IR310 History Quiz

Shankill Road

Is an arterial road that runs through west Belfast in Northern Ireland and is synonymous with the loyalist community in the city. It is separated with the neighbouring Falls Road with Peace Walls. The Shankill remains as the centre for loyalist paramilitarism. Known for buildings adorned with loyalist murals

Falls Road

Is the main road the runs through west Belfast in Northern Ireland and is synonymous with the republican community in the City. It is separated from the neighbouring Shankill Road with Peace Walls. Known for having buildings adorned with large republican murals

Union Flag

National flag of Great Britain, consisting of England, Scotland and Northern Ireland

Black and Tans

Nickname given to temporary constables, many of whom were World War I veterans, who were brought in to assist the Royal Irish Constabulary during the War for Independence. The name came from the mixed colour of uniforms worn by the temporary constables during a period of martial law.

Ulster

One of the provinces in Ireland and the fourth of the ancient regions of Ireland. Belfast is situated in the province of Ulster. Northern Ireland is sometimes referred to as Ulster. This usage is most common amongst people in Northern Ireland who are unionist although it is also used by the media throughout the United Kingdom.

Good Friday Agreement

The Good Friday Agreement or Belfast Agreement was a major political development in the Northern Ireland peace process of the 1990s. Northern Ireland's present devolved system of government is based on the Agreement. Issues relating to civil and cultural rights, decommissioning of weapons, justice and policing were central to the Agreement. It is often seen as the symbolic end to the Troubles/ the Conflict. The Agreement was approved by voters across the island of Ireland in two referenda held on 22 May 1998. The people of both jurisdictions needed to approve the Agreement in order to give effect to it

IRA

The Irish Republican Army (IRA) was an Irish republican revolutionary military organisation. It descended from the Irish Volunteers, an organisation established on 25 November 1913 that staged the Easter Rising in April 1916 and fought the guerrilla campaign against the British Army in the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921). Following the contentious signing of the Anglo-Irish treaty at the end of the War of Independence there was a split in the IRA. Those that were opposed to the treaty continued to address themselves as the Irish Republican Army until their split in 1969 at the beginning of The Troubles/ The Conflict

LOL- Loyal Orange Lodge.

The Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order, the Orange Lodge or the Orangemen, is a Protestant fraternal organisation. Its name is a tribute to the Dutch-born Protestant King William of Orange, who defeated the army of the Catholic king James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. Although based in Northern Ireland, the Institution also has a significant presence in lowland Scotland and lodges throughout the Commonwealth and United States. Politically, the Orange Order is strongly linked to unionism. The Order sees itself as defending Protestant civil and religious liberties, whilst critics have accused the Order of being sectarian, triumphalist and supremacist. As a Protestant society, non-Protestants cannot become members unless they agree to adhere to the principles of Orangeism

Proddy

Shortened slang name given to Protestants. Is used both to provoke or offend and to reaffirm self-identity as a fan of Rangers Football Club, 'the Rangers Proddy Boys'

Sinn Fein

Sinn Féin is an Irish republican political party in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The name is Irish for "ourselves" or "we ourselves". They have elected representatives in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The party in its present form has historically been associated with the Provisional IRA

Provos

Slang name referring to the Provisional Irish Republican Army. It is an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that sought to remove Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom and bring about an independent republic encompassing all of Ireland. It emerged in December 1969—after the beginning of The Troubles/The Conflict—when the Irish Republican Army split over ideology and how to respond to attacks on the Catholic community in Northern Ireland. Also referred to as PIRA or by its supporters as the Army or the 'RA

Taig

Taig is a derogatory term for an Irish Catholic. It is mainly used by sectarian loyalists in Northern Ireland and Scotland. It has been used in sectarian slogans such as "Kill All Taigs" (KAT) and "All Taigs Are Targets" (ATAT).

Fenian

Takes origins from the Fianna. In Gaelic Ireland these were warrior bands of young men who lived apart from society. Fenian was later adopted as an umbrella term for the Fenian Brotherhood and the Irish Republican Brotherhood, fraternal organisations dedicated to the establishment of an independent Irish Republic in the 19th and early 20th century. A sectarian term used to describe Irish, Catholics or fans of Celtic F.C.

Fenian Brotherhood

The Fenian Brotherhood was an Irish republican-Irish American organisation founded in the United States in 1858 by John O'Mahony and Michael Doheny. Members were commonly known as "Fenians"

Catholic

A denomination of Christianity is a broad term for describing specific traditions in the Christian churches in theology and doctrine, liturgy, ethics and spirituality.

Protestantism

A denomination of Christianity formed after the Protestant Reformation

Land of No Surrender!

A Loyalist song commemorating the Siege of Derry in 1689 during the Williamite War in Ireland. "No Surrender!" is also a Northern Irish Loyalist slogan

Nationalism

A belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual identifying with, or becoming attached to, one's nation. Nationalism involves national identity

Denomination

A branch of any religion

The Troubles

A common name favoured by Loyalists for the ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland that spilled over at various times into the Republic of Ireland, England and mainland Europe. The Conflict began in the late 1960s and is considered by many to have ended with the Belfast Good Friday Agreement of 1998

The Conflict

A common name favoured by Republicans for the ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland that spilled over at various times into the Republic of Ireland, England and mainland Europe. The Conflict began in the late 1960s and is considered by many to have ended with the Belfast Good Friday Agreement of 1998. However, sporadic violence has continued since then. The key issues at stake were the constitutional status of Northern Ireland and the relationship between its two main communities, which are, on one side, Unionists and loyalists who mostly come from the Protestant community and generally want Northern Ireland to remain within the United Kingdom, and, on the other side, Irish nationalists and republicans - who mostly come from the Catholic community and generally want to leave the United Kingdom and join a united Ireland.

The Great Famine

A period of mass starvation, disease and emigration between 1845 and 1852. It is sometimes referred to, mostly outside Ireland, as the Irish Potato Famine because approximately one-third of the population was then solely reliant on this cheap crop for a number of historical reasons. During the famine approximately 1 million people died and over a million more emigrated from Ireland. The proximate cause of famine was a potato disease commonly known as potato blight. The famine was a watershed in the history of Ireland. Its effects permanently changed the island's demographic, political and cultural landscape. For both the native Irish and those in the resulting diaspora, the famine entered folk memory and became a rallying point for various Home rule and United Ireland movements, as the whole island was then part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The massive famine soured the already strained relations between many of the Irish people and the British Crown, heightening Irish republicanism, which eventually led to Irish independence in the next century.

Loyalist

A person who remains loyal to the established ruler or government, especially in the face of a revolt.

Unionist

A person, especially a member of a Northern Ireland political party, who is in favour of the union of Northern Ireland with Great Britain

Paramilitaries

A semi-militarized force whose organizational structure, tactics, training, subculture, and (often) function are similar to those of a professional military, but which is formally not part of a government's armed forces.

Red Hand of Ulster (Flag)

Also known as the Red Hand of O'Neill is perhaps the most prominent symbol in the province of Ulster. It is derived from the coat of arms of the O'Neill clan who reigned over large parts of Ulster for at least two millennia, until their surrender to the English in 1603.

Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921)

An agreement between the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Irish representatives that concluded the Irish War of Independence. It provided for the establishment of the Irish Free State. It also provided Northern Ireland with the option to opt out of the Irish Free State and remain part of the United Kingdom, which it did. Removing themselves from the Commonwealth began the process that eventually resulted in the formation of the sovereign state of the Republic of Ireland in 1948.

Battle of the Boyne

Battle fought in 1690 between two rival claimants of the English, Scottish, and Irish thrones - the Catholic King James and the Protestant King William - who had deposed James in 1688 - across the River Boyne near Drogheda on the east coast of Ireland. The battle, won by William, was a turning point in James's unsuccessful attempt to regain the crown and ultimately helped ensure the continuation of Protestant ascendancy in Ireland. It is a key part of the folklore of the Orange Order and is commemorated by traditional Orange Order marches on the 12th July.

Republican

Belonging to or characteristic of a republic. In the context of Northern Ireland, more extreme version of Nationalism

UDA

The Ulster Defence Association is the largest loyalist paramilitary and vigilante group in Northern Ireland. It was formed in September 1971 and undertook a campaign of almost twenty-four years during The Troubles/The Conflict. It used the name Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) to claim responsibility for attacks and, because the two claimed to be separate organisations, the UDA was able to remain legal for over twenty years. The United Kingdom outlawed the "UFF" in November 1973 and the UDA itself was classified as a terrorist group in 1992.

UFF

The Ulster Freedom Fighter is the name used by the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) to claim responsibility for attacks.

UVF

The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) is a loyalist paramilitary group in Northern Ireland named after the Ulster Volunteers of the early twentieth century. The group's volunteers undertook an armed campaign of almost thirty years during The Troubles/The Conflict. It declared a ceasefire in 1994, although sporadic attacks continued until it officially ended its armed campaign in May 2007.

Tri-colour flag

The national flag of the Republic of Ireland and was introduced as the national flag in 1922 but was given full constitution of Ireland. It was a design based on the French tricolour and also the one of Newfoundland

Peace Walls

The peace lines or peace walls are a series of border barriers in Northern Ireland that separate Irish nationalist and unionist neighbourhoods.

The Reformation

The schism, or breaking up, of Western Christianity that was originally initiated by early Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther and John Calvin. The date most usually associated with the beginning of the Protestant Reformation is accepted as 1517, when Luther published 'The Ninety-Five Theses' criticising the practises of selling indulgences and later challenged many of the doctrines and devotional practices of the Catholic Church.

Bloody Sunday

This is a confusing term because it can refer to TWO different events. First, A day of violence in Dublin on 21 November 1920, during the Irish War of Independence. In total, 31 people were killed - fourteen British, fourteen Irish civilians and three republican prisoners. The IRA under Michael Collins assassinated a team of undercover agents based in Dublin. They executed 14 in total. Later that afternoon the Black and Tans of the Royal Irish Constabulary opened fire on a crowd at a Gaelic football match in Croke Park, killing 14 civilians. Later that evening a further 3 IRA suspects were killed in Dublin Castle.

Bogside Massacre

an incident on 30 January 1972 in the Bogside area of Derry, Northern Ireland, when British soldiers shot 28 unarmed civilians during a peaceful protest march against internment. Fourteen people died: thirteen were killed outright, while the death of another man four months later was attributed to his injuries. Many of the victims were shot while fleeing from the soldiers and some were shot while trying to help the wounded. Other protesters were injured by rubber bullets or batons, and two were run down by army vehicles. The march had been organised by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA). The soldiers involved were members of the 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment, also known as "1 Para".

Ardoyne District

in northern Belfast that is traditionally inhabited by Catholics and Irish Nationalists. Ardoyne gained notoriety during The Troubles/The Conflict so much so that it became one of the 'no-go' areas listed by the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and Army.

Sectarianism

is a complex of perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, actions and structures, at personal and communal levels, which originate in religious difference and can involve a negative mixing of religion with politics, sporting allegiance and national identifications. It arises from a distorted expression of identity and belonging. It is expressed in destructive patterns of relating which segregate, exclude, discriminate against or are violent towards a specified religious other with significant personal and social consequences.