jew exam 2
renaissance
-coined by Georgio Vasari -rebirth of classic antiquity -700 BCE- 476 CE -rhetoric, literature, art, music, architecture -14th-16th centuries
in Israel's declaration of Independence in 1918 how many times is God mentioned? By implication, then how is Jewishness defined?
-he was not mentioned at all. -jewishness is defined through more political ways, as an ethnic group and a nation bound by this group of people- not by the belief of god, but by being a member of a group people that share an identity.
State of Israel
created in 1948
ladino
language developed by the jews of spanish decent who settled in Ottoman empire
United Nations Resolution
legislation partitioned Palestine into a jewish section and a muslim/christian arab section -1947 -why was it problematic for non-jewish locals? they were the muslim/christian arab, they had no representation in their own home land - losing political autonomy, military action being taken against them as well -arab attack was retalitation
Did Jews participate in the Renaissance?
yes -art, dance, architecture (of synagogues), technology and science (print), literature
What happened in early modernity to make it an age of migration in Jewish history?
-1492 Jews were expelled from Spain -1948 forced conversion in Portugal -expelled from Central Europe (16th century) -Spanish expulsion of jews and forced conversion cause jews to spread out in other lands and meet other people, though they were all jewish
When and where did the Renaissance occur?
-14th-16th centuries -started in Florence -spread to other Italian cities, then to France, Spain, low countries and central Europe
What was the Protestant Reformation? When did it occur?
-1517, in Germany -martin luther unintentionally launched it -indulgences -rebellion against Catholic Church, against the Pope and Arch Bishop -an effort to go back to old Christianity, with just God and Jesus, no popes or priests -by faith alone
What was the Enlightenment in European history?
-17th and 18th centuries -movement of rationalism, science, liberty, tolerance and equality-philosophical movement -political movement -french revolution in 1789 -mass killing -emancipation of jews, protestants, catholics
What is Zionism? What is the derivation of the term? When did emerge? Where did it emerge? Why did it emerge?
-1897. 50 years between this and the founding of the state of Israel (50 years later in 1947) -Theodore Hertzel found it -derived from a mountain in Jerusalem that is often a metaphor for the Land of Israel -the support and belief that jews should return to the land of Israel. -it is distinct from traditional yearning for the return to Israel because it is more political and zionism does not believe that the Messiah would bring them. -traditional Jewish yearning vs. a modern, political movement -three components of modern, political Zionism: traditional yearning for zion; nationals, anti-semitism -zion= jerusalem -jews always yearned for their return to Israel/Jerusalem
Balfour declaration
-1917 -letter expressed the British support for a jewish homeland in Palestine -expressed a message to muslim and Christian arabs who the British would align themselves with (the jews) -problematic for non-jews because they wanted to still live there -jews had no say in the declaration
What was the Holocaust? When was it? Where was it?
-1941-1945 in Nazi Germany -Shoah (catastrophe) -repeal of the emancipation of Jews -anti-semitism -Nazis -jews killed because of their race -hitler looking at the biology of jews not their religion -world's most famous genocide
Renaissance
-Georgio Vasari coined the term, 14th-17th centuries -applied to movement of art and literature, rhetoric, music, architecture -rebirth of classical antiquity in all its aspects
how does Israel's declaration of independence use history to justify itself?
-Jews' political and religious identity was shaped here -being exiled, yet still kept faith -talking about the pioneers -political justification -birthplace of Jews -talking about the hardships they've been through and how they have overcome it-- exiled, holocaust
cosmos mending
-Tikkun Olam -part of mysticism -accomplished it through proper sex between a married jewish man and woman -meaning bringing god's presence down and bringing the scattered sparks back together -Isaac lurid communicated these teachings
If it is acceptable to write about Jewish history solely in terms of anti-Semitism, why has it not been acceptable to write about Jewish history solely in terms of philo-Semitism?
-a lot of people like to focus on the bad because it is more interesting and flashy because of how shocking it is -hard to look over the holocaust, so its hard to see it though philo-semitism*
philo-semitism, when was it coined and why?
-an interest in, respect for, and an appreciation of the Jewish people, their historical significance, and the positive impacts of Judaism on the world, particularly on the part of a gentile -what are some potential problems with the phenomenon of philo-semitism? — pity for the jews -coined in 1880 -it is anti-semitism in sheep's clothing -the true opposite of anti-semitism is neutrality -3 types of philo-semitism (suggested by Kramer) 1) self-interested philo-semitism - policies that supports Jews because of their value to a ruler or state 2) philo-semitism based on pleasure - love of "exotic" Jewish physiognomy 3) philo-semitism based on genuine affection - love for the Jewish religion, jewish people, jewish culture and values, expressed through conversion to Judaism or support of state of Israel -based on 3 kinds of friendship, by Aristotle. utilitarian friendship, friendship for the sake of pleasure, friendship based on the "love of good men for each other"
What is anti-Semitism? When was it coined and why?
-coined by Wilhelm Marr (1819-1904) in 1879 -The Victory of the Jews over the Germans, considered from a non-religious point of view usually secular -rises with emancipation of jews -unlike anti-semitism of the past, it is organized -hostility to or prejudice against Jews as expressed through though, feeling, old deed -relevance to the course: much of Mendoza's experience as a boxer in late eighteenth-early nineteenth century Britain, including his decision to learn boxing, was influenced by anti-Semitism
Was the Holocaust a departure from previous anti-Semitism or something entirely new?
-continuity -yes a departure from previous anti-semtiism -they were second class citizens-- judging them for this and ethnic groups -could be something new- the reasons behind it and wanted them to suffer and be killed.
What was Emancipation in Jewish history?
-emancipation of Jews in France 1790/1791 -religious pluralism in christian europe -by 1870, all jews in western and central Europe were fully emancipated and citizens -granted jews equality -gave them equal/lega status, taking away diabilities -took away privileddges -some converted to christianity -rise of Jewish religious denominations -explains why Jews are considered a religious group today -some jews converted to christianity, but most transformed or redefined their judaism -emancipated resulted from Enlightenment
What was the Hasidic movement? When did it emerge? Where did it emerge?
-emerged in mid 18th century in Eastern Europe -oriented to poor, less educated Jews -mystical Jewish pietism, goes away from legalistic emphasis -instrumental music, storytelling, philosophy and practices (religious study, repetnece, prayer books, literature) -focused on the purity of the heart, dancing, expressing themselves and happiness- in place of the Talmud
What was Jewish mysticism and why did one of its centers develop in Safed?
-gathering dispersed sparks -releasing good sparks from bad shells -belief that God suffered exile, the commandments have the power to redeem divine light wherever they were practiced -it developed in Safed because Jews believed that messiah would await the ingathering of Jews there and then would ascend to Jerusalem
Ottoman Empire
-greatest Muslim empire of Early modernity -1300, after WWI -geographical expanse -Land of Israel in 1516, Constantinople in 1453 -more ethnically and religiously diverse than Christian Europe -employed dhimmi law, dhimmis could join the union of Muslims (non-muslim citizens living in a Islamic state-Jews, Christians) -jews created a center of Jewish mysticism; Safed was the center of this
Who was Daniel Mendoza? Where did he live? When did he live? What was his ethnoreligious background? Why did he gravitate toward boxing?
-he was a jewish boxer -lived in a rough neighborhood Aldsgate in East London -married to Esther -born in England in the 18th century -he was compared to Judah the Maccabee, a jewish warrior from the Land of Israel, 2nd century BCE -called Mendoza the jew. -story of upward social and economic mobility, showing that he thrived -an example of non-lachrymose history. showed how jews were reacting to ideas of nationalism (Like boxing)
Why were the Jews central to Martin Luther's thought and writing?
-he was an Old Testament christian rather than a new testament christian (old testament is the hebrew bible) -believed that Protestantism was a rebellion against the Catholic church -believed that Jesus Christ was born a Jew, so Jews should no longer be persecuted -Israelites were in the old testament (they became jews) -interested in pure Christianity during the first century, when jesus christ was alive -popes were corruption
atlantic world
-interconnected region comprised of North America, South America, Europe and Africa -an opportunity for a new kind of autonomy for jews and paralleled rights and liberties that jew did not experience before -jews as colonizers -Suriname; no laws against jews, freest jewish community in the world, slave masters -Euroafrican people
What were some of the consequences of Zionism and the establishment of the State of Israel for Jews?
-jewish army - 375 sunbar.. jewish role in this gradual creation of the state of israel -relocation -zionist leaders were also jews 321
genocide
-killing most or all members of a religious, national, ethnic, or racial group -coined by Ralf Lemkin in 1943
Why was "l'affaire Dreyfus" such a shock? Why did it tear France into two opposing camps?
-miscarriage of injustice -tore France into two opposing sides: those who supported him and those who didn't
Who opposed the Hasidic movement?
-misnagdim - they are all jews that opposed that -16 rabbinical leaders in Vilna
What are the personal or social consequences of writing about Jewish history solely in terms of anti-Semitism?
-over-simplification -takes away cultural aspects -limits identity to anti-semitism -risks losing/reducing their own culture and many facets to just one definition -results to secularization and extinction
What were some of the causes of the Holocaust?
-power -politics -anti-semitism
Was it a destructive or productive time for Jews in early modernity?
-productive -cultural production and creativity was stimulated by the mobility -creating a global market, like for jewelry -music, language -allowed new opportunities -in diverse communities -new jobs (boxing, agriculture) -slave ownership (they were the masters)
Why did the rise of the ghetto coincide with the Renaissance?
-proliferated through Italian states by Papal decree in the mid 16th century -because the pope's desire to separate from the christians and jews -reformation . thought jews were trying to convert catholics -was not cause by the renaissance but overlapped in time
What impact did the Protestant Reformation have on Jews?
-radicalized some christians against Judaism -opened up social space for tolerating Jews -attention shifted to radicalized Christian movements -inquisition turned its attention away from alleged Judaizers
What was the immediate Jewish response to this dislocation? (expulsion from Spain in 1492)
-to create new peoples -returned to legal Judaism -relocation left as jews -ottoman empire (music, language) -to south america (slave ownership, using for agriculture for sugar, sex with african women=euroafrican in suriname) and their experiences -colonization (ottoman empire, in suriname- slave owners)
When did the Ottoman Empire exist?
1299-1453
year the jews were expelled from Spain
1492, to the ottoman empire
Martin luther
1517, unintentionally launched the protestant reformation. began in Germany.
french revolution
1789- about liberty, equality, and brotherhood
What does "radical assimilation" mean in reference to Jews? Provide three specific, detailed reasons from the readings explaining why so many European Jews decided to convert to Christianity after Emancipation. * go back and look at the readings * pg 117, 118, 119 (families he researched)
=conversion and intermarriage -marrying jewish in a synagogue -rosetta frankau -escape the stigma of jews -discrimination -improve economic status
misnagdim
=jewish opponents of Hasidism -thought it was another false messianic movement -thought it was ridiculous and disrespectful to God -created economic competition between butchers
Why is it incorrect to speak of a single Ottoman Jewish community?
Because there were many different Jewish communities in the Ottoman Empire-- very complex -like native jews, Spanish Jews, Germanic and french,
Who was Alfred Dreyfus?
Captain on the French General Staff 1859-1935 -believed he was a spy 1895 due to papers found in a basket -he was framed because he was Jewish and was an up-start (came into wealth quickly) -charged for treason for supposedly being a german spy -he was stripped of his title -secularist, did not really believe in Jewish Law. chose a jewish life -falsely accused of leaking military secrets to Germany in 1864 -accused because he was jewish -jews were vulnerable for accusation because of the alliances- jews were allied with Israel not France
first country to emancipate its Jews
France 1790-1791
Why did the Hasidic movement emerge?
Podolia (today Ukraine)
jews today in the USA identify as
a member of a religious group
What distinction do sociologists often make between acculturation and assimilation?
acculturation is the adoption of a new culture without losing one's original social and cultural identity when assimilation is the adoption of a new culture to a degree that one loses their original social and cultural identity
according to Israel's declaration of independence, why must the jews' homeland be in the historic land of Israel? *
because this is where the Jews were born -they did a lot for the community and the land of Israel
the tripartite of protestant reformation
by faith alone, scripture alone, and the priesthood of all believers
Why did anti-Semitism seemingly intensify in Christian Europe in the nineteenth century?
emancipation of the jews? -jews were a minority, accused of conspiracy -war against traditionalists and modernists -competition of jobs: jews were getting jobs over Christians and they were there longer
ghettos
first in venice in 1516 -compromise -pope wanted them there because it would be easier to have priests sent in to convert them
How do the Russian Sabbatarians, who were not Jews, help us better understand the Hasidic movement? (in text) 3 examples
helped spread Jewish ideas and religion. married jews, hired Rabbis, joined Jewish communities
What did Daniel Mendoza's life reveal about masculinity and nationalism?
his boxing symbolized masculinity and nationalism because of the patriotism that went along with it. boxing gave him and jews a certain identity.
according to Israel's declaration of Independence, why do jews need their own homeland?
holocaust (since so many were killed, they need a safe place to go- the holocaust happened just 3 years before)
What's the use of a graphic history? Be sure to take notes on the special presentation/discussion by Professor Christopher Couch
it helps us better understand what happened during that time period. we are able to physically see graphics and illustrations, which helps us visualize what is happening. they also give a lot more detail than words can do.
democide
more inclusive term than genocide -coined by R.H. Rummel -the mass killing of collective groups (not specifically ethnic or racial minorities)
What were some of the consequences of Zionism and the establishment of the State of Israel for Muslims or Arabs?*look at readings sunbar *
palestinians were prisoners to their internal divisions. they were forced to leave because they were beaten
country that converted its entire jewish population to christianity
portugal 1497
early modernity
renaissance 1500-1800 -movement -emergence of individual identity -towards capitalism, industrialization, secularization, rationalization -invention of printing press -for jews: expulsion from Spain, forced conversion, multi-directional global migration, mixing between different jewish communities. time of creativity and cultural production
where did the Eurafrican jewish brotherhood campaign for equal rights
suriname, in 1790s. brotherhood= paths of righteousness (Darhe yesarim) -also aspect of atlantic world -new ethnicities of jews
What are the intellectual consequences of writing about Jewish history solely in terms of anti-Semitism?
the history of jews is so complex, so just focusing on anti-semitism and tragedy takes away the true identity of jews. -loses a lot of aspect of jew's culture, successes, perseverance, creativity
