Journalism Final Exam
Which of the following statements is true about codes of ethics? In the United States, codes of ethics are written by government In the United States, codes of ethics are legally enforceable In the United States, the origins of codes of ethics lie in the colonial era Codes of ethics link abstract ideals to specific practices
Codes of ethics link abstract ideals to specific practices
The false consensus effect, the third person effect, and the availability cascade are examples of: Cognitive biases Mega concepts Normative theories Negative externalities
Cognitive biases
"Journalism in the United States is a formal profession requiring a degree and a license to practice." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"Journalism in the United States is, and always has been, a formal profession." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"Journalism's obligation to the truth doesn't include the necessity to make their stories engaging." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"Legal debates often center on 'freedom to.' Ethical debates often center on 'freedom from.'" Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"One of Silverman's 'Eight Simple Rules for Doing Accurate Journalism' is verification after dissemination." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"Opinion columns, editorials, and op-eds are all terms for the same thing." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"Opinion comprises a much larger section of mainstream newspapers than news." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"Opinion journalism doesn't need to be concerned with facts - that's why it's called opinion journalism." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"Political polarization is decreasing in the United States." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"Prior restraint is, in all instances, unconstitutional. The government may never prevent the press from publishing." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"The ideal of journalism serving democracy was a product of the American Revolution." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"The op-ed section is traditionally the section of the newspaper where reporters are invited to share their opinions about the stories they are reporting on." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"The theory of agenda-setting refers to the ability of journalists to tell their audiences what to think." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"There have been relatively few changes to how journalism is practiced and consumed over the last 25 years." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"There is no difference between 'the public interest' and 'what the public are interested in.'" Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"Unlike many other democracies, there has never been any kind of subsidy directed to news organizations by the U.S. government." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
Question 701 / 1 pts "A journalist's job is simply to report on what a politician says, not to determine if what that politician says is true." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
Question 711 / 1 pts "Every state in the U.S. requires all parties to a phone conversation to consent to being recorded." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
Question 921 / 1 pts "The 19th century saw many high-profile First Amendment cases decided by the Supreme Court that have had deep implications for how we view speech and press freedoms today." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
Which of the following has NOT emerged as a model for funding journalism lately? Non-profit Subscription-based Government-funded Paywalled
Government-funded
In terms of how the First Amendment is written, "no law" does not really mean that Congress shall make no law as courts have identified several exceptions. Which one of the following is NOT an exception? Hate speech Copyright infringement Defamation Misleading commercial advertising
Hate speech
Since the Supreme Court's 1988 __________decision, school officials have had vast power to control the content of student publications, essentially limiting students' First Amendment rights. Jorgenson v. Edgewood Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier Providence v. Cook Williamson v. Straker
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier
Which of the following is not a consequence of "just add water" investigative reporting listed by Kovach and Rosenstiel? It squanders the ability to demand the public's attention It is a direct breach of trust with the audience Exposing what is common sense belittles investigative reporting Tricking viewers who are regularly interested in investigative stories
It is a direct breach of trust with the audience
"Journalists must maintain _______ ______ those they cover." What are the missing words? Community with Compassion towards Independence from Impartiality regarding
Independence from
Journalism's educational role is best illustrated by which of Schudson's functions of news? Information Mobilization Publicizing representative democracy Investigation
Information
Which of the following is a positive externality of journalism? Investigative journalism that increases awareness and reduces public harm Sensationalized journalism coverage of politicians' minor and personal norm violations, while far more important political scandals are overlooked Sins of omission rooted in passivity and incompetence that may incur large social costs Media dissemination of governments' false propaganda (e.g., Iraq's 'weapons of mass destruction' in 2003)
Investigative journalism that increases awareness and reduces public harm
Which of these examples best illustrates the watchdog metaphor of journalism? Movie reviewing Investigative reporting Feature writing Opinion columns
Investigative reporting
Which of the following would NOT be an example of a "true" ethical dilemma? Is it ethical for journalists to invade the privacy of politicians to investigate allegations of unethical conduct? Is it ethical for journalists to reveal their sources in a court of law, breaking a promise of confidentiality? Is it ethical for journalists to publish information that could see a public figure lose their job but would be beneficial to the public? Is it ethical for journalists to plagiarize the work of other journalists?
Is it ethical for journalists to plagiarize the work of other journalists?
Which is these is NOT one of Kovach and Rosenstiel's "elements of journalism"? Journalism's essence is a discipline of verification Journalism must serve as an independent monitor of power Journalism's first loyalty is to advertisers Journalists must keep the news comprehensive and proportional
Journalism's first loyalty is to advertisers
The principle of journalism serving as an independent monitor of power is best associated with which of the following: Journalists working on behalf of the government Journalists creating the conditions for social empathy Journalists acting as watchdogs on powerful social institutions Journalists contextualizing and explaining complex topics and issues
Journalists acting as watchdogs on powerful social institutions
Schudson said that journalists literally make news. What does this mean? Journalists apply analytical thinking when determining newsworthiness, gathering information, and reporting a story Journalists mold the truth to tell the best story Journalists record exactly what happened in the spirit of transparency Journalists gain approval from sources about the direction of a story before it is published
Journalists apply analytical thinking when determining newsworthiness, gathering information, and reporting a story
Which of the following statements is true? Journalists should not vote to ensure they minimize any potential conflict of interest Journalists are expected to stand up for democratic values Journalists must be neutral in all instances Journalists have no obligations to democracy beyond reporting the news
Journalists are expected to stand up for democratic values
All of the following are factors in whether journalism can meet the demands of democracy except: The information environment The climatic environment The economic environment The technological environment
The climatic environment
Which theory of truth asks if the reported facts illuminate a larger truth? The correspondence theory of truth The cultivation theory of truth The coherence theory of truth The cooperation theory of truth
The coherence theory of truth
What do Kovach & Rosenstiel attribute to the rise of "Argument Culture" on television in the 1990s? Television programs like CNN's Crossfire became more popular than evening newscasts The public demanded less compromising in politics Decreasing political partisanship The cost was cheaper than building a reporting infrastructure and delivering news
The cost was cheaper than building a reporting infrastructure and delivering news
Ugland and Henderson contrast "egalitarian" and "expert" models to resolving the question of "who is a journalist?" One of these hails from "the domain of law," the other from "the domain of ethics." Which one hails from the "domain of law"? The egalitarian model The expert model
The egalitarian model
Why might journalists be skeptical - or at least cautious - about a government bill that defines who is and is not a journalist? Journalists benefit from a checks-and-balances dynamic where the government provides a participatory framework of inclusion/exclusion Governmental endorsements of professionalism create protections that ensure freedom of the press The government could use it to prohibit news reported by journalists that it deems critical An alliance between the press and the government supports democratic ideals
The government could use it to prohibit news reported by journalists that it deems critical
What does Michael Schudson describe as a defining difference between a journalist and a propagandist? The journalist will follow the story regardless of its politics implications The journalist will use more audio and visual tools than the propagandist The journalist will interview more people than the propagandist The journalist will be paid more than the propagandist
The journalist will follow the story regardless of its politics implications
The New York Times famously has the slogan "All the news that's fit to print." What is implied by this slogan? The space of the newspaper is limited The cost of the newspaper will be affordable The journalists at the Times have a gatekeeping responsibility in determining what the public need to know Journalists have an obligation to give audiences the content they want
The journalists at the Times have a gatekeeping responsibility in determining what the public need to know
What is the "supreme test" of journalism, according to the Missouri School of Journalism's Founding Dean, Walter Williams? The measure of its public service Its popularity Its freedom The extent to which it is objective
The measure of its public service
"The cognitive biases to which we are all prone as human beings suggest that the 'ideal citizen' model may be something to strive for, but difficult to fully realize." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"The fractured media system and the rise of social media have been attributed as factors contributing to polarization." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"The gradual weakening of media ownership laws has meant that media competition has given way to media consolidation." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"The past decade has been characterized by a growing number of non-profit news organizations." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"The role of opinion in journalism has evolved across time, place, and medium." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"The safety valve theory of the First Amendment holds that limiting restrictions on free speech will make people less likely to resort to violence." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"The term 'ethics' comes from the Greek word 'ethos' meaning character or habit." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"There is limited social scientific evidence to support the claim that there is systematic liberal bias in mainstream journalism." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"Though public (i.e., government) funding for journalism has been a stable and successful model in many other advanced democracies, U.S. journalists have historically been skeptical of this model." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"Though shopping malls are legally private property, some states recognize that they function like traditional town squares so can be treated as public forums for purposes of regulating newsgathering." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"When recording phone calls and conversations, one-party consent allows for the person doing the recording to qualify as the individual giving consent, so long as they are actually participating in the conversation, even if the other individual does not know he or she is being recorded." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"When the Internet first came about, many media organizations used it to give free content to viewers hoping it would entice audiences to get print subscriptions." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"When the concept of objectivity originally migrated from the sciences to journalism, it was not meant to imply that journalists were free of bias." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
Question 891 / 1 pts "Codes of ethics provide the public with standards that they hold journalists accountable to." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
Craft and Davis argue that "journalism" describes the process through which "news" gets made. All of the following are consequential implications of this statement except: "News" is constructed by people who are selecting and confirming and explaining things out in the world "News" can mean different things in different places "Journalism" should not be seen as a conduit of "information" when creating "news" You Answered Treating "news" and "information" or "journalism" and "media" as synonyms is wrong
"Journalism" should not be seen as a conduit of "information" when creating "news"
Which term describes "a specific topic area of news"? A model A pattern A beat A regulator
A beat
According to Michael Schudson, objectivity is all of the following except: An observable pattern of news writing A set of reporting and editing practices A commitment to equal balance in all cases A moral ideal
A commitment to equal balance in all cases
Ryan is ticked off. To make time for more testing, the public school he attends has decided to reduce Spring Break by one day. To protest the school's decision, he publishes a one-page flyer that says "Spring Break Rules! Testing Drools." As he has seen many other community activists do before, he takes his flyers to Speakers' Circle, where he peacefully offers copies to passersby. Which of the following acts probably violates Ryan's First Amendment rights? A police officer orders Ryan to stop distribution and go home A local merchant, an ardent support of testing, angrily rips the flyers out of Ryan's hands and shreds them Ryan's employer at a private business, embarrassed by the all the controversy he has caused, confiscates the flyers and fires him All of these would be likely violations of Ryan's First Amendment rights
A police officer orders Ryan to stop distribution and go home
Which of the following would best meet the definition of a pseudo-event? An economic recession A protest against the President A press conference A natural disaster
A press conference
"The development of formal qualifications based upon education, apprenticeship, and examinations, the emergence of regulatory bodies with powers to admit and discipline members, and some degree of monopoly rights" characterizes what concept? An industry A profession An occupation A trade
A profession
What does a "social contract" refer to? A famous report into journalistic ethics in the 1940s None of these options A set of unwritten rules spelling out what one party ought to do for the other A legally binding document involving at least seven parties
A set of unwritten rules spelling out what one party ought to do for the other
Which of the following best corresponds with the journalistic function of generating social empathy? A story about the decline of manufacturing jobs and its effect on one Ohio family An interactive explanatory story about how the electoral college works A report about the latest poll in the Democratic Party's presidential primaries A review of the latest Avengers movie
A story about the decline of manufacturing jobs and its effect on one Ohio family
Which of the following would be the best example of a "hard news" story? A "news you can use" piece about ways to improve your personal finances A story about the latest developments in the Presidential impeachment process A story about a celebrity scandal A story about a new restaurant opening in Columbia
A story about the latest developments in the Presidential impeachment process
"Structural biases" in journalism we should be concerned about include all of the following except: Commercial bias Temporal bias Accuracy bias Visual bias
Accuracy bias
Which of these is an example of a journalistic "externality"? A politician responding to allegations of sexual harassment made by a former employee A story on the war in Yemen becoming a trending topic on Twitter Additional funds being allocated to local infrastructure as a result of a news story on poor road conditions The closure of a local restaurant due to health code violations discovered by city public health workers
Additional funds being allocated to local infrastructure as a result of a news story on poor road conditions
How can engagement be measured? All of these options "Likes" and comments Time spent on the site Social media sharing
All of these options
What journalistic purpose do letters to the editor serve? Stirring debate on key issues Promoting and broadening public communication All of these options Providing audiences with a means of giving feedback to journalists about their work
All of these options
Which of the following statements is true? Journalism can lead to policy and social change Journalism shapes the public agenda All of these options Journalism shapes public debate and discussion
All of these options
Which of the following would be an example of a conflict of interest? "Checkbook journalism" Reporting about a company you own shares in All of these options Receiving a gift from a source
All of these options
Why should we be concerned about the trends of consolidation, conglomeration, and integration in media? It is unhealthy for a small number of voices to dominate the marketplace of ideas In a free market society, you need competition to have a functioning market All of these options There is growing loss of local news coverage
All of these options
Which of these is NOT on Silverman's list of rules for doing accurate journalism? "If something seems too good to be true, it probably is" "People will forget who got it first, but they remember who got it wrong" "Failure sucks but instructs" All of these options are on his list
All of these options are on his list
Which of the following statements is true? Walter Williams believed that journalism is "a public trust" All of these options are true Schudson identifies "six or seven" functions that journalism takes on in a democratic society Craft and Davis identify three main metaphors for thinking about journalism's role in a democracy
All of these options are true
Which of the following has NOT been identified by social scientists as a consequence of social media? An increase in democratic participation Increasing the pace of the news cycle The deepening of "echo chambers" where we only consume information that conforms to our existing opinions False stories and hoaxes going viral
An increase in democratic participation
In news economics, for journalism to be "publicly funded" it would receive revenue through any/all of the following means, except for: A charge on a utility bill Taxation An individual subscription An annual fee levied by the government
An individual subscription
Which of these best illustrates the marketplace metaphor of journalism? An opinion section providing a range of political perspectives for readers A report into political corruption Breaking news about a local shooting The sports section
An opinion section providing a range of political
What arguments does Matthew Ingram make in his article on defining journalism? Answer All of these options Defining journalism is easier said than done You Answered That the main focus ought to be on protecting journalism rather than figuring out who qualifies as a journalist That bloggers ought to be considered journalists and have the same legal protections
Answer All of these options
Which of these is not a principle source of pressure, as stated by Kovach & Rosenstiel, for the verification process upon the commodification of news media? The temptation to publish immediately to break the story first The impulse to publish news simply because it's already out there The temptation to publish immediately because something can always be corrected later None of these options
Answer The temptation to publish immediately to break the story first
Earmarks of journalistic quality include all of the following except: Appeasing all concerned stakeholders Demonstrating willingness to retract, correct, and apologize when warranted Identifying sources whenever possible Pursuing evidence counter to your hunches and preferences
Appeasing all concerned stakeholders
The practical application of ethical principles to guide practice in specific domains such as journalism, business, or medicine is known as: Virtue ethics Meta-ethics Normative ethics Applied ethics
Applied ethics
What reason does John Oliver offer to explain why he doesn't view himself as a journalist? Because he views his show as comedy Because he has never worked for a newspaper None of these options Because he does not have a journalism degree
Because he views his show as comedy
Why is "the media" a meaningless term? Because by compartmentalizing a complex industry, the term increases understanding Because it is overly broad, capturing journalistic and non-journalistic actors Because it enhances nuance Because it reduces uncertainty
Because it is overly broad, capturing journalistic and non-journalistic actors
Why does thinking about journalism in normative terms give the field coherence? Because subjectivity is generally viewed as more reliable than objectivity Because varying expectations of what journalism should be creates meaningful civic discussion Because values and journalism do not mesh well with one another Because journalism fulfills many social and democratic needs, giving the field a sense of purpose
Because journalism fulfills many social and democratic needs, giving the field a sense of purpose
Why would a letters section of a newspaper be described as an "orchestrated public forum"? Because it is well known that politicians and other influential people write fake letters to newspapers to influence their agenda Because the likelihood of the letters being by real members of the public is very slim Because, ultimately, the letters are selected for publication by journalists Because they are selected using an algorithm
Because, ultimately, the letters are selected for publication by journalists
The stronger the political partisan you are, the more likely you are to: Appreciate the perspective of those with opposing political views Seek compromise and moderation Consume a wide variety of media sources Believe the media is biased against your "side"
Believe the media is biased against your "side"
Which of these would be an example of "legacy media"? Deadspin BuzzFeed CNN ProPublica
CNN
Which famous journalist says that journalists should aspire to reach "the best obtainable version of the truth," which was highlighted in class as a particularly strong definition? Edward R. Murrow Carl Bernstein Nellie Bly Anderson Cooper
Carl Bernstein
Kovach and Rosenstiel describe journalism as an act of: Individuality God Expression Character
Character
What concept/movement is associated with the dissolution of the boundary between journalists and audience members? Citizen journalism Advocacy journalism Data journalism Reciprocal journalism
Citizen journalism
Which of the following statements is true? Conditions of press freedom vary even among democracies The Second Amendment spells out the legal protections of journalists in the United States There are no constraints on journalists in the United States There are no threats to, or harassment of, journalists in non-democracies
Conditions of press freedom vary even among democracies
A clash between President Donald Trump and Speaker Nancy Pelosi could be deemed newsworthy because it aligns with which of the following news values? Conflict Proximity Novelty Timeliness
Conflict
"The combination of trustworthiness and expertise that makes us more or less likely to believe or rely on what a source of information tells us." What term is this a definition of? Credibility Validity Parsimony Simplicity
Credibility
Which of the following is not a metaphor articulated by Craft and Davis in the first chapter of their book? Mirror Curator Watchdog Marketplace
Curator
If journalism is not helping members of the public discuss issues of shared concern, which democratic need are they not fulfilling? Information dissemination Accountability Deliberation and conflict resolution Representation
Deliberation and conflict resolution
Which of the following statements is true? Journalism does not fulfill any democratic needs We can only determine the value of journalism by its sales Democracy provides a framework that journalists can operate within Michael Schudson says journalism cannot function in non-democracies at all
Democracy provides a framework that journalists can operate within
Which term describes "original stories that rely on sources cultivated by journalists"? Op-eds Enterprise stories Pseudo-events Advocacy journalism
Enterprise stories
Ugland and Henderson contrast "egalitarian" and "expert" models to resolving the question of "who is a journalist?" What does the egalitarian approach emphasize? The responsibility of journalists to tell the whole story The public forum role of the press Equal access to rights and privileges The unique proficiencies and duties of media professionals
Equal access to rights and privileges
A major national study of how "good work" is defined across occupations, including journalism, found that good work is found at the intersection of which of these? Creativity, cooperation, and confidence Excellence, ethics, and engagement Application, ability, and advocacy Fairness, frankness, and fearlessness
Excellence, ethics, and engagement
"If a journalist behaves unethically, their news organization should never share the blame." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"It is extremely easy to win a defamation suit against a news organization in the United States." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
All of the following are components of Westerstahl's model of objectivity except: Expediency Relevance Neutral presentation Impartiality
Expediency
"A basic premise of the First Amendment is that the power of the press should be harnessed in service of the government." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"A bias toward what attracts viewers or readers is known as a temporal bias." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"According to Kovach and Rosenstiel, balance is a foundational principle of journalism." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"According to Kovach and Rosenstiel, neutrality is a core journalistic value." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"According to Kovach and Rosenstiel, news with a point of view cannot be considered journalism." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"According to Neil Postman, the advantages and disadvantages of new technologies are always distributed evenly." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"As long as I do not identify somebody by name, I can never be found guilty of defamation." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"Being in a one-party consent state means you can record a conversation between two people not involving you. The consent in this case is given by you, the person making the recording." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"Codes of ethics are legal guidelines documenting how journalists should operate." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"Despite popular belief, the word press does not actually appear in the text of the First Amendment." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"Digital startups like Gawker, Deadpan, The Root, Jezebel, and Refinery29 are notable for their strong commitment to objectivity." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
"From 2004 to 2018, the total number of U.S. newspapers increased." Is this statement true or false? True False
False
Voice of San Diego, Honolulu Civil Beat, and Greater Greater Washington were cited as examples of which emerging type of journalism? Advocacy journalism Citizen journalism Alternative journalism Hyperlocal journalism
Hyperlocal journalism
Which of the following would be a positive externality of journalism? Greater job satisfaction among journalists Increased voter turnout Greater profit for the news organization A more polarized electorate
Increased voter turnout
Which of the following statements is true? It is appropriate and expected for opinion columnists to be subjective rather than objective Editorials run with a writer's byline The op-ed section of newspapers was devised in the 1990s Very few commentators and columnists have experience as reporters
It is appropriate and expected for opinion columnists to be subjective rather than objective
All of the following are reasons why journalism matters except: It links us to the world beyond direct experience It is the official fourth branch of government in the United States It can lead to policy and social change It shapes perceptions of the issues and people it covers
It is the official fourth branch of government in the United States
What do we mean when we say that what journalism does for democracy "affirms its legitimacy"? It links journalism to the vitality of public life It puts pressure on politicians to pass a federal shield law It weakens the bond between journalists and the public It boosts journalists' self-confidence
It links journalism to the vitality of public life
Which of the following does NOT describe the "market model" approach to journalism? The purpose is to generate profit It treats its audience members as citizens rather than consumers The public interest is whatever the public are interested in Journalism should be deregulated
It treats its audience members as citizens rather than consumers
Who became a symbol for freedom of the press in 1734 when truth was used in his defense against charges of libel? Alexander Campbell Fraser John Peter Zenger Daniel Boone Robert Morris
John Peter Zenger
What makes "journalism" different from "information"? Journalism adds context and provides clarity to the information provided Information is constructed whereas journalism "happens" Journalism is simply the act of obtaining information Information and journalism are interchangeable terms for the same concept
Journalism adds context and provides clarity to the information provided
"You can eat an apple (a private good), making it unavailable for others, but reading a news story about apple production does not prevent others from consuming that story." This analogy illustrates what concept? The market model Journalism as a public good The social empathy function of the press Objectivity
Journalism as a public good
Which of the following best meets the definition of citizen journalism? Journalism about the decisions made by citizens in a democracy Journalism that caters to citizens' needs and interests Journalism produced by legacy media Journalism produced by citizens with no formal affiliation to an established news outlet
Journalism produced by citizens with no formal affiliation to an established news outlet
All of the following are core functions of journalism in a democracy except: Journalism helps generate social empathy Journalism serves the needs of its owners Journalism informs, analyzes, interprets, and explains Journalism creates a public conversation
Journalism serves the needs of its owners
Which of the following statements is true? There is no meaningful difference between journalism and other media outputs, such as advertising, film, and public relations It is unimportant to hold journalists to a high standard Journalists in some states have special legal protections not afforded other citizens Defining journalism and drawing boundaries around it is very straightforward
Journalists in some states have special legal protections not afforded other citizens
According to Kovach & Rosenstiel, the principle of journalism serving as an independent monitor of power means that: Journalists must work on behalf of the government Journalists must contextualize and explain Journalists must act as watchdogs on powerful social institutions Journalists must create the conditions for social empathy
Journalists must act as watchdogs on powerful social institutions
The duty of fidelity calls us to: Ensure that people get what they deserve Show appreciation for others Keep our promises Avoid harming others
Keep our promises
The BBC refers to its main method of funding as a: Positive externality License fee Utility fee Broadcasting tax
License fee
Which of the following statements is true? All of these options are true Six corporations own the vast majority of broadcasting, cable, and book publishing companies Local television news has fewer and fewer owners The newspaper market is dominated by large corporations
Local television news has fewer and fewer owners
It has been said that the emergence of the Internet saw the media system shift from a "one-to-many" to a __________ model. Me-to-you Many-to-one All-to-all Many-to-many
Many-to-many
The claim that "censorship roots out bad ideas" is most antithetical to which First Amendment theory? Individual self-fulfillment Safety valve Marketplace of ideas Self-governance
Marketplace of ideas
Walter Lippmann said that journalists should aspire to "unity of _____, rather than of aim," regarding objectivity and the application of the scientific method to journalism? Method Principle Correspondence Bias
Method
What journalistic function is most strongly associated with partisan news magazines like National Review, American Conservative, Jacobin, and The Nation? Mobilization Analysis Investigation Social empathy
Mobilization
Which Supreme Court case made it more difficult for a plaintiff to win a defamation suit, stating, "There is a profound national commitment to the principle that debate on public issues should be uninhibited, robust, and wide open, and that it may well include vehement, caustic, and sometimes unpleasantly sharp attacks on government and public officials"? FCC v. Pacifica (1978) New York Times v. United States (1971) New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) Near v. Minnesota (1931)
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)
In the context of information vs. news, all of the following are true of news except? None of these options News is constructed to inform, first and foremost, by bringing meaning and context to an event News and information are synonymous; there is no distinction between the two News is a product, created by journalists
News and information are synonymous; there is no distinction between the two
The individual in a broadcast newsroom responsible for assigning news stories is the: Copy editor Anchor Owner News director
News director
How journalists determine which events and information are important to cover as news and how to cover them is known as what? Balance News judgment Impartiality Loyalty
News judgment
What does the "Craigslist Effect" refer to? The launch of Craigslist causing a credibility issue for newspapers Newspapers' loss of classified advertising revenue The launch of Craigslist boosting interesting in newspapers The shift of digital audiences to print media
Newspapers' loss of classified advertising revenue
Which of the following statements is true? Newsroom climate is an important consideration in ethical decision-making A positive organization culture discourages innovation When something unethical occurs in a newsroom, it is only ever the fault of a individual journalist The New York Times bore no responsibility for the Jayson Blair scandal
Newsroom climate is an important consideration in ethical decision-making
"Ethics" is the same as: Law Religion Feelings None of these options
None of these options
Which of the following has sometimes been referred to legacy media's "original sin" regarding the Internet? Not taking the Internet seriously as a potential force for change Not calling for more regulation of the amount of pornography on the Internet Corporate media executives using the Internet for criminal purposes Placing too much faith in the Internet to solve journalism's revenue problems
Not taking the Internet seriously as a potential force for change
Which of the following is NOT a common principle found across journalistic codes of ethics? Independence Minimizing harm Objectivity Truthfulness
Objectivity
A feature story about a homeless veteran that illuminates the wider problems veterans face in the United States best illustrates which of Schudson's functions of news? Analysis Information Mobilization Social empathy
Social empathy
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the relationship between "public needs" and "private needs"? So-called "soft news" can in fact be an important source of diversion, entertainment, and problem resolution Magazines like Men's Health, Vogue, and Eating Well may not directly serve democracy in the same way as daily newspapers but they do fulfill important needs for their audiences The term "public needs" refers to journalism that serves democracy beyond readerships while the term "private needs" refers to journalism that serves individual readers Only hard news provides meaningful content to aid readers in their daily decision-making
Only hard news provides meaningful content to aid readers in their daily decision-making
What does the term "op-ed" mean? Opinion editorial Opposite editorial Opposite edition Opinion edition
Opposite editorial
If a journalist considers the potential positive and negative consequences of a story they are working on, which approach to ethics are they applying? Character-based Duty-based Outcome-based Care-based
Outcome-based
Early U.S. journalism can be best described as which of the following? Investigative Partisan Analytical Commercial
Partisan
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an organization with a "positive climate"? There is a sense of cohesion and working toward shared goals Innovation is encouraged People have as little autonomy over their work as possible People are recognized for their work
People have as little autonomy over their work as possible
The sociologist C. Wright Mills talks about the connection between "private troubles" and "public issues." Which of Schudson's functions of news does this best illustrate? Mobilization Social empathy Investigation Analysis
Social empathy
Which concept refers to when the government seeks to stop the press from publishing? Libel Intrusion Defamation Prior restraint
Prior restraint
Based upon the First Amendment, all of the following are guaranteed freedoms except: Peaceful assembly Religion Privacy Press
Privacy
Which of the following is NOT on Schudson's list of functions news serves for democracy? Analysis Investigation Protest Social empathy
Protest
The opinion section of a newspaper best fits which of Schudson's seven functions? Investigation Provision of a public forum Information Social empathy
Provision of a public forum
Which of the following statements is true about how journalists should pursue balance? Rather than pursuing balance for its own sake, journalists should strive to achieve the correct balance or weighting of perspectives None of these options Journalists should strive for two perspectives and balance them equally Kovach and Rosenstiel say that balance is a fundamental journalistic objective
Rather than pursuing balance for its own sake, journalists should strive to achieve the correct balance or weighting of perspectives
If a politician claims that a tax cut has had a particular effect, which of these options best describes how journalists should respond? Not report the claim at all Report but also verify the claim Report the claim None of these options
Report but also verify the claim
Which of the following statements is true? Research shows us that a sense of duty is central to journalistic identity Newer journalistic voices like Jezebel and Deadspin are strong advocates of objectivity in journalism Journalists have traditionally been strong supporters of the value of letters to the editor sections All of these options
Research shows us that a sense of duty is central to journalistic identity
Which of the following statements is true? Slander is written and libel is spoken Slander is considered defamation but libel is not Slander is spoken and libel is written Slander is not considered defamation but libel is
Slander is spoken and libel is written
Free speech as an intrinsic good aligns most closely with which First Amendment theory? self-fulfillment Marketplace of ideas Self-governance Safety valve
Self-governance
Which First Amendment theory is distinct in that it treats the First Amendment as a listener's right, rather than a speaker's right? self-fulfillment None of these options Marketplace of ideas Self-governance
Self-governance
Question 420 / 1 pts State laws that articulate the right of journalists to withhold the identities of their sources in a court of law are referred to as: Privacy laws Shield laws None of these options Libel laws
Shield laws
Which of the following is NOT one of the "big six" that owns the vast majority of broadcasting, cable, and book publishing companies? Sinclair AT&T Disney Comcast
Sinclair
What does Neil Postman mean when he says that all technical change is a "Faustian bargain"? Technology has a limited impact on society in general Technology allows for greater exposure to diverse opinions Technology's impact on society is generally limited to economic matters Technology changes society in both good and bad ways
Technology changes society in both good and bad ways
A "digital startup" refers to a news company: That predates the Internet era That was founded in the Internet era That has a print presence as well as online None of these options
That was founded in the Internet era
The emergence of journalism schools and codes of ethics is linked to: The birth of U.S. journalism The "professionalization" of journalism The birth of the Internet age None of these options
The "professionalization" of journalism
What was the informal name of the Commission that studied the condition of press freedom in the 1940s? The Williams Commission The Hutchins Commission The Pulitzer Commission The Reynolds Commission
The Hutchins Commission
Which of these is an example of "interpretive investigative reporting," as stated by Kovach & Rosenstiel? The Pentagon Papers The Watergate Investigation The Mueller Report The Panama Papers
The Pentagon Papers
Which news organization instituted the very first paywall in 1997? National Public Radio The Wall Street Journal The New York Times USA Today
The Wall Street Journal
According to the "inverted pyramid" model of reporting, what information is supposed to go at the top of a news story? The most important information about an event The information that expands the topic Extra, interesting information None of these options
The most important information about an event
What distinguishes the U.S. media system from those of other advanced democracies? The near-absence of public (i.e., state, government) funding of journalism in the U.S. The amount of arts coverage in U.S. journalism is greater than can be found in other countries The dominance of public (i.e., state, government) funding of journalism in the U.S. The U.S. is noted for its more minimalist approach to freedom of speech
The near-absence of public (i.e., state, government) funding of journalism in the U.S.
What is the core idea expressed in the term "democracy"? Only the wealthy should rule Only the wise should rule There should be regular elections The people are sovereign
The people are sovereign
"The god term of journalism - the be-all and end-all, the term without which the entire enterprise fails to make sense." What term is journalism historian James Carey referring to? The truth The public Justice The facts
The public
When we focus on journalism and democracy, we are focusing on what journalism does for whom? Their readers The government The public The economy
The public
What point does economist Robert McChesney make about the relationship between supply and demand? Supply always determines demand The relationship between supply and demand is complex None of these options Demand always determines supply
The relationship between supply and demand is complex
What did the journalistic reformers of the early twentieth century seek to model journalism on? French newspaper Toulmin's model of argument The scientific method The partisan press
The scientific method
In newsroom parlance, what is meant by "the wall" and "the separation of church and state"? All of these options The separation of news and business/advertising departments The separation of hard news stories from feature stories The separation of broadcast news platforms from print news platforms
The separation of news and business/advertising departments
According to Kovach and Rosenstiel, journalism's "first obligation" is to what? The country The story The truth Other journalists
The truth
What is journalism's "first obligation" to, according to Kovach and Rosenstiel? The truth Their editors Their gut feeling The First Amendment
The truth
In the context of journalism, what are externalities? The circulation rates of a newspaper in a given community The wider effects, whether positive or negative, of a story on those who are uninvolved in it Factors that shape the reporting of a story unrelated to the story itself The relationships among editors, journalists, sources, and audience members
The wider effects, whether positive or negative, of a story on those who are uninvolved in it
There has been a significant increase in the number of news organizations operating as non-profits. What is a characteristic of a non-profit? They are generally rare They are legally forbidden from collecting any revenue They are organized for charitable, scientific, religious, or public safety purposes They are in fact allowed to make a profit so long as that money is donated to charity
They are organized for charitable, scientific, religious, or public safety purposes
What is the significance of newspaper titles like Herald, Chronicle, or Defender? They communicate a newspaper's values and relationship with its audience They are strategically chosen to maximize sales None of these options They make the journalists working at these newspapers feel good about themselves
They communicate a newspaper's values and relationship with its audience
What do Craft and Davis point out sets journalists apart from other mass media communicators? They provide information They advertise products to people They verify information, not just gather or distribute it They require a license to practice
They verify information, not just gather or distribute it
Which of these is a principal objective of a newspaper's "op-ed" section? To broaden the range and types of voices readers are exposed to, particularly those of non-journalists To allow the opinion columnists on the newspaper's full-time staff to share their views on issues To highlight the newspaper's institutional stance on issues To break news
To broaden the range and types of voices readers are exposed to, particularly those of non-journalists
What, according to Kovach and Rosenstiel, is the primary purpose of journalism? To be objective To improve people's understandings of democracy and how it works To provide citizens with the information they need to be free and self-governing To help people make wise decisions
To provide citizens with the information they need to be free and self-governing
What do Kovach & Rosenstiel identify as key to creating a better "discipline of verification"? Impartiality Fairness Balance Transparency
Transparency
Craft and Davis offer a definition of journalism: "Journalism is a set of ________, independent procedures aimed at gathering, verifying, and reporting ________ information of consequence to citizens in a democracy." What are the missing words? Stable; truthful Transparent; accurate Transparent; truthful Institutional; honest
Transparent; truthful
"A newspaper editorial explicitly articulates the views of the newspaper as an organization." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"A perfect duty refers to a duty that should be practiced in all circumstances, while an imperfect duty refers to a duty that should be practiced whenever possible." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"According to Kovach and Rosenstiel, journalists must make the significant interesting and relevant." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"Flag burning, clothing, and political donations are considered forms of symbolic speech and thus fall under First Amendment protection." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"If an online forum such as Facebook or Twitter deletes one of your comments or your posts, the company is not guilty of violating your First Amendments rights." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"In a traditional print newsroom, the person responsible for proofreading, fact-checking, and writing headlines and captions is known as a copy editor." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"It is generally considered unhealthy for a handful of individual companies to wield so much control over the flow of ideas." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"Journalism, according to Craft and Davis, is a set of transparent, independent procedures aimed at gathering, verifying, and reporting truthful information of consequence to citizens in a democracy." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"Journalists have frequently been accused of partisan bias by political figures seeking to delegitimize critical journalism." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"Many European countries have laws regulating or prohibiting hate speech." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"News economics can be considered a press freedom issue because they directly affect the ability of journalists to do their jobs." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"One of the problems with the economics of targeting demographics is that marginalized communities have often been ignored." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"Open meetings laws operate according to the philosophy that the people's business should be conducted openly." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"Opinion journalism is a good complement to news but not a substitute for it." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"Partisanship refers to the commitment and psychological connection an individual has to a political party." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"Professor Mark Horvit referred to investigative journalism as a state of mind rather than a specific genre of journalism." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"Roy Peter Clark and Chip Scanlan say that effective newswriting is found at the intersection of civic clarity, the information citizens need to function, and literary grace." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"Some of the reasons why journalism falls short of serving the public are haste, ignorance, laziness, and lack of skill." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
"The U.S. model of journalism operates mostly in private hands as a commercial enterprise." Is this statement true or false? True False
True
A discipline of which of the following is said by Kovach and Rosenstiel to be the "essence" of journalism? Verification Fearlessness Objectivity Impartiality
Verification
According to Kovach & Rosenstiel, the discipline of _____ is what separates journalism from entertainment, propaganda, fiction, or art. Transparency Verification Objectivity Affirmation
Verification
If the University of Missouri decided that as a general rule it would only allow liberal and left-wing speakers on campus and ban conservative and right-wing speakers, what First Amendment principle would they be in violation of? Viewpoint neutrality Time, place, and manner restrictions Hate speech Defamation
Viewpoint neutrality
Journalism that promotes accountability on the part of the powerful is often referred to as what? English bulldog journalism Police dog journalism Watchdog journalism Lapdog journalism
Watchdog journalism
How does MU faculty member and former Columbia Missourian editor Mike Jenner describe the newspaper's reporting that revealed that police departments, hospitals and crime labs follow inconsistent procedures for testing and cataloging DNA evidence gathered in sexual assault examinations? Constructive reporting Opinionated reporting Watchdog reporting Solutions reporting
Watchdog reporting
What issue does the case of Oregon-based "investigative blogger" Crystal Cox raise? What is the social empathy function of the press? Who is journalist? Should journalists be objective? Should journalists vote?
Who is journalist?
Which of the following does Michael Schudson identify as a key indicator of journalistic quality? Willingness to retract, correct, and apologize Pursuing the truth even when it invades people's privacy Balancing all stories with two sides Making a profit
Willingness to retract, correct, and apologize
Complete the text of the First Amendment (answers must be in the correct order): "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of ________, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of __________, or of _________; or the right of the people peaceably to __________, and to __________ the Government for a redress of grievances." speech...the press...religion...assemble...petition religion...the press...speech...petition...assemble the press...religion...speech....petition....assemble religion...speech...the press...assemble...petition
religion...speech...the press...assemble...petition