I/O Psychology Ch 7, 8, & 9

On average, organizations annually spend about _____ per employee on training.

$1,000

About how much does it cost per finished minute to develop a custom training video?

$2,000

_____ ratings have been successful in predicting future success of promoted employees but/and are _____ in organizations.

Peer / seldom used

Which training needs assessment technique is concerned with an individual employee's training needs?

Person analysis

Modeling is a very useful training method. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of someone we would model?

Personality

Which of the following is an area of potential use for performance appraisals?

- Employee training and feedback

Which of the following is NOT a consideration in selecting an icebreaker for a training program?

- Goal of the icebreaker - Length of the training session - Nature of the audience

For an employee to model another's behavior, employees must:

- pay attention - be able to retain the information - be able to reproduce the behavior

Though coaching has many strong points as a training method, it is not without its problems. Which of the following is a problem associated with using coaching as a training method?

-Coaching reduces the expert's productivity -Good workers are not always good trainers

Which of the following methods is an employee comparison method?

-Rank order -Paired-comparison -Forced distribution

Approximately what percentage of organizations have gainsharing plans?

11%

During a training session, breaks should be given approximately every:

60 minutes

Which of the following training methods requires trainees to discuss appropriate and inappropriate employee behaviors, watch the appropriate behavior being performed and role play the appropriate behavior?

Behavior modeling

Which of the following is the most important use of performance evaluation results?

Employee training and feedback

Your text outlines three types of needs analysis. Which of the following is NOT referred to by your text as a needs analysis?

Demographic

Which need theory has three levels of needs and allows individuals to skip levels?

ERG theory

Giving employees a 100-item test after they complete a training program is an example of which of the following training evaluation criteria?

Employee learning

Which of the following performance appraisal approaches would have dimensions such as "prevent crimes from occurring" and "minimize citizen complaints"?

Goal focus

Which of the following performance appraisal dimensions focuses on what an employee accomplishes?

Goals

Which of the following rating scales have been most criticized because of their susceptibility to rating errors such as halo and leniency?

Graphic rating scale

_______ incentive plans often result in social loafing.

Group

Which type of rating error does not necessarily rate all employees similarly?

Halo

Programmed instruction is effective because it takes advantage of several important learning principles. Which of the following is NOT one of the learning principles?

Information is presented in large units

Which of the following training methods has an employee perform several different jobs within an organization?

Job rotation

Which training method allows trainees to experience working in many or all of the jobs in an organization, allows for greater flexibility in replacing absent workers, and helps improve job satisfaction?

Job rotation

______ theory states that individuals have five major types of hierarchical needs is:

Maslow's

Which of the following incentive plans is not a group incentive plan?

Merit pay

If an employee is to be terminated, when is the best time to inform the employee?

Monday afternoon

Which of the following employee comparison methods involves comparing each possible pair of employees and choosing which one of each pair is the better employee?

Paired comparison

Which of the following incentive plans is most geared toward short term performance?

Pay-for-performance

An employee's attendance can be separated into several different criteria. According to your text, which of the following is NOT a criteria used to measure attendance?

Resignations

_______ exercises allow the trainee to work with equipment and in an environment like that found in the actual job.

Simulation

Which of the following plans is most geared toward long-term organizational performance?

Stock options

A supervisor rewards a restaurant employee for cleaning the bathrooms by allowing the employee to stock the salad bar. ______ would predict that the opportunity to stock the salad bar would actually be reinforcing.

The Premack principle

Which of the following is most true about the use of humor during training presentations?

The humor should serve a purpose

_______ is the systematic acquisition of skills, rules, concepts, or attitudes that result in improved performance.

Training

Which of the following performance appraisal approaches focus on employees' attributes such as their dependability, assertiveness, and friendliness?

Trait focus

Employees with a high need for _______ are motivated by jobs that are challenging and over which they have some control.

achievement

A performance appraisal instrument would be most useful in terminating an employee due to:

an inability to perform

Though ______ are/is a valuable method of training, it has been said that unions often use them to restrict entry into their trades.

apprenticeships

Meta-analysis results indicate that objective and subjective measures of performance:

are slightly correlated (r = .39)

A Solomon Four Groups Design attempts to do all of the following except:

be more practical than other designs

Feedback is most effective when it focuses on an employee's ______ and the supervisor explains how the behavior impacts _____ .

behavior / others

A type of distribution error in which a rater tends to rate every employee in the middle of the scale is called _______.

central tendency

The personality dimension of _____ is the best predictor of performance whereas _____ is the best predictor of promotions.

conscientiousness / extraversion

Janice sends all of her new employees to a self-esteem workshop. She must believe in ______.

consistency theory

If managers allow their performance ratings of one employee to affect their performance ratings of another employee, they have committed a _______ error.

contrast

Janet is perceived by her dining room manager, Sarah, as the best waitress who ever worked for her. Naturally, Janet's ratings on her performance appraisal are all high. Tom, on the other hand, is an average waiter; yet, after evaluating Janet, Sarah's ratings of Tom are below average. This type of rating error is referred to as:

contrast error

Employees who are paid for learning specialized skills are participants in a ____ skill plan.

depth

Whereas supervisors see the _______ of an employee's effort, peers often see the _______.

end result / actual behavior

According to _______, an employee's motivation is related to how fairly she believes she is being treated compared to other employees.

equity theory

All of Armand's employees make the same amount of money but he thinks they lie to each other about how much they make. To stop this, he posts all salary information on the bulletin board.Armand seems to believe in _______.

equity theory

The supervisor at a local grocery store schedules individual monthly meetings with her four employees to let them know how they are doing in their respective areas. The supervisor is using a technique known as:

feedback

With the _______ method, a predetermined percentage of employees are placed into one of five categories.

forced distribution

Perhaps the best rater training program is ________.

frame-of-reference training

Making goals _______ would not increase their effectiveness.

general

According to research by Eden (1998), training supervisors to use the Pygmalion Leadership Style:

has had mixed results ?

In general, research on Maslow's theory:

has shown that people skip levels

According to your text, the greatest problem with all of the employee comparison methods is that they do not provide information about _______.

how well an employee is actually doing

Skill-based pay is primarily a(n) _______ method.

incentive

According to most research, subordinate feedback results in:

increased supervisor performance

Overlearning:

increases retention of material

A waiter is asked to increase his check average by "suggestively selling" appetizers, salads, and desserts. It has been explained to the waiter that the larger his check average, the more he will make in tips. However, the waiter does not believe that suggestive selling will actually result in increased tips. In this scenario, the waiter's belief that suggestive selling is not likely to result in more tips exemplifies:

instrumentality

The president of Peso Bank tries to motivate employees by giving them $1,000 every time he notices them providing excellent customer service. The problem is that the president is never in the branch offices. According to the ____ component of expectancy theory, this plan will not motivate employees.

instrumentality

Whereas trait-focused instruments concentrate on who an employee _______, task-focused instruments focus on what an employee _______.

is / does

A task analysis conducted as part of a training needs assessment is made easier if:

job descriptions are available

A type of distribution error in which a rater tends to rate every employee at the upper end of the scale is called _______ error.

leniency

Documentation helps reduce the effects of all the following except ______.

leniency

With the critical incident methods of needs assessment, job dimensions with ______ should be targeted for future training.

many bad incidents

Waiting until the night before a test to read the chapters and review your notes may be referred to as:

massed practice

Self-regulation theory states that employees:

monitor their own progress toward goals

Employees who work with highly motivated employees are likely to be _______ than employees who work with unmotivated coworkers.

more motivated

When peer ratings are used, research has found that high performers evaluate their peers _______ low performers.

more strictly than

An internal force that drives a worker to perform well is:

motivation

In expectancy theory, the three components are ____ to get an overall motivation index.

multiplied

Three meta-analyses indicate that allowing an employee to participate in goal setting will result in:

no effect on performance

Practicing a task even after it has been successfully learned refers to:

overlearning

According to two-factor theory, ____ is an example of a hygiene factor.

pay

Matt constantly posts charts and graphs indicating the latest production statistics. Matt seems to believe in:

providing feedback

If an employee feels she is underpaid for the effort she exerts, she will probably:

reduce her effort

Self-appraisals of performance appear to be most accurate when the purpose of the self-appraisal is for:

research

To get better customer feedback on employee performance, _______ are used.

secret shoppers

Ruth believes that she can effectively handle any customer complaint, whereas Jill is worried that she will cry if a customer yells at her. The ______ would predict that Ruth will perform better than Jill.

self-fulfilling prophecy

Progressive discipline is especially important if a ______ employee violates a company rule.

senior

Whatever the method used, a simulation exercise can only be effective if it _______.

simulates actual job conditions

Lona gives her employees attention, smiles at them, and nods her head in approval when they perform well. She is using _____ to motivate her employees.

social recognition

Amy works at a bank that is trying to get customers to apply for vehicle loans. As hard as Amy tries, she is unsuccessful because the bank's loan rates are not very competitive. When evaluating Amy's performance, her supervisor must consider the loan rates as a:

source of contamination

Nagy Enterprises had a 32% increase in sales after sending its employees to the Reilly School of Sales. However, without the use of a control group, it is difficult to determine if:

the 32% increase was actually due to the training

An individual does not like to do laundry but prefers to do laundry over studying for exams. Because doing laundry is liked more than studying, _______ predicts that the opportunity to do laundry will motivate a person to study.

the Premack principle

An employee's supervisor places full confidence in the employee and believes that the employee can handle a fairly difficult task. This boosts the employee's self-esteem which in turn increases her performance. This phenomena is known as:

the Pygmalion effect

Bob has been a model employee all year except for the last two to three weeks; yet, Bob's ratings on his performance appraisal reflect his performance during this last two-week to three-week period. This type of rating bias is referred to as:

the recency effect

Supervisors who set goals, provide feedback, and encourage employees to use their training are trying to motivate employees to:

transfer what is learned in training to the job

Which of the following is the best training objective? "By the end of this training, the employee:"

will be able to correctly answer 90% of customer questions