Intro to Psych Chapter 9 - Motivation and Emotion

Biological: -survival of the species Psychological: -attraction/stimulation Social: -Something that isn't discussed openly, which makes it more mysterious and appealing -Religion/cultural norms

What are some biological, psychological, and social influences on the motives for sex?

1. James-Lange Theory 2. Cannon-Bard theory 3. Two-Factor theory

What are the 3 main theories of emotion?

1. physiological needs 2. safety needs 3. belongingness and love needs 4. esteem needs 5. self-actualization

What are the levels on the "pyramid" of the hierarchy of needs?

sensing biological needs

biological regulator of hunger that involved the hypothalamus monitoring the blood for nutrients, H2O) and temp and senses need for food w/ help of other chemical receptors

intrinsic motivation

desire to engage in an activity for the sake of doing it. Usually because you like doing something, the act of doing it is reward enough. (i.e. listening to music, playing volleyball, hanging out with friends)

extrinsic motivation

desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence (reward) behavioral view on motivation due to an external cause (i.e. working because you want money)

Physiological arousal

emotional experience characterized by bodily arousal such as sweating, pounding heart, etc... gets the endocrine system going (biological response)

Emotional expression

emotional experience characterized by expressive behaviors such as yelling, accelerating, etc.

Conscious experience

emotional experience typically internal, thoughts - especially ones that label the emotion. (i.e "What a bad driver, I'm so annoyed") interpretation of an event.

approach emotions

emotions such as delight and joy, generally positive and make a person, object or situation attractive. Involve the dopamine reward system

facial feedback effect

idea that facial position and muscle changes can alter which emotion we feel (i.e. smiling or frowning can change mood - supports the idea that by forcing yourself to smile you will thus feel more happy)

instincts

inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned; essential to survival. (e.g. sleeping, eating, some social interactions)

Sleep

insufficient amounts of this can cause an increase in eating/hunger and lead to weight gain

super-ego

the morality principle, concerned with right and wrong and social acceptance

id

the pleasure principle of the unconscious. Raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality; reduces tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses

ego

the reality principle, decision-making component

sexual orientation

the sex of those you customarily find sexually attractive, along with your sexual identity (the sex with which you identify yourself) based on attraction

drive reduction theory

theory on motivation that refers to the idea that humans are motivated to reduce primary (biological needs) and secondary (experience and learning) drives in order to restore homeostasis. (works to reduce tension) Limited in the fact that it forgets about cognitive, social and cultural influences, as well as psychological motives.

Instinct theory of motivation

theory on motivation that says instincts provide the energy that guides our behavior, flawed in the fact that it overlooks the effect of learning and other internal motivations.

arousal theory

theory on motivation which says that some behavior cannot be easily connected to a biological need, and instead seems driven by a need to either increase or decrease our psychological arousal level. (i.e. curiosity driven behaviors)

Hierarchy of Needs

theory proposed by Abraham Maslow that proposed that humans strive to ensure that basic needs are satisfied before they find motivation to pursue goals that are higher on this hierarchy. Working towards self-actualization

James-Lange Theory

theory that emotion is our conscious awareness of our physiological responses to stimuli, the body does something, then we experience an emotion. (i.e. if something makes us smile, we may then feel happy)

Psychodynamic theory

theory that states human motivation is rooted in the sex drive and aggression (unconscious forces) proposed by Freud. Involved the id, ego and superego. Very limiting because it related everything to only 2 unconscious desires.

Cannon-Bard theory

theory that we have a cognitive and conscious emotional experience at the same time as our body is responding; body reaction occurs at the same time as we feel an emotion. (faultiness in the fact that there aren't enough different physiological responses to account for every emotion.

collectivism

values group loyalty and subordination of self to the group. High values placed on behavior that helps the group/community.

- Bias towards seeing anger in men's faces and more happy expressions in women's faces (evolutionary basis) - panic and depression occur more commonly in women (biological basis) - men are more likely to display their anger whereas women learn to hide/control it (cultural basis) - men learn to conceal sadness, fear etc because it's seen as weak (cultural basis)

what are some gender differences in detecting emotion?

joy, acceptance, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, and anticipation

what are the primary emotions?

Exercise

when extreme cases of this provoke hunger but moderate levels actually suppress appetite.

maintaining the homeostatic set point

when nutrients and fat deposits fall below a certain level, receptor cells in the brain and around the body send signals to the brain, arousing the hunger motive.

Two-Factor Theory

(Schachter and Singer) theory that emotions do not exist until we add a label to whatever body sensations we are feeling. (i.e. I face a stranger, and my heart is pounding, do I feel fear, excitement, anger, or lust? The label completes the emotion)

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, contempt and surprise.

7 universally identifiable emotions

Study in which subjects either walked across a suspension bridge or a wooden bridge. Both genders were asked to participate in the study, and as they reached the opposite side of the bridge a person of the opposite gender gave them a phone number, looking to see if the research subject would label their heightened emotional state as attraction or fear. Overall, males we likely to mis-interpret their sensation as attraction. Supports the Two-Factor theory

Explain the bridge experiment

1. Biological 2. Stimulus 3. Learned

For what reasons are people motivated (3 specific)?

With a skilled liar, it can be almost impossible to detect without being able to observe them multiple times keys to detecting lies include: the eyes (looking away is cue to lying), less blinking b/c subject is so focused on the lie, may be repetition of false information, person may become more aroused or animated, body movements can give it away (nervous hand movements) as well as culture - depending on what culture someone is from, we may assume they are lying.

How good are we at detecting lies?

1. sensing biological needs 2. maintaining the homeostatic set point 3. reward system preferences 4. Sleep 5. Bacteria in the gut

List some biological influences on hunger

1. social norms of bodies (larger bodies or smaller bodies, depending on what is found attractive for a certain culture) 2. The media (advertisements on junk food, magazines, etc)

List some social (cultural) factors that affect hunger

1. Learning (associate certain situations w/ food) 2. emotions (depression, boredom)

List the psychological factors affecting hunger

- Not related to testosterone levels - Not due to parenting styles or family configurations - Not found to be linked to early sexual experiences either (such as molestation or abuse) - Found to be an innate characteristic - INTERESTING - the more older brothers a male has, the more likely he is to be gay (possibly due to epigenetic factors)

What has research shown on the origins of sexual preference/orientation?

1. Help us identify important events (especially in recurring situations - feel fear of a burglar) 2. Provide info on how to respond to events -Approach vs. Avoidance 3. Evolutionary purpose (survival - fear can save your life, sexual jealousy to ensure a mate and produce offspring)

What is the purpose of emotions?

gives evidence that labeling emotions is based on context. Experiment done in which people were given an epinephrine triggering drug, which triggers bodily arousal, placed either next to an angry/upset person in a waiting room or a neutral person then asked to label what emotion they felt.. people next to an angry person were more likely to label a negative emotion

What is the spillover effect?

- introverted people are better at detecting emotions, - those who have been abused are better at detecting the negative emotions associated with the abuse - extroverts display their emotions more apparently, but aren't as good at detecting others - universal emotions are easier to be detected

When are we good at detecting emotions? When are we bad?

motivation

a need or desire that energized behavior and directs it towards a goal.

emotions

a special class of motives that help us attend to and respond to important (usually external) situations and communicate our intentions to others. Generally have both physiological and cognitive elements that influence our behavior.

need for achievement

a strong desire to attain a difficult, but desired, goal. Pushes people toward a goal. High level of this is demonstrated by accomplishing things through hard work and self-discipline (grit) (i.e. working to lose weight, make the team, etc.)

avoidance emotions

most negative emotions such as fear, disgust and anger, associated with rejection or avoidance, usually involve the amygdala.

individualism

premium of success is placed on individual performance. Motivated by things that will benefit ourselves

reward system preferences

tendency for people to prefer more sweet and high-fat foods. Originally ensured survival by getting enough calories, but now has been exploited