ISAT Final
Typical charges on ions: Li
Li+
MCL definition
Maximum Contaminant Level
Which of the following fission products released from the Chernobyl reactor is dangerous because it concentrates in bones? a. I-131 b. Sr-90 c. C-14 d. U-238 This element is in the same group as calcium on the periodic table.
b. Sr-90
Which reactive nitrogen compound is produced using the Haber-Bosch process? a. NaNO3 b. KNO3 c. NH3 d. NO2 This can be a gas and is often found dissolved in water for cleaning.
c. NH3
main source of NOx
transportation
True or False: all elements heavier than bismuth are radioactive
true
True or False: isotopes can be stable or unstable
true
True or False: isotopes have a different mass number from their element's true form
true
1 part per million (ppm) =
1 milligram per liter (mg/L)
Primary or secondary pollutant: nitric oxide (NO)
primary
Primary or secondary pollutant: nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
primary
Primary or secondary pollutant: sulfur dioxide (SO2)
primary
Primary or secondary pollutant: sulfur trioxide (SO3)
primary
Haber-Bosch process
produces ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen
Typical charges on ions: Al
Al3+
pH where lakes are dead
4
CO2 as an acid exists in air at _______ ppm
400
pH for normal aquatic life
7-9
Typical charges on ions: Cl
Cl-
Steps to solve: A student wants to prepare exactly 250 mL of a 0.500 M aqueous potassium hydroxide solution. What mass of potassium hydroxide (molar mass = 56.10 g/mol) must the student dissolve in the 250 mL of solution?
Concentration x volume x molar mass = grams
Typical charges on ions: Ga
Ga3+
Where are halogens on the periodic table?
Group 17
Exception of insoluble carbonates:
Group 1A and NH4+ carbonates
Exception of insoluble hydroxides and sulfides:
Group 1A and NH4+ hydroxides and sulfides
Heat formula
H = mass x specific heat x delta T
HCL --->
H+ + CL-
HCL + NaOH --->
H2O + Na+ + Cl-
Formula to solve this problem: When dissolved in water, hydrogen bromide (HBr) forms hydrobromic acid. Determine the hydroxide ion concentration in a 4,500 mL solution containing 3.78 g hydrogen bromide; Kw = 1.00 × 10^¯14.
Kw = (OH-) x (H+)
MCLG definition
Maximum Contaminant Level Goal
Typical charges on ions: Mg
Mg2+
ammonia chemical formula
NH3
NH3 + H20 --->
NH4+ + OH-
Typical charges on ions: Na
Na+
NaOH --->
Na+ + OH-
Typical charges on ions: O2
O2-
The annual radiation dose for most citizens of the United States is between a. 0 to 0.10 Sv. b. 0.10 to 0.25 Sv. c. 0.25 to 0.50 Sv. d. 0.50 to 1.0 Sv.
a. 0 to 0.10 Sv.
How many moles of sodium chloride are there in 250 mL of a 1.20 M sodium chloride solution? a. 0.30 b. 0.60 c. 1.2 d. 2.4 Concentration times volume (in liters) will give moles.
a. 0.30
If 1.8 × 10^14 J is released in a nuclear reaction, how much matter was lost? a. 2.0 × 10^¯3 kg b. 7.2 × 10^2 kg c. 6.0 × 10^5 kg d. 1.6 × 10^31 kg
a. 2.0 × 10^¯3 kg
A 4-L sample of water contains 80 µg of lead. What is this lead concentration, in parts per billion (ppb)? a. 20 b. 80 c. 320 d. 500 Remember that ppb means µg/mL.
a. 20
A breeder reactor produces which nuclear fuel? a. 239Pu b. 238U c. 141Ba d. 235U
a. 239Pu
How many bromide ions can combine with one ion of aluminum to form an ionic compound? a. 3 b. 6 c. 1 d. 2 Remember that the positive and negative charges must balance evenly.
a. 3
Calculate the amount of sulfur dioxide produced annually by a power plant that burns 7.5 million metric tons (t) of coal over a year. Assume that the coal is 2.4% sulfur by mass. 1 metric ton (t) = 1000 kg. a. 3.6 × 10^8 kg b. 3.6 × 10^8 t c. 1.8 × 10^11 kg d. 7.5 × 10^12 g Each sulfur combines with two oxygens doubling the mass of the sulfur in the coal.
a. 3.6 × 10^8 kg
Scientists predict that shells of some ocean creatures will start to dissolve after how many more years of ocean acidification? a. 40 years b. 150 years c. 300 years d. 85 years
a. 40 years
How many joules are required to heat 2.0 L of water from 20°C to its boiling point of 100°C? The specific heat of water is 4.18 J/g•°C and the density of water is 1 g/mL. a. 6.7 × 10^5 J b. 1.7 × 10^5 J c. 3.8 × 10^4 J d. 6.7 × 10^2 J Remember that heat = mass * specific heat * ΔT
a. 6.7 × 10^5 J
What percentage of Earth's water is in the oceans? a. 97% b. 50% c. 3% d. 0.014%
a. 97%
Which naturally occurring radioactive particles are the size of a helium nucleus? a. alpha particles b. beta particles c. gamma radiation d. neutrons
a. alpha particles
What is biological oxygen demand (BOD)? a. A measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen microorganisms use up as they decompose organic wastes found in water. b. A measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen necessary to purify wastewater. c. A measure of the phosphate ion concentration of water d. A measure of nitrate ion concentration of water. Remember that this is about how much oxygen is needed in some waterway.
a. A measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen microorganisms use up as they decompose organic wastes found in water.
Which reaction accounts for the fact that the pH of rain is naturally slightly acidic? a. CO2 + H2O → H+ + HCO3¯ b. SO3 + H2O → 2 H+ + SO42¯ c. Ca2+ + CO2 + H2O → CaCO3 + 2 H+ d. NO2 + H2O → 2 H+ + NO3¯ Remember which gas is always found in the atmosphere, even without any pollution.
a. CO2 + H2O → H+ + HCO3¯
The acid neutralizing capacity of a lake or stream most often derives from the presence of _______ in the surrounding soil or rock. a. CaCO3 b. HNO3 c. NaCl d. Sr(OH)2 One is these is common in soil as well as a weak base.
a. CaCO3
Which compound has a correct formula? a. CaSO3 b. Ca2SO4 c. Mg(CO3)2 d. Na2PO4
a. CaSO3
Which of the following countries is the largest consumer of coal (by total mass)? a. China b. United States c. India d. Indonesia
a. China
Which reaction most accurately represents the dissociation of nitrous acid (HNO2) in water? a. HNO2 + H2O → H3O+ + NO2¯ b. HNO2 + H2O → H3O2+ + NO¯ c. HNO2 + H2O → HN + HO+ + HO2¯ d. HNO2 + H2O → H3O+ + N + O2¯
a. HNO2 + H2O → H3O+ + NO2¯
Nationally, the greatest amounts of NOx in the atmosphere are produced by which of these? I. transporation sources (motor vehicles, aircraft, trains) II. combustion of fuel in electrical utility plants and industry releases III. nitrification in farm fields a. I and II only b. I and III only c. II and III only d. I, II, and III
a. I and II only
When table sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11) dissolves in water, which type(s) of attraction between water and sugar molecules occur(s)? I. hydrogen bonding II. polar-polar interactions III. covalent bonding a. I and II only b. II and III only c. I and III only d. I, II, and III
a. I and II only
Which statement(s) concerning SOx and NOx emissions are true? I. Automobiles produce NOx but very little SOx. II. Power plants produce only SOx. III. Diesel powered vehicles produce only SOx. IV. The high concentration of nitrogen compounds in gasoline accounts for the formation of NOx by automobiles and trucks. a. I only b. I and II only c. II and IV only d. I, II, III, and IV
a. I only
Which ions, if present in drinking water, would pose a significant health risk? I. Pb2+ II. Hg2+ III. Cd2+ IV. Ca2+ a. I, II, and III only b. II, III, and IV only c. I, III, and IV only d. I, II, III, and IV One of these is essential for bone health while the rest are toxic.
a. I, II, and III only
Which statement is not true? a. In forming a solution, the solute dissolves other substances that are called solvents. b. Water is the solvent in an aqueous solution. c. Pure water does not conduct electricity. d. Electrolytes dissolved in water produce a solution that can conduct electricity. Remember that the solvent dissolves the solute.
a. In forming a solution, the solute dissolves other substances that are called solvents.
Predict the products of this reaction: KOH + HNO3 → a. KNO3 + H2O b. KNO2 + H2O2 c. KH + HNO4 d. KO4 + H2N Acid and base make a salt and water.
a. KNO3 + H2O
An acidic fog in Pasadena was found to have a pH of 2.50. Which expression represents this pH measurement? a. MOH¯ = 3.2 × 10^¯12 M b. MOH¯ = 3.2 × 10^¯9 M c. MH+ = 9.7 × 10^¯3 M d. MH+ = 2.5 M Remember that pH is - logMH+
a. MOH¯ = 3.2 × 10^¯12 M
Which chemical equation shows the dissociation of magnesium hydroxide? a. Mg(OH)2 → Mg2+ + 2OH¯ b. MgOH → Mg2+ + OH2¯ c. Mg(OH)3 → Mg3+ + 3OH¯ d. Mg(OH)2 → Mg2+ + H2O + O2−
a. Mg(OH)2 → Mg2+ + 2OH¯
Which compound has an incorrect formula? a. MgPO4 b. (NH4)2S c. Mg(HSO3)2 d. NaClO4 Pull these apart into two ions and see if the charge is balanced correctly.
a. MgPO4
Which of the following has the highest MCL in drinking water in the US? a. Nitrates b. Trihalomethanes c. Lead d. Mercury Remember that the higher the MCL the less toxic the contaminant should be.
a. Nitrates
Bases produce which ions in aqueous solution? a. OH¯ b. NO2¯ c. Cl¯ d. SO3¯
a. OH¯
What is vitrification? a. Spent fuel elements or other mixed waste are encased in ceramic or glass. b. Spent fuel elements or other mixed waste are shot into space. c. Spent fuel elements or other mixed waste are buried beneath the ocean floor. d. Spent fuel elements or other mixed waste are deposited in Nevada.
a. Spent fuel elements or other mixed waste are encased in ceramic or glass.
Which of the following has the longest half-life? a. U-238 b. U-235 c. C-14 d. Pu-231
a. U-238
When dissolved in water, hydrogen bromide (HBr) forms hydrobromic acid. Determine the hydroxide ion concentration in a 4,500 mL solution containing 3.78 g hydrogen bromide; Kw = 1.00 × 10¯14. a. [OH¯] = 9.63 × 10^¯13 M b. [OH¯] = 2.14 × 10^¯13 M c. [OH¯] = 4.67 × 10^¯2 M d. [OH¯] = 0.0104 M [OH¯]*[H+] = Kw and [H+] is in moles per liter
a. [OH¯] = 9.63 × 10^¯13 M
Which is not a reason for the decline in the reliance on nuclear power for electricity generation in the United States over the last 30 years? a. a lack of available nuclear fuel b. the need for enhanced safety training for workers c. the need to retrofit old plants d. an increase in the required number of qualified personnel
a. a lack of available nuclear fuel
A substance that is hygroscopic a. absorbs and retains moisture from the atmosphere. b. releases water to the atmosphere. c. purifies water by removing nitrate and sulfate ions. d. prevents atmospheric gases from forming aerosols.
a. absorbs and retains moisture from the atmosphere.
Which naturally occurring radioactive particles are the largest? a. alpha particles b. beta particles c. gamma radiation d. neutrons
a. alpha particles
Which is a characteristic of "surface" high-level nuclear waste storage that is not a characteristic of storing the waste in a geological repository? Waste in a geological repository is not a. as easily accessible. b. feasible. c. secure. d. safe.
a. as easily accessible.
Which form of water disinfection continues to provide antibacterial protection after the water leaves the purification plant? a. chlorination b. ozonation c. UV radiation d. filtration
a. chlorination
The fuel for both nuclear and coal power plants must be mined. Which miners are most likely to contract black lung disease? a. coal miners b. uranium miners c. plutonium miners d. Black lung is not a risk for miners of any fuel.
a. coal miners
Smokestacks at these plants release sulfur oxides and carbon dioxide into the air: a. coal-burning plants. b. nuclear plants. c. both coal-burning and nuclear plants. d. neither coal-burning nor nuclear plants.
a. coal-burning plants.
The amounts of SO2 and NOx emissions from anthropogenic sources are ______ those from natural sources. a. considerably greater than b. roughly equivalent to c. somewhat less than d. considerably less than
a. considerably greater than
Most polyatomic ions a. have a negative charge. b. are composed of a total of two atoms. c. are cations. d. contain sulfur atoms.
a. have a negative charge.
Electronegativity a. is a measure of an atom's attraction for an electron in a chemical bond. b. is the total negative charge on a polyatomic anion. c. is the same for all of the elements in a family or group. d. decreases from left to right across a period on the periodic table. Remember that this increases up and to the right on the periodic table.
a. is a measure of an atom's attraction for an electron in a chemical bond.
Which factor will support the growth of nuclear energy in the future? a. smaller, more efficient reactor design b. a ban on the use and development of breeder reactors c. tax incentives for the oil and gas industry d. high cost of new, safer technology
a. smaller, more efficient reactor design
What is the source of the nitrogen in the NOx emitted from fossil fuel combustion? a. the atmosphere b. coal c. natural gas d. oil
a. the atmosphere
The formation of nitric oxide (NO, a precursor to nitric acid) from oxygen and nitrogen is ordinarily a very slow process. What accounts for its more rapid formation in automobile exhaust? a. the extreme conditions involved in gasoline combustion b. the presence of nitrogen compounds in gasoline c. catalysts present in fuel that facilitate its formation d. well-designed catalytic converters
a. the extreme conditions involved in gasoline combustion
What is the maximum one-time dose of radiation one can receive without suffering any detectable physiological effects? a. ≤ 25 rem (0.25 Sv) b. ≤ 50 rem (0.5 Sv) c. ≤ 100 rem (1.0 Sv) d. ≤ 200 rem (2.0 Sv)
a. ≤ 25 rem (0.25 Sv)
Acidic or basic: H+ > 10^-7
acidic
Coal is not a pure chemical compound, but its elemental composition can be approximated by the formula C135H96NO9S. What is the approximate percentage by mass of sulfur in coal? a. 0.413% b. 1.68% c. 3.11% d. 42.8% Remember to take the total mass of sulfur divided by the total mass of the molecule.
b. 1.68%
What percentage of a radioactive isotope would remain after three half-lives? a. 6.3% b. 12.5% c. 25.0% d. 50.0%
b. 12.5%
The pH of lemon juice is approximately 2.40. At this pH, the hydronium ion concentration is closest to which concentration? a. 2.5 × 10¯12 M b. 4.0 × 10¯3 M c. 0.38 M d. 5.6 × 10¯4 M pH is -log of the hydronium ion concentration.
b. 4.0 × 10¯3 M
Of the following, which radioactive element is found most commonly in our food? a. 23Mg b. 40K c. 131I d. 90Sr
b. 40K
The pH of rainwater falling through an unpolluted atmosphere is closest to: a. 4.7 b. 5.4 c. 7.0 d. 8.7
b. 5.4
Bases are substances that increase the hydroxide ion concentration in aqueous solution. Why does ammonia (NH3), which does not contain a hydroxide group, act as a base? a. Ammonia acts as a base only in the presence of hydroxide ion-containing compounds. b. Ammonia molecules remove protons from water molecules, forming hydroxide ions. c. Ammonia molecules donate protons to water molecules, forming hydroxide ions. d. Ammonia acts as a base only in the presence of very strong acids.
b. Ammonia molecules remove protons from water molecules, forming hydroxide ions.
Which of these is not a trihalomethane? a. CHCl3 b. CH3Cl c. CHF3 d. CHBr2Cl Remember the "trihalo-" means three halogens.
b. CH3Cl
Which reaction illustrates how acid rain causes the decomposition of marble monuments? a. Ca(OH)2 + H2+ → Ca2+ + 2 H2O b. CaCO3 + 2 H+ → Ca2+ + CO2 + H2O c. 4 Fe2+ + O2 + 4 H2O → 2 Fe2O3 + 8 H+ d. Ca(OH)2 + 2 H2O → CaO22¯ + 2 H3O+
b. CaCO3 + 2 H+ → Ca2+ + CO2 + H2O
The MCL for drinking water is the legal limit for the concentration of a contaminant expressed in ppm or ppb. This is always a lower concentration than the MCLG value for the same contaminant. a. True b. False Remember that MCLG is a goal.
b. False
Which covalent bond is the most polar? a. H-H b. H-O c. H-N d. H-S Find the one with the largest difference in electronegativities.
b. H-O
Lakes surrounded by ______ have very little acid-neutralizing capacity. I. marble II. granite III. limestone a. I only b. II only c. I and III only d. II and III only
b. II only
Sulfur dioxide, the primary product of sulfur combustion, further reacts with oxygen as shown. 2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3 What is the final step in the formation of the acidic aerosol? a. Reaction of sulfur trioxide with nitrogen oxide. b. Reaction of sulfur trioxide with water. c. Reaction of sulfur trioxide with sodium hydroxide. d. Reaction of sulfur trioxide with nitrogen gas.
b. Reaction of sulfur trioxide with water.
Which of the following are methods of making sea water appropriate for drinking? a. Osmosis b. Reverse osmosis c. Distillation d. Flocculation
b. Reverse osmosis c. Distillation
Why have efforts to reduce sulfur oxide emissions met with greater success than those directed at nitrogen oxide emissions reductions? a. Sulfur oxides have higher molar masses than nitrogen oxides. b. Sulfur oxide emissions come from a limited number of point sources. c. Nitrogen oxides are only produced at power plants. d. Nitrogen reacts more readily with oxygen than sulfur.
b. Sulfur oxide emissions come from a limited number of point sources.
Which best explains why the United States has the greatest number of nuclear reactors worldwide but one of the lower percentages of electricity produced by nuclear reactors? a. Most U.S. reactors are not operational. b. The United States uses more electrical power than most countries. c. U.S. officials believe that coal-powered plants are more efficient than nuclear power plants. d. Most U.S. reactors are more than 30 years old.
b. The United States uses more electrical power than most countries.
A 0.25 M solution of the sugar sucrose, C12H22O11, in water is tested for conductivity using the type of apparatus shown. What do you predict will happen? http://ezto.mheducation.com/13252705050916083156.tp4?REQUEST=SHOWmedia&conId=13252705051018820&media=image051.png a. The bulb will not light up. Sucrose is an electrolyte, but not very soluble in aqueous solution. b. The bulb will not light up. Sucrose is in the molecular form in aqueous solution. c. The light bulb will shine dimly. Sucrose is only partially ionized in aqueous solution. d. The light bulb will shine brightly. Sucrose is highly ionized in aqueous solution. Remember that non-electrolytes will not conduct electricity.
b. The bulb will not light up. Sucrose is in the molecular form in aqueous solution.
Why are mountaintops more susceptible than grassy plains to acid deposition? a. They are made of softer rock. b. They contact clouds with more concentrated acid droplets. c. They are often buried under snow. d. There is less oxygen at high altitude.
b. They contact clouds with more concentrated acid droplets.
Which of the following is usually consumed in a breeder reactor? a. Pu-239 b. U-235 c. C-14 d. U-238
b. U-235
Why is water a liquid a room temperature instead of a gas? a. It is a gas a room temperature. b. Water has hydrogen bonds between the molecules. c. Water is very acidic. d. Water is a good solvent.
b. Water has hydrogen bonds between the molecules.
Is nuclear power generation associated with producing greenhouse gases? a. No, it is greenhouse gas emissions free. b. Yes, but from obtaining the fuel. c. Yes, they produce as much or more greenhouse gas as a coal plant.
b. Yes, but from obtaining the fuel.
Which of these is not a realistic risk associated with nuclear power plants? a. release of radioactivity from spent fuel rods b. a nuclear explosion c. a meltdown from loss of coolant d. thermal pollution of nearby body of water
b. a nuclear explosion
In general, hydrogen bonds are a. about ten times stronger than typical covalent bonds. b. about 1/10 as strong as typical covalent bonds. c. found in every molecule containing more than one hydrogen atom. d. found only between H atoms in molecules like H2. Remember that covalent bonds are a sharing of electrons while hydrogen bonds are more like attractions between molecules.
b. about 1/10 as strong as typical covalent bonds.
Which naturally occurring radioactive particles are negatively charged? a. alpha particles b. beta particles c. gamma radiation d. neutrons
b. beta particles
Which is not a form of chlorine used to disinfect water? a. chlorine gas b. chloroform c. sodium hypochlorite d. calcium hypochlorite
b. chloroform
Sulfur oxides have been implicated as important contributors to the problem of acid rain. What is the principal anthropogenic source of these compounds? a. transportation b. coal fired power plants c. lightning d. volcanoes Remember that anthropogenic means caused by humans.
b. coal fired power plants
The drawing shows a simple way of purifying salt water. What is this process called? http://ezto.mheducation.com/13252705050916083156.tp4?REQUEST=SHOWmedia&conId=13252705050918364&media=image065.png a. filtration b. distillation c. ozonation d. chlorination This is the same method used to refine gasoline and drinking alcohol.
b. distillation
Which radiation source is the biggest contributor to the average annual dose? a. home building materials b. food, air, and water c. a nuclear power plant within 50 miles d. fallout from nuclear weapons testing
b. food, air, and water
Which example is both a type of nuclear radiation and electromagnetic radiation? a. microwave radiation b. gamma radiation c. alpha rays d. ultraviolet radiation
b. gamma radiation
As compared to high-level nuclear waste, low-level nuclear waste a. has longer half-lives. b. is contaminated with smaller quantities of radioactive material. c. includes spent fuel rods. d. can be disposed of in landfills.
b. is contaminated with smaller quantities of radioactive material.
Potable water is water that a. contains residual chlorine. b. is safe to drink and to cook with. c. is contaminated with lead. d. contains too much residual ozone to be drinkable.
b. is safe to drink and to cook with.`
Waste created at these power plants must be stored indefinitely: a. coal-burning plants. b. nuclear plants. c. both coal-burning and nuclear plants. d. neither coal-burning nor nuclear plants.
b. nuclear plants.
When the ________molecules of ethanol, C2H5OH, are added to water, the ethanol molecules ________. a. nonpolar; are attracted to the nonpolar water molecules. b. polar; form hydrogen bonds with the polar water molecules. c. polar; form covalent bonds with the polar water molecules. d. nonpolar; are not attracted to the polar water molecules.
b. polar; form hydrogen bonds with the polar water molecules.
The fact that carbon (C) is less electronegative than nitrogen (N) means that in a C Picture N bond, the a. shared electrons are closer to the C atom than to the N atom. b. shared electrons are closer to the N atom than to the C atom. c. C atom takes the electrons from the N atom forming C¯ and N+. d. N atom takes the electrons from the C atom forming C+ and N¯.
b. shared electrons are closer to the N atom than to the C atom.
Combustion reaction definition
organic compound + O2 = H20 + CO2
Most of the sulfur in coal originates from a. decaying vegetation in swamps and peat bogs. b. sulfate ions (SO42−) naturally present in sea water. c. sulfur deposits located adjacent to coal deposits. d. the natural sulfur content of the plants making up the coal.
b. sulfate ions (SO42−) naturally present in sea water.
The production of nickel and copper metals from their ores involves sulfur dioxide emissions because a. the ores of these elements are composed primarily of NiSO2 and CuSO2. b. the ores of these elements are composed primarily of NiS and CuS. c. to release the metals from their ores, the ores are heated with sulfur-containing coal. d. the release of metals from their ores involves the reaction of SO3 with the ore.
b. the ores of these elements are composed primarily of NiS and CuS.
Which is the best definition of specific heat? a. the quantity of heat energy that must be absorbed to cause one gram of a liquid substance to boil b. the quantity of heat energy that must be absorbed to increase the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree Celsius c. the boiling point of a liquid substance in degrees Celsius d. the difference between the freezing point and the boiling point of a substance
b. the quantity of heat energy that must be absorbed to increase the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree Celsius
The main reason that water supplies are "chlorinated" is a. to produce gels that remove solids from the water. b. to kill disease-causing organisms in the water. c. to soften the water. d. to precipitate lead salts from the water as insoluble lead chloride.
b. to kill disease-causing organisms in the water.
Reverse osmosis is illustrated in this diagram. What is this process used for? a. to purify water by ion exchange b. to remove dissolved salts from sea water c. for the ozonation of water supplies d. to add fluorine to municipal water supplies
b. to remove dissolved salts from sea water
A polar covalent bond is created when a. a metallic element reacts with a nonmetallic element. b. two atoms share their bonding electrons unequally. c. two atoms share three or more electrons. d. two atoms of the same element form double or triple bonds. This occurs when two atoms have a difference in electronegativity.
b. two atoms share their bonding electrons unequally.
Acidic or basic: H+ < 10^-7
basic
If the lead concentration in water is 1 ppm, then we should be able to recover 1 mg of lead from ____ L of water. a. 0.01 b. 0.1 c. 1 d. 10 Remember that ppm is mg/L.
c. 1
What is the concentration of hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution containing [H+] = 1 x 10-5 M? a. 1 x 10^-5 M b. 1 x 10^-7 M c. 1 x 10^-9 M d. 1 x 10^-14 M
c. 1 x 10^-9 M
The hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 10 is __________ than the hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 13. a. 1,000 times less b. 3 times greater c. 1,000 times greater d. 100 times less
c. 1,000 times greater
What is the molarity of sodium chloride in a solution containing 0.50 mol of sodium chloride in 500 mL of water? a. 0.25 M b. 0.50 M c. 1.0 M d. 5.0 M Remember that molarity is moles per liter.
c. 1.0 M
The rad (radiation absorbed dose) is defined as the absorption of 0.01 J of radiant energy per kilogram (0.01 J/kg) of body weight. What is the radiation dose for a 50 kg woman exposed to 0.85 J of energy? a. 0.085 rad b. 0.017 rad c. 1.70 rad d. It depends on the radiation source.
c. 1.70 rad
Every increase of one pH unit indicates a. an increase in acidity. b. 10 times more hydrogen ions in solution. c. 10 times less hydrogen ions in solution. d. none of the above.
c. 10 times less hydrogen ions in solution.
Approximately what percentage of the electrical energy generated in the United States is produced from nuclear energy? a. < 2% b. 10% c. 20% d. 50%
c. 20%
The radioactive decay series of 238U terminates at which nonradioactive isotope? a. 210Tl b. 210Bi c. 206Pb d. 144Ba See figure 7.12 for the complete reaction sequence and final product.
c. 206Pb
If you have 200.0 g of radioisotope with a half-life of 5 days, how much isotope would remain after 15 days? a. 12.5 g b. 13.3 g c. 25.0 g d. 40.0 g
c. 25.0 g
The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years. If you started with 100.0 g of carbon-14, how much would remain after 4 half-lives? a. 25.0 g b. 12.5 g c. 6.25 g d. 57.3 g (hint: You would lose half the total fours times.)
c. 6.25 g
A 2- ion has 36 electrons and 45 neutrons. What is its correct symbol? a. 83Sr2- b. 71Br2- c. 79Se 2- d. 78As 2- Hint: figure out what number of protons the ion contains to determine what element the ion comes from.
c. 79Se 2-
How much energy is equivalent to 1.0 × 10¯4 kg of matter? (speed of light = 3.0 × 10^8 m/s) a. 3.0 × 10^4 J b. 3.0 × 10^7 J c. 9.0 × 10^12 J d. 9.0 × 10^15 J
c. 9.0 × 10^12 J
Weapons-grade uranium is approximately a. 30% U-235 b. 60% U-235 c. 90% U-235 d. 90% U-239
c. 90% U-235
What is the current expert consensus concerning the role of acid rain on the health of forests? a. Acid rain is indisputably responsible for the declining health of many forests. b. Acid rain is not responsible for any of the decline observed in many forests. c. Acid rain weakens trees and the surrounding soil, leaving them susceptible to disease and insects. d. There is not sufficient evidence that acid rain has caused an appreciable decline in the health of any forests.
c. Acid rain weakens trees and the surrounding soil, leaving them susceptible to disease and insects.
The formula for a sulfate ion is SO42¯. What is the formula of gallium (Ga) sulfate? a. GaSO4 b. Ga2SO4 c. Ga2(SO4)3 d. Ga3(SO4)2 Remember to balance the charges where positive equal negative.
c. Ga2(SO4)3
Which chemical equation shows the dissociation of 2 protons from trihydrogen phosphate (phosphoric acid)? a. H3PO4 → H2+ + HPO4¯ b. H3PO4 → H22+ + PO42¯ c. H3PO4 → 2H+ + HPO42¯ d. H3PO4 → H33+ + PO43¯ A proton is an H+.
c. H3PO4 → 2H+ + HPO42¯
formula for pH
pH = -log(H+)
Which of the following is/are true about Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs)? I. The MCLG for any contaminant that is regulated as a carcinogen is set to zero. II. An average person weighing 70 kg (154 lb) could drink two liters (about two quarts) of water containing a contaminant at the MCGL level every day for 70 years without suffering any ill effects. III. The Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) set by the EPA may be higher than the MCLG to account for the financial and technical barriers that may make achieving these goals difficult. IV. The MCLG for a contaminant is always set to zero because this is the best way to protect human health. a. II only b. I and II only c. I, II, and III only d. I, II, III, and IV Remember that these are goals and that zero is only valid for very toxic things.
c. I, II, and III only
Cars and trucks produce most of the NOx emissions and they also suffer the deleterious effects of acid rain. Which negative effects of acid rain affect cars and trucks? I. decreased gas mileage II. damage to the paint and finish III. increased susceptibility to rust IV. reduced radio reception a. I and II only b. I and IV only c. II and III only d. III and IV only
c. II and III only
Which of the following is not a consequence of biomagnification? a. Consumption of tuna should be limited. b. DDT from fish was killing large birds before the pesticide was banned. c. Lead in water can lead to brain damage in children. d. Polar compounds are found in high concentrations in predator animals.
c. Lead in water can lead to brain damage in children.
Predict the products of the chemical equation: 3 LiOH + H3PO4 → a. 3 LiH + (OH)3PO4 b. 3 H + 3 O2 + H3Li3 c. Li3PO4 + 3 H2O d. Li3P + 2 H2O + H3O5
c. Li3PO4 + 3 H2O
Which nitrogen-containing substance is generally unreactive? a. NO b. NaNO2 c. N2 d. NH3
c. N2
Which of the following is a weak base? a. HCl b. NaOH c. NH3 d. LiOH
c. NH3
Mixing which of the following will produce a precipitation reaction (give an insoluble product)? a. HNO3 (aq) and Sr(OH)2(aq) b. LiNO3 and NaI c. Na2SO4(aq) and Ba(OH)2(aq) d. NaOH and KBr Swap the positive and negative ions to have the other partner then see if that is a soluble product.
c. Na2SO4(aq) and Ba(OH)2(aq)
Why did the industrial-scale production of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen present a difficult challenge? a. Ammonia is explosive. b. Nitrogen is difficult to purify. c. Nitrogen is unreactive. d. Hydrogen is unreactive.
c. Nitrogen is unreactive.
If acids are compounds that release protons (H+), how is it that SOx and NOx cause acid rain? a. They react with hydrogen gas in the atmosphere to produce acids. b. There is not sufficient evidence to indicate that these compounds actually do cause acid rain. c. They react with water to form acids. d. They react with ammonia to form acids.
c. They react with water to form acids.
Which correctly describes groundwater? a. any fresh water found above ground in lakes and rivers; usually needs treatment to remove harmful contaminants b. any water found above ground in lakes and rivers; usually free of harmful contaminants c. any water taken from aquifers d. none of the above.
c. any water taken from aquifers
Thermal pollution is possible at water sources near a. coal-burning plants. b. nuclear plants. c. both coal-burning and nuclear plants. d. neither coal-burning nor nuclear plants.
c. both coal-burning and nuclear plants.
Which type of water may be considered pure? a. bottled water b. filtered water c. distilled water d. chlorinated water Remember that something pure has no other components but the substance itself.
c. distilled water
Which naturally occurring type of radiation has the greatest penetrating power? a. alpha b. beta c. gamma d. they are all the same
c. gamma
Which is not true of radioactive half-life? Radioactive half-life is a. the time required for the level of radioactivity in a sample to be cut in half. b. independent of the amount of radioactive material present. c. increased by heating the isotope. d. independent of the physical or chemical form of the isotope.
c. increased by heating the isotope.
Water has one of the highest specific heats of any known liquid. This means that the temperature of a water sample _____ with the input of a _____ amount of energy. a. decreases greatly; small b. decreases only slightly; large c. increases only slightly; large d. increases greatly; small
c. increases only slightly; large
Which is not a benefit associated with nuclear power plants? a. efficient production of electricity b. reduction of CO2 in the atmosphere c. inexpensive to operate d. helps reduce the levels of acid rain
c. inexpensive to operate
Depleted uranium a. is all U-235 b. is all U-238 c. is mostly, but not all U-238 d. is mostly, but not all U-235
c. is mostly, but not all U-238
At water treatment plants aluminum sulfate and calcium hydroxide are added to a. neutralize excess ozone. b. neutralize excess chlorine. c. remove suspended clay and dust particles. d. neutralize excess acidity or basicity.
c. remove suspended clay and dust particles.
Most high-level nuclear waste in the United States is currently a. sealed deep within the Earth. b. encased in glass and buried near the surface. c. sealed at the sites where it was produced. d. stored at breeder reactors waiting for reprocessing.
c. sealed at the sites where it was produced.
Which is not considered to be low-level radioactive waste? a. clothing for workers administering nuclear medicine b. smoke detectors c. spent fuel rods d. radioactive pharmaceuticals
c. spent fuel rods
Fission is the process of creating energy by a. combining small nuclei to form a larger, more stable nucleus. b. combining small nuclei to form a larger, less stable nucleus. c. splitting large nuclei to form smaller, more stable nuclei. d. splitting large nuclei to form smaller, less stable nuclei.
c. splitting large nuclei to form smaller, more stable nuclei.
A proton released by an acid in aqueous solution quickly reacts with water to form a hydronium ion. What product is formed when a proton reacts with ammonia (NH3)? a. NH3+ b. NH4 c. NH2¯ d. NH4+
d. NH4+
In the early 1990s, glass manufacturers developed a green chemistry solution to reducing NO emissions and energy consumption. This involved a. reducing the temperature required to melt the glass. b. using liquid rather than solid starting materials to make the glass. c. substituting 100% oxygen for air in the large furnaces used to melt and reheat the glass. d. melting the starting materials in the absence of air (in a vacuum).
c. substituting 100% oxygen for air in the large furnaces used to melt and reheat the glass.
A disadvantage of ozonation over chlorination is a. the higher cost of ozonation. b. ozonation does not protect the water after the initial process is complete. c. the higher cost of ozonation and ozonation does not protect the water after the initial process is complete. d. None of these choices is correct.
c. the higher cost of ozonation and ozonation does not protect the water after the initial process is complete.
In which part of the body does radioactive I-131 accumulate? a. liver b. pituitary gland c. thyroid gland d. adrenal glands
c. thyroid gland
ions definition
charged atoms or molecules
Disinfection technologies to clean water (3):
chlorination, ozonation, UV radiation
control strategies for SOx
coal switching/cleaning, "scrubbing"
control strategies for NOx
combustion control
Uranium is used almost exclusively for (2)
commercial electric power production and weapons manufacturing
Conducive or unconducive: ionic compound
conducive
polar compounds definition:
contain covalent bonds with electrons that are not shared equally
Soft water definition:
contains few of these dissolved ions
Hard water definition
contains high concentrations of dissolved calcium and magnesium ions
"Hard" water in parts of the Midwest may have a calcium ion concentration as high as 400 ppm. What is this calcium ion concentration when expressed as a percentage? a. 40% b. 4% c. 0.4% d. 0.04%
d. 0.04%
Evaluate the ratio MH+ (pH 3) / MH+ (pH 7). a. 0.0001 b. 0.001 c. 0.429 d. 10,000 Remember that pH = -log[H+]
d. 10,000
Calculate the pH of a solution prepared by dissolving 1.2 g of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in 1,250 mL of water. a. 0.017 b. 1.77 c. 9.22 d. 12.23 Find the hydroxide ion concentration, then the pOH then take 14 - pOH = pH
d. 12.23
The recommended daily requirement of calcium is 1,000 mg. Tap water in a Midwestern city contains approximately 150 mg Ca/L. A person living in the city who drinks two liters of water in one day would receive ________ percent of his/her RDA of calcium. a. 3 b. 7.5 c. 15 d. 30
d. 30
Most aquatic life in lakes cannot survive in water with a pH less than a. 9. b. 8. c. 6. d. 5.
d. 5.
A student wants to prepare exactly 250 mL of a 0.500 M aqueous potassium hydroxide solution. What mass of potassium hydroxide (molar mass = 56.10 g/mol) must the student dissolve in the 250 mL of solution? a. 56.1 g b. 28.1 g c. 14.0 g d. 7.01 g Remember that concentration times volume gives moles and moles times molar mass gives grams.
d. 7.01 g
Which of the following is not carried out by bacteria in soil? a. Atmospheric nitrogen is fixed in soils. b. Ammonium is converted into nitrites. c. Nitrites are converted to nitrates. d. All of these are carried out by bacteria.
d. All of these are carried out by bacteria.
Breeder reactors a. convert spent fuel rods into useful fuel. b. produce Pu-239, the radiation that cannot penetrate human skin. c. produce Pu-239, which can be used to build nuclear weapons. d. All of these choices are true.
d. All of these choices are true.
Which is true about radioactivity? Radioactivity a. is used to treat certain cancers. b. damages white blood cells. c. damages DNA. d. All of these choices are true.
d. All of these choices are true.
Which reaction represents an acid-base neutralization reaction? a. HNO2 + H2O → H3O+ + NO2¯ b. NaOH + H2O → H3O+ + NaO¯ c. Ba(OH)2 + 2LiCl → BaCl2 + 2LiOH d. Be(OH)2 + H2SO4 → BeSO4 + 2H2O Remember that acid and base make water and salt in a neutralization.
d. Be(OH)2 + H2SO4 → BeSO4 + 2H2O
Which fact is not important when drawing conclusions from C-14 dating? a. Living organisms exchange carbon with the atmosphere. b. C-14 has a half-life of 5,715 years. c. Dead organisms do not exchange carbon with the atmosphere. d. C-14 emits beta particles.
d. C-14 emits beta particles.
In the famous equation E = mc2, the symbols represent: a. E = Einstein, m = matter, c = speed of light b. E = energy, m = mass, c = characteristic of the particle c. E = Einstein, m = meters, c = conversion d. E = energy, m = mass, c = speed of light
d. E = energy, m = mass, c = speed of light
Which concentration is consistent with a basic solution? a. MH+ = 3.2 × 10^¯3 M b. MOH- = 3.6 × 10^¯9 M c. MH+ = 9.7 × 10^¯4 M d. MOH- = 3.4 × 10^¯3 M Bases have high OH- concentrations and/or low H+ concentrations.
d. MOH- = 3.4 × 10^¯3 M
Which solution is acidic? a. MOH¯ = 0.0065 M b. MH+ = 1.27 × 10¯9 M c. MH+ = 5.79 × 10¯10 M d. MOH¯ = 1.77 × 10¯10 M
d. MOH¯ = 1.77 × 10¯10 M
Primary or secondary pollutant: carbon dioxide (CO2)
primary
Why are automobiles a contributor to acid rain when there is no sulfur in gasoline to make SOx? a. This is incorrect because there is sulfur in gasoline. b. Catalytic converters contain sulfur compounds. c. Hydrocarbons contribute to acid rain, also. d. Nitrogen from the atmosphere combines with oxygen in the hot engine to make NOx.
d. Nitrogen from the atmosphere combines with oxygen in the hot engine to make NOx.
What are the major disadvantages of using ozone instead of chlorine to disinfect water? a. Ozonation is more expensive than chlorination and ozone leaves an odor in the water. b. Ozonation causes trihalomethane formation and leaves an odor in the treated water. c. Ozonation causes trihalomethane formation and is more expensive than chlorination. d. Ozone decomposes quickly and does not provide long-term protection against possible contamination as the water is piped through a municipal distribution system.
d. Ozone decomposes quickly and does not provide long-term protection against possible contamination as the water is piped through a municipal distribution system.
The primary product of the combustion of sulfur is: a. H2S b. H2SO4 c. H2SO3 d. SO2 Remember the definition of a combustion reaction.
d. SO2
Which is a known risk associated with nuclear power plants? a. The electricity produced will be radioactive. b. The water used to cool the system will become radioactive. c. The workers will have higher risks for cancer than the standard population. d. The cooling water source can suffer thermal pollution.
d. The cooling water source can suffer thermal pollution.
A 0.25 M aqueous solution of potassium chloride, KCl, is tested for conductivity using the type of apparatus shown. What do you predict will happen? http://ezto.mheducation.com/13252705050916083156.tp4?REQUEST=SHOWmedia&conId=13252705051101805&media=image051.png a. The bulb will not light up. KCl is a nonelectrolyte. b. The bulb will not light up. KCl is in the molecular form when dissolved in water. c. The light bulb will shine dimly. KCl is only partially ionized in aqueous solution. d. The light bulb will shine brightly. KCl is highly ionized in aqueous solution.
d. The light bulb will shine brightly. KCl is highly ionized in aqueous solution.
Which is not a consequence of hydrogen bonding between water molecules? a. Water has a high boiling point. b. Ice floats on water. c. Water has a high specific heat. d. Water is colorless and odorless.
d. Water is colorless and odorless.
Which substance has the highest pH? a. orange juice b. rain c. a sulfuric acid solution d. a lye solution
d. a lye solution
Radon-222 a. is a radioactive gas produced from the decay of radium b. is naturally occurring c. is the largest contributor to background radiation d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Rank the forms of nuclear radiation from highest to lowest mass. a. gamma, alpha, beta b. beta, gamma, alpha c. alpha, gamma, beta d. alpha, beta, gamma
d. alpha, beta, gamma
What is the correct name for (NH4)2CO3? a. biammonium carbonate b. ammonium bicarbonate c. ammonium carboxide d. ammonium carbonate Remember there are no prefixes on ionic naming.
d. ammonium carbonate
Which compound is insoluble in water? a. sodium carbonate b. potassium nitrate c. ammonium chloride d. calcium carbonate
d. calcium carbonate
What atmospheric component is responsible for the natural acidity of rain? a. nitrogen b. ozone c. oxygen d. carbon dioxide
d. carbon dioxide
Which feature or process is unique to nuclear power plants when compared to conventional coal-burning power plants? a. formation of steam b. smoke stacks c. stream turbines d. control rods
d. control rods
Soil nitrification refers to which process? a. conversion of NO to NO2 b. conversion of nitrogen oxides to nitric acid c. conversion of N2 to NO2¯ d. conversion of NH4+to NO3¯ This occurs via bacteria and is very important to plant health.
d. conversion of NH4+to NO3¯
Although the nuclear reactors used to produce electricity do not release carbon dioxide, nuclear energy is still responsible for the release of this greenhouse gas. Which activity probably does not contribute largely to the carbon dioxide released by nuclear power generation? a. mining and production of uranium fuel rods b. transportation of nuclear fuel and waste c. construction of the nuclear reactor facility d. cooling of the secondary coolant by a large reservoir of water
d. cooling of the secondary coolant by a large reservoir of water
The correct name for CuO is a. copper oxide. b. monocopper oxide. c. copper(I) oxide. d. copper(II) oxide. Remember that oxygen is a -2 ion and that the charge on the copper must balance this.
d. copper(II) oxide.
The attractions between anions and cations throughout a crystal are known collectively as a. covalent bonds. b. polar covalent bonds. c. hydrogen bonds. d. ionic bonds.
d. ionic bonds.
The greatest percentage of background radiation comes from a. nuclear power plants. b. medical X-rays. c. living things. d. naturally occurring radon.
d. naturally occurring radon.
Which anthropogenic pollutants are implicated in the formation of most acidic precipitation? a. carbon oxides b. phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid c. ozone and carbon monoxide d. nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides
d. nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides
For safety reasons, high-level nuclear waste (HLW) must be contained a. for 10 years. b. for 100 years. c. until it becomes low-level nuclear waste. d. permanently.
d. permanently.
For what purpose was the Haber-Bosch process developed? a. reduction of SOx in coal burning power plant emissions b. reduction of NOx in vehicle emissions c. nitrification of soil d. production of ammonia
d. production of ammonia
Iron, an important component of the steel used in the construction of buildings, bridges, and railroads, combines with oxygen to form Fe2O3, which we recognize as rust. At room temperature, iron a. combines readily with atmospheric oxygen to form Fe2O3. b. requires the presence of a galvanizing agent and oxygen before it can rust. c. gains valence electrons from atmospheric oxygen, forming Fe2O3. d. requires the presence of hydrogen ions and oxygen before it can form Fe2O3.
d. requires the presence of hydrogen ions and oxygen before it can form Fe2O3.
Which would contribute most to your annual radiation dose? a. living at an elevation 1,000 m above sea level b. having a dental X-ray c. living within 50 miles of a nuclear reactor d. smoking a pack and a half of cigarettes per day
d. smoking a pack and a half of cigarettes per day
Which is a common characteristic of both nuclear and conventional electric power plants? a. smoke stacks b. fuel rods c. control rods d. stream turbines
d. stream turbines
Which does not contribute to your annual radiation dose? a. the type of structure you live in b. the amount of time you spend riding in jet planes c. the number of dental X-rays you get each year d. the number of hours you spend listening to the radio
d. the number of hours you spend listening to the radio
The EPA regulates the presence of nitrates and nitrites in water because a. they produce nitrogen in the blood, causing a condition similar to the bends deep sea divers can suffer from. b. as with ammonium nitrate fertilizers, they may cause small explosions in blood vessels causing them to rupture. c. they interact with naturally occurring ozone in the body and remove it from the circulatory system. d. they interact with the blood and limit its ability to transport oxygen.
d. they interact with the blood and limit its ability to transport oxygen.
True or False: hydrogen bonds are stronger than typical covalent bonds
false
True or False: isotopes have the same number of protons (atomic number) in their nuclei, but a different number of electrons
false
True or False: uranium is an alternative and renewable energy source
false
True or False: when ions are in aqueous solutions, the solutions are NOT able to conduct electricity
false
main source of SOx
fuel combustion
anthropogenic definition
human-related causes
what effect does adding limestone to lakes have?
increases pH
MCL _____ MCLG (full sentence)
is always greater than
Steps to solve this problem: Coal is not a pure chemical compound, but its elemental composition can be approximated by the formula C135H96NO9S. What is the approximate percentage by mass of sulfur in coal?
mass of sulfur/mass of the molecule
effects of acid rain (3)
materials, visibility, human health
hydrogen bond definition:
more like attractions between molecules
Soluble or insoluble: carbonates
mostly insoluble
Soluble or insoluble: hydroxides and sulfides
mostly insoluble
Soluble or insoluble: chlorides
mostly soluble
Soluble or insoluble: sulfates
mostly soluble
Acidic or basic: H+ = 10^-7
neutral
Primary or secondary pollutant: carbon monoxide (CO)
primary
Primary or secondary pollutant: nitric acid (HNO3)
secondary
Primary or secondary pollutant: ozone (O3)
secondary
Primary or secondary pollutant: sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
secondary
Exception of soluble chlorides:
silver and some mercury chlorides
ionic compounds definition
solid crystalline substances made of anions and cations
Soluble or insoluble: Group 1A
soluble
Soluble or insoluble: nitrates
soluble
Soluble or insoluble: sodiums/potassium/ammonium
soluble
Exception of soluble sulfates:
strontium, barium, and lead sulfate
Base definition
substance that produces OH- in water
Acid definition
substance that releases H+ in water
Solvent definition
the liquid in which a solute is dissolved
Molarity definition
the number of moles of solute present in 1 liter of solution (M=moles/liter)
True or False: almost all elements exist in their natural state as different isotopes
true
True or False: an acid and base make water and salt in a neutralization
true
True or False: certain kinds of unstable isotopes are fissile
true
True or False: dipolar bonds much cancel out to be a non-polar molecule.
true
True or False: the 2A group make 2+ ions.
true
True or False: there are no prefixes on ionic naming
true
True or False: unstable isotopes are radioactive
true
Conducive or unconducive: polar compound
unconducive