Introduction
Who devised the practice of using domains to classify organisms?
Carolus Linneaus (Carl Linne
Which form of adaptive immunity involves the activation of cells to destroy invaders?
Cell-mediated
Which form of adaptive immunity uses T cells?
Cell-mediated
Mneumonic for taxonomy
Dashing King Phillip Came Over From Geneva Spain
Which kingdom contains the more common "germ" bacteria?
Eubacteria
Which domain contains eukaryotes?
Eukarya
Which kingdom contains the heterotrophic yeasts and mushrooms?
Fungi
What theory proposes that specific microbes are the agents of specific diseases?
Germ theory
Which language is used to assign names to organisms? Latin Why is it used?
It is a dead language meaning that it is not currently used by population of people so the words/meanings do not change
Who used cowpox material to vaccinate people against smallpox?
Jenner
Who proved the germ theory and devised a set of steps or postulates to connect a specific microbe to a specific disease?
Koch
Which language is used to assign names to organisms?
Latin
Who showed the importance of oxygen to life?
Lavoisier
Who revolutionized surgical practices by using antiseptics to sterilize surgical equipment?
Lister
What occurs when your lymphocytes recognize foreign particles in your body?
Lymphocytes recognize the particles as foreign and initiate the immune response
What is the name of the group of molecules on cells that identify them?
MHCS (major histocompatibility complexes)
What term refers to a vaccine that is aimed at more than one microbe?
Multi-valent
Who was a proponent of spontancous generation and demonstrated that nutrient broth had been heated to kill the microbes but when it cooled microbes spontaneously appeared?
Needham
Who discovered how vaccines work and created the rabies vaccine?
Pasteur
Who discovered that microbes caused wine to spoil?
Pasteur
Who disproved spontaneous generation of microbes using S-shaped curved necked flasks that let oxygen in but kept microbes out?
Pasteur
Who is given credit for discovering the benefits of pasteurization?
Pasteur
Who proposed that if microbes can create the physical and chemical changes associated with wine spoilage that they could also create the changes associated with diseases?
Pasteur
Who was one of the early people to devise aseptic techniques to prevent the contamination by unwanted microbes?
Pasteur
9Name a medicine that we have because of a microbe:
Penicillin from fungus Penicillium notatum
Who suggested that microbes from the air had entered the boiled solutions and microbes had not spontaneously generated in the heated/cooled broths?
Spallanzani
What theory stated that life could arise from non-living matter?
Spontaneous generation
The study of viruses is called
Virology
Name four agencies/sources of microbiological information:
WHO, NIH, CDC, ADPH
Which type of immunity is aimed at specific pathogens?
adaptive (third line)
.What does the word "antigen" mean?
antibody generating
The mercury in the vaccine preservative thimerosol was/is thought to cause
autism.
The study of bacteria is called
bacteriology,
The use of a two-word name for each organism is called
binomial nomenclature.
What theory stated that life comes only from life?
biogenesis
The use of bacteria/microbes to clean up toxins such as oil spills is called
bioremediation.
Which taxon is the most inclusive?
domain
Arrange the classification categories (taxons) in order from domain to species:
domain, kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species
Tracing the path of a disease is the study of
epidemiology
Are animals, plants, fungi, and protists: prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
eukaryotic
Which group of microorganisms has members that have a nucleus, have membrane-bound organelles, and are larger and more complex than bacteria?
eukaryotic
The process of yeast turning sugar into alcohol is called
fermentation.
Name some second line of defense mechanisms:
fever, inflammation, interferon, phagocytosis
Which word of an organism's name is capitalized?
genus
The first word of an organism's name indicates the organism's
genus.
Which form of adaptive immunity uses B cells (B lymphocytes)?
humoral
The ability of an organism to recognize and repel disease is called
immunity
Each word should either be underlined separately or
italicized
Which group of cells roamed your body before you were born to learn to recognize your cells as "self"?
lymphocytes (white blood cells)
The genes of microbes are manipulated in genetic engineering to enable
microbes to have beneficial properties like producing insulin and digesting oil.
Organisms so small that they must be viewed with a microscope are called
microbes/microorganisms
The study of microbes is called
microbiology.
The discovery of microbes is linked to the invention of the
microscope.
List some foods that we have because of microbes:
mushrooms, breads wines, yogurt, cheeses
The study of fungi is called
mycology,
Bacteria that take nitrogen from the air and convert it into compounds useful to plants are called
nitrogen fixers
Which type of immunity is aimed at all pathogens?
non-specific (innate) (first& second lines)
Microbes that live on or in our body, that are normally harmless, and that occupy space and use food so they resist or inhibit pathogens are called
normal flora.
The use of heat to kill microbes to prevent spoilage is called
pasterurization.
Disease-causing organisms are called
pathogens.
The study of algae is called
phycology,
Microbes that are ingested to provide a normal flora to help the body perform functions like digesting food are referred to as
probiotics.
Because some photosynthetic microbes produce food and oxygen, they are referred to as
producers
Are bacteria: prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
prokaryotic
Which group of microorganisms has members that have no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, and are small?
prokaryotic
The study of protozoans is called
protozoology
Bacteria are used in waste water treatment plants to remove wastes to
purify water
Organisms that break down material are called decomposers or
saprophytes
The process of assigning names to organisms is called
scientific nomenclature or binomial nomenclature
What happens to some people who receive vaccines?
side-effects, autoimmune disorders
Name some first line of defense mechanisms:
skin, mucous membranes tears, saliva, urine, sweat
The second word of an organism's name indicates the organism's
species
Which taxon is the least inclusive?
species
The organizing of organisms into related groups is called
taxonomy or classification.
The groups or categories that organisms are placed in are referred to as
taxons
A dead, weakened, or part ofa microbe that will illicit an immune response is called a
vaccine.
Dead, weakened, or parts of microbes that are used to induce immunity are called
vaccines
Who first observed living microbes in pond water & saliva calling them "animalcules"?
van Leeuwenhoek
Yeasts turn sugar into alcohol and some bacteria turn alcohol into
vinegar (acid).
Which group of microorganisms has non-cellular, non-living members?
viruses
Give five examples of microbes (microorganisms):
viruses, fungi, algae, bacteria, protozoans
What does the term "attenuated" mean?
weakened
Is it currently required by law to vaccinate your children?
yes
Name the six kingdoms:
Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria
Which domain contains the bacteria that do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls?
Archaea
List the three domains
Archaea, Bacteria Eukarya
Which kingdom contains the bacteria that live in extreme environments?
Archaebacteria
Which domain contains the bacteria that have peptidoglycan in their cell walls?
Bacteria
How many domains are there?
3
7What percentage of microbes are pathogenic?
3%
Who viewed cork through a microscope, discovered and named cells?
Hooke
Which form of adaptive immunity involves the production of antibodies?
Humoral (B cells)
What is added to some vaccines to prevent bacterial contamination?
Preservatives
Which kingdom contains the algae and protozoans (protists)?
Protista
Who was an opponent of spontaneous generation and demonstrated that maggots do not arise spontaneously from decaying meat?
Redi
Who traced a cholera epidemic outbreak to a town well pump handle showing that a disease could be traced back to its origin?
Snow
Be able to recognize Koch's postulates:
The causative microbe must be present in the diseased organisms and absent in the healthy organisms. The causative microbe must be isolated from the diseased organism and grown pure e. When the microbe from the pure culture is inoculated into a healthy organism, that healthy organism should get the disease. The microbe should be re-isolated from the experimentally infected organism and shown to be identical to the original. Then, that specific microbe can be said to be the cause of that particular disease.
Why are viruses not classified in a kingdom?
They are not considered to be alive.
Why are viruses not considered to be living organisms
They cannot reproduce on their own
Why are saprophytes important to the environment?
They recycle nutrients