Intro to Psychology- Module 2 Chapter 1: A Science Evolves: The Past, the Present, and the Future
What is Introspection?
A procedure in which people are presented with a stimulus-such as an image or sentence- and asked to describe, in their own words and in as much detail as they could, what they were experiencing.
Whereas the neuroscience and the psychodynamic approaches look at what is inside people to determine the causes of their behavior, the _____ perspective suggests that the focus should be on external behavior that can be directly observed and measured objectively?
Behavioral
Much of our understanding of how people learn new behaviors is based off of which major perspective?
Behavioral
Which major perspective focuses on observable behavior?
Behavioral
Who were two central figures in the development of the humanistic perspective that believed that people actively strive to reach their full potential?
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
The emphasis of which major perspective is on learning how people comprehend and represent the outside world within themselves and how our ways about the world influence our behavior?
Cognitive
What major perspective focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world?
Cognitive
Which major perspective examines how people understand and think about the world?
Cognitive
What psychology emphasizes how perception is organized?
Gestalt Psychology
What did Wilhelm Wundt argue?
He argued that by analyzing people's reports, psychologists could come to a better understanding of the structure of the mind.
What did Wilhelm Wundt consider psychology to be?
He considered it to be the study of conscious experience.
Led by German scientists such as ________ and ________, Gestalt psychologists proposed that "The whole different from the sum of tis pats, " meaning that our perception, or understanding, of objects is greater and more meaningful than the individual elements that make up our perceptions?
Hermann Ebbinghuas and Max Wertheimer
What was Wilhelm Wundt's aim with the laboratory?
His aim was to study the building blocks of the mind.
Which 17th century British Philosopher believed that children were born into the world w/ minds like "blank slates" (tabula rasa in Latin) and that their experiences determine what kind of adults they would become?
John Locke
Whose views contrasted with those of Plato and Descartes, who argued that some knowledge was inborn in humans?
John Locke
Who focused on the social and cultural factors behind personality , and founded the "American Journal of Psychoanalysis"?
Karen Horney (1885-1952)
Who was one of the first psychologists to focus on child development and on women's issues, and collected date to refute the view, popular in the early 1900s, that women's abilities periodically declined during parts of their menstrual cycle?
Leta Stetter Hollingworth (1886-1939)
Who carried out pioneering work on how children of color grew to recognize racial differences?
Mamie Phipps (1917-1983)
Who was the first woman to receive a doctorate in psychology, and did important work on animal behavior?
Margaret Floy (1871-1939)
Who studied memory in the early part of the 20th century and became the first female president of the American Psychological Association?
Mary Calkins (1863-1930)
Which major perspective has a broad appeal?
Neuroscience
Which major perspective views behavior from the perspective of biological functioning?
Neuroscience
What are today's five major perspectives?
Neuroscience, Behavioral, Psychodynamic, Cognitive, and Humanistic.
Issue: Free will vs. Determination
Neuroscience: Determinism Cognitive: Free will Behavioral: Determinism Humanistic: Free will Psychodynamic: Determinism
Issue: Observable behavior vs. Internal mental processes
Neuroscience: Internal emphasis Cognitive: Internal emphasis Behavioral: Observable emphasis Humanistic: Internal emphasis Psychodynamic: Internal emphasis
Issue: Nature (heredity) vs. Nurture (environment)
Neuroscience: Nature Cognitive: Both Behavioral: Nurture Humanistic: Nurture Psychodynamic: Nature
Issue: Conscious vs. Unconscious determinants of behavior
Neuroscience: Unconscious Cognitive: Both Behavioral: Conscious Humanistic: Conscious Psychodynamic: Unconscious
Issue: Individual differences vs. Universal principles
Neuroscience: Universal emphasis Cognitive: Individual emphasis Behavioral: Both Humanistic: Individual emphasis Psychodynamic: Universal emphasis
Psychologists primary relies on ______?
One of the five major perspectives.
Instead of considering the individual parts that make up thinking, Gestalt psychologists studied how _____?
People consider individual elements together as units or wholes; they've made substantial contributions to our understanding of perception.
Psychology begins and ends with which major perspective?
Psychodynamic
Which major perspective believes behavior is motivated by inner, unconscious forces over which a person has little control?
Psychodynamic
Who challenged Wilhelm Wundt's approach and why?
Psychologists challenged this because they became increasingly dissatisfied w/ the assumption that Introspection could reveal the structure of the mind.
What does psychology's future look like?
Psychology will become increasingly specialized, and new perspectives will evolve; be able to focus on the prevention of psychological disorders rather than only on their treatment. The evolving sophistication of neuroscientific approaches is likely to have an increasing influence over other branches of psychology; as neuroscientific techniques become more sophisticated, there will be new ways of applying that knowledge. Psychology's influence on issues of public interest also will grow; psychology has had significant influences on social policy and informing law-makers decision making. Psychologists will follow increasingly strict ethical and moral guidelines The public's view of psychology will become more informed. As the population becomes more diverse, issues of diversity-will become more important to psychologists-providing service and doing research; the result will be a field that can provide an understanding of human behavior in its broadest sense.
What does Functionalism concentrate on?
Rather than focusing on the mind's structure, Functionalism concentrated on what the mind does and how behavior functions, especially in the adaption of environments.
Which 17th century philosopher believed nerves were hollow tubes through which "animal spirits" conducted impulses in the same way that water is transmitted through a pipe?
Rene Descartes
How many years ago did people assume that psychological problems were caused by evil spirits?
Seven thousand
Who is the origins of the psychodynamic perspective linked to?
Sigmund Freud
What did Wilhelm Wundt's perspective, Structuralism, focus on uncovering?
Structuralism focused on uncovering the fundamental mental components of perception, consciousness, thinking, emotions, and other kinds of mental states and activities.
Who made notable contributions to the treatment of abnormal behavior?
The daughter of Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud (1895-1982)
What is the Stream of Consciousness?
The flow of thoughts in our conscious minds.
What is the formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline generally considered to be in?
The late 19th century.
Functionalists discussed how people satisfy ____?
Their needs through their behavior, and discussed how our stream of consciousness-the flow of thoughts in our conscious minds- permits us to adapt to our environment.
Why was Introspection not truly a scientific technique?
There were few ways an outside observer could confirm the accuracy of other's introspections and people had difficulty describing some kinds of inner experiences, such as emotional responses.
What do proponents/advocates of the psychodynamic perspective argue?
They argue that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness of control; view dreams and slips of the tongue as indications of what a person is truly feeling.
What did the Ancient Greeks consider the mind to be?
They considered the mind to be a suitable topic for scholarly contemplation.
What did the proponents/advocates of the behavioral perspective reject?
They rejected psychology's early emphasis on the internal workings of the mind and the brain.
What is Trephining?
To allow these spirits to escape from a person's body, ancient healers chipped a hole in a patient's skull w/ crude instruments.
What was the shared common goal of the women and men who laid the foundations of psychology?
To explain and understand behavior using scientific methods.
Who established the first laboratory devoted to psychological phenomena in Leipzig, Germany?
Wilhelm Wundt
Who is responsible for Structuralism?
Wilhelm Wundt
The basics is of neuroscience is that humans are _____ made of skin and bones?
Animals
Who championed the Behavioral perspective?
B.F. Skinner, a pioneer in the field.
Why is psychology a unified science?
Because psychologists of all perspectives agree that the issues must be addressed if the field is going to advance.
Who was Sigmund Freud?
An Austrian physician in the early 1900s whose ideas about unconscious determinants of behavior had a revolutionary effect on 20th century thinking in psychology and other fields; his perspective provided a means of treating some kinds of psychological disorders and helped understand everyday phenomena such as prejudice and aggression.
What are the common elements that link cognitive approaches?
An emphasis on how people understand and think about the world and an interest in describing the patterns and irregularities in the operation of our minds.
Where can we trace psychology's roots back to?
Ancient Greeks
Psychologists from the neuroscience perspective have found _____?
Cures for certain types of deafness to drug treatments for people w/ severe mental disorders, and advances in methods for examining the anatomy and functioning of the brain.
Social prejudices hindered women's participation in the ______?
Early development of psychology.
Which 18th century physician argued that a trained observer could discern intelligence, moral character, and other basic personality characteristics from the shape and number of bumps on a person's skull?
Franz Josef
Whose theory gave rise to the field of phrenology, employed by hundreds of practitioners in the 19th century?
Franz Josef
What replaced Structuralism?
Functionalism
The neuroscience perspective considers _____?
How people and nonhumans function biologically: how individual nerve cells are joined together, how the inheritance of certain characteristics from parents and other ancestors influences behavior, how the functioning of the body affects hopes and fears, and which behaviors are instinctual.
Major psychologists who adhere to the cognitive perspective compare _____?
Human thinking to the workings of a computer, which takes in information and transforms, stores, and retrieves it; in their view, thinking is information processing.
Which major perspective contends that people can control their behavior and that they naturally try to reach their full potential?
Humanistic
Which major perspective rejects the view that behavior is determined largely by automatically unfolding biological forces, unconscious processes, or the external world around us?
Humanistic
Which major perspective suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior?
Humanistic; these psychologists maintain that each of us has the capacity to seek and reach fulfillment.
What did the behavioral perspective influence and accomplish?
Influenced the area of learning processes, also made contributions in areas such as treating mental disorders, curbing aggression, resolving sexual problems, and ending drug addiction.
What procedure was used by Wilhelm Wundt and other structuralists to determine how basic sensory processes shape our understanding of the world?
Introspection
What does the neuroscience perspective include?
It includes the study of heredity and evolution, which considers how heredity may influence behavior, and behavioral neuroscience, which examines how the brain and the nervous system affect behavior.
What does the notion of free will stand in contrast to?
It stands in contrast to Determinism, which sees behavior as caused, or determined, by things beyond a person's control.
What does the humanistic perspective stress more than any other perspective?
It stresses the role of psychology in enriching people's lives and helping them achieve self fulfillment.
What is the emphasis on the human perspective on?
It's on free will, the ability to freely make decisions about one's own behavior and life.
Who spearheaded the study of personality traits and became the first woman to head a psychology department at a state university?
Jane Etta Downey (1875-1932)
Who believed that it was possible to bring about any type of behavior by controlling a person's environment?
John B. Watson
Who was the first major American psychologist to use a behavior approach?
John B. Watson; he believed that he could gain a complete understanding of behavior by studying the environment in which a person operated in.
Who drew on Functionalism to develop the field of school psychology, proposing was to best meet students' educational needs?
John Dewey
Who was setting up his laboratory in Cambridge, Massachusetts during the same time as Wilhelm Wundt?
William James
Who led the Functionalist movement?
William James, an American psychologist