Introduction to Sociology Midterm Review: Chapter 3 - True/False & Multiple Choice
The average person is exposed to __________ commercials a year.
20,000
What was the result of research on mother-child bonding based on hours per week children spent in day care?
As the number of hours in day care increased, the bond was weaker between mother and child.
The process by which we develop a sense of self, referred to as the "looking-glass self," was developed by ________.
Charles Horton Cooley
Professor Zale bases her self-concept as a professor on the interactions she has with students, and the reactions she receives from them during class. In view of this, which process is Professor Zale utilizing?
Cooley's looking-glass self
As a child's experiences with agents of socialization broadens, the influence of the family increases.
FALSE
Because of the power of peers and social institutions, we are all prisoners of socialization.
FALSE
Mead's theory of personal development is based on the image that we present to those around us, the reactions of these people, and way that we interpret these reactions.
FALSE
Sociologists have clearly demonstrated that most emotions are universal and are "products of our genes."
FALSE
Sociologists usually embrace Freudian theory on personality development because of its universal acceptance among the social sciences.
FALSE
The advent of Lara Croft and other women of action has clearly divided children with an interest in action films into two camps—one supporting male characters and the other the supporting emerging female characters.
FALSE
The research of sociologist Melvin Kohn and others demonstrates that the differences in the supervision of children are a matter of the race and ethnicity of the parents more than any other factor.
FALSE
The research of the Harlows demonstrated that the key to mother-child bonding is the ability of the mother to provide food and other nutrition to the offspring.
FALSE
___________ for expressing emotion are based on culture, social class, relationships, and settings.
Feeling rules
The symbolic interactionist who stressed that play was crucial to the development of the concept of self was ________.
George Herbert Mead
Jessica is a student at one of the elementary schools in Colorado observed by Patricia and Peter Adler. What is the likely relationship between her grades and her social standing?
Good grades increase her standing among her peers
The research in the early 1960s using rhesus monkeys to demonstrate the importance of intimate physical contact in the rearing of animals was conducted by ________.
Harry and Margaret Harlow
The case study of Isabelle provides support for which of the following explanations of language?
Humans have no natural language
Mead describes the active, creative, and spontaneous part of the self as the ________.
I
Why is entering into school significant from a sociological perspective?
It marks the transfer of allegiance from family to peer groups.
How does the mass media influence gender roles in contemporary American society?
It reinforces gender roles considered appropriate for one's sex.
The sociologist who studied feral children, including the abused child Isabelle who was discovered in 1938 living in an attic with her deaf-mute mother, was ________.
Kingsley Davis
What conclusion did psychologists Susan Goldberg and Michael Lewis make after observing the interactions of mothers and their children?
Mothers unconsciously rewarded their daughters for being dependent
Why do many sociologists object to psychoanalysis as a valid explanation for human behavior?
Sociologists object to the view that inborn and subconscious motivations are the primary reasons for human behavior.
Cooley's conclusions about the looking-glass self appear to be true for people around the world.
TRUE
Feral children are often raised by animals.
TRUE
Freud assumed that what was male was "normal" and that females were "inferior, castrated males."
TRUE
Gender serves as the primary basis for social inequality.
TRUE
In Mead's theory of development, the "me" is the "object of action" or the "self as object."
TRUE
In Piaget's model for children's development of reasoning skills, the term "reasoning skills" is synonymous with the term "operational" as it is used in the theory.
TRUE
Mead emphasized that in order to learn to take the role of the "other," a child must pass through three stages - imitation, play, and team game.
TRUE
Parents are the first significant others to show children the gender map.
TRUE
Social class, gender, race, and ethnicity are aspects of one's life that fall into the category of social location.
TRUE
The standards of our peer groups tend to dominate our lives.
TRUE
Without language there can be no culture, no shared way of life.
TRUE
What discovery did Skeels and Dye make when they administered intelligence tests to a sample of orphans cared for by trained professionals in a "good" orphanage and to a second sample of orphans raised by residents of an institution for mentally retarded women?
The orphans raised by the mentally impaired scored an average of 28 points higher than those raised by trained professionals.
What are the starting and stopping points of the development of the self during the life course?
The self-concept begins in childhood and continues as an ongoing, lifelong process.
What is the proposed source of the six specific emotions that Paul Ekman identified as being present in all cultures?
They are product of our genes.
Based on the research of Kohn and his associates, how would working-class parents encourage their children to accept guidance when they have deviated from acting properly?
They would probably use physical punishment.
Fred has just joined a fraternity. As part of his initiation, he has been forced to cook for the fraternity brothers, clean the frat house, and address the fraternity members as "sir." This is an example of what Harold Garfinkel termed ________.
a degradation ceremony
Another term used for the stage of development called transitional adulthood, which is between the ages of 18 and 29, is ________.
adultolescence
People and groups that influence our orientation to life—our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors—are called ________.
agents of socialization
Frank is doing an internship in a hospital to prepare for a career as a nurse. He is participating in ________.
anticipatory socialization
Universal facial expressions to express basic emotions fall under the category of ___________.
biology
What term is used to describe children who are assumed to have been raised by animals in the wilderness and isolated from other children, such as the "wild boy of Aveyron"?
feral
According to Piaget, when children are capable of abstract thinking, they have reached the level of development called the ________.
formal operational stage
The Smiths are going Christmas shopping for their two children, Dick and Jane. They plan to buy Dick a Tonka truck and Jane a Barbie doll. Their selection of toys for their children is an example of ________ by parents.
gender socialization
What term would Mead use to refer to the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of the public?
generalized others
George Herbert Mead theorized that learning to take the role of the other entails three stages—the ________, _______, and _______ stages.
imitation; play; team games
Based on studies of isolated and institutionalized children, what is the key variable in acquiring the basic "human" traits we take for granted?
intimate early social interaction
What did the Harlow experiment conclude as being the key to infant-mother bonding?
intimate social contact
Individuals who are approximately the same age and are linked by common interests, including friends, classmates, and the "kids in the neighborhood," are MOST appropriately referred to as ________.
peers
Tory is 5 years old. He loves to dress up like Batman and pretend to save Gotham City from the Penguin. According to Mead's theory, he is in the ________ stage.
play
Morris is 3 years old and just beginning to talk. He can count to 10 but is not altogether sure what numbers actually mean. According to Piaget, Morris is in the ________ stage.
preoperational
The technique created by Sigmund Freud for the treatment of emotional problems through long-term, intensive exploration of the subconscious mind is referred to as ________.
psychoanalysis
Jean Piaget's use of the term "operational" is most aligned with the concept of ________.
reasoning skills
When young people enter college as resident students, they must learn new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. This is an example of ________.
resocialization
According to Sigmund Freud, when the id gets out of hand, individuals follow their desires for pleasure and ________.
seek intimacy
Our image of how others see us is called the ________.
self
According to Piaget, the stage of development that is dominated by touching, listening, looking, and the inability to recognize cause and effect is the ________ stage.
sensorimotor
According to Mead's theory of development, individuals who have a profound influence on the lives of another person, such as parents or siblings, are referred to as ________.
significant others
Bob's football coach is a very important influence in his life. Many of Bob's actions are attempts to win the approval of his coach. Mead would suggest that the coach is one of Bob's ________.
significant others
A young woman is contemplating a particular behavior, in this case dropping out of college. She is also considering an awareness of the self in relationship to others to avoid feelings of shame and embarrassment. This is referred to as her ________.
social mirror
Like our mind, our emotions depend on ______.
socialization
What concept do sociologists refer to when they say that "society makes us human"?
socialization
In psychoanalytic theory, the "culture within us" is represented by the ________.
superego
Frank is the son of a middle-class family. He took the family car without permission last night, returning home at 3 AM with the smell of alcohol on his breath. It is most likely, based on the research of Kohn, that the next day Frank's parents will ________.
suspend Frank's driving privileges for a month and discuss with Frank the dangers of drinking and driving.
Of the following traits and abilities, which one would George Herbert Mead consider MOST essential for an individual to be a full-fledged member of society?
the ability to take the role of another
Video games have begun to portray women in changing gender roles, such as Lara Croft, the adventure-seeking archaeologist, and Xena, Warrior Princess. This change in roles may also serve as ________.
the creation of a new stereotype of women as symbolic males
In Freud's theory, what part of the personality represents the pleasure-seeking aspect, demanding immediate fulfillment of basic needs such as attention, food, safety, and sex?
the id
What term applies to the stages that people pass through from birth to death, beginning with "childhood" and concluding with "the older years"?
the life course
In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to ________.
the social environment
John joined the military this year. When he arrived at boot camp he was immediately greeted with a degradation ceremony and came under total control of the officials. The military is an example of a(n) ________.
total institution
The period following high school when young adults have not yet taken on the responsibilities ordinarily associated with adulthood is called ________.
transitional adulthood
Which of the following traits is LEAST likely to be linked to "nature" (heredity) and MOST likely linked to "nurture" (the social environment)?
vocational choice