Intro to Socio: CH.8~13
An example of _______ is the importance most Americans place on certain freedoms, such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion.
Collective conscience
The purpose of ________ is to exploit the weaker nation's people and resources for the benefit of the stronger country.
Colonialism
Mary is a real estate agent who made $100,000 a year until an economic downturn that caused her to lose her job, her home, and her vehicle. Which of these types of mobility applies to Mary?
Downward Mobility
In the documentary "Living on One," while in Guatemala, how did one of the college students get sick?
Drinking contaminated water
Increased mobility, increased urbanization, and the globalization of gender roles have impacted the globalization of sexuality.
F (While increased mobility and increased urbanization has impacted the globalization of sexuality, gender roles still vary considerably across the globe.)
When a person engages in racist acts out of anger or fear, but also out of enjoyment, this is known as what type of motive?
Emotional
Globalization does not have a real effect on sexual interactions, identities, and relationships.
F. (It is the opposite. Globalization has a real effect on sexual interactions, identities, and relationships.)
Ascribed status comes to us largely by our own efforts while achieved status is assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents and characteristics.
False
Collecting data is the fourth step in the scientific method
False
Developing a hypothesis is the second step in the scientific method
False
Deviance is not a socially defined construct
False
Emphasized femininity represents a superior version of femininity as opposed to a subordinate version
False
Ethnocentrism refers to understanding a culture from the eyes of the people who live in that culture
False
From a conflict perspective, functions of the family include socialization, intergenerational support, and control of sexual behavior.
False
In separate spheres, women were more likely to work outside the home
False
Interviews are not very often used in sociology as a research method
False
Masculinity and femininity cannot be detached from gender or sexuality
False
Men are more likely than women to work in the informal economy
False
Philadelphia is a city where many religion are practiced and many different types of languages are spoken. This is an example of segregation.
False
Polygyny describe marriage to multiple husbands
False
Prestige always equals esteem
False
Quantitative research does not require statistical methods=ds for collecting and reporting data.
False
Sex describes the appropriate physicals, behavioral, and personality characteristics white gender describes the biological distinction between males and females.
False
Structural functionalism perspective assumes that behavior between people is best understood in terms of tension between groups.
False
The heterosexual double standard examines the societal expectation that women can desire and seek sex from whomever and whenever.
False
The scientific method is used only when studying institutions in sociology but is not suitable for studying human beings as individuals
False
The second stage of modernization theory is the traditional stage
False
The three dimensions of social stratification are social class, income, and power
False
When examining the Global North and South, the Global South ahs the wealthiest and most powerful nations.
False
What type of family is most likely to end up in poverty?
Female-headed households
The increasing participation of women in the labor force has been termed ______.
Feminization of labor
What term describes the increasing participation of women in the labor force?
Feminization of labor
Economic assistance given by countries or global institutions to foreign countries in order to promote development or social welfare is also known as which of these?
Foreign Aid
Intersex is a condition that represents a "true medical emergency," in that the genitalia are a sign of an underlying metabolic medical issue needing immediate treatment.
F (We are so caught up in the binary that when a healthy child is born intersex, they are often treated as though they are a medical emergency, when in the vast majority of cases,)
Which is NOT a reason that helps to explain increases in income inequality in the U.S.?
Higher rates of divorce
Which type of theory would view social stratification as more of a process or set of processes, rather than as a hierarchical structure?
Inter/Actionist
Which sociological perspective would help us to understand and attach meaning to the different styles and designs of face masks now being worn in the U.S. due to the pandemic.
Interactionist Perspective
Kevin has a large house, a big car, and multiple television sets. These are consumption markers for development according to which theory?
Modernization theory
Which statement is true regarding consumption and education?
Parents and students "shop" for education to find the greatest return for the least amount of money.
Laura works minimum wage jobs through college, but when she gets her degree she finds a job that pays her $80,000 annually. Laura's change in social position would be considered which of these?
Social Mobility
Today, more people communicate via e-mail than in person. This is an example of the changing _______ that are taking place.
Social processes
People in developed countries who need organ transplants but cannot obtain the organs locally are better able to survive because of human trafficking of organs.
T
Sociologists are interested in the ways that religious institutions help shape a society's cultural values.
T
The race to the bottom describes a process by which poor countries try to win multinational corporate investment by offering the lowest prices for multinationals to locate in their country.
T
The structural-functional theory of stratification assumes that higher-level occupations, such as physician and lawyer, are more important to society than are lower-level occupations, such as laborer and janitor.
T
To participate in the fair-trade system, farmers must meet a set of conditions regarding their production practices that are meant to empower workers and improve environmental sustainability.
T
Transnational migration brings institutional religion to new locales
T
While Blacks and African Americans today tend to suffer from many of the same problems as they did before the civil rights movement, the problems are now caused more by institutional racism than by the law or racial hatred of individuals.
T
Women and children tend to be among the most vulnerable populations globally due to economic inequality and poor access to health care.
T
One of the four defining characteristics of McDonaldization is predictability. What does this predictability refer to?
The ability to predict one's experience across different settings.
When a relatively small change in a specific location has far-ranging effects over both time and distance, this is known as
butterfly effect
Which theory would most likely critique the connection between religion and politics, arguing that some religious beliefs are keeping the current political system in place?
conflict/critical theory
Which aspect of society is the focus of the sociology of sexuality?
culture
Religious institutions with pluralistic worldviews tend to be more ______, whereas those with more homogeneous populations tend to be more ______.
decentralized;centralized
Which of these describes the position of the United States in the core relative to China?
declining
At least theoretically, the internet allows for participation by anyone anywhere in the global online economy, but not everyone has real and practical access. This is called which of these?
The global digital divide
A racial groups is defined primarily by physical characteristics, whereas an ethnic group is defined primarily by culture characteristics.
True
A stereotype is a generalization about an entire category of people
True
A structural and institutional explanation of fender inequality at work is that male-dominated jobs tend to have higher salaries than jobs that are female dominated.
True
A superordinate and subordinate relationship is one that exists between a guard and a prisoner in jail
True
According to modernization theory, the development of certain structures and cultural realities is essential for societies to modernize
True
An example of assimilation would be Asian immigrants who come to the United States and give up their cultural traditions.
True
An example of genocide occurred when American Indians were killed in large numbers by the white settlers in the period of westward expansion
True
Conflict perspective examines inequalities in family based o gender, age, power dynamics, and division of labor.
True
Conflict theorists focus n the power struggles that exist between different groups in society.
True
Women were often expected to stay ay hoe and take care of their husband and children's needs. These socially constructed ideas are referred to as __________
emphasized femininity
If two people celebrate Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year, and have similar cultural traditions, they likely are a part of the same ______.
ethnicity
Cultural definition of traits associated with being a woman or a man are called "feminities" and "masculinities"
True
Education is a structure that is functional for both individuals and society
True
Ethics has a balance of increasing knowledge and minimizing and eliminating potential harm.
True
Ethnocentrism can often lead to prejudice, discrimination, and racism
True
The sociological imagination can help make the connection between public issues and private troubles.
True
The spread of smart phones and inexpensive laptops has helped to narrow the digital divide.
True
The third of the modernization theory is a drive to technological maturity
True
There are negative types of globalization, such as terrorism and sex trafficking.
True
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of emphasized femininity?
Women are born as natural caregiver
Modernization theory is part of which sociological perspective
structural functionalist
Sociologists who use the ________ framework focus on how societal institutions, such as our governmental system and health-care system, are necessary and essential components to any society
structural-functional
Martina is a sociologist of religion who wants to study how religion brings people together. Which of the following theories would Martina most likely use?
structural-functionism
The Coleman study of U.S. schools found that the most important school predictor of student learning was which of these?
students' family background
According to many states, if a person has Black or African American lineage, then they are considered Black or African American. This is often known as which of the following?
the one-drop rule
Which group saw the recession's smallest negative effect on employment?
those with doctoral degrees
Recently, a black family moved into an all-white neighborhood. The whites who lived in the neighborhood wanted the black family to leave so they began to harass them on a daily basis. This is an example of ______________ motive.
political-territorial
John and Mary are on a first date. Mary tells John she is an airplane pilot and he is very impressed by this fact. Being an airline pilot is an example of which of these social dimensions?
status
A _________ is a person's position within a social system, a ________ is what is expected of a person in this position.
status; role
The first step in the scientific method is
uncover questions need of answers
Which of the following is an example of institutional racism?
underfunding a school that is disproportionately minority because it "lacks potential"
The view that the global economy is an interdependent system of economically and politically unequal nations that has roots in colonialism us known as
world systems analysis
According to the hypodescent rule,
Anyone with one black ancestor is considered black
Which group tends to be more active participants in their overall health?
women
-Native Americans in the United States -education in the United States prior to 1954 -German Americans after WWI -using bilingual signs in Canada
- genocide -segregation -assimilation -pluralism
-legal union -close personal and domestic relationship -relationship of similar people -relationship of dissimilar people
-marriage -intimate relationship -endogamy -exogamy
What percentage of medical degrees in 2018 were earned by women?
48%
What percentage of physicians in the United States are Black?
6%
How many countries in the world are categorized as "high-income countries?"
81
According to a recent Pew study, overall, women earn (on average) ______ cents for every dollar earned by White men.
82
A person's _____ status within the system of social stratification is based on the accomplishments, or the merit, of the individual. For example, a person becomes a CEO and thereby attains a high-level position in the stratification system after years of hard work and experience.
Achieved
Family, peers, the media, and teachers are examples of the ___________
Agents of socialization
When did foreign aid begin in its contemporary form?
After WWII
People are more likely to marry ______.
As they increase in age
__________ invented the term sociology.
Auguste Comte
The term _______ refers to people who live in extreme poverty and are more likely to live in the lease industrialized nations, such as Haiti, Laos, and many countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
Bottom billion
When examining the COVID-19 pandemic, which sociological perspective would help us to understand and analyze that minorities and poorer individuals often do not receive the same quality treatment as those higher up in social status?
Conflict Perspective
Which theory sees the family as an arena of gender conflict, in which female family members are in an inferior position?
Conflict theory
Thorstein Veblen theorized that elite members of society wanted differentiate themselves from lower social classes. What did he call the elites' practice of investing their money in mansions, expensive automobiles, and exquisite jewelry, because such things can easily be seen and admired by others?
Conspicuous Consumption
Increasingly, students view themselves as ______ who make decisions based on the greatest return for the least amount of money.
Consumers
Which Sociologist focused on the relationship between the economy and religion?
Dax Weber
______ work is now considered the largest labor market for women worldwide.
Domestic
__________ refers to the sense of "two-ness" that arises from being both American and African American, a sense hat affects many black Americans according to W.E.B. Du Bois.
Double consciousness
Many parents of children who are homeschooled are dissatisfied with the quality of instruction offered in public schools. However, 80% of the concern over public schools is specifically regarding ______.
Environment
In Serbia, armed forces created ethnically homogeneous enclaves by forcibly removing and murdering members of the other ethnic groups, especially Muslims. This is an example of ______.
Ethnic cleansing
A sociologist who spends an intensive amount of time for several years observing an immigrant community in order to understand their daily activities would be using which research method?
Ethnography
About 90% of cosmetic surgical procedures in the United States are undergone by men.
F
Corporate sponsorship of college athletic teams is not allowed in order to avoid the commercialization of education.
F
Expulsion is defined by the dispersal, typically involuntary, of a racial or ethnic population from its traditional homeland and over a wide geographic area.
F
In the United States, many more people are in the upper class than in the working and lower classes.
F
In the early 20th century, individualized marriage was the dominant form of marriage.
F
Sociologists of religion judge the truth claims of differing religious systems.
F
The tradition nuclear family remains the dominant type of marriage.
F. (The traditional nuclear family is becoming less common. Specifically, the traditional nuclear family consisting of two adults and one or more children dropped from 40% of all households in 1970 to not quite 20% of all households in 2018.)
Women who earn more than their husbands typically also have more social power than them.
F. (While earnings can be associated with power, research reveals that women tend to have less power than men in marriages due to gender inequality. To learn more, refer to "Power.")
Researchers found that women usually have a strong positive reaction to explicit sexual content in advertising and are more likely to buy merchandise promoted with these types of ads.
F. (Women have negative reactions to explicit sexual content in advertising and are less likely to buy merchandise promoted with these types of ads.)
Which of these is a way of organizing global trade to give producers a better price for their products and other benefits while addressing the power imbalance between producer and consumer countries?
Fair Trade
A survey question asking a person to classify what age range they fall into would be considered an unstructured type of interview question.
False
An example of a violation of a more would be wearing one's clothes inside out.
False
An individual who has withdrawn from both the goal and means of society is known as a ritualist.
False
If a person decides to represent themselves online different than how they present their gender offline, then this is known as ______.
Gender swapping
In global stratification, the ___________ has dominated, controlled, exploited, and oppressed the _______
Global North; Global South
Most of the nations of Africa and of South America make up the ______.
Global South
According to the author, George Ritzer, no social change is an important today as _______
Globalization
Racism fits with some people's fundamental beliefs about the world. This type of motive of racism is known as
Ideological
Within the U.S. court system, the penalties for possession of crack cocaine, which is more often used by poor and minority populations, are greater than that of powder cocaine, which is more often used by affluent Whites. What term explains this difference?
Institutional racism
Sue is a 22-year-old African American female who has been passed over for a promotion for 5 years at her company. She feels as if her age, race and sex have prevented her form climbing the executive ladder. This is an example of which concept?
Intersectionality
How did industrialization affect gender roles?
It led to the separation of the public and private spheres.
The first large-scale study of American schools was conducted in the 1960s by ______.
James Coleman
____ studied workers in capitalistic economic systems.
Karl Marx
A ___________ of our educational system would be that students learn valuable skills, such as learning to schedule their time and the significance of deadlines.
Latent function
During the Vietnam War, many young combatants died and as a result many women were left without a sufficient number of suitable males from which to choose partners. What is this called?
Marriage squeeze
An example of participant observation would be _________
Mary, a researcher, who visits a first-grade classroom to conduct a study on teacher-student interactions and plays an active role in the study
A person who holds a number of statuses that are highly valued in society is likely to be advantaged. This is known as the
Matrix of power and advantage
Which theorist believed that the role of religion in society would decline over time?
Max Weber
According to Emile Durkheim, early forms of society were held together by _______, in which people were connected because they performed similar types of work and shared similar beliefs and values.
Mechanical sodiarity.
Which group is in a subordinate position in terms of wealth, power, and status?
Minority Groups
What is the globalization of sexuality associated with?
Media and technologies
What area of the world has the lowest rate of HIV?
Middle east
Chen lives in a country where he makes $5,500 per year. If Chen's income is average for his country, what type of country does he live in?
Middle-income country
Which of the following has worked in large to the advantage of Global Northerners and to the disadvantage of Global Southerners?
Neoliberalism
Which is NOT a characteristics of a companionate marriage
Only practiced by heterosexual couples
Today, if John's computer stops operating correctly. he probably calls a computer repair technicians to fix it. The computer repair technician to fix it. The computer repair technician depends on people like John who need computers to help earn a live hood. This is an example of
Organic solidarity
How is the concept of appearance culture related to the economy?
People in the United States spend hundreds of billions of dollars on cosmetics, fitness, and clothing each year.
When many groups are bale to coexist without any losing their individual qualities, this is known as
Pluralism
_____ refers to the era in a once-colonized area after the colonizing power has departed, although thinking and work could already be well underway in this theoretical direction before the colonizing power departs.
Postcolonialism
______ is/are preconceived negative attitudes and beliefs that are typically derived from unfounded opinions or assumptions.
Prejudice
Mary is a researcher who is conducting research on the relationship between college grades and the amount of time spent studying. She is going to conduct open-ended interview. This is an example of a ___________ research method.
Qualitative research
_______ consists of defining a minority group as a race, attributing negative characteristics to that group, and then creating the circumstances that keep that group at a disadvantage relative to the majority.
Racism
A middle-class family in an upper-class neighborhood earns enough money to pay for food, clothing, and shelter, but little else. Their own resources fall far short of the resources commanded by their neighbors in the community, who are able to take lavish vacations and send their children to expensive private schools. This family is experiencing _____ poverty.
Relative
Which of these is the most accurate statement about summer learning?
Schools play no significant role in creating summer learning gaps, but they do mediate some of the effects of unequal family backgrounds.
A good example of a(n) ________ would be a college classroom or members of a meetup club of aficionados you belong to.
Secondary group
Which term is defined as traveling to other countries specifically for the purpose of buying sex from men, women, and sometimes children?
Sex tourism
_____ accounts for the way education continues to recreate the class system.
Social reproduction
How is sociology different from common sense understanding of the social world?
Sociology is a systematic and rigorous; common sense is not.
Which of these arguments about stratification comes from a structural functional perspective?
Stratification is needed because it ensures that people with the right abilities end up in the right positions.
Dividing a larger group into smaller groups, then randomly selecting participants from the smaller group is known as what type of sampling?
Stratified
As a sociologist, Lina is interested how students acquire a variety of labels in the classroom, such as "good" or "bad," "smart" or "slow." What theoretical perspective is Lina most likely going to use?
Symbolic interactionism
A person's taste in consumption helps indicate the social class to which that person belongs.
T
As a general rule, socialization tends to be a more informal process, while education takes place more formally in schools of various types.
T
Civil religion provides a sense of collective national identity. True
T
Comparing the educational systems in United States, Germany, and Japan, the educational system in the United States has the lowest average achievement and least variability.
T
Consumers-patients can comparison shop for medical care on the Internet in the same way they shop for hotels and airfares.
T
Exchange theorists tend to think marriage will be more rewarding than remaining single or becoming involved in other kinds of intimate relationships.
T
From an inter/actionist theory perspective, social stratification is not a function of macro-level structures but of micro-level individual actions and interactions.
T
Globalization has the effect of increasing the spread of consumer culture.
T
Heterosexual was once a medical term meaning "morbid sexual passion for one of the opposite sex."
T
If all of your assets totaled $100,000, but you owed $25,000, your wealth would total $100,000.
T
In the past, married couples did not necessarily share very much about themselves with each other, especially their most private thoughts.
T
It has been discovered that those who served in World War II have had higher divorce rates.
T
It is believed that humans initially contracted Ebola from wild animals.
T
Malnutrition can carry across generations as the inability to provide adequate nutrition for children.
T
Masculinities and femininities can be detached from biological sex, the body, and gender.
T
Most parents who homeschool do so out of a concern for the environment of other school choices.
T
Institutions that operate in a racist manner are much less likely to be seen as a problem than individual acts of prejudice or discrimination.
T (Institutional racism is less noticeable because it is seen as "just the way things are done." It is built into the fabric of how a place operates. Therefore, it is often seen as less of an issue. You may want to reread "The 'Invisibility' of Institutional Racism.")
Educational experts have been interested in the consistently high rankings of Finland. Which of these is a characteristic of Finland's educational system?
Teachers are well trained and unionized.
______ uses technology to consult with doctors rather than going to their office.
Telemedicine
What publication by Naomi Wolf illustrated the social construction of beauty for the public?
The Beauty Myth
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the Global South compared to the Global North?
The Global South has a disproportionate share of hunger and malnutrition.
McDonaldization is a concept that describes _______
The creation of rational system that can guide mass production
Former president Barack Obama is typically referred to as black or African American, not "half-black" or "half African American", even though he had one white parent and one black parent and was raised by his white mother and white grandparents. The text argues that this is a legacy of __________
The hypodescent rule
__________help sociologists make send of social phenomena and understand important social issues.
Theories
In the 1980s, the "preppy" style of the elite class was popularized and copied by classes below them, causing elites to adopt a new fashion to differentiate themselves. What sociological concept does this exemplify?
Trickle-down theory
Hegemonic masculinity is often taken for granted as natural
True
One of the effects of hegemonic masculinity is that it is the most idealized vision of masculinity
True
Participant observation typically requires the researcher to play a role in the setting being observed.
True
Race is socially constructed, therefore the process of defining races typically benefits those who have more power and privilege than others.
True
Sects and churches can be said to be which of these?
Two poles on a continuum of religious organization.
Freedom of expression, democracy, and the importance of family are example of _______ in U.S. culture.
Values
Which of the following is a question that a sociologist of religion would most likely seek to address?
What variables are involved in inclining an individual to join a particular church?
Fred has been homeless for over 10 years and often does not have adequate food. Which of these describes the type of poverty Fred is experiencing?
absolute poverty
Deviance can be defined as
an action, belief, or human characteristic that violates group norms
Prejudice is a(n) ________, whereas discrimination is a(n) __________
attitude; action
Which of the following is TRUE of companionate love?
based on more rational assessments
Every religion has a set of interrelated ______, or ideas that explain the world and identify what should be sacred or held as the religion's ultimate concerns.
beliefs
Which of these groups is most at risk of developing acute and chronic diseases in low- and middle-income countries?
children
An attempt at ______ explanations of racial difference led to ideas about the subordination of racial groups based on "cycles of poverty."
cultural
Which of the following is associated with poverty for women with children?
divorce
which concept describes a person who embraces a literal interpretation of a sacred religious text?
fundamentalism
Historically, body modification was associated with which of the following groups?
gang members
Why do scholars think "rape culture" is so prevalent around college campuses?
gender imbalances, age, presence of alcohol and drugs, lack of supervision
Early societies characterized by _____, a strong system of shared beliefs was the glue that held the social order together, but in modern societies characterized by _____, differences in beliefs and values does not necessarily threaten the modern social order.
mechanical solidarity; organic solidarity
According to George Herbert Mead, the self and the ______ are central to the development of human beings
mind
What is one of the two most common forms of violence and abuse within a family?
parental abuse of children
The Program for International Student Assessment, or PISA, measures the proficiency of 15-year-olds in ______ every 3 years.
reading, math science
the self-help industry consisting of diet advice and workout fads is a growing part of the American economy. The proliferation of products aimed at helping people improve their alleged flaws or prevent aging is an example of ______.
reflexivity
A ______ consists of regularly repeated, prescribed, and traditional behaviors symbolizing a value or belief.
ritual
An example of a student's _______ is when he or she studies for a test and takes notes
role
Emile Durkheim was concerned with macro-level phenomena, which he referred to as ______
social facts
Each individual learns to and comes to accept the ways of a group or a society of which he or she is a part. This process is called
socialization
Émile Durkheim contended that religion is the basis of _____, which he believed this was the source of the fundamental categories of thought that provide people with a stable and coherent worldview.
the collective conscience
According to the structural-functionalist theoretical perspective, deviance is
used to define and clarify a group's norms and values
Which of the following is TRUE of discrimination?
unjust treatment of minorities
According to Talcott Parson, and to structural-functionalism, why is the family so important for children?
where they learn the norms, values, and morality of society
