Introduction to Psychology: Chapter 7 (Intelligence)
What are the three factors one must recognize for psychological testing?
1. The standardized nature; administrative and interpretive data. (Applicable testing for the general populace, not biased or selective) 2. Reliability; does the test produce consistent results. (people of this region always score the same, and individuals will always score the same no matter the time) 3. Validity; does the test measure what it is supposed to be. (testing intelligence gives individuals a test of pattern-seeking and knowledge applying)
What is the stereotype threat of IQ tests?
A feeling of doubt one feels about their performance, due to negative stereotypes about their group's abilities
What are some intelligence tests?
Binet (first testing) Terman (Stanford-Binet); (re-oriented in Stanford) Army Alpha and Beta (score indicated position in the armed forces; high scores = strategist) Wechsler WAIS (modern for Adults) WISC (for children) WPPSI (for preschoolers) Psychometrics (Tests are usually based on formal, middle-class, European-education English-based)
What did early IQ tests favor culturally?
City-lived, middle class, white people
What is the difference between crystallized and fluid intelligence?
Crystallized - What is learned overtime; induction; through experience; a posteriori (knowing a bachelor isn't married due to prior learning) Fluid - What is innate, memorial, spatial; deduction; a priori (knowing how to step over an obstacle because it is in your way)
What is Spearman's distinction between general and specific intelligence?
General - the single intellectual capacity that embeds every psychological test (general intelligence) Specific - an aspect of performing a given kind of processing (emotional or logical intelligence)
What is intelligence? (Don't need to know)
One's capacity to understand the world, to be rational, and think through problems utilizing resources; to learn from experience, to think abstractly, to acquire knowledge, to act purposefully, and to be adaptable.
According to studies, is IQ heritable?
Partially; nurture could affect child's intelligence.
What are some factors that are attributed to reduced mental ability?
Poor prenatal care Malnutrition Exposure to toxins Stressful family situations Living in severely disadvantaged and impoverished neighborhoods
What is the difference between Thurstone's, Sternberg's, and Gardner's structures for intelligence?
Thurstone's Mental Abilities - accounts for verbal comprehension, verbal theory, number knowledge, memory, space, perceptual speed, reasoning (inherent; a priori) Sternberg's Triarchic Theory - accounts for three intelligences: 1 Analytic Intelligence: ability to think abstractly and process information (Feeling/Thinking) 2. Creative Intelligence: ability to create ideas (Intuition) 3. Practical Intelligence: ability to use common sense (Sensing) Gardner's Multiple Intelligences - accounts for a broad range of different intelligences 1. Musical Intelligence: Understand composition and auditory differentiation 2. Body Kinesthetic: Perform purposeful movement 3. Intrapersonal: Understand oneself 4. Linguistic: Utilize and understand language nuances 5. Logical/Mathematical: To scientifically think, solving logical puzzles 6. Spatial: Being aware of space and position; architecture 7. Interpersonal: Understand other people and relations 8. Naturalistic: Ability to observe and understand nature and animals 9. Existential: Ability to address questions about existence; come to terms with finitude and infinitude 10. Emotional: Ability to identify other's and one's own emotions, express the emotions clearly, and regulate one's or other's emotions.
