Intro to Psych Quiz Chapter 7

We can use mnemonics to help us __________ information we want to retain in our memories. A. comprehend B. store C. encode D. retrieve

C. encode

Zhenya remembers that St. Paul is the capital of Minnesota. Alina remembers that she lived in St. Paul when she was 12 years old. Zhenya is demonstrating __________ memory, whereas Alina is demonstrating __________ memory. A. episodic; semantic B. procedural; semantic C. semantic; procedural D. semantic; episodic

D. semantic; episodic

When we are not sure where a memory really came from ("Did it actually happen? Or was it all a dream?") we can use cues such as how vivid and detailed the memory is to determine the answer. This process is called __________. A. considered recollection B. initial recollection C. cryptomnesia D. source monitoring

D. source monitoring

Under most circumstances, which is a comparatively easier memory retrieval task to perform? A. recognition B. encoding C. rehearsal D. recall

A. recognition

In Elizabeth Loftus's "lost in the mall" study, approximately what percentage of people distinctly remembered being lost in a shopping mall after being told that this had happened to them, even though it did not really happen? A. 25 percent B. 67 percent C. 10 percent D. 32 percent

A. 25 percent

__________ allows you to remember auditory stimuli for up to 5 or 10 seconds. A. Echoic memory B. Eidetic memory C. Iconic memory D. Recovered memory

A. Echoic memory

ZAK, BOL, GID, YAF, and other nonsense syllables were used in some of the earliest studies of memory, conducted by __________. A. Hermann Ebbinghaus B. Martin Barre C. Herman von Helmholtz D. Arnold Swanson

A. Hermann Ebbinghaus

That frustrating feeling of knowing you know something but cannot pull it out of your brain at the moment you want it is known as the TOT phenomenon, because __________. A. TOT stands for "tip-of-the-tongue" B. TOT stands for Too Old to Think C. it was identified by the research team of Tattinger, Osprey, and Thomas D. it primarily happens to very young children or "tots"

A. TOT stands for "tip-of-the-tongue"

As they develop, children's memories become increasingly sophisticated. Which of the following is not a reason why this occurs? A. The presence of siblings increases over time. B. Conceptual understanding increases with age. C. Meta-memory develops over time. D. Memory spans increase with age.

A. The presence of siblings increases over time.

When trying to recall an event, which of the following processes best describes how that takes place? A. We actively reconstruct our memories using cues and information available to us. B. We "rewind the tape" to review the details of what we originally stored in memory. C. We inevitably fall prey to biases, errors, and shortcomings when trying to recall even the simplest information. D. We passively recall information that is stored in long-term memory.

A. We actively reconstruct our memories using cues and information available to us.

Which part of the brain plays an important role in remembering the emotional content of the memory of a frightening event? A. amygdala B. thalamus C. hippocampus D. forebrain

A. amygdala

Without even noticing that you are doing it, what memory technique do you use to remember larger quantities of information, even though your short-term memory capacity only holds about nine bits of information? A. chunking B. depth of processing C. elaborative rehearsal D. the Magic Number technique

A. chunking

Hermann Ebbinghaus discovered the law of __________, which says that people tend to remember information better when they spread their learning out over long intervals rather than cram it into short ones. A. distributed versus massed practice B. temporal memorization C. memory sensitivity over time D. strategic short-term retention

A. distributed versus massed practice

Scientists devise __________ in order to ensure that the memories elicited in their false-memory-implantation experiments are actually false. A. existence proofs B. cryptomnesia proofs C. statistical estimates D. plausibility estimates

A. existence proofs

To remember information such as a telephone number until you can finish dialing it, you could just say the number over and over again until it is fixed in your mind. This memory technique is called__________. A. maintenance rehearsal B. processing level C. elaborative rehearsal D. chunking

A. maintenance rehearsal

Dee Dee has to remember 4 items that he needs at the corner market, so he visualizes the path he will take to get there. He imagines a bar of soap hanging from a large tree, envisions a roll of paper towels next to a stoplight, "sees" a packet of gum on the newspaper rack, and imagines the fire hydrant spurting out soda. Which memory strategy is Dee Dee relying on? A. method of loci B. pegword technique C. means-end analysis D. keyword technique

A. method of loci

The brains of people with Alzheimer's disease contain senile plaques and __________, abnormalities that contribute to both synapse loss and the death of hippocampal and cerebral cortex cells. A. neurofibrillary tangles B. beta-adrenergic receptors C. amygdala cells D. propranolol

A. neurofibrillary tangles

George Sperling's partial report method studies from the 1960's demonstrated that when a display of 12 letters was viewed, participants retained all of the letters in __________ but not all of them could be transferred to short-term memory. A. sensory memory B. semantic memory C. episodic memory D. explicit memory

A. sensory memory

Which of the following can account for the fact that some people believe they have engaged in a particular action when, in fact, they watched someone else perform that action? A. source monitoring failure B. eidetic imagery error C. ego enhancing fantasy D. memory retrieval error

A. source monitoring failure

The memory technique that associates rhymes with a list of words in a particular order is called the __________. A. method of loci B. pegword method C. schema method D. keyword method

B. pegword method

When we have encountered a stimulus before, we are able to identify it more quickly and easily. The term for this subtype of implicit memory is __________. A. habituation B. priming C. conditioning D. sensitization

B. priming

Which of the following is a compelling argument against the existence of repressed traumatic memories? A. It is virtually impossible to implant false memories of an event in the mind of an individual, so there is nothing there for the mental system to repress. B. There is growing evidence that painful and disturbing memories are actually remembered well, and in fact, too well by the people plagued with them. C. Repression has been identified as one of Freud's "lesser defenses" in his writings, and therefore carries little weight in this memory process. D. There are usually behavioral manifestations of psychic trauma, suggesting that repression has not accomplished its goals in the memory system.

B. There is growing evidence that painful and disturbing memories are actually remembered well, and in fact, too well by the people plagued with them.

There are various techniques available to help people improve their ability to recall material. For example, when you remember something new by connecting it mentally to something you already know, you are using __________. A. levels of processing B. elaborative rehearsal C. distributed study D. a mnemonic device

B. elaborative rehearsal

More than 300 convicted prisoners to date have been released because DNA evidence showed they were innocent, despite confident testimony from __________. A. forensic specialists B. eyewitnesses C. psychologists D. prosecutors

B. eyewitnesses

Although it is presented as the most common kind of memory loss in the popular media, with depictions of someone losing all memory of his or her past, __________ is not actually the most common kind of amnesia. A. infantile amnesia B. generalized amnesia C. anterograde amnesia D. retrograde amnesia

B. generalized amnesia

Over time, children develop greater knowledge of their own memory abilities and limitations. The term used to describe this is __________. A. habituation B. meta-memory C. learning D. comprehension

B. meta-memory

Psychologists measure people's memory abilities by assessing three capacities: __________. A. recall, retrieval, and reconstruction B. recall, recognition, and relearning C. relearning, receptivity, and retrieval D. retrieval, recall, and relearning

B. recall, recognition, and relearning

Although using __________ can sometimes lead to mistakes, they provide us with a frame of reference for interpreting new situations. A. disambiguation tables B. schemas C. storage menus D. interpretive expectations

B. schemas

In which memory system is information retained for the shortest amount of time? A. long-term memory B. sensory memory C. short-term memory D. working memory

B. sensory memory

What type of graph would be used to illustrate the primacy and recency effects? A. enneagram B. serial position curve C. histogram D. Ebbinghaus curve

B. serial position curve

Because younger children have not developed their meta-memory skills to the extent that older children have, younger children can be mistaken about __________. A. eyewitness accounts B. their own memory abilities C. reports of abuse D. conditioning experiences

B. their own memory abilities

What is the general progression of memory loss for patients with Alzheimer's disease? A. Memory loss is random, haphazard, and unpredictable. B. Older memories are more easily corrupted, whereas recent memories remain intact. C. Memory for recent events fades first, with distant memories usually being the last to go. D. Short-term memory disappears within a month of diagnosis.

C. Memory for recent events fades first, with distant memories usually being the last to go.

What is one likely reason why we cannot remember information and events from our own infancy? A. Most parents "talk around" their children, rather than "talking to" their children. B. Infants operate in a post-conventional state, and only gradually achieve the formal operations necessary for memory formation. C. The hippocampus takes time to develop, and is only partially developed during infancy D. Fetuses lack ears, and therefore cannot overhear conversations in the external world.

C. The hippocampus takes time to develop, and is only partially developed during infancy

Which of the following describes the term "schema"? A. the process of keeping information in memory B. the process of getting information into our memory banks C. an organized knowledge structure or mental model that we have stored in memory D. a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall

C. an organized knowledge structure or mental model that we have stored in memory

Studies have shown the students perform slightly better on exams if they are tested in the same room where they learned the material. This is evidence for __________. A. retrospective bias B. encoding specificity C. context-dependent learning D. state-dependent learning

C. context-dependent learning

Unintentional plagiarism has been attributed to __________, which occurs when someone says they forgot having been exposed to the plagiarized material earlier and thought they had created it themselves. A. monitoring failure B. suggested memory C. cryptomnesia D. misinformation effect

C. cryptomnesia

Long-term potentiation enhances the release of which neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, resulting in enhanced learning? A. aspartate B. anadamide C. glutamate D. GABA

C. glutamate

Even before we are born, we can show signs of __________ memory through habituation. A. deliberate B. explicit C. implicit D. engrammatic

C. implicit

The connections among neurons gradually strengthen over time, and do so by means of repetitive stimulation. This process is known as __________. A. lateral processing B. connective synchrony C. long-term potentiation D. elaborative rehearsal

C. long-term potentiation

Our memory for how to do things is called __________. A. semantic memory B. explicit memory C. procedural memory D. mnemonic memory

C. procedural memory

When someone witnesses a crime in which a gun was involved, her or his description of the perpetrator's appearance can be flawed. This is often due to __________, a psychological process demonstrated in many experiments. A. sequentializing B. segmentation C. weapon focus D. forced testimony

C. weapon focus

Which of the following statements is true? A. It is easier to implant a false memory from the recent past than a false memory from the distant past. B. Recovering repressed memories is like rewinding a videorecording of one's life events C. It is nearly impossible to implant a false memory in a person, unless the person is high in suggestibility. D. It is easier to implant a false memory that is plausible than one that is implausible.

D. It is easier to implant a false memory that is plausible than one that is implausible.

The two primary reasons why short-term memories fade are __________ and __________. A. intrusion; obstruction B. reversal; proaction C. substitution; migration D. decay; interference

D. decay; interference

In the 1920s, Karl Lashley hoped to discover the __________, the actual physical trace of a memory in the brain. He later concluded that memories are not stored this way. A. hippocampus B. postsynaptic receptors C. assembly D. engram

D. engram

The fact that people usually correctly remember where they were when they learned of the September 11th, 2001, attacks but are less exact about what they were doing or who told them, leads researchers to believe that __________, although not completely reliable, contain "substantial kernels of accuracy." A. initial recollection B. recovered memories C. source monitoring D. flashbulb memories

D. flashbulb memories

Most people cannot accurately remember anything they experienced in their earliest years of life. This phenomenon is known as __________. A. anterograde amnesia B. retrograde amnesia C. juvenile amnesia D. infantile amnesia

D. infantile amnesia

The primary cognitive impairments in patients with Alzheimer's disease are related to __________. A. facial recognition and mathematical calculation B. long-term memory and problem solving C. multiple strokes and short-term memory loss D. language and memory

D. language and memory

Which mental phenomenon can be defined as "the retention of information over time"? A. knowledge B. understanding C. thinking D. memory

D. memory

A memory that is actually false but "feels real" and can be triggered by, for example, looking at a list of associated words, is called a(n) __________. A. active reconstruction B. representative heuristic C. paradoxical memory D. memory illusion

D. memory illusion

Which of the following is one of the three processes of memory? A. literacy B. schema C. pegword D. retrieval

D. retrieval