Intro to Psychology Final Study Guide

Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because the ______were more obedient than most people would have predicted

teachers

During deliberations on a rape case, some of the jurors commented that the victim had a history of going out to various bars and had been dressed too provocatively. Looking like that, they believed, she asked to be assaulted. The jurors' comments are best explained in terms of the

Just-world phenomenon

At her health club, Bonnie, who is a skilled runner, runs much faster on the treadmill when other patrons are using nearby equipment. This best illustrates _____________ ___________

Social Facilitation

The social psychologist who is best known for his pioneering studies of conformity is

Solomon Asch

Rorschach inkblot test results diagnose many normal adults as disordered. This indicates that the test has little

Validity

Social psychologists have observed people's willingness to pick up dropped coins or pencils in elevators in order to study the

bystander effect

When 68-year-old Mrs. Blake had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, when she had a flat tire on a busy freeway, an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance. Mrs. Blake's experience best illustrates the by the

bystander effect

The person-situation controversy involves a debate regarding the influence of _______ ___ _________ on behavior

environments and traits

The ____ __ ___ ____ phenomenon refers to the tendency to comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request

foot in the door

When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference BEST illustrates the importance of the

mere exposure effect

The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through group discussion is called group

polarization

_________ stability is a basic personality factor assessed by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

emotional

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her

personality

Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which individuals share a

similar opinion

According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the

ID

Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. Kentaro's behavior exemplifies the importance of

Normative social influence

The ___________ is the term used by Freud to describe boys' feelings of guilt and fear of punishment over their sexual desire for their mother

Oedipus complex

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is called the

Other - race effect.

_________ is best defined as an unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members

Prejudice

__________ refers to the defense mechanism by which people banish anxiety-arousing thoughts from consciousness

Repression

Carl Rogers would have suggested that many of the defense mechanisms described by Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between the

actual self and the ideal self.

The Big Five traits show their greatest stability during

adulthood

Freud suggested that defense mechanisms protect an individual from

anxiety

Julius begins to yawn while he and his girlfriend are studying together. Soon his girlfriend begins to yawn. This best illustrates the

chameleon effect

The discomfort we feel when our thoughts and behaviors are inconsistent is called

cognitive dissonance

A person whose self-esteem is momentarily threatened is especially likely to ______ others

criticize

According to Freud, the component of personality that seeks to reconcile the demands of the id, superego, and reality is the

ego

Shortly after learning that he did not make it onto his high school football team, Alex vandalized the team's locker room and broke several of the school's windows. His behavior is best explained in terms of the

frustration-aggression principle

The tendency in individualist cultures to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors is called the

fundamental attribution error

Creating groups based on the outcome of a coin toss leads people to favor their own new group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates

ingroup bias

Psychologist Jean Twenge refers to those born in the 1980s and 1990s as Generation Me because they express high levels of

narcissism

Participants in the Milgram ________ studies were ordered to deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers

obedience

Jacob is imaginative, creative, and seeks new experiences. Sean is hardworking, ambitious, neat, and prides himself on never giving up until a task is finished. In terms of the Big Five, Jacob would probably score high on the _______________ to experience, while Sean would probably score high on the dimension of dimension of _____________

openness; conscientiousness

Maslow placed __________ _____ at the base of his hierarchy of needs

psychological needs

According to Bandura, _________ determinism involves multidirectional influences among behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events

reciprocal

Randy's substandard academic performance is both a result and a cause of his feelings of academic inferiority. This best illustrates the importance of

reciprocal determinism.

After she was promoted to a high-level executive position in the large company for which she worked, Jorana developed more pro-business political attitudes. This best illustrates the impact of _____ ______ on attitudes

role playing

The ______ ______most clearly suggests that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame when things go wrong

scapegoat theory

Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied the need for

self-actualization

Carl Rogers suggested that _____ ______is a central feature of personality

self-concept

Many college students perceive a low exam score as a result of unfair exam questions rather than a reflection of their ability. This best illustrates

self-serving bias

The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of _________ _______ and to overestimate the impact of _______ ________ in explaining the behavior of others

situational influences; personal dispositions

The ______ psychology branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another

social

Overestimating the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance and performance is called the

spotlight effect

Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider ___ ______ __ ____ to be of pivotal importance to personality

the sense of self

Derek is a third-grade teacher who believes that he should accept his students regardless of their behavioral shortcomings. Derek's attitude toward his students is an example of Carl Rogers' concept of

unconditional positive regard

Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as

unconditional positive regard.

According to Freud, the _________ is the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories of which we are largely unaware

unconscious