Introduction to Management Midterm 2 (University of Iowa)
Human Skills
The ability to work well with others Work effectively in groups Encourage other to express their thoughts and feelings Sensitive to others' needs and viewpoints Good listener/communicator
Ethical intensity
The degree of concern people have about an issue 1. Magnitude of consequences 2. Social consensus 3. Probability of effect 4. Temporal immediacy 5. Proximity of effect 6. Concentration of effect Managers pay most attention to top 2
BP's story
First oil company to acknowledge links between carbon dioxide emissions and climate change
Probability of effect
Likelihood that effects (harm/benefit) will result High chance, ethical intensity goes up
Corporate Social Responsibility
A business's obligation to pursue policies, make decisions, and take actions that benefit society *Economic* -make profit *Legal* -obey society's laws and regulations while trying to meet economic responsibilities -stay within the rules of the game *Ethical* -not violating accepted principles of right and wrong when conducting business *Discretionary* -giving back to the community, supporting charitable causes, etc. -social roles that businesses play in society beyond their economic, legal, and ethical responsibilities
Licensing
A domestic company, the *licensor*, receives royalty payments for allowing another company, the *licensee*, to produce its product, sell its service, or use its brand name in a particular foreign market.
Personal virtue (ethical principle)
Always be open, honest, truthful and never do anything that you wouldn't want to be published on the front page of tomorrow's newspaper
Transition to management
Managers' initial expectations -be the boss -formal authority -manage tasks -job is not managing people After 6 months as a manager -initial expectations were wrong -fast paced -heavy workload -job is to the problem solver and troubleshooter for subordinates After a year as a manger -no longer a doer -communication, listening, and positive reinforcement -learning to adapt and control stress -job is people development
Secondary stakeholders
Media, special interest groups
Groupthink
Members of highly cohesive groups feeling intense pressure not to disagree with each other so that the group can approve a proposed solution Restricts discussion and leads to consideration of a limited number of alternative solutions Team decision making takes considerable time
Potential productivity
Members' resources Knowledge, skills, and abilities Talent alone does not make a great team
Shareholder Model
Milton Friedman Purpose of business is to maximize profit It is socially irresponsible for companies to divert time, money, and attention from maximizing profits to social causes and charitable organizations -they can't act effectively as moral agents for all company shareholders
Morgenstern's time management tips
Decide when you have to do things, not just what you have to do Assign to-do list tasks to a "home" in your schedule Not enough time? -Delete -Delay -Diminish -Delegate
Evaluating and rewarding progress
Determine what you've accomplished and reward yourself accordingly Common mistakes: -rewarding yourself too early, too late, or too much -punishing yourself if you fail
Social consensus
Extent to which people in society agree about whether the behavior is bad or good Clear agreement increases ethical intensity
Stage 3: Strategic alliances
Companies combine key resources, costs, risks, technology, and people.
Managerial skills
Conceptual Human Technical Motivation to Manage
Magnitude of consequences
The total amount of harm/benefit that will result from a decision Greater the harm/benefit, ethical intensity goes up
Forces of Internationalization
modern communication technology, air travel, corporate globalism
How to increase the amount of good conflict
Use devil's advocate Listen, check for understanding, then speak Avoid production blocking -use nominal group technique
Political deviance
Using one's influence to harm others in the company -showing favoritism -gossiping about coworkers -blaming coworkers -competing non beneficially
Long-term self interest (ethical principle)
You will only take actions that are in your organizations long-term self interest
Types of managers
Top managers Middle managers First-line managers Team leaders
What managerial skills different levels of managers should possess
Top managers: mostly human and conceptual, a little technical Middle managers: Mostly human, even amount of technical and conceptual First-line managers: Mostly human and technical, a little conceptual
Proximity of effect
How close are you to those who will be affected by the decision? Can be geographically close, socially close, or emotionally close As closeness increases, ethical intensity increases
Temporal immediacy
How far into the future will the consequences occur If action today has consequences tomorrow, ethical intensity increases
Concentration of effect
How much will the average person be affected by the decision? Will the benefit/harm be taken on by one person or can it be spread amongst many people As concentration goes up, ethical intensity goes up
Production deviance
Hurts the quantity and quality of work produced -leaving early -taking excessive breaks -intentionally working slowly -wasting resources
Goal setting
Set S.M.A.R.T goals Common mistakes: -failure to set goals -setting vague goals -failing to follow through with goals
Organizing
"deciding where decisions will be made, who will do what jobs and tasks, and who will work for whom in the company" -identifying jobs to be done -hiring people to do them -establishing departments -establishing a chain of command -delegating
Planning
"determining organizational goals and a means for achieving them" -setting goals and deciding on action -developing rules and procedures -developing budgets and plans -all managers plan, no matter what level they are
Leading
"inspiring and motivating workers to work hard to achieve organizational goals" -influencing others to get the job done -maintaining morale -molding company culture -managing conflicts and communication
Controlling
"monitoring progress toward goal achievement and taking corrective action when progress isn't being made" -setting standards -comparing performance with standards -taking corrective action
Ethical behavior
Behavior that conforms to a society's accepted principles of right and wrong
Models
Useful simplifications of reality
Components of specific environment
*Customers* -proactive monitoring: cookies -reactive monitoring: complaint websites *Competitors* -key thing to pay attention to is notion of dependence -if I am buyer and there are many companies I can get that resource from, I have the power - vice versa *Industry Specific Laws/Regulations* *Advocacy Groups*
Components of general environment
*Economy* -what is the level of business activity in an economy or world -growing economy > more business activity > growing demand, opportunity for your business to expand -shrinking economy > less business activity > shrinking demand, less opportunity for your business to expand -businesses will make decisions on whether to expand or not based on scanning the economy *Technology* -umbrella term that refers to all knowledge, tool, techniques required to turn inputs into outputs -kodak invented digital photography technology that later caused them to go out of business *Socioculture* -general patterns of behaviors, attitudes, values, etc. of a society -socioculture changes will affect what types of products and services people are willing to buy *Political/Legal* -refers to laws, regulations, court decisions that govern and regulate business behavior across all industries
Stages of team development
*Forming* -getting acquainted, initial impressions, getting sense of team *Storming* -conflicts and disagreements -members become more assertive and more willing to state opinions, jockey for position and try to establish favorable roles for themselves *Norming* -members begin to settle in to their roles -positive team norms have developed *Performing* -performance improves because team has matured into an effective, fully functioning team -members often become intensely loyal to one another and feel mutual accountability for team successes and failures
Process losses
*Group maintenance* -involves all of the time you have to spend to coordinate and discuss schedules, etc. *Social loafing* -individuals will work less hard when they're doing something in a group than if they were doing it by themselves *Production blocking* -brainstorming problem when a member of the group has to wait to share an idea because someone else is sharing
Process gains
*Information exchange* -sharing and exchanging sources of information you have *Load balancing* -figuring out how to share the work load and balance it together *Social facilitation* -the informal learning you gain from each other as you interact and teach each other things that you may not learn in any other way
Enhancing work team effectiveness
*Setting team goals and priorities* *Selecting people for team work* -collectivists instead of individualists -team diversity *Team training* -need significant training in interpersonal, decision-making and problem-solving, conflict resolution, and technical skills *Team compensation and recognition* -skill based -gainsharing -non-financial awards
Primary stakeholders
*Shareholders, employees, customers*, suppliers, governments, local communities
Two types of conflict
*Task Conflict* (good conflict) *Relationship Conflict* (bad conflict)
Two main roles team members play
*Task roles* -working on completing the work of the team *Social roles* -working to build cooperation and group cohesion -setting a tone, motivating and inspiring members, scheduling activities, following up with individuals, providing encouragement, mediating conflicts, satisfying emotional needs of members Team leader focuses more on social roles
Stage 2: Cooperative contracts
-licensing and franchising ex: foreign business owner pays company fee to operate company in their country (ex: opening McDonald's in Germany)
Team leader role and responsibilities
-primarily responsible for facilitating team activities toward accomplishing a goal -help their team members plan and schedule work, learn to solve problems, and work effectively with each other -there to bring intellectual, emotional, and spiritual resources to the team -responsible for fostering good relationships and addressing problematic ones within their teams -manage external relationships
Property deviance
-sabotaging equipment -accepting kickbacks -lying about hours worked -stealing from company
Stage 1: exporting
-selling products in a different place than its manufacturing origin
How do stars use their networks?
-to multiply productivity -start recognizing what you need to know, and figure out who can supply that knowledge -they understand networking is like bartering - you have to have something worth trading -they are prepared to help out a lot of people before they ask for help in return
How do I get help?
1. Do your homework = search for your answers first 2. Think strategically about who to ask 3. Prepare a good question 4. Be patient, kind, and professional
6 steps in ethical decision making
1. Identify the problem 2. Identify the constituents 3. Diagnose the situation 4. Analyze your options 5. Make your choice 6. Act
Top 3 (of 10) mistakes managers make
1. Insensitive to others: abrasive, intimidating, bullying style 2. Cold, aloof, arrogant 3. Betrays trust
Levels of culture
1. Surface level -what is seen -symbolic artifacts -behaviors 2. Expressed values and beliefs -what is heard -what people say -how decisions are made 3. Unconsciously held assumptions and beliefs -what is believed -beliefs and assumptions -rarely discussed
Life lessons
1. The most effective and most respected people show initiative and look for answers before relying on other people 2. Sometimes the person sitting next to you is the best source of information 3. Even if your boss really likes you, do not bother him or her with questions that you should be able to answer yourself 4. Do your homework, and let people know you've done your homework, otherwise they just might ask you, "Did you do your homework?" 5. Make other people feel that their work is important, even if you are not sure whether it is 6. Gratitude gains you a great deal of good will from others; adopting an attitude of entitlement and being a jerk irritates others and may mean you don't get the answers you need 7. Sometimes a short face-to-face meeting is the best way to get questions answered, and the best way to get to know someone 8. Your time is valuable. So is theirs. People who schedule ahead of time will get attention. People who don't may be ignored 9. Asking the right person, the right way, is the best way to get the right answer and gain respect in the process
Self-management process
1. self-assessment and planning 2. goal setting 3. self and environmental control 4. evaluating and rewarding progress
4 elements of initiative
1: It means doing something above and beyond your job description. 2: It means helping other people. 3: Usually it involves some element of risk-taking. 4: And when you're really taking initiative, it involves seeing an activity through to completion.
Culture formation and maintenance
A primary source of organizational culture is the company founder People tell *organizational stories* to make sense of organizational events and changes and to emphasize culturally consistent assumptions, decisions, and actions Organizational culture can also be sustained by recognizing and celebrating *heroes*
Ethics
A set of principles that defines what is right and wrong for a person or group
Team productivity equation
Actual productivity = potential productivity + process gains - process losses
Motivation to manage
An assessment of how enthusiastic employees are about managing the work of others -managers typically have a stronger motivation to manage than their subordinates -managers at higher levels usually have a stronger motivation to manager than managers at lower levels -managers with a stronger motivation to manage are promoted faster, rated as better managers by their employees, and earn more money that managers with a weak motivation to manage
Emotional control activities
Ask yourself 3 good things that happened in your life yesterday Research suggests that people who do this have lower stress levels/depression/anxiety and are overall more happy
Self-assessment and planning
Assessing about where you are in your life and where you want to be in the future Ask: "What are my strengths?" "What do I want them to be?" "What am I doing now?" "What do I want to be doing?" "Where am I now?" "Where do I want to go?" Common mistakes: -not having standards -ignoring important parts of our identities
Affective (relationship) conflict
Bad conflict Emotional reactions that can occur when disagreements become personal Results in hostility, anger, resentment, distrust, cynicism and apathy Associated with decreases in team performance
Environmental uncertainty is higher when
Environmental change and complexity are extensive, and resource scarcity is a problem
Environmental uncertainty is lowest when
Environmental change and environmental complexity are at low levels
-3 rules of initiative
First, before you take on anything new, make sure that you're doing your assigned job well. Second, remember that social initiatives don't count for much. Organizing the company picnic or a blood drive won't get you the kind of recognition you want. They're fine things to do - but do them because they bring you satisfaction. Third, the kind of initiatives that matter to your career are those that relate to the company's critical path. Find out what promotes the company's core mission, and tie your initiatives to it.
Norms
Formal or informal standards that guide the behavior of your group's behavior How to set? -formal written agreements made early in team formation -team's manager's repeated actions -team's responses to critical events
Maximize benefits of diversity
Get to know each other's backgrounds Create time/space for questions to clarify meaning Assume the best intentions
Definition of management
Getting work done through others
Cognitive (task) conflict
Good conflict Members disagree because different experiences and expertise lead them to different views of problems and solutions Associated with improvements in team performance
Personal aggression
Hostile or aggressive behavior towards others -sexual harassment -verbal abuse -stealing from coworkers -endangering coworkers
Motivation to manage
Is an assessment of how motivated employees are to interact with superiors, participate in competitive situations, behave assertively toward others, tell others what to do, reward good behavior and punish poor behavior, perform actions that are highly visible to others, and handle and organize administrative tasks.
Responsibility strategies
Listed in order from least socially responsible to most Reactive -you react against the notion of social responsibility -decline or deny social responsibility -doing less than society expects Defensive -willing to admit responsibility for a problem but will do the least requires to meet societal expectations Accommodative -accept responsibility and take a progressive approach by doing all that could be expected to solve the problem Proactive -anticipating responsibility for a problem before it occurs, doing more than expected to address the problem, and leading the industry in the approach
Ethical principles
Long-term self interest Personal virtue Religious injunctions Government requirements Utilitarian benefits Individual rights Distributive justice
Utilitarian benefits (ethical principle)
Never take an action that does not result in greater good for society Do whatever creates the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Distributive justice (ethical principle)
Never take an action that harms the least fortunate in some way Look out and care for the poor and needy
Individual rights (ethical principle)
Never take an action that infringes on others' agreed upon rights
Minority domination
One or two people dominate team discussions Restricts consideration of different problem definitions and alternative solutions Team members may not feel accountable for the decisions and actions taken by the team
Four functions of managers
Planning Organizing Leading Controlling
Types of workplace deviance
Production deviance Property deviance Political deviance Personal aggression
Components of a triple bottom line
Profits, planet, people
What is the marshmallow principle
Prototype then refine Not just one best right answer
Encouraging ethical behavior
Recruit, select, and hire ethical people Establish a code of ethics Provide training -on ethical behavior; most important people who can give this training is top managers Create an ethical climate Measure and enforce -can't hold people accountable if you're not measure ethical behavior
Team leaders
Responsible for: -facilitating team activities toward accomplishing a goal -helping their team members plan and schedule work, learn to solve problems, and work efficiently with each other -fostering good relationships and addressing problematic ones within their teams -managing external relationships There to bring intellectual, emotional, and spiritual resources to the team
First-line managers
Responsible for: -managing the performance of entry-level employees who are directly responsible for producing a company's goods and services -monitoring, teaching, short-term planning Only managers that train and supervise non-managers
Top managers
Responsible for: -overall direction of the organization -creating a context for change -developing employees' commitment to and ownership of the company's performance -creating a positive organizational culture through language and action -monitoring their business environments
Middle managers
Responsible for: -setting objectives consistent with top management's goals -planning and implementing subunit strategies for achieving those objectives -allocating resources to meet objectives -coordinating and linking groups, departments, and divisions within a company -monitoring and managing the performance of the subunits and individual managers who report to them -implementing the changes or strategies generated by top managers Have control over company's resources, finances, budgets
Self and environmental control
Self control -learn to distinguish what is important (produces a desired result) and what is urgent (demands immediate attention) -spend time on activities that are important not urgent -common mistake: allowing negative emotions or habits to derail us Environmental control -proactively structure work environment to increase likelihood of success -common mistake: allowing others to control your time
Gaining management skills
Sources of learning -reading -reflection -relationships -real experience Read the advice of good managers Think about what you've read and experiences you've had
Internationalization Process
Stage 1: Exporting: Make product at home and ship it abroad Stage 2: Cooperative contracts Stage 3: Strategic alliances Stage 4: Wholly owned affiliates Global Venture new step
Stakeholder Model
Terry Mollner Management's most important responsibility is the firm's long-term survival, which is achieved by satisfying interest of multiply corporate stakeholders
Franchising
The *franchisor*, licenses the entire business to another person or organization, the franchisee. For the price of an initial franchise fee plus royalties, *franchisors* provide franchisees with training, assistance with marketing and advertising, and an exclusive right to conduct business in a particular location.
Conceptual Skills
The ability to see the organization a whole, to understand how the different parts of the company affect each other, and to recognize how the company fits into or is affected by its external environment
Technical Skills
The specialized procedures, techniques, and knowledge required to get the job done
CSR Relationship with economic performance
There is no trade-off between being socially responsible and economic performance -initial costs of being socially responsible can be offset by a better product or corporate reputation, resulting in stronger sales or higher profit margins There is a small positive relationship between socially responsible and economic performance
Government requirements (ethical principle)
To obey the law Because law represents the minimum moral standard of society
Environmental scanning
What -systematically searching the environment for events or issues that might affect the organization Why -keeps companies current -reduces uncertainty -alters organizational strategies -contributes to organization performance (+ correlation between scanning and financial performance) -can help avoid confirmation bias
Characteristics of good team meetings
Written agenda Start and end on time Begin with a review Have clear ground rules for decision making Include time for questions and debate Encourage equal participation End with summary of who is doing what, when
Religious injunctions (ethical principle)
You will never take an action that is unkind or harms a sense of community
Correlation between missed classes and final points
r=.41