaper article describing recent research concerning cures for the common cold is a(an) ___________ source. A)anecdotal B)paid advertising C)primary D)secondary E)unreliable

D)secondary

Terry's grandfather lived to the age of 88 and smoked more than a pack of cigarettes per day throughout his adult life. When Terry tells you this as a reason why "smoking doesn't really harm people," you reply with which of the following? A)"Anecdotal evidence is one type of scientific evidence." B)"Now I regret stopping smoking last year." C)"That's a primary source with a small sample size." D)"Anecdotal evidence is a secondary source." E)"That's anecdotal, not scientific, evidence."

E)"That's anecdotal, not scientific, evidence."

Which of the following is present in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes? A)Nucleus B)Cell membrane C)Genetic material D)Organelles E)Cell wall

E)Cell wall

Which of the following organelles or structures is (are) present in animal cells but not in plant cells? A)Plasma membrane B)Lysosomes C)Central vacuole D)Rough endoplasmic reticulum E)Centrioles

E)Centrioles

Which of the following is a correct pairing between the commercial process that adds hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fats and one of its products? A)Hydrogenation and butter B)Proteination and energy bars C)Saturation and butter D)Trans fat production and energy bars E)Hydrogenation and margarine

E)Hydrogenation and margarine

Which of the following is an accurate statement about roughage in the diet? A)It consists of complex carbohydrates and provides quick energy. B)It consists of disaccharides and helps maintain healthy cholesterol levels. C)It consists of simple sugars and helps fight infections. D)It consists of simple sugars and provides glucose, an essential nutrient. E)It consists of complex carbohydrates and provides bulk to feces.

E)It consists of complex carbohydrates and provides bulk to feces.

In some cases, researchers receive financial benefits from companies that manufacture drugs being evaluated by the researchers themselves. A study in the New England Journal of Medicine, a highly respected scientific journal, found that 60% of articles in the news media do not mention these financial ties when they report on drug research. Does this finding make you more, or less, confident that you are getting the "straight story" from your local newspaper, and why? A)More confident because newspaper articles are peer-reviewed. B)More confident because highly paid researchers probably do a better job. C)Neither more or less confident because I do not trust secondary sources anyway. D)Less confident because the hypotheses may be incorrect. E)Less confident because there is a possibility of bias.

E)Less confident because there is a possibility of bias.

Substance X is more concentrated outside the cell than inside the cell. Substance Z is more concentrated inside the cell than outside the cell. Assume that the both substances can pass freely through the cell membrane. Over time, what will happen? A)Molecules of both substances will move inside the cell because of osmosis. B)Molecules of X will remain outside the cell, and molecules of Z wll remain inside the cell until equilibrium is reached. C)Molecules of both substances will remain where they are because they are at equilibrium. D)Molecules of both substances will move outside the cell because of osmosis. E)Molecules of X will move inside the cell, and molecules of Z will move outside the cell until equilibrium is reached.

E)Molecules of X will move inside the cell, and molecules of Z will move outside the cell until equilibrium is reached.

What are essential amino acids? A)Those that add to muscle mass. B)Those that the body must synthesize. C)Those that are included in complete proteins. D)Those that the body needs to rebuild structural elements of cells. E)Those that the body cannot synthesize.

E)Those that the body cannot synthesize.

Imagine that you read about a new cure for the common cold in the evening newspaper. Which of the choices lists the events that occurred that led to the publication of the article, in the correct order? I.Peer review of manuscript II.Manuscript written III.Appearance in the news article IV.Experiment conducted V.Subjects put into groups VI.Hypothesis developed VII.Appearance as primary source VIII.Data analyzed IX.Manuscript revised A)V, VI, IV, VIII, II, I, III, VII, IX B)VI, IV, V, VIII, IX, II, VII, III, I C)VI, V, IV, VIII, II, I, III, VII, IX D)V, VI, IV, VIII, II, I, IX, VII, III E)VI, V, IV, VIII, II, I, IX, VII, III

E)VI, V, IV, VIII, II, I, IX, VII, III

Carbohydrate and protein molecules both contain ___________; protein molecules contain ___________ in addition. A)carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; excess hydrogen B)oxygen and hydrogen; nitrogen and carbon C)carbon and oxygen; hydrogen D)oxygen and hydrogen; carbon E)carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; nitrogen

E)carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; nitrogen

Organic molecules are molecules that contain ___________, which can form bonds with as many as ___________ other elements A)oxygen; 4 B)oxygen; 2 C)carbon; 2 D)salts; 8 E)carbon; 4

E)carbon; 4

To test a hypothesis, scientists conduct ____________ in which they manipulate a(an) ____________ and observe the effects on a(an) ____________. A)experiments; dependent variable; independent variable B)hypotheses; data; statistics C)hypotheses; independent variable; dependent variable D)hypotheses; variables; placebo E)experiments; independent variable; dependent variable

E)experiments; independent variable; dependent variable