IST 3110 Chapter 8 Study Guide
Three additional GPS Systems
- GLONASS, Russia 2005 - Galileo, European Union 2015 - Beidou, China 202011
Uses of GPS
- Navigating, Mapping, Surveying, 911 location
Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)
-A set of standards for wireless local area networks based on the IEEE 802.11 standard. -The most common type of medium-range wireless network
Microwave transmission
-A wireless system that uses microwaves for high-volume, long-distance, point-to-point communication. -systems transmit data through electromagnetic waves
global positioning system (GPS)
-A wireless system that uses satellites to enable users to determine their position anywhere on Earth. -Supported by 24 MEO Satellites
wireless access point
-An antenna connecting a mobile device to a wired local area network. -connects to a wired LAN or to satellite dishes that provide an Internet connection
Bluetooth
-Chip technology that enables short-range connection (data and voice) between wireless devices -is an industry specification used to create small personal area networks
Two Types of IoT:
-Consumer IoT -Industrial IoT
Radio transmission has several advantages.
-First, radio waves travel easily through normal office walls. -Second, radio devices are fairly inexpensive and easy to install. -Third, radio waves can transmit data at high speeds.
mobile commerce (or m-commerce) applications include
-Location -Based Applications and Services - Financial Services - Intrabusiness Applications - Accessing Information - Telemetry Applications
Low-earth-orbit satellite characteristics
-Satellites move rapidly relative to point on Earth -Large number needed for global coverage -Requires only low-power transmitters -Negligible transmission delay -Least expensive to build and launch -Shortest orbital life (as low as 5 years) -use: telephone
Medium-earth-orbit satellites characteristics
-Satellites move relative to point on Earth -Moderate number needed for global coverage -Requires medium-powered transmitters -Negligible transmission delay -Less expensive to build and launch -Moderate orbital life (6 to 12 years) -Use: GPS
Geostationary-earth-orbit satellites characteristics
-Satellites stationary relative to point on Earth -Few satellites needed for global coverage -Transmission delay (approximately 0.25 second) -Most expensive to build and launch Longest orbital life (many years) -use: tv signal
wireless
-Telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves carry the signal between communicating devices. -to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves, rather than some form of wire or cable, carry the signal between communicating devices such as computers, smartphones, and iPads. -without wires
Supply chain management.
-The IoT can make a company's supply chain much more transparent. A company can now track, in real time, the movement of raw materials and parts through the manufacturing process to finished products delivered to the customer -Sensors in fleet vehicles
Near-field communication (NFC)
-The smallest of the short-range wireless networks that is designed to be embedded in mobile devices like cell phones and credit cards. -has the smallest range of any short-range wireless network -designed to be embedded in mobile devices such as cell phones and credit cards
Types of Medium-range wireless networks
-Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) - Wi-Fi Direct - MiFi - Super Wi-Fi
One Major Disadvantage for Business
-Workers can capture and transmit sensitive proprietary information
Super Wi-Fi
-a wireless network proposal that creates long-distance wireless Internet connections. -Super Wi-Fi is not based on Wi-Fi technology. -Super Wi-Fi uses the lower-frequency "white spaces" between broadcast TV channels. These frequencies enable the signal to travel farther and penetrate walls better than normal Wi-Fi frequencies.
3 short range wireless networks
-bluetooth -ultra-wideband -near-field communications
Consumer IoT
-devices range from smartwatches, smartphones, wearable devices, smart home speakers, lightbulbs, electrical outlets, thermostats, door locks, doorbells, appliances, and other smart home products -the smart home is where they most likely come into contact with the consumer IoT.
Wi-Fi Direct
-enables peer-to-peer communications so devices can connect directly -enables users to transfer content among devices without having to rely on a wireless antenna
MiFi
-is a small, portable wireless device that provides users with a permanent Wi-Fi hotspot wherever they go -Thus, users are always connected to the Internet -MiFi device is also called an intelligent mobile hotspot
Light Fidelity (Li-Fi)
-is a technology for wireless communication among devices using light to transmit data and position. -Li-Fi is a visible communications system that can transmit data at high speeds over the visible light spectrum, ultraviolet, and infrared radiation.
Geostationary-earth-orbit satellites
-maintain a fixed position above Earth's surface because, at their altitude, their orbital period matches the 24-hour rotational period of Earth
Low-earth-orbit satellite
-much closer to Earth, they have little, if any, propagation delay -move with respect to a point on Earth's surface and therefore must be tracked by receivers -Tracking LEO satellites is more difficult than tracking MEO satellites because LEO satellites move much more quickly relative to a point on Earth.
One downside of smartphones
-people can use them to copy and pass on confidential information -consists of scam calls.
Cellular telephones (cell phones)
-provide two-way radio communications over a cellular network of base stations with seamless handoffs. -Cellular telephones differ from cordless telephones, which offer telephone service only within a limited range through a single base station attached to a fixed landline—for example, within a home or an office.
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)/Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
-refer to the use of IoT technology in a business setting -basic concept for the IIoT is to use a combination of sensors, wireless networks, Big Data, AI, and analytics to measure and optimize industrial processes
Internet of Things (IoT)
-refers to the billions of animate (living) and inanimate objects that are equipped with embedded sensors and connected wirelessly to the Internet. -0
Medium-earth-orbit satellites
-require more satellites to cover Earth than GEO orbits because MEO footprints are smaller. -they are less expensive and they do not have an appreciable propagation delay
Radio-frequency identification (RFID)
-technology allows manufacturers to attach tags containing antennae and computer chips on products -The tags contain enough data to uniquely identify each item. -replacing bar codes and QR codes.
Wireless devices provide three major advantages to users:
1) They are small enough to easily carry or wear. 2) They have sufficient computing power to perform productive tasks. 3) They can communicate wirelessly with the Internet and other devices.
Mobility & Broad Reach Create 5 value-added attributes
1) Ubiquity 2. Convenience 3. Instant connectivity 4. Personalization 5. Localization of Products and Services
customization
A company can customize information and send it to individual consumers as a short message service (SMS)
wireless local area networks (WLANs)
A computer network in a limited geographical area that uses wireless transmission for communication.
Digital twins
A digital twin is a virtual (digital) representation of a real-world (physical) product or service
Ultra-wideband (UWB)
A high-bandwidth wireless technology with transmission speeds in excess of 100 Mbps that can be used for applications such as streaming multimedia from, say, a personal computer to a television. -ex: Mobile robotics, Heavy equipment industries such as manufacturing and mining, Defense and security
ubiquity
A mobile device can provide information and communication regardless of the user's location
mobile computing
A real-time connection between a mobile device and other computing environments, such as the Internet or an intranet.
Smart cities.
A smart city is an urban area that uses a variety of IoT sensors to analyze data collected from citizens, devices (e.g., smart streetlight, traffic signals, environmental monitoring sensors, surveillance cameras), buildings, and other assets
Smart factories
A smart factory is a flexible system that optimizes performance across an interconnected network of automated machines, robots, and humans
Smart stores.
A smart store is a brick-and-mortar retail establishment that has deployed smart shelves and smart products.
hotspot
A wireless access point provides service to a number of users within a small geographical perimeter (up to approximately 300 feet)
satellite transmission
A wireless transmission system that uses satellites for broadcast communications.
Infrared advantages and disadvantages
Advantages Low to medium bandwidth • Used only for short distances Disadvantages • Requires an unobstructed line of sight
Microwave advantages and disadvantages
Advantages : High bandwidth• Relatively inexpensive Disadvantages • Requires an unobstructed line of sight• Susceptible to environmental interference
Satellite advantages and disadvantages
Advantages: -High bandwidth • Large coverage area Disadvantages -Expensive • Requires unobstructed line of sight • Signals experience propagation delay • Requires the use of encryption for security
Internet over Satellite (IoS) Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages: -provides Internet Services to remote areas of Earth Disadvantages • Propagation delay • Disrupted by environmental conditions
Radio advantages and disadvantages
Advantages: -High bandwidth • Signals pass through walls • Inexpensive and easy to install Disadvantages • Creates electrical interference problems • Susceptible to snooping' unless encrypted
Modern Smartphone Capabilities
Cellular telephony • Bluetooth • Wi-Fi • Digital camera for images & video • Wireless charging/Fast charging • Global Positioning System (GPS) • Organizer • Scheduler • Address book • Calculator • E-mail• Short Message Service (SMS,sending and receiving short text messages up to 160 characters in length) • Instant Messaging • Text messaging • MP3 music player • Video player • Internet access with full-function browser • QWERTY keyboard
These systems are used for high-volume, long-distance, line-of-sight communication
Microwave transmission
Automotive
Modern cars have many sensors that monitor functions such as engine operation, tire pressure, fluid levels, and many others
Energy management.
Sensors can be integrated into all forms of energy-consuming devices, for example, switches, power outlets, lightbulbs, and televisions
Agriculture.
Sensors monitor, in real time, air temperature, humidity, soil temperature, soil moisture, leaf wetness, atmospheric pressure, solar radiation, trunk/stem/fruit diameter, wind speed and direction, and rainfall
Transportation.
Sensors placed on complex transportation machines such as jet engines and locomotives can provide critical information on their operations
____ simplify the task of connecting one device to another
Short-range wireless networks
Radio transmission
Uses radio-wave frequencies to send data directly between transmitters and receivers.
convenience and instant connectivity
With an Internet-enabled mobile device, users can access the Web, intranets, and other mobile devices quickly and easily, without booting up a PC or placing a call through a modem
Bar codes
are cheap but do not provide as much data as an RFID chip.
Health care
augmented reality, high-definition video, and real-time data readings from medical sensors
First generation (1G)
cellular networks, introduced in 1982, used analog signals and had low bandwidth (capacity).
Modern smartphones exhibit a process called
dematerialization
Currently, there are three types of satellites circling Earth:
geostationary-earth-orbit (GEO), medium-earth-orbit (MEO), low-earth-orbit (LEO)
WiMAX/Wireless Broadband
has a wireless access range of up to 31 miles, compared to 300 feet for Wi-Fi.
personal area network
is a computer network used for communication among computer devices (e.g., telephones, personal digital assistants, smartphones) located close to one person
QR code
is a two-dimensional code, readable by dedicated QR readers and camera phones
Long-term evolution (LTE)
is a wireless broadband technology designed to support roaming Internet access through smartphones and handheld devices. LTE is approximately 10 times faster than 3G networks.
wireless sensor
is an autonomous device that monitors its own condition as well as physical and environmental conditions around it, such as temperature, sound, pressure, vibration, and movement. -opening and closing a valve and adjusting the fuel mixture in your car
XLTE (advanced LTE)
is designed to handle network congestion when too many people in one area try to access an LTE network. XLTE is designed to provide access for all users with no decrease in bandwidth.
Fifth generation (5G)
is the latest cellular standard. After an early experiment at the 2018 Winter Olympics, 5G began more widespread deployment in 2019. We discuss 5G in detail in the next section.
localization
knowing a user's physical location helps a company advertise its products and services
Line-of-sight
means that the transmitter and receiver are in view of each other.
Mobility
means that users carry a device with them and can initiate a real-time contact with other systems from wherever they happen to be
Second generation (2G)
networks, introduced in 1992, used digital signals primarily for voice communication and provided data communication up to 10 kilobits per second (Kbps).
Third generation (3G)
networks, introduced in 2001, used digital signals and could transmit voice and data up to 384 Kbps when the device was moving at a walking pace, 128 Kbps when it was moving in a car, and up to 2 Mbps when it was in a fixed location. 3G supported video, Web browsing, and instant messaging.
Fourth generation (4G)
networks, introduced in 2012, are not one defined technology or standard. The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has specified speed requirements for 4G: 100 Mbps (million bits per second) for high-mobility communications such as cars and trains and 1 Gbps (billion bits per second) for low-mobility communications such as pedestrians. 4G systems provide a secure mobile broadband system to all types of mobile devices. See IT's Personal for more information.
dematerialization
occurs when the functions of many physical devices are included in one other physical device.
Satellite radio, or digital radio
offers uninterrupted, near CD-quality transmission that is beamed to your radio, either at home or in your car, from space
Mobile computing
refers to a real-time, wireless connection between a mobile device and other computing environments, such as the Internet or an intranet.
Mobile commerce/m-commerce
refers to e-commerce (EC) transactions conducted with a mobile device.
mobile commerce (or m-commerce)
refers to electronic commerce (EC) transactions that are conducted in a wireless environment, especially on the Internet -m-commerce can be transacted on the Internet, private communication lines, smart cards, and other infrastructures -. M-commerce creates opportunities for businesses to deliver new services to existing customers and to attract new customers. -The development of m-commerce is driven by the widespread availability of mobile devices, the declining prices of such devices, and rapidly improving wireless bandwidth.
mobile
refers to something that changes its location over time. Some wireless networks, such as MiFi (discussed later in this chapter), are also mobile
Broad reach
refers to the fact that when users carry an open mobile device, they can be reached instantly, even across great distances.
footprint
the area of Earth's surface reached by a satellite's transmission
Wireless media, or broadcast media:
transmit signals without wires.
2.5G
used digital signals and provided voice and data communication up to 144 Kbps.
broadcast transmission
which sends signals to many receivers at one time
smart home
your home computer, television, lighting and heating controls, smart speakers, home security systems (including smart window and door locks), thermostats, and appliances have embedded sensors and can communicate with one another through a home network.