Intro to Psychology chapter 6
134. As a consequence for misbehaving, many teachers use "timeout." How does this consequence affect students' behavior?
It takes away a stimulus to decrease bad behavior
61. Larry has been using heroin for several years. Normally he injects the drug in his basement, but one night on a vacation he injects the drug in his hotel room. Despite the fact that he uses the same heroin and dose that he normally does, Larry overdoses and dies. What phenomenon is likely responsible?
conditioned drug tolerance
105. Which of the following is true concerning partial schedules of reinforcement?
Ratio schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to interval schedules
112. Which of the following is true concerning Tolman and Honzik's classic study of latent learning?
Rats were able to learn without receiving reinforcement
23. The association or link between which two classical conditioning elements is, by definition, unlearned?
US and UR
99. A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement involves giving reinforcement:
after a specific number of responses have been completed
4. For Kyle, the smell of fresh baked cookies will always be connected to the memory of his grandmother. This is an example of which type of learning?
associative
106. B.F. Skinner rigged the cages of pigeons so that food was delivered every 15 seconds. Within a short time most of the pigeons were practicing some sort of consistent behavior, even though the behavior did not have any effect on the delivery of the reinforcer. The birds were:
behaving superstitiously
43. Ken's mouth waters every time he hears the ice cream truck's familiar song in the distance. One day a slightly different song is heard in the distance and Ken's mouth waters. Ken's behavior illustrates ____________.
generalization
14. Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
a puff of air to your eye
84. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
a student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework
75. A reinforcer is a consequence that ______________ the likelihood of a behavior, and a punisher is a consequence that ____________ the likelihood of a behavior.
increases; decreases
68. In operant conditioning, reinforcement is:
presented as a consequence of the organism's behavior
57. Which of the following is one of the ways in which conditioned taste aversions are NOT like other forms of classical conditioning?
The CS and US can be separated by several hours
132. Which is the best explanation, that is based on classical conditioning, for why diet beverages do not prevent people from gaining weight?
The artificially sweetened beverages seem to stimulate hunger for high-calorie foods
28. Which of the following statements pertaining to the conditioned response is accurate?
The conditioned response is elicited by the conditioned stimulus.
31. How do you know you have classically conditioned a person or an animal?
The conditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the conditioned response
59. Which of the following would be an example of advertisers applying classical conditioning to the marketing of a product?
The product is shown with stimuli that viewers already view positively, such as attractive people
109. The concept of latent learning was developed by ___________.
Tolman
56. People appear to have a biological predisposition to associate nausea with what type of stimuli?
tastes
126. Bandura conducted a classic study known as the "Bobo" doll study. The term Bobo refers to
the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study
24. Five-year-old Samantha is watching a storm from her window. A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap. Startled, Samantha jumps at the noise. This happens several times. As the storm moves farther away, Samantha jumps at the sight of a lightning bolt but doesn't hear the thunder until after she jumps! In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the _______________ and the conditioned stimulus is the _______________.
thunder; lightning
78. __________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas __________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.
A cupcake; a certificate of achievement
154. What is the main idea of social learning theory?
One can learn new behaviors by observing others
95. ______________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.
Shaping
16. When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate increased. Luke always wore Old Spice after shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice, her heart raced. Luke's kiss was the _______________.
conditioned stimulus
121. John sees others being praised for using good penmanship and now he attempts to use good penmanship. This behavior is reflective of ________ learning.
observational
118. Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people act?
observational learning
119. After watching her teenage sister put on lipstick, Julie applies some to her own lips. Julie acquired this behavior through ________________.
observational learning
65. In which type of learning is an organism's behavior influenced by the consequences of that behavior?
operant conditioning
71. Thorndike conducted research on ______________.
operant conditioning
74. A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research involving ________________.
operant conditioning
98. What kind of reinforcement is used if Sally's parents give her $10 every time she accumulates six As on her report card?
partial reinforcement
87. Presenting a stimulus to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as
positive punishment
50. Why is it so much easier to learn to fear snakes than to fear guns?
preparedness
52. Which of the following terms refers to the fact that animals and human beings may be evolutionarily predisposed to learn to fear certain stimuli that threaten their survival?
preparedness
20. Because dogs do not need to be conditioned to salivate to food, salivation to food is a(n) ______________.
unconditioned response
83. Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely TRUE?
Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog
156. Which is the most accurate conclusion from the large body of research that exists on the effects of viewing media violence?
Viewing aggression is related to increased aggression and desensitization to violence
127. Which of the following is true about the relationship between media violence and aggression?
Watching media violence is positively correlated with aggression, but it is difficult to establish a cause-and-effect relationship
47. Who was also known as "Little Albert"?
a child who developed a fear as part of a demonstration of classical conditioning
79. Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
a gold star on a test
51. People diagnosed with psychopathy show an impaired ability to learn to:
associate fear with faces when the faces are paired with a shock
39. Spontaneous recovery:
can occur once a response has been extinguished.
6. Before studying conditioning, Ivan Pavlov studied ______________.
digestive processes
45. You classically condition your dog Milo to salivate when middle C is played on the piano, but you find that he also salivates when a high G is played. You make a point of playing high G and not giving Milo any food afterward, whereas you do give him food after you play C. After a few days, Milo stops salivating when high G is played but continues to salivate to middle C. This phenomenon is known as ________________.
discrimination
93. A pigeon learns to peck only at a red disk. It will not peck at an identical disk of any other color. This illustrates the concept of ______________.
discrimination
146. To learn most effectively, you should _____ your study time and study material in _____ order.
distribute; a different
141. _____ create(s) situations that make acquiring new knowledge more challenging and with benefits that are less obvious in the short term.
Desirable difficulties
35. Repeatedly presenting a CS by itself will result in ______________.
extinction
90. Bob has learned that he can usually get what he wants from his parents if he keeps whining for something. One day Bob starts whining in the toy store because he wants an action figure. His father refuses to give it to him and ignores his whining. What process is likely to happen as a result?
extinction
5. __________ was one of the first people to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning while studying the digestive process of dogs.
Ivan Pavlov
136. Frederick trained his parrot to open the door to his cage by pecking at a lever three times. Frederick used a _____ schedule of reinforcement to encourage the desired behavior.
fixed-ratio
22. An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation the unconditioned response (UR) is the _______________.
increased heartbeat
142. Observational learning:
involves a change in behavior as a result of watching others
10. Which of the following is a stimulus?
food
42. The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called ______________.
generalization
82. Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
giving children candy for completing their homework
116. Which of the following is most likely an example of a desirable difficulty when studying for a test?
having the material in the lecture presented in a different order than in the textbook
96. A child receives one homework pass—a coupon that allows her to skip a homework assignment—for every 10 word problems she completes during class. This is an example of both ___________ reinforcement and a ___________ schedule of reinforcement.
negative; fixed ratio
139. In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
80. The rewarding property of reinforcing stimuli like food and sex is believed to be related to the activity of which brain structure?
nucleus accumbens
77. A _____________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, motivational need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.
primary
70. Thorndike was known for his work with ______________.
puzzle boxes
100. When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a _____________ schedule.
ratio
108. In general, research on the use of corporal punishments, such as spanking, suggests that:
severe instances of corporal punishment should be avoided because of its negative side effects
115. Researchers use the term desirable difficulty to refer to:
situations that make acquiring new knowledge more challenging, but help long-term learning
26. In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the CR was _____________.
salivation
73. Operant conditioning is most closely associated with ________________.
B. F. Skinner
25. Of the four basic elements of classical conditioning, the one the organism learns to respond to is the _____.
CS
104. Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning?
Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement
64. How can learning theory help to explain why diet drinks are ineffective in helping people lose weight?
People normally learn that sweet tastes (CS) predict calories (US), but artificial sweeteners weaken this association
129. In classical conditioning, the process during which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus is known as _______.
acquisition
46. As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of ______________.
classical conditioning
128. The learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus is known as the _____.
conditioned response
18. Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the __________ is the unconditioned stimulus (US).
fish food
152. Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed ratio
149. Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
latent
117. Research indicates that test performance is better if students use study materials that ____________________ and ______________________
need to be rearranged; distribute their studying time over several sessions
88. Which of the following will decrease the likelihood of behavior reoccurring?
negative punishment
89. When a stimulus is removed from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the probability of response, it is known as
negative punishment
138. Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.
negative reinforcement
85. Nicky tends to bite his nails when he becomes nervous because it calms him down. Nicky's behavior is an example of _______________.
negative reinforcement
19. Whenever five-year-old Claire goes to the dentist, she becomes anxious and cries. Since she was not afraid of the dentist on her first visit, her fear is a learned behavior. The US in this case was probably _________________.
painful teeth cleaning
123. Which of the following is NOT one of the processes Albert Bandura identified as supporting observational learning?
stress
72. Thorndike's research famously led him to conclude that responses followed by satisfaction will occur again, and those that are not followed by satisfaction become less likely. This principle is known as ______________.
the law of effect
66. The term operant refers to the fact that, in operant conditioning:
the organism must operate on the environment before consequences can occur
102. Kwan checks his email for new messages several times during the day. He realizes that because emails are sent on a ________________ schedule, checking his email more frequently will not increase the number of new emails he receives in a day. Furthermore, he knows that he cannot predict when people will email him, but if an email has been sent to him, he will receive it the next time he checks.
variable-interval
101. The broken vending machine in Cathy's office dispenses sodas inconsistently. Sometimes Cathy gets a soda after putting in two quarters, but sometimes she only gets a soda after putting in five or six quarters. In operant conditioning terms, Cathy is being reinforced on a ________________ schedule.
variable-ratio
151. Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior
91. Extinction in operant conditioning involves _________________.
withholding reinforcement
27. In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the salivation triggered by the sound or tone was the ________________.
conditioned response
130. Why are human biologically prepared to fear snakes and not guns?
Although also potentially involved in injury, guns are a more recent addition to our evolutionary history
34. Extinction occurs in classical conditioning when the ________ no longer produces the ________.
CS; CR
48. Participants exposed to paired experiences of snakes and mild electric shock, then exhibited that they were experiencing palm sweat even when they only saw the pictures of the snakes. The snake photo was the __________.
CS
63. Riley reports that watching commercials has classically conditioned her to only buy a particular brand of hand lotion and she could not possibly even consider purchasing any other brand. What might you want to remind her about classical conditioning in advertisements?
Classical conditioning affects emotions, but does not cause us to blindly follow suggestions to purchase products
60. Why are heroin users more likely to overdose when they inject heroin someplace other than their usual location?
Cues that normally trigger a conditioned response that helps to prepare the body for the heroin are missing in the new locations
133. _____ removes the effects of an aversive stimulus, whereas _____ removes the possibility of an aversive stimulus from occurring in the first place.
Escape learning; avoidance learning
125. Which of the following is true concerning Bandura's classic "Bobo" doll study?
Exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in children
33. ________________is the loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together.
Extinction
120. Which of the following is the best example of observational learning?
Ingrid swam poorly until she noticed the efficient stroke of the man in the next lane; now her swimming is greatly improved
86. Kathy takes her 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Her son screams, demanding that Kathy buys him treats. Although she refuses to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, Kathy yells at the top of her lungs, "QUIET!" He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story?
Kathy is using punishment to suppress the screaming; her use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming
155. According to Albert Bandura, ________.
Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say
2. Which of the following is true of learning?
Learning involves a change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience.
107. Which of the following statements is true regarding corporal punishment?
Spanking is generally a very effective punisher when it is used for immediately stopping a behavior
124. According to your textbook, which of the following is true about animals teaching other members of their species?
Researchers have observed members of several different species transmitting new behaviors to others through imitation
137. A friend regularly spanks his children to decrease their misbehavior. Which statement is most accurate in regard to using spanking as form of corporal punishment?
Spanking can be an effective method of punishment but carries risks of additional negative outcomes
32. The initial phase of learning in which a response is first established is known as _________________.
acquisition
76. A punisher is any outcome presented ___________ a behavior that ___________ the likelihood of the behavior reoccurring.
after; decreases
147. Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.
associational
49. Shelly has developed a fear of bridges due to the recent, graphic news coverage of people falling from a collapsed bridge. Which of the following is the CS?
bridges
55. Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning?
classical conditioning
7. Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with ______________.
classical conditioning
8. Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus elicits a response that was originally caused by another stimulus is called ___________________.
classical conditioning
3. The type of learning students do when studying information for a test is primarily ______________ learning.
cognitive
111. Studies of latent learning emphasize the importance of ______________ on learning.
cognitive processes
29. For several weeks Allen had to clean the men's restroom at the restaurant where he worked. The task always made him nauseated. He has since gone on to better things, but still cannot walk by the door to a men's restroom without becoming slightly queasy. For Allen, the door to the men's room has become a(n) ________________.
conditioned stimulus
54. Last month Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, and he now finds the very thought of chili dogs to be repulsive. Walter has experienced ________________.
conditioned taste aversion
58. Which form of classical conditioning is most likely to occur with only a single CS-US pairing?
conditioned taste aversion
92. A rat learns that pressing the lever in the operant chamber will only deliver food if a red light above the lever is on. In this scenario, the red light is acting as a _________________.
discriminative stimulus
9. In classical conditioning, the term neutral is used to indicate that a stimulus:
does not initially elicit a response
148. In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.
higher order
110. Learning that is not directly observable is called _____________.
latent learning
113. Sarah has just received her driver's license and is now ready to drive to school. Although she's never driven to her school before, Sarah knows the way. The fact that Sarah can drive herself to school suggests that _________ has occurred.
latent learning
145. Contrary to some early behaviorist views, _____ suggest(s) that learning can occur without any immediate behavioral evidence.
latent learning
1. __________ is a change in an organism's behavior or knowledge brought about by experience.
learning
144. What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
learning
36. Extinction is believed to be a form of _____________.
learning
103. Learned behavior is less prone to extinction if it is conditioned by ____________ reinforcement.
partial
97. Julie is expected to cut the lawn weekly. Her parents only give her money once in a while after she cuts the lawn. Julie is being reinforced using a _____________ schedule of reinforcement.
partial
67. In classical conditioning, the responses involved tend to be __________________, but in operant conditioning they are __________________.
reflexive; voluntary
69. The process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows is called ______________.
reinforcement
81. A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is__________ and thus __________the probability of a response.
removed; increases
94. An animal trainer is trying to teach a lion to perform tricks for the circus. First the lion is given food if he sits quietly on a chair. Next the lion is given food if he raises one paw. Finally the lion is given food if he gives the trainer a "high-five." In this example, the lion is being trained by ________________.
shaping
122. In a demonstration of observational learning, rats can identify food that is safe to eat by:
smelling the breath of other rats
13. Every week, Jade spends her allowance on ½ pound of sour lemon gummy candies even though they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is puckering and overflowing with saliva. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the:
sour lemon gummy candy
53. According to the concept of preparedness, which stimulus would make the most effective CS in a fear conditioning experiment?
spider
37. Which phenomenon supports the theory that extinction is not a form of forgetting?
spontaneous recovery
38. The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction is called ________________.
spontaneous recovery
40. As a child, Blaine was attacked by a goose and subsequently developed a severe fear of waterfowl. As he got older, the fear gradually faded until it was all but forgotten. Blaine is now in his early twenties and recently went strolling through a park by the river where he came across a flock of geese. The geese stared at him and he felt slightly fearful, though not as afraid as he had been as a child. Blaine's fear response to the geese in the park is an example of _______________.
spontaneous recovery
41. You train your dog Milo to salivate to the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?
spontaneous recovery
150. If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.
stimulus discrimination
44. The proverb "He who hath been bitten by a snake fears a rope" illustrates ______________.
stimulus generalization
114. You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of:
the formation of a cognitive map
135. Pete cannot seem to stop checking the change slots of vending machines. Although he usually does not find any money, occasionally he finds a quarter. Despite the low levels of reinforcement, this behavior is likely to persist due to _____.
the partial reinforcement effect
62. In studies of advertisement-like condition, participants viewed a slide show with attractive visual scenery paired with a brand of toothpaste. Other participants viewed the same images but in an unpaired presentation. Participants in the paired condition ultimately preferred ______.
the particular brand of toothpaste paired with the scenery
30. The conditioned stimulus is defined as:
the previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to produce the conditioned response
11. In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is:
the stimulus that triggers a response without learning having taken place
21. Salivation in response to food being placed in the mouth and an eye blink response to a puff of air, are both examples of _______________.
unconditioned responses
12. The abbreviation US stands for _______________.
unconditioned stimulus
15. In classical conditioning the stimulus that normally evokes an automatic response without new learning is called the _____________.
unconditioned stimulus
17. The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning is _______________.
unconditioned stimulus
131. Sylvia used to play with balloons. When she tried to blow up a balloon last week, it popped in her face and gave her quite a scare. Now, blowing up a balloon is so scary that Sylvia will not try it. In this example, the pop is a(n) _____ and the balloon is a(n) _____.
unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus
140. Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
143. You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
153. Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
variable ratio