Intro to Psychology Unit 2 (ch. 6-10)
_________ of stored information means locating it and returning it to consciousness.
Retrieval
Which of the following is true of children specifically in the concrete operational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?
They show the capacity for adult logic involving tangible objects.
Which of the following is a difference between James-Lange's theory and Cannon-Bard's theory?
Unlike Cannon-Bard's theory, James-Lange's theory says that emotions are produced by bodily changes.
According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage of cognitive development have:
the ability to hypothesize.
According to research performed by Kohlberg, children at the preconventionallevel base their moral judgments on _____.
the consequences of behavior
In psychological testing, _________ refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
validity
According to the five-factor model, the five basic personality factors are extraversion, neuroticism, _________, agreeableness, and openness to experience.
conscientiousness
Ten-year-old Joshua knows that snakes are reptiles and all reptiles are animals. Joshua's concept of animal is _____.
hierarchical
A(n) _________ is a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory.
icon
________ is a process in which an organism responds to a stimulus in a manner that will afterward be difficult to modify.
imprinting
In Gestalt psychology, a(n) _________ is a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permits its solution.
insight
According to Carl Rogers, _________ refer(s) to the mental images of what we are capable of becoming.
self-ideals
Studies involving brain imaging reveal that _____ makes it possible for people to carry out mental tasks with less neural activity.
priming
Sigmund Freud was the first to develop the _____ of personality.
psychodynamic theories
According to _________, language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences.
psycholinguistic theory
_____ developed the psychodynamic theory called analytical psychology.
Carl Jung
_____ is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma.
Dissociative amnesia
Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage?
Establishment of close relationships
_________ are rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems.
Heuristics
Which of the following is true about elaborative rehearsal?
It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembered.
Which of the following is true about maintenance rehearsal?
It involves mentally repeating a list or saying the information to oneself.
Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory?
It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive."
_________ are simple, inborn responses elicited by specific stimuli.
Reflexes
Which of the following is a characteristic of polygraphs for lie detection?
Tense muscles will reduce their accuracy.
Which of the following is true of satiety?
We get signals of satiety from the digestive tract.
The preoperational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is characterized by:
children attributing life and consciousness to physical objects.
A(n) _________ is a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information.
chunk
Using the phrase "Elvis's Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the lines (EGBDF) in a musical treble clef is an example of _____.
elaborative rehearsal
After setting a five-year goal for their company, a group of managers look at where the company is today and the steps needed to achieve the final goal. They are using a technique called _____.
means-end analysis
____ is an example of a psychological need.
power
Erikson's term for lack of clarity in one's life roles is__________.
role diffusion
According to Ainsworth, securely attached children:
seek interaction with their mothers upon reunion.
Striving to become what you are capable of being is termed as _____.
self-actualization
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory focuses on:
the influence of teachers on children's cognitive development.
The observation that infants display considerable intelligence before they learn to speak offers little support to _____.
the linguistic-relativity hypothesis
Parents can help children develop self-esteem when they show them _________ regard, or when they accept them as having intrinsic merit regardless of their behavior at the moment.
unconditional positive
_________ are mental categories used to group together objects, relations, events, abstractions, or qualities that have common properties.
Concepts
_________ is the ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems.
Creativity
_________ is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so.
Infantile amnesia
_____ is the field of psychology that is about personal well-being and satisfaction; joy, sensual pleasure, and happiness; and optimism and hope for the future.
Positive psychology
_________ is the state of being satisfied.
Satiety
A(n) _____ is a state of feeling that has cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components.
emotion
Christopher has good skills many areas of problem solving and reasoning ability. According to Spearman, Christopher's abilities are indicative of _____
general intelligence
When a child combines words to form a sentence herself rather than imitate one she has heard before, she is demonstrating the _____ characteristic of language skills.
infinite creativity
Eysenck focused on the relationships between two personality traits: _________ and emotional stability-instability.
introversion-extraversion
The social cognitive theory is criticized because _________.
it pays less attention to genetic variation in explaining individual differences in behavior
According to Freud, the ego is guided by the _____.
reality principle
In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called _________.
self-actualization
The _________ is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that spend body energy from stored reserves.
sympathetic nervous system
The ----_____ is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved.
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
