IT 304-004

The World Bank states that half the world lives on less than how much (Dollar amount) a day?

$5.50

What is the Internet Society and where is it headquartered?

-Open development and use of the internet. -Located in Reston VA

What are the 5 areas of ethical focus for AI?

1. Accountability 2. Value Alignment 3. Explainability 4. Fairness 5. User Data Rights

What are the five areas of Ethical Focus?

1. Accountability 2. Value Alignment 3. Explainability 4. Fairness 5. User Data Rights

When was IGF established?

2006

how are itc impacting the world

A main goal of ITC is to enable the worldwide electronics test communicate. In order to fully connect with a worldwide audience satellite ITC conferences have been established.round-world/

Define Global Economy?

A system where goods and services are produced, bought and sold across the world.

What is a zero rating?

A zero rating is a data service where the user is allowed access to a set of applications, or specific websites, for free. A no-charge service makes it easily accessible to anyone who has a phone, therefore being widely used and often leading most users to trying out a paid plan.

Define what's zero rated and why it's important towards net neutrality among emerging countries?

A zero-rated service is one where users receive free access to certain websites or online services. An argument in favor of zero rated services is that they help people get online through free and affordable service, while an argument against is that they violate net neutrality by promoting certain websites and services and charging less for them than others.

What is a zero-rating Site

A zero-rated site is a site or service that a wireless carrier has exempted from its fee structure or data cap. A site can get zero rated when the company behind it pays for the privilege, or because the carrier saw some other reason to deliver it to you on the house.

Where is IT headed in regards to AI?

AI and IT will cultivate new jobs and give organizations better analytics and smarter security for IT infrastructure and its data

Is it ideal to have everything that can be operated through AI done so instead of humans? What would be the exceptions (if there are any)?

AI would provide greater conveniences for people, and massive databases with millions of files and collections of information should be run by AI. The shoulds of what AI will govern need to be looked at very closely. Should military equipment be controlled with AI? Should somethings, like top secret documents or valuable information, be trusted in the hands of AI capable of being compromised? There are still many important roles for people to fill that shouldn't be taken by AI.

What are some positive effects of technology on jobs?

Access to markets and resources helps firms grow and create jobs or attract work to new markets that are more competitive. Product innovations created and distributed using various technologies, give rise to new industries, firms, and jobs.

Relating to the access gap, how many people world wide still do not have access to effective digital channels?

According to research conducted by the World Bank published in the article "Digital Dividends", more than half of the world is disconnected. Rural population are more connected and the population living in the suburban area have less access to the Internet.

What are the 5 areas of ethical focus concerning AI?

Accountability, Value Alignment, Explainability, Fairness, User Data Rights

What is the most important analog complement to digital technology?

All three complements are essential (Innovation, Efficiency, and Inclusion). If it's down to personal opinion, I think Innovation is the most important to digital technology. Innovation requires competition and eliminates the threat of monopolies. Innovation also drives the evolution of digital technology.

How have AI's in advanced technologies today improve our society?

Although AI's have enhanced our lifestyle by creating more efficient businesses in our world, AI's are increasingly becoming smarter and more productive as we speak.

What are some of the similarities of a time period in the past compared to present time (in regards with IT, technology, digital dividends, etc)?

An example of a time period in the past is the Renaissance. The Renaissance was time of new ideas, inventions, and artistic innovation. Even though the Renaissance affected people in Italy in a positive way, there were other countries who "stayed in the dark" (who didn't get to receive the impact of the Renaissance). History seems to repeat again because now we are in the emergence of newer technology innovations (similar to the Renaissance), despite that, there are several countries in the world who aren't connected to technology.

Define these two terms: Anchoring Bias and Bandwagon Bias.

Anchoring Bias: Overestimating events with greater "availability" in memory--influenced by how recent, unusual, or emotionally charged the memories may be. Bandwagon Bias: To rely too much on one trait or piece of information when making decisions (usually the first piece of information that we acquire on that subject).

What qualifies as cyber harm?

Any damaging consequence as a result of a cyber event, whether malicious, accidental, or even natural.

In digital government, which government institution is the best at connecting to the people via the internet? *hint this institution helps pay our government.

Any institution that requires payment from the citizen will be best at connecting to the people through the Internet

What is the percentage of US federal budget that goes to foreign aid?

Approximately 1%

What effect has the digital revolution had on education, commerce, government, and society as a whole?

As of currently, there is a digital divide between those who have adopted new technology and those who haven't. Those who don't have access to Internet are significantly at a disadvantage. Although digital revolution has no doubt increase quality of life and commerce for those who have it, it in turn makes those that are unfortunate struggle more trying to gain access to it.

In what way can automation be bad in day to day living?

Automation could potentially take away jobs from medium-skilled workers. This could create a greater economic divide, leaving only higher-paid and lower-paid jobs remaining.

What group of people will end up losing out the most with automation slowly coming into jobs.

Automation is the most treat to jobs. Therefore, any jobs that can be replaced by automation would be gone.

What is automation and how does it effect our society?

Automation is the technology by which a process or procedure is performed without human assistance. 3D printing, drones and self-driving cars are some of the future technologies that will eliminate job opportunities. This will reduce the labor components of all goods/products; therefore, making them all cheaper in price.

Why are mobile-carriers all of a sudden promoting zero-rated programs?

Because mobile-carriers have started using to its advantage by allowing sponsors apps to be used without being penalized with data usage. This promotes certain apps and leaves smaller apps in its shadow.

How does the Internet promote inclusion of firms in the world economy?

By expanding trade, raising the productivity of capital, and intensifying competition in the market, which promotes innovation.

Which three top connected countries (in terms of Internet connectivity) are also the least connected countries?

China, USA, india?

What are some of the multi-stakeholderism approach include?

Civil society NGO (non-government organizations) Private sectors

What type of countries take advantage of the greatest dividends from the digital economy?

Countries that have the existing infrastructure, economy, and regulation for people to benefit equally from digital technology end up receiving the highest dividends.

Can AI replace humans?

Currently, in more basic tasks, AI is slowly starting to take people's jobs, like cashier, and simple tasks will soon be taken over like filling burgers. Over time, AI will be able to take more over, like accounting, as it's a logical job, and a computer should be able to do it faster then any human could as these systems become smarter.

What is the difference between cyber harm and cyber threat?

Cyber Threat = attack types Cyber harm = consequences of attacks

What is cyber harm?

Cyber harm includes the damage/danger due to cyber events. Cyber Harm may be derived from malicious, accidental, or natural phenomena, existing in or outside of the Internet.

Define Cyber Harm and provide some examples of the definition?

Cyber harm is generally understood as the damaging consequences resulting from cyberevents, which can originate from malicious, accidental or natural phenomena, manifesting itself within or outside of the Internet. Cyber harm could be physical, psychological, economic, political, reputational, and cultural.

Define Cyber Harm

Damaging consequences resulting from cyber events, which can originate from malicious, accidental or natural phenomena, manifesting itself within or outside of Internet.

What are the main mechanisms to promote development?

Digital Technologies- Search and Information(INCLUSION) Automation and coordination (EFFICIENCY) Scale economies and platforms(INNOVATION)

What is the importance of digitalizing government? If digitalizing government is beneficial, why hasn't technology been fully implemented yet?

Digitalizing government can in the long run create a more efficient system for running things, however there are major costs to overcome short-term as well as making sure the accompanying analog components of incorporating technology are included.

What are some advantages of digital revolution?

Easier communication, ample amount of information, free digital products. It has also created sense of social connectedness and global community. The Digital Revolution forces competitiveness on a global scale, links individuals and groups together, and expanding our understanding of the world

Who exposed the global mass surveillance systems operated by the USA, Canada, New Zealand, UK, and Australia?

Edward Snowden.

What is meant by when referring to the "The Next Production Revolution"

Examines the opportunities and challenges, for business and government, associated with technologies bringing about the "next production revolution".

Humans choose to adopt technology into our own jobs allowing machines to replace workers?

False, because although we choose to adopt technology we are only utilizing it to our advantage. We don't allow machines to take over, because we only use technology as an aid.

What is the best measure of economic progress?

GDP per capita

Which IT companies Invest in Autonomous Vehicle technology?

Google, Apple, Tesla

Should Government get more involve in the ITC spread and impose more regulation on companies in the technology business or should the Government the market self regulate?

Government implication in modern ITC world is one of the most complicated debates of our time. Some believe that the world of ITC is growing out of control and that the Government should get involve and place a check on the development of the ITC through policies and regular. While others believe that the Government should let the ITC world regulate itself and promote free market and allow competitive environment.

How can developing countries close the digital divide?

Government intervention would be required to close the digital divide. The developing country may need to focus on allowing technology advancement to allow people to obtain devices and to connect to the internet.

Which form of cyber attack is healthcare most susceptible to?

Healthcare accounted for 45% of all Ransomware attacks in 2017.

What are the main benefits and non-benefits to giving underdeveloped countries intellectual technology? Is it more important to give these type of services to them instead of other necessities?

I believe it is essential to provide the common needs to undeveloped countries, then focus on improving their technological infrastructure, this will increase government productivity to both sides: the government and society.

Does Zero Rating content violate net neutrality in your opinion? Why or why not?

I believe that zero rating violates net neutrality, because it is really disadvantageous for developing countries. It exploits the poor, disrupting free markets and instances of censorship. Although it gets more people using online services, there is a stronger control presence.

Do you see the idea of complete Internet availability for everyone being a reality? Could everyone in the world be online? Explain why or why not.

I can see it being available to those who want it and can afford it. In the future I can see the world being online but with wireless technology

Who should be responsible for IA decision making and final outcome, the developer or the product owner?

I think the developer, because he/she is the one who has made every inch of the AI and knows what it is capable up.

What would society have to do to stay in employment if full automation occurs? Would it still be necessary to have jobs?

I think the jobs won't entirely disappear after the automation occurs; many jobs will simply be redefined.

What has a greater influence on a country's overall welfare: money or institutions?

I would argue institutions in the long run, as they have the ability to bring money in. However, short term increases in money can provide a substantial benefit.

What are the benefits of ICT today? Compare and contrast the Renaissance and the modern age.

ICT has made businesses more productive. During the Renaissance people were not as connected as we are today. ICT has brought people together with fast and easy lines of communication. ICT has made tasks easier to do. Life expectancy has increased drastically due to technological innovations. Entertainment during the Renaissance was very limited. Nowadays we have social media and entertainment at the tip of our fingers.

What five areas is the UNODC internationally responsible for? What are the three pillars of the programme?

Illicit drugs and international crime. Money laundering

what is the impact of information technology in our daily life

Improved Communication

What are the three main mechanisms that the internet promotes development through?

Inclusion, Efficiency, Innovation

The internet promotes development through three main mechanisms, what are they?

Inclusion, efficiency, innovation.

Japan and Korea's enormous growth over the last half-century is largely due to what?

Information and Communications Technology.

What is the name of the age we are currently in?

Information/New Age

What is the main driver of progress in society?

Innovation?

What does ITU stand for?

International Telecommunication Union

What are the organizations that are forums, not the ones with actual members?

Internet Governance Forum, World Economic Forum, and Global Forum for Cyber Expertise

Which NGO is based in Reston, Virginia?

Internet Society (ISOC)

Which Virginia based organization deals with internet use and access?

Internet Society (ISoc)

According to digital dividends, which is more evenly spread; internet access or income? Can you give a reason why this may be?

Internet access is more evenly spread because accessing the internet is far easier than generating income.

What are the 3 categories of Internet Governance?

Internet-centric, user-centric, and non-internet

How can digital technologies indirectly and directly affect the key economic forces?

It facilitates automation, connectivity and market entry, as well as innovation.

What are the advantages of Zero-rating practices?

It is good economics to advance innovation It expands access to to information in developing countries It is generally pro-competitive It allows for differentiation for services It facilitates more efficient advertising

What are one of the 3 cybersecurity principles when it comes to protecting government entities?

It is impossible to protect every yourself from every breach. Government entities must prioritize certain assets and set goals to protect those assets.

Where is the Internet Society headquartered?

It is located in Reston, VA

What exactly is zero-rating?

It is the inability of the content providers to track how much you use their service.

What is "Generality" in AI?

It is the measure of ease with which the method can be adapted to different domains of an application.

What jobs will still be around in 25 years?

Jobs that can't be replicated by a computer or AI, like creativity, problem-solving, and self-teaching.

What jobs would clearly vanish in the next twenty years because of ITC?

Jobs that would disappear in the near future because of ITC would be any jobs that could be automated. Jobs like cashiering would vanish and would be replaced by rebots that would be more efficient than men. Machine learning and artificial intelligence would replace more jobs and we will probably see news jobs created.

What are the "asian tigers" in regards to technological growth and why are they growing at the rate they are?

Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore are the asian tigers in technological growth because they went through Industrialization in the 1960s when TNCs looked for areas with cheap labor and low labor costs.

What is the best measurement of economic progress?

Labor productivity (output/labor input)

What are the five elements of cyber harm? (This was the in-class exercise)

Loss of life, injury and illnesses, direct economic cost, social displacement, psychological distress and environmental impact

What are the six types of harm?

Loss of life, injury and illnesses, direct economic cost, social displacement, psychological distress, environmental impact

What is an example of a Cyber threat?

Malware embedded in an email attachment. A spyware program that records users inputs.

What are the most connected countries in the world? What are the least connected?

Most connected: India China and Japan Least Connected: USA, India and China

What can be the challenge of the UN organization allowing membership from the private section? Who owns the policy?

New members from the private sector may not have the same interests in mind as the current members, creating a conflict of interest for the UN organization.

What the difference between works, jobs and employment and how would automation and technology affect these?

People depend on jobs and Employment. Automation and Technology ultimately lessen the amount of work people have to do without pushing the majority of people out of their jobs. Reply Quote Email Author

What factors allow us to have a fundamental understanding of 'right or wrong" in a wide range of contexts?

People make decisions on any number of contextual factors, including their experience, memories, upbringing, and cultural norms. To add on to your answer computer do not have the ability to do that unless they are programmed to and still lack the necessary critical thinking to make those decisions.

What is one thing that sets the information age apart from all other ages?

People within the information age have the ability to share information/media instantly. A lack of knowledge on certain subjects can largely be overcome by those with access to the internet, thus closing the bridge on a lot of information discrepencies.

What are the types of Cyber harm?

Physical, Psychological, Economic, Political, Reputational, and Cultural

What is one positive aspect and one negative aspect of a zero-rating system?

Positive: Limited Internet access is available to people who otherwise could not afford it. Negative: Violates net neutrality. One positive is the pure access perspective, the user will at least be connected in some way. The downside is because that source is controlled by the provider it can be severely altered or can be used as a way to deny other source's voice.

what are the 4 areas of ethical focus when it comes to building and developing an AI?

Security, humanity, inequality, and racist robots

What are some AI that the average person may use today.

Siri, Cortana, Google Assistant, Watson etc.

What are the most frequently reported benefits of using zero-rated services?

Supporting education, health, and accessing content about the community.

What areas has technology advanced in?

Technology has improved in dexterity, language, unstructured problem solving, machine intelligence, robotics, mobility, translating between languages, and writing simple stories.

What is the "paradox of work"?

The "paradox of work" is that many people hate their jobs, but they are considerably more miserable doing nothing.

Which organization focuses on private sector development?

The International Finance Corporation (IFC) focus on private sector development.

What does UNDP stand for and what does this organization do?

The United Nations Development Programme works to eradicate poverty, accelerate structural transformations, and build resilience to shocks and crises.

What is the Walled Garden Effect?

The Walled Garden is when a provider creates a digital online space where they can control the content. Examples Early AOL, China.

Give an example of a company that is focused on ICT policy.

The World Bank Group focuses on ICT polices and intellectual development in countries as well. IGF is focused on Internet Governance, which I think includes ICT policy?

What are two goals that the World Bank Group has?

The World Bank Group has two goals to end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity in a sustainable way.

What are the advantages of automation?

The advantages are: Increases access to information reduces costs increases market scale and competition reduces barriers to entry

What is the best measure of economic progress and real growth?

The best measure of economic progress is labor productivity. GDP per capital is the best measure of real growth.

What is the best use of AI? What will it most likely be used for instead?

The best use for AI is in the medical field. It keeps rapidly evolving and is steadily improving human lifestyles. By implementing the use of technology in the medical field, it makes procedures possible that may be limited by human capabilities. In the future, it will most likely be used in the medical field, but probably span to many categories of sciences/maths such as robotics and autonomous systems.

Who are the paradoxically both most and least connected countries in the world?

The disparity comes from the developed countries, where the population is connected in the rural era and then disconnected in the suburban area. There were differences between age groups as well where teen ages are mostly constantly on the Internet and elderly are not as much savvy of the Internet. Further, we see difference between men and women, where women were mostly high Internet users in some countries and in others men were more seen on the Internet. The US, Canada, Countries in Europe, and China are both the most and least connected countries in the world. Using the US as an example of this paradox the best connections here are in metropolitan areas like NY city and LA; however, rural areas and even impoverished urban communities which represent a large portion of the country and its people are the least connected.

Why might stakeholders have different priorities in response to a cyber attack than the general public?

The general public when hit by a cyber attack face damages ranging from psychological distress, social displacement, and in the worst case loss of life. Stakeholders suffer financial losses. They're affected first by a loss in capital, and their priorities consist of ensuring that financial losses do not suffer past the initial phase of the attack.

What are the greatest analog components? Without Analog components, who reaps the rewards of ICT?

The greatest analog components are the accompanying skills necessary to actually utilize the advancements of technology. Without the analog components, technology can even be limiting in its usefulness, and is a bigger burden on countries with poor infrastructure.

When it comes to cyber harm what, typically speaking is the largest weak spot between the systems, the hardware, the software, and the people?

The largest weakness in any system are the users as they can make simple mistakes that may cause something like their password to be phished.

What are some benefits of the government digitizing processes and making organizational changes?

The major benefits of the government digitizing processes and making organizational changes, is that they can enhance services, save money, and improve citizens' quality of life. Digitization saves both government and citizens time and money, making governance more efficient. Typically digitizing a process massively increases efficiency and reduce errors, providing a more reliable system overall.

Based on our last class, why do guys think the invention of the printing press was so important?

The printing press was essentially an early version of the internet. It allowed for a much faster spreading of information and ideas with the benefit of a much cheaper access and manufacturing.

What are the three mechanisms that the Internet promote development and how?

The three mechanisms that the Internet promote development are Inclusion, Efficiency, and Innovation. By reducing the cost of acquiring information and making more information available, digital technologies can make new transactions possible. By streamlining tasks and raising the productivity of existing factors, the internet can increase economic efficiency. By enabling frictionless communication and collaboration, the internet can support new delivery models.

What blockades cause the digital divide?

There are many factors that cause a digital divide like gender, family structure, education. The most significant ones however, in my opinion are age, ethnicity and motivation. Younger generations may be more comfortable with new technology. Different ethnic groups may have different attitudes towards adopting technology. And some people may just not be motivated enough to pick up an ever evolving equipment.

Why digital dividends are not spreading rapidly? what are some possible steps that can be taken to speed up the process?

There are two major reasons that preventing digital dividends from spreading. First, about 60% of population is offline, or not have access to internet. Second, companies creating monopolies to benefits the people who are in better positioned to afford the higher prices to get access to digital technologies. To step up the process, internet should be accessible and affordable to all the remaining 60% of population. In addition, we need to adapt the competitive environment to avoid companies creating monopolies.

Automation is viewed as threatening to jobs, but in what ways can automation aid in day to day life outside of the work environment?

There are ways automation is already aiding day to day life; home security, fire alarms, sensor lighting, can openers..etc

What is the concern with giving undeveloped countries advanced technology?

There is a real possibility that their analog components will not match up to the standards of this advanced technology. Having the technology is one thing, but being able to utilize it the way it is supposed to be used is another.

How is cyber harm affecting our society today?

There is no question that cyber threats are gradually becoming more sophisticated and potentially, more dangerous. It is imperative that companies take preventative actions so that it does not affect the physical safety of our systems.

At its time, what did the Renaissance bring to the global economy?

There was no longer a power-centric world.

How will digital technologies change the world of work for the better?

They bring opportunities for growth and prosperity by improving labor productivity, lowering transaction costs and reducing barriers to market entry.

Alexander Hamilton's industrial policies were opposed by southern plantations and Jefferson. Why did they oppose his views?

They were stuck with a lack of innovation and thus needed to rely on cheap or free labor to continue their daily lives.

Will the digital divide disappear in the near future?

This could be an opinion essay question and my answer is no, the digital divide will take many advanced in technology in order to bridge that gap and it will not happen fast.

What are ways that digital technology can accelerate growth?

Trade , Productivity, Competition

Is the IFC a sister company of The World Bank? True/False

True

Define the aim of a risk assessment and what it needs to identify

Typically, the aim of a risk assessment is to consider a situation, event or decision. The risk assessment also needs to identify where risks fall within the two axes of likelihood (low-high) and impact (low-high).

What is UNDP and OECD stands for and describe briefly what their main focus is?

UNDP stands for United Nations Development program and their main focus is to to put an end to poverty, speed up the structural transformation, and build resilience to shock and crises. OECD stand for Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and their main focus is to improve the social and economic structure of the societies.

What countries are the most connected and also the least connected?

USA, China, India

Why are some countries most connected, but at the same time least connected too? What causes this phenomena?

USA, India , and China are the most and least connected. Urban areas are more tech savvy and because of this are highly connected. On the other hand, rural who aren't as tech savvy are not as connected. Urban regions are trying to expand, but there is still a great deal of suburban areas. There is still well over 500 million people in china who live in rural areas.

What are a disadvantage of automation?

Unpredictable development costs. The research and development cost of automating a process is difficult to predict accurately beforehand. Since this cost can have a large impact on profitability, it is possible to finish automating a process only to discover that there is no economic advantage in doing so. With the advent and continued growth of different types of production lines, however, more accurate estimates based on previous projects can be made.

Should governments encourage competition amongst Internet providers? What are the negatives of allowing a monopoly in developing countries?

Yes because that would push them to make innovations. One negative is that they can charge crazy high prices and that there is no diversification in what they are selling.

Does the Internet help represent citizens?

Yes it shows more democratic participation and helps citizens be able to see more options on what they can take action for. Even for elections everything is done online showing the polls and numbers from electronic votes

Should other countries follow the example of Singapore and open up their borders to outside innovators?

Yes, but the country should have a strong infrastructure first. The advantage that Singapore had was the Asian market and the ports made Singapore a hub for all of Asia.

What are some of the advantages of zero rating?

Zero rating helps individuals to easily access basic information. It also helps promote technological innovation.

What is a Zero rating, and what are the biggest dangers of it?

Zero-rating is the practice of providing Internet access without financial cost under certain conditions, such as by only permitting access to certain websites or by subsidizing the service with advertising Practices like zero rating threaten the freedom for Internet users to continue choosing which sites and videos they want to access by putting "free" data in one box and "paid" data in another

Does net neutrality prevent zero rating content?

Zero-rating products are unlikely to harm the open Internet; instead they are a sign of healthy product differentiation that more efficiently allocates scarce resources in a competitive market, ultimately improving consumer value. In the Open Internet Order, the FCC laid out a case-by-case approach for overseeing zero-rating programs.

What would you say Cybersecurity targets

both critical national infrastructure and non-critical, state- or criminal actors' attacks, natural weather problems like hurricanes and protecting state bodies, companies and etc..

What are the risks associated with using public Wi-Fi?

cyber attacks that deploy data-stealing malware in your system, deceiving and dangerous Man in the Middle attacks (that could lead to all sorts of infections) and many, many more.

What is the most prevalent issue within cybersecurity that causes psychological harm? *hint this was an issue nobody thought of in class.

cyber-terrorism?

What do Digital technologies often lack?

digital technologies often lack analog complement; and without analog complemet, it leads to more controlled access to digital technology and inequality.

What is Value Alignment?

emergent property, people with much in common and sharing the same values and goals align with the same desired values making it more accurate to be able to share the same goals and knowledge

What is one of the advantages of zero-rating practices?

in lower income countries where internet access is not as affordable zero-rating plans offer some services free of charge

What are the main mechanisms to promote development with digital technology?

inclusion, Efficiency, Innovation

What are some of the advantages of automation?

increased in productivity, higher rates of production, and, more efficient use of materials, enhanced product quality, improved safety, and reduced factory lead times

For cybersecurity capacity to be both relevant and efficient, and for efforts at harm reduction and avoidance to be credible, an understanding of what is essential?

sources, scale and consequences of plausible cyber harm

Is technology important in the work field

yes it helps with data entry, helps with promoting businesses and helps with communication. Without technology it would be difficult to manage a corporation or private business.