ISNS 2367 The Oceans Chapter 13 & 14

Which of the following traits are common among sea snakes but not terrestrial snakes? (Mark all that apply.)

-Ability to close the nostrils -Flattened tail

Match the seabird to its correct characteristic.

-Albatross: May spend four to five years at sea before returning to its nesting site -Penguin: Unable to fly -Cormorant: Does not have water-repellent feathers -Puffin: Limited to the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Arctic areas

Match the marine iguana's characteristics with the correct function.

-Flattened tail: Propulsion in swimming and diving -Strong legs and large claws: Climbing on rocks in turbulent waves -Ability to expel air: Regulation of buoyancy

Which of the following are examples of marine reptiles? (Mark all that apply.)

-Green turtle -Gavial -Marine iguana

Match the group to its correct examples.

-Invertebrates: Includes shrimp, crabs, and mollusks -Vertebrates: Includes marine reptiles, birds, and mammals

Which of the following are factors that limit the distribution of mussels along the coast of Washington State?

-Their lower limit is determined by the predatory starfish. -Their upper limit distribution is determined by water height (influenced by tides and waves).

What is the purpose of large eyes for the giant squid? (Mark all that apply.)

-To identify prey from a distance so it can ambush them -To aid in identifying and avoiding large predators such as sperm whales -To capture light and allow the animal to see in the dark, deep-ocean waters where it lives

Which seabird characteristics enable them to swim or dive in the ocean? (Mark all that apply.)

-Webbed feet -Feathers that are waterproofed by an oily secretion called preen -Ability to pull in their feathers close to their bodies to squeeze out trapped air

Nekton are oceanic organisms that are _____. (Mark all that apply.)

-capable of directing their movement through the neritic and pelagic environments -either invertebrates or vertebrates

Chromophoric dissolved organic matter, CDOM, comes from ______. (Mark all that apply)

-decaying phytoplankton blooms -decaying mangrove leaves and seagrasses

Food falls, such as whale carcasses, are important to the benthic community because ______. (Choose all that apply.)

-it moves energy captured from a photosynthetic food chain to deeper regions that cannot support photosynthetic organisms -much of the benthic community must rely on food raining down from the ocean's surface in order to survive

Schooling has evolved independently in the majority of fish species because it ______. (Mark all that apply.)

-may enhance foraging success -reduces individual encounters with -predators -saves energy -may confuse predators

Sea otters are ______. (Mark all that apply.)

-the smallest marine mammals -considered keystone predators in kelp forests

______ are the primary producers in the communities surrounding hot vents.

Bacteria

Match the whale species to its correct suborder.

Sperm whale matches Choice, Odontocetes Odontocetes Blue whale matches Choice, Mysticetes Mysticetes

The image shows ______.

vertical zonation Reason: Vertical zonation occurs as a result of species having different abilities to cope with the stresses of the environment including exposure, turbulence, loss of water, and food web dynamics.

About __________ , % of bird species are considered marine.

3

How many bird species are marine?

3%

In order for an organism to be classified as "marine," it must spend at least _____ percent of its life in the marine environment.

50

Which of the following characteristics are true about bony fish? (Select all that apply.)

Bony fish can hover in the water and swim backward. Most bony fish possess a swim bladder to maintain buoyancy. All bony fish possess gills.

Match the order of marine mammal with the correct example.

Carnivora: Sea lions Sirenia: Manatees Cetacea: Dolphins

Which of the following belong to one of the three major groups of fish? (Mark all that apply.)

Cartilaginous fishes Jawless fishes Bony fishes

______ seals can move their rear flippers forward, so they can move quickly on land and can rear up into a partially erect position.

Eared

______ is a marine plant that has strap-shaped leaves and is found submerged and growing on mud and sand in the quiet waters of bays and estuaries along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts.

Eelgrass

Match the term to its correct definition.

Epifauna matches Choice, Organisms living on or attached to rocky areas and firm sediments Organisms living on or attached to rocky areas and firm sediments Infauna matches Choice, Organisms living within soft sediments such as mud or sand Organisms living within soft sediments such as mud or sand

Which of the following are true about fish distribution in the ocean? (Mark all that apply.)

Fish can be found in all of the world's oceans. Fish populations are concentrated in shallow coastal areas. Fish can be found at all depths in the ocean.

Which of the following is a species of sea turtle not found in U.S. or Caribbean waters?

Flatback Reason: The flatback sea turtle lives exclusively in Australian coastal waters.

What type of fish has a flat body that allows they to live on the ocean floor?

Flounders

Match the soft substrate type to its correct description.

Gravel and sand shores matches Choice, Unstable benthic environment, supporting a limited number of organisms Unstable benthic environment, supporting a limited number of organisms Mud substrates matches Choice, More stable habitat but quite oxygen-poor More stable habitat but quite oxygen-poor

Which of the following are types of seaweed? (Mark all that apply.)

Green algae Red algae Brown algae

Match the type of algae to the environment in which it grows.

Green algae matches Choice, Rocky shores Rocky shores Brown algae matches Choice, Shallow water Shallow water Red algae matches Choice, Deeper water Deeper water

Which of the following is true regarding the different types of marine algae and their ability to process different wavelengths of light?

Green algae contain the same chlorophyll pigments as land plants.

Which of the following are included in the jawless fish group? (Mark all that apply.)

Hagfish Lampreys

Match the seaweed physical characteristic to its correct definition.

Holdfast matches Choice, Anchors the seaweed firmly to a solid base or substrate Anchors the seaweed firmly to a solid base or substrate Stipe matches Choice, A stemlike portion of the seaweed that is flexible A stemlike portion of the seaweed that is flexible Blade matches Choice, Photosynthetic organ that is thin and bathed on all sides by water Photosynthetic organ that is thin and bathed on all sides by water

Which of the following statements correctly depicts the keystone predator role that sea otters play in their ecosystem?

If sea otter populations decline, the number of sea urchins increases, and kelp forests die back.

Why do seabirds breed in dense colonies (as large as a million or more birds) on islands, cliffs, or headlands?

It provides them with protection from land predators.

Which of the following are species of sea turtle? (Mark all that apply.)

Loggerhead Hawksbill Green

Match the member of the order Sirenia to its correct description.

Manatee matches Choice, Found in brackish coastal bays of the warm southern Atlantic coasts and in the Caribbean Found in brackish coastal bays of the warm southern Atlantic coasts and in the Caribbean Dugong matches Choice, Found in the seas of Southeast Asia, Africa, and Australia Found in the seas of Southeast Asia, Africa, and Australia

Which of the following statements are true regarding pinniped mating habits? (Mark all that apply.)

Many species frequently migrate long distances to arrive at breeding grounds. Dominant males can have harems of as many as fifty females that they mate with. Often the largest males establish territories with fierce fighting.

Which of the following marine reptiles is a modern lizard, found in the Galápagos Islands, and has a flattened tail for swimming?

Marine iguana

Match the fish with the correct body shape.

Marlin: Streamlined body Angelfish: Laterally compressed body Flounder: Flat body

Rank the communities of organisms that inhabit a whale-fall according to stage of decomposition, with the first on top.

Mobile scavengers such as hagfish, crabs, and sharks Small worms, mollusks, and bacteria Anaerobic bacteria Sulfophillic chemosynthetic bacteria

Why must much of the benthic biomass rely on surface productivity? (Choose all that apply.)

Much of the benthic community survives in areas where photosynthetic primary producers cannot survive. Much of the benthic community lies in a realm where sunlight does not reach.

Which of the following is a correct example of niche separation in marine birds?

Multiple species of marine birds nesting together, but each species selects a different nesting location

_________ include approximately 5000 species of invertebrates and vertebrates capable of swimming freely through the neritic and pelagic environments.

Nekton

Match the rocky shore organisms to the correct description.

Nemerteans matches Choice, Ribbon worms Ribbon worms Brachiopods matches Choice, Lampshells Lampshells Nudibranchs matches Choice, Colorful sea slugs Colorful sea slugs

______, or ribbon worms, have poison-injecting mouthparts. ______, or lampshells, resemble clams but are completely unrelated. ______, or sea slugs, are colorful and actively feed on sponges and anemones.

Nemerteans; Brachiopods; Nudibranchs

Why do sea snakes not have decompression problems after diving?

Nitrogen gas is able to pass out through their skin.

Match the whale suborder to its correct physical characteristic.

Odonticetes matches Choice, Possess teeth and jaws Possess teeth and jaws Mysticetes matches Choice, Have mouths fitted with strainers of baleen Have mouths fitted with strainers of baleen

Which of the following are sources of noise pollution in the ocean that may impact marine mammal behavior? (Mark all that apply.)

Oil and gas exploration Ship operations Military use of sonar

Which of the following marine birds best fits this description: strong fliers, found mainly in coastal areas, and have a large beak with a pouch for catching fish?

Pelicans

Match the type of organisms to its correct description.

Plankton: Move at the mercy of the horizontal ocean currents Nekton: Capable of swimming freely and controlling their direction of movement

______ move at the mercy of the horizontal ocean currents, whereas ______ are capable of swimming freely and controlling their direction of movement.

Plankton; nekton

Which of the following are examples of marine birds? (Mark all that apply.)

Puffins Pelicans Terns

Swimming marine invertebrates include which of the following? (Mark all that apply.)

Squid Large shrimp

Match the region of the rocky intertidal with the correct organism that is common there.

Supralittoral (or splash) zone matches Choice, Periwinkle snails Periwinkle snails Upper midlittoral zone matches Choice, Mussels Mussels Lower littoral zone matches Choice, Large anemones Large anemones

What documented impacts has the use of navy sonar had on marine mammals?

The stranding of whales

Mark the answers below that are related to skates and rays but not sharks. (Mark all that apply.)

Their gill slits are on the underside of their bodies. Their tails are thin and whiplike. They move by undulating their large side fins.

Which of these best describe algae?

They are aquatic, photosynthetic organisms.

Which of the following statements are correct for true seals but not eared seals?

They have a small ear hole.

Which of the following are true for all three algal groups (green, brown, and red)? (Mark all that apply.)

They possess chlorophyll a pigments. They are primary producers. Their major cell-wall components include cellulose.

How can a bird or a reptile be considered a "marine" animal?

They spend at least 50% of their lives in the marine environment.

True or false: The Marine Mammal Protection Act has dramatically reduced the death and injury of marine mammals.

True

Which of the following is not a threat to sea turtle populations?

Turtle excluder devices on fishing nets Reason: These devices were designed to lessen impacts on turtle populations.

How do whales serve in exporting carbon to the deep ocean?

When whales die, the carbon contained in their tissue is exported to the deep ocean. Reason: The movement of a dead whale's body to the ocean floor is known as a whale fall.

The melon of a dolphin ______.

acts like a lens to concentrate clicking sounds into a beam

_________ are marine organisms with simple tissues; they do not produce flowers or seeds, and they do not have roots.

algae

Benthic organisms live in a wide variety of environments because the physical and chemical conditions, including water depth, ______.

also vary widely

Gray whales ______.

are thriving, and are the first marine mammals to be removed from the U.S. endangered species list

One of the primary _____ of a bipartite lifestyle is that offspring can disperse over long distances, finding new areas to inhabit.

benefits

Benthic organisms include _____. (Mark all that apply.)

crabs snails oysters barnacles

Of the two types of sea cows alive today, __________ , primarily found in Australian waters, are hunted for their tusks and have a rapidly degrading habitat, whereas __________ are frequently injured and killed by collisions with boats and propellers.

dugongs; manatees

Sea turtle __________ are frequently harvested by humans, dogs, rats, or other carnivores.

eggs

__________ behavior is found in the schooling patterns of fish because they developed higher levels of organization without the intentional communication or leadership by an individual fish within the school.

emergent

Fish are concentrated in the oceans' upwelling areas, shallow coastal areas, and ______.

estuaries

The large _________ of the squid allow it to avoid predators and detect food

eyes

Marine snakes have _____ tails, but terrestrial snakes do not.

flattened Reason: Flattened tails help marine snakes propel themselves in the water.

The explanations for deep-sea __________ include ideas linked to cold-temperature, high-pressure metabolism and continued growth in long-lived species.

giants

The largest coral reef in the world is the ___________ __________ __________ stretching from New Guinea southward along the eastern coast of Australia.

great; barrier; reef

Order the algal types from those found in the ocean shallows at the top and proceeding to greater depths at the bottom.

green brown red

Seaweeds are attached to the ocean floor by a basal organ known as a __________ that anchors the seaweed firmly to a solid base or substrate.

holdfast

Marine mammals are ______, which means they can maintain a near-constant body temperature, frequently well above the mean water temperature in which they live.

homeotherms Reason: Marine mammals are warm-blooded.

The ______ whale has a migratory pattern that includes summer feeding in the Gulf of Alaska, the northern islands of Japan, and the Bering Sea, and mating and calf-bearing in the west Pacific, the Hawaiian Islands, and along the coast of Baja California.

humpback

The ______ group includes shrimp, crabs, and mollusks, and the ______ group includes marine reptiles, birds, and mammals.

invertebrates; vertebrates

_________ fish have a sucking mouth with teeth or dental plates and lack paired fins and stomachs.

jawless

The three major groups of fish are the __________ fishes, _________ fishes, and __________ fishes.

jawless; cartilaginous; bony

Sea otters are a _________ species: if sea otters decline in number, sea urchin populations rise, and kelp forests suffer.

keystone

The California gray whale and the humpback whale ______.

make relatively long migratory journeys compared to other whale species

Gray whale populations are ______.

making a comeback

As a result of the presence of symbiotic algae living within tropical corals, the reefs ______.

must be found in depths where there is enough light for photosynthesis

Seabirds get protection from predation during breeding season by _____.

nesting on islands, cliffs, or headlands

Different species of seabirds nesting in the same area but occupying different locations, such as ledges versus burrows, is an example of ___________ separation.

niche

Sea snakes do not have decompression problems when surfacing rapidly after a deep dive because _________ gas passes through their skin.

nitrogen

Pinnipeds breed ______. (Mark all that apply.)

on land on ice

Of the four orders of seabirds, ____________ are the only ones that cannot fly.

penguins

Seaweeds are primary ________ in the marine environment.

producers

Seabirds may drink seawater, so to remove excess salt from their bodies, _____.

salt becomes concentrated by a gland over their eyes and is removed by either dripping out or being blown through their nasal passages

Seabirds may drink seawater, so to remove excess salt from their bodies,__________.

salt becomes concentrated by a gland over their eyes and is removed by either dripping out or being blown through their nasal passages

__________ behavior has evolved independently in the majority of fish species because it may confuse predators, enhance foraging, and save energy by swimming together.

schooling

An example of a sessile benthic organism is a ______.

sea anemone Reason: A sea anemone is attached to the sea floor.

sea __________ turtles cannot retract their heads into their shells, but __________ turtles can.

sea; land

The swimming marine invertebrate shown in the image is a _________.

squid

Marine iguanas have flattened tails for __________ and large claws for __________ out of the ocean onto rocks.

swimming; climbing

Zooxanthellae have a _________ relationship with coral because they receive protection, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients from the corals, and in return they provide the corals with oxygen and assistance in removing waste. (Use only one word per blank.)

symbiotic

The greatest threat to polar bear populations is ______.

the decrease in sea ice coverage Reason: The bears depend on sea ice coverage for their hunting ground, their breeding ground, and essentially all aspects of their lives.

Myoglobin levels in marine mammals are ______ that found in terrestrial mammals.

three to ten times higher than