Journalism Final

Columbia journalism school

" to be an investigative journalist you need to have a low threshold of indignation"

the teletypesetter (1928)

meaning distance type setting used a perforated strip of paper that could be read by a receiving machine -the fotosetter (1950) was technology of phototypesetting: a font disc would be used to select the type and then it would be photographed and later photo engraved into an aluminum plate -and then computers came along -first with MS DOS based software like Newslayout and PC news -and later with "desktop publishing" programs like QuarkXpress and more recently Adobe's InDesign

data visualization

proto info graphics: a combo of image and textual info -the first infographics in journalism: ex: house of Mr. blight shows how someone broke into the house and killed him -

pan

rotates the camera left or right while remaining in a fixed location -can be used to reveal info

the camera roll

rotation that turns the camera on its long axis while maintaining the direction of its tense -disorienting, upsetting our sense of equilibrium -can match character movements in moments of panic -can visually reinforce a team

the grid

skeleton that holds the flesh

out

the last few words of an audio insert written as a warning that it si about to end -the technical will play the sound bit when you get to one party -usually you write the 3 final words of the sound bit so that you get ready to speak -running order: list of items within a program giving titles and durations

headline

the big type, written by copy editors, that summarizes the story -straight headlines (for news stories) they simply relate the main topic of the story (ex: teen drug use rising dangerously panel warns) -feature headlines: headlines for some unusual or amusing stories don't have a meaning. It is often necessary to read the story to understand the headline

customer contract magazines

these are kind of dying bc of the internet -if you sign up for a given service you would get a magazine periodically

mechanisms to enforce or guarantee the application of objectivity

-education and training (separate values into facts) -insulation from the public (from collective passions)

consumer magazines

-eg vogue -general info magazines (ex: Atlantic)

-informal poses vs. formal poses

humble ppl vs dignities + officials

the underground magazine

-OZ: british psychedelia

daguerreotype

-no copies were possible

illustrative infographics

-to explain something graphically with illustrations

7 basic design principles

1. balance: can be symmetrical or asymmetrical (can call readers attention to one particular part) 2. proportions 3. contrast: can refer to color or size 4. harmony: usually refers to the color palette, if you want to confer personality to your publication use the same colors, can also come from the symmetric spain 5. rythm: introduce lines of movement , or arrows indicating how things happen 6. focus: can manipulate where ppl pay attention to by change or having some parts of the infographic be darker or bigger 7. Unity: uniform color pallet 8. differences by level of audience interaction

defining infographics

1. in computer science = animations and CGI (many yrs ago infographics used to refer to images generated by a computer) 2. in journalism= the combo of text and image to clearly explain and in detail a phenomenon or event -neologism: information graphics > infographics -used way before computers existed b. existed nearly as old as humanity itself with pictographs etc

font

a font is a set of a complete alphabet in regular, italic or bold face styles

the traditional business model

based on the idea that the news companies are intermediaries in markets -if you wanted to buy something (a flat for example) you would go to newspapers to see what is available -now it is dif, you go directly to portals: ex: idealista -advertising would make copies cheaper for the people to buy, advertising would cover most of the cost of producing and distributing the newspaper (u have to pay for niche publications that do not appeal to the masses) -now thanks to the internet, advertizers can reach consumers directly without intermediaries

newspaper formats

broadsheet, Berliner, tabloid -tabloids are roughly half the size of broad sheets. If you turn a broadsheet page sideways and fold it you create 2 tabloid pages

slow pan

builds anticipation

box plots

by greatly compressing all of the at it is possible to show differences within a group and between a group at the same time

pushing

camera moves closer toward an object -can elevate the tension

tilt

directs the camera up and down -captures the verticality of a films world -can reveal info like a character setting or scale

crash zoom

fast zoom -usesd for dramatic or comedic effect

Z

modern swastica, new symbol in the Russian Cold War

VU meter

the arrow tells you if the sound is ok or if it is being saturated

2 classic specializations in magazines:

women and young people

Section 20 professional secrecy

"It is the right journalist have to not reveal their sources of information and keep the secrecy of their personal notes, recorded tapes and other reporting material " -(the right of journalists to not reveal their sources) -if the police is investigating someone you interviewed and asks for your notes, you can say no -it is mentioned in the Spanish constitution but has not been developed -some proposals to limit journalist professional secrecy (when a journalist is required as a witness in a murder trial; when a journalist knows about sensitive matters related to national security) -psychologists, lawyers and priests also have this -it is up to a judge to define who is a journalist (whistleblower= a source for a journalist)

dolly zoom

-uses both a dolly movement and then a zoom in to create a vertigo effect (causes the subject to be prominent) -or dolly in while zooming out (causes the background to be prominent)

the first photo-interview

1886 -babelia

war reporting: Hersh

- a renowned investigative reporter, Hersh looks into the many reasons why a detachment of the US Army massacred the civilians at a village in my lai (Vietnam) in 1968 -he recovers the violence of those moments from the soldiers own accounts: for them the Vietnamese were not human -his reports made Americans distrustful of their military hierarchy (a breakdown in the identity of the wee) -he revealed for the New Yorker the abusses of Abu Ghraib

a moment of ephimany

- prof studying in Chicago when to post office with lots of books to send home, needed paper, saw vending machines with free paper to stuff his boxes -someone had paid to have their paper for free

better than fiction

-"in cold blood" -truman Capote, New Yorker (1965) -considered the first non-fiction novel -it was published initially as a series of feature articles in the New Yorker magazine. It deals with the assasination of the chapter family in Kansas by 2 wanderers, Dick Hickock and Perry Smith -polemic aspects (some ppl say this book is too much): reconstruction of the conversations that the author did not witness after witness statements -use of interior monologues -emotional closeness between Capote and the killers -the book involved extensive research, it took him 6 years to write it, his documents included letters, newspaper clips, police files, even one of the personal objects of the killers Perry smith -instant success when published as a book -the movie was published just after the book -harper lee was super involved in the research + getting interviews for the book

origins and the historical evolution of this ideal

-1830: the penny press is the first press that depends on people rather than on the commercial or political elites -1880s: the figure of the professional journalist is born -1890s: benchmark (nonsensational press is born) -1920s: the ideal of objectivity in journalism crystallizes as a reaction against world war 1 propaganda and the surge of the PR -1930s-1950s: golden age of objective journalism -1960s-1970s: critical relations: new journalism and investigative reporting -1990s: civic journalism: aims at improving the quality of public life (more and better public debate)

technical innovations in magazines

-1880: photogravure (photo engraving) -1895: half tone technique of reproducing images -1860: Lithography -photography becomes common in magazines in the early 20th century -avant garde movements inspired magazine design, first place for experimentation -expression of innovation in arts -ex: dadaism (the expression of any random thought) -ex: constructivism (photomontage) -ex: Bauhaus movement (1921-1931)

pieman fellowships (Harvard university)

-1936: endowment by Agnes W. Neiman of $1 million -instead of creating a school of journalism Walter Lippmann suggested the creation of one year fellowship for journalists to improve their education -the fellowship program begins

television in spain

-1956-1963: the beginnings of TVE (3 hour broad cast 9pm to midnight) -1957: first national newscast "telediario" -1964-1975: consolidation of TVE -1965: TVE-2UHF begins its trial broadcasts -1972: first broadcast in color -1976- 1982: democratization of TVE -1976: first political debates -1990-2010: private and thematic Tv channels (cuatro is born, la setsta, digital is shut down

contemporary understanding of infographics came along in the 1980s with the pioneering by the post television daily called USA Today

-1st nationwide daily newspaper due to satellites and relaying of info -designed for most who got info from television so it was a very visual friendly newspaper (each section was identified by dif colors) -published an infographic everyday called the (USA Today snapshots) -also sometimes included them in other news stories -the new york times was still publishing in black and whit but they also started using computers for infographics (ex: the infographic on the invasion of Grenada)

1830: the penny press

-2 contributions of the penny press to the objective ideal, -the press becomes popular bc it no longer depends from commercial or political elites -it is the first press that prioritizes info (stories) over opinion (editorials) -until the 1830s decade there were 2 kinds of newspapers: commercial (linked to port cities, ej Boston daily advertiser) -political (funded by political parties or candidates -common features (expensive, 6 cents of a dollar, sold by annual subscriptions (between $8-10), readers belonged to commercial or political elites

1880s: the professional journalist is born

-2 journalistic cultures: moralists vs cynics -moralists (reformers) > expose corruption (muckrakers) -cynics> do not pretend to change the world -stark realist style

-1890s: the dailies of record are born

-2 ways of understanding journalism: as entertainment (sensational press: Joseph pulitzer's New York World)--> special attention to local news, crime, high society notes; big headlines, more illustrations and a lead paragraph to attract middle class and the immigrants (40% of NYC population in 1890) -as information (benchmark press: the New York Times, bought by adolph Ochs in 1896)--> special attention to business and political news, national and international, avoids sensationalism; its reading is a mark of status. It is the newspaper of the wealthy classes and that of those who aspire to become wealthy

employment status of journalists in spain

-30,000 active journalists in Spain -9,900 jobless journalists in spain (78% increase in just one year) -approximate salaries: with collective agreement 2,500 euros a month, without collective agreement circa 1,000 euros a month -less than 15% of journalists continue to work on the first media outlet in which they began their professional career -absolute dedication to the profession -1/4 of journalists work for more than one outlet

reasons why u became a journalist

-50 % says bc they like writing -others also say : you may change society; it gives u much personal autonomy; I like the lifestyle it involves (you can travel for work, dif kind of stress, able to be curious, can put yourself into your work) -journalism became popular in the 1970s bc of the Watergate scandal (revealed the illegal things the Republican Party was doing)

the edu of journalists in the US

-Columbia graduate school of journalism = the most prestigious journalism school in the US -Joseph pulitzer gave money for founding -Missouri school of journalism (St. Louis MO) -wisconsin Madison -medill School

the social impact of print

-Gutenberg's Tech was revolutionary -modern science: imaging copying technical books by hand: for the first time info could be massively replicated and stored. Books were no longer the privlege of a happy few -nationalism: vernacular languages become prestigious and standardized thanks to print. Luther printed the Bible in German, a revolution against Latin -religious reform: protestantism, print pamphlets were used as propaganda against the Catholic Church -protestant reform began as a propaganda war fueled by print tech, the social media of the day -printing and reformation mutually dependent "printing was a major contributor to the impact of the reformation, enabling the production of multiple copies of propaganda material and the reformation provided the printing presses with new stimulus after their success had begun to wane. The reform pamphlets of the 1520s and 1530s became a type of mass media. And the central ideal of the reformation was literal cast in lead: the emancipation of the individual from the ruling elite -church and lordships- the right to develop personal opinions -capitalism--> books were the first massively produced commodities had to be financed, used a highly skilled division of labor and had to be marketed and sold

superman comes to the supermarket - Norman Mailer, Esquire 1960

-It is the profile of JFK during his performance at the 1960 democratic convention -it relates JFK with the American virtues of self realization -has lots of rich descriptions of this candidate of Norman Mailer, Esquire

Who is a journalist

-TV presenter vs. Journalist: we think he doesn't write his pieces but maybe he has a degree in journalism -he just delivers the info -paul krugman = used to write a weekly column for The NY Times (an economist who regularly publishes articles in newspapers) -Antonio gala = used to write a daily tiny column for a newspaper (also writes books) -michel obscene = used to be on BBC world -2 meanings: -generic: someone who contributes regularly to a media outlet (reporter, columnist, correspondent, stringer) -professional journalist = someone whose main occupation is to report on current affairs to the main public

rules that every photojournalist should follow

-every photo should have a clean clear center of interest -every photo should look natural -every photo should be bordered -every photo should be relevant

the proto comics

-Thomas Rowlandson (1750-1827) creates Dr. Syntax, the first consistent character and introduces the "think ballon"

1920s: journalistic objectivity is born

-World War I propaganda and the rise of public relations put journalists on guard: they realize they do not have access to the facts but only to the shadows of true facts (plato's myth about the cavern, stereotypes, Lippmann) -reaction from the journalistic: they sign their news to differentiate them from those which are induced by PR agents; they become specialized so as not to rely on the bias of their sources -they begin to add context and interpretation to the facts so as to explain their meaning and relevance -Walter Lippmann suggests applying the scientific method to the practice of journalism so as to counteract the internet subjectivity of human perception -a unique and consensually agreed method to give as much as possible to eliminate ur own prejudices and the distortions from others -always identify ur sources, give preference to the data coming from non partisan research centers etc -a formal training so that all journalist share the same codes of procedure 9like physicians and lawyers and perhaps reach some sort of classmates consciousness as independent professionals -should journalism be a licensed profession -lipman introduces the ideal of journalistic objectivity: a daily fight to prevent the contamination of facts by prejudice

golden age of magazines in the US (1945-1956)

-ex: Esquire magazine (was very popular among university students, had lots of famous writers + graphic innovation -author of the covers is George Lois, he would come up with is own school of design -ex: the Swiss design school: Helvecta (1957-1963): popularized this type

2 kinds of journalism

-a journalism that centers, that encourages the unity of the community by combating a threat that challenges the establishment of that community (ex: exposing corruption) -a journalism that decenters, that introduces doubts in the cohesion of that community that challenges the web -eg. what sort of atrocities have we committed in this war -eg didn't we all participate in the housing bubble that ruined the spanish economy

Personal attitudes of feature writers

-ability to get along with various kinds of ppl (ex:what if you have to write about a criminal) -curiosity (ex: look at the life with insatiable curiosity) -solid knowledge of the language: you have to be a wordsmith -ability to organize and write quickly ( will be gathering new info and you have to organize things)

broadcast news writing

-advantages of radio as a journalistic medium -fast and simple: radio is at its best when it is "live" or reacting to an event happening "now", a radio news story can be on the air in seconds and updated as it develops, one person and a telephone that's all the equipment you need to make radio -even nowadays before the tv news crews have been deployed usually u have some telephone communication of someone on the scene with an infographic about what happened, the threshold for doing a podcast is very low -stimulates imagination: the listener is always trying to imagine what he or she hears and what is being described- for this reason radio is an audiovisual medium, if you like a radio speaker you should never try to figure out how they look bc then you will be disappointed -very personal: the broadcaster is usually speaking directly to the listener. when you talk on the radio you are not broadcasting to the masses through a gigantic public address system. You are talking to one person in the way you would peak if you were holding the convo over a cup of tea, radio allows the full emotions of the human voice to be heard, from laughter through anger to pain to compassion, it is something said is just as important as the way it is said -truly local = news is what makes a local radio station sound distinctive and "close to you" news from around the corner is often just as important to a listener as news from around the world -in some places the local radio is the heart of the community -these

the epic genre

-adventures in the colonies, police stories, science fiction

how did you get your first job as a journalist

-after an internship -through personal contacts -after an interview -after a trial period -thru voluntary contributions (at one time this was one of the main ways people used to get a job) -if you send pieces to newspapers it could get you a job

-illustrators as reenacts of lost moments

-an illustration would be used to create or recapture the moments that already happened in the past

the interview, peculiarities: more than a conversation

-an interview is a conversation with a purpose -it does not happen by chance it is arranged by an agreement between the parts -the parts agree to adopt a dif role: one asks questions the other answers it -both parts have interests and expectations -in the journalistic invterview: the interviewee has a social (or journalistic relevance) maybe they witnessed something of relevance -demands skills and concentration from the interviewer, sometimes if an interviewee is too social they will ask you the questions, will be pleasing you, diverting you, distracting your -must follow a casual lead that a person is giving you -must be ready to modify your questions and add new questions and recognize a good lead -usually there is a manifest willingness to public or broadcast the interview on a mass media (there will be cases when you do not publish that conversation)

comics

-antecedents: American political cartoons (end of XVIII - half of XIX) ex: join or die cut up snake cartoon -ex: puck magazine= published elaborate color cartoons -satirical drawings -Images d'Epitirial = similar to what a comic would be now all on one page

who can become a journalist

-are journalists born or are they made? they are made. To be fair being good at writing, and being curious help, but all journalists go through a training period, be it a one year masters degree etc -which competences or knowledge must a journalist have?: competences: verbal (reading/writing and oral skills) and numerical skills (basic math and statistics) -knowledge: history, economics, law ... scientific method -for specialized reporters: business, science and tech, health, and the environment, culture and the arts -ib janis = has a podcast, entertaining for the young people

magazine design

-basic elements: -personality of contents: editorial mission (what is our magazine about/ for) -variety is one of the intrinsic characteristics of magazines but such variety of contents is shaped and limited by the interests of the target readership -visual personality: size: letter 4 is the most common size although in more recent times the smaller "handbag size" has been introduced -the layout depends on the amount of text, usually 2 or 3 columns -long texts 2 columns (the text appears to be shorter, short texts and many pictures 3 or 4 columns -typography = as compared to daily newspapers, which rarely feature more than 3 types of fonts, magazines use a wider variety of typographies -however as it happens with editorial contents, typographies need a limit to their variety: it is good to have reference fonts -photography and illustration: creative uses, rare in the daily press, full page photos (invading margins) full freedom

first political magazines in the US

-became popular in the progressive era mostly in denouncing political corruption, muckrakers, first investigative journalism -ex: Leslie's weekly, Harper's weekly

magazines in spain: historical perspective

-begins with a huge influence of the illustrated magazines by mid 19th century -end of the 19th century: blanco y negro = an imitation of other German magazines -the beginnings of the 20th century -magazines of the post civil war (1940-1978): was very pro German initially but after the end of world war 2 they moved to more bipartisan

festive comics

-born at Sunday color supplements for the whole family -hence the word "comic" (comics, funnies)

business week

-breif history and editorial mission -born as a business week in 1929 and rechristened with the name of its new owner as Bloomberg business week in 2010 -bloomberg owned by the former major of NYC -they give an Econ and business view of any event ex: they published a special number of infidelity, took the figures out of Ashley Madison -redesigned by Richard truly in 2010 to make it more attractive -draws from all the traditions in magazines -subheadlines and bottom headlines (bottom line) - the lead paragraph is put toward the end bc in an account report the most important thing would go at the Bottom -each of the sections is color coded

journalistic genres

-can be identified by your intention -inform --> news stories (ex: just reporting about what happening at the women's march) -interprete/ make sense of something --> features (can be both reportage =happens in more than one day) or dispatches (happens in one day) -ex: making sense of the divisions within feminism vs why is something happening -combo of both inform + interpret --> news feature (more interpretive and colorful new stories) -persuade --> opinion genres: columns, editorials -ex: the feminist movement should be one rather than many

can journalism be a profitable business?

-can we make money out of providing news on current affairs? -who cares about the news? Do you spend any money to get the news? --> no can use ad revenues + selling data (except this isn't that profitable for a freelancer bc you have to compete with google) -do you trust what the (mainstream) media says? -can trust the clear factual events (ex: a natural disaster, a strike), if it is something ambiguous like race, you should check different outlets, may not be comfortable but you need to expose urself to disagreeing perspectives -how do newspapers make money?

history of radio in spain

-castillo de olite: at the end of the spanish civil war (1939), tried to send messages to the ship not to approach bc the territory was firmly controlled by the republic still -commercial mass radio is born in the 1920s: first commercial radio station in spain: radio Barcelona, 1924 -usually radios start on coastal cities bc they are used more to communicate with ships -María Sabater, first voice of radio in spain -1930s -civil war -1940-1950: religious instruction and entertainment; someone would call in and say I have sins etc and then a priest on the radio would say pray it will be ok -1960s-1970s: newscast, transition to democracy -1980s - FM broadcast, music station, great time for listening to music on the radio -1990s- conventional format, radio stars: morning (most relevant block) afternoon and evening segments you would have sports at midnight (very spanish thing) -3 very well defined blocks throughout the day -2000s: digital convergence -some places still do radio theater -war of the worlds= a landmark case that made ppl believe that aliens were invading the earth

zoom

-change the focal length of camera lens to zoom in or zoom out -there is no unique to the human experience bc our eyes can't zoom out while our eyes can pull -thriller films use small zoom to scare us

from watchdog journalism to guide dog journalism: checking on the powerful and encouraging citizen deliberation

-civic journalism = a professional reform movement that became popular in the US in the 1990s. Its mission was to transform journalists and the news media in key actors to improved democracy and civic life -how to improved democracy through journalism: 1. citizens agenda 2. invitation to citizen participation 3. Town hall style reforms 4. Background reports on key issues 5.citizen panels -backgound reports, sustained coverage on key issues -citizens agenda, reader's participation -citizen vs politicians agenda -tradititional vs civic journalist: traditional journalist: journalistic tradition is ok, improving public life is the turf of politicians not journalists, citizen participation is not the journalists problem, drafting the news agenda is a professional, not a popular task, improving public life is a worthwhile ideal, but it is not the remit of journalism -civic journalist: current journalism is not working, something must change, given their central position fostering public debate, journalists should improve public life, journalists should make citizen participation more accessible, the public should be invited to shape the news agenda, improving public life is a key task for a conscientious citizen and journalists must contribute to it -civic journalist movement: to make journalism more activist, rather than being passive, encouraging deliberation, mostly about local affairs

1930s : the golden age

-fantasy creations (Flash Gordon) -the phantom -Terry and the pirates and Steve Canyon = very popular and very tied to the military at the time -super hero comics

magazines = a key venue for photojournalism

-this is the time where street photography and candid camera situations + photo collages -ex: worker's magazines or magazines with a huge social conscious often use lots of photos -we have photographs but also interesting layouts with overlapping images and outlining of images -

1990s civic/ public journalism

-civic journalism emerges in the USA to make journalism instrument to improve democracy making it ore deliberative and participatory -a new definition of objectivity (Jay Rosen): journalists should change their obsession with objectivity and focus on a different goal: that of making democracy work: "I call civic journalism the theory and the practice that acknowledges the supreme importance that improving public life has" -journalists should declare the end of their neutrality toward certain questions "whether people participate or not, whether we have a genuine debate in this country, whether public life is appealing to their citizens, whether political leaders deserve our respect or not) -objectivity as a polar star (objectivity is an elusive ideal like world peace, racial harmony, universal human rights or religious tolerance. But humanity shouldn't not abandon the search for these because they are difficult to achieve. The concept of objectivity in the context of journalism includes certain notions of honestly and impartiality as well as a devotion to neutrality, accuracy and veracity. Objectivity is not an unproductive cliche nor does it lose its strength because it is an elusive ideal

reasons that explain the adoption of objectivity

-cultural reason: positivism and science trump religion as the main model to explain the world -economic reason: political independence allows for the broader circulation of publications as they can appeal to the whole audience irrespectively of their ideological inclinations -legal reason: the verbatim reproduction of quotes and the attribution of their sources allows journalists and their publishing companies to endow the responsibility of informations to their sources

pull out

-deemphasizes the subject -a signal to disconnect/ detach from the characters or film -can emphasize isolation or abandonment

feature writing traditions: USA New Journalism

-developed in the USA from 1962 -1977 -reporters adopted the fiction literary techniques from movements and applied them to nonfiction texts. 1.) realistic dialogue 2.) vivid reconstruction of actual scenes 3.) viewed through the eyes and minds of the characters 4.) recording everyday details - clothing, furnishings, gestures, poses- that contained the most symbolic resonance -theirs was a changing society: Vietnam war, rock, drugs, hippies etc -their texts were published initially on alternative magazines and newspaper weekly supplements -main authors: Tom Wolfe, Gay Tales, Hunter S. Thompson, Joan Didion, Truman Capote, Norman Mailer

caution!

-don't accept charges of accusation from unnamed sources -background and off record informations are problematic as they are often used to float trial balloons. Some sources want to test public reaction without being responsible for what they say -reportes might be held responsible for libelous statements attributed to second or 3rd hand sources. Attribution is not verification (why ppl say allegedly)

Lithography (XVII)

-draw on stone, apply that ink then press the paper -can do the same process with dif color inks to have dif color poster

dawn of the news graphics in spain came from the 1st Iraq war

-el sol = short lived newspaper that was published in full color and an attempt to have a USA Today in spain -partly bc there was more computers but partly bc the war had few images (bc it was tightly controlled by the military) so they used infographics instead

employee patterns of journalism

-employee (eg rank and file reporter like clark Kerr) -freelance journalist (a free lance photo journalist like peter parker)

copper engraving (XV) and etching (XVI)

-engraving images on copper plates (a metal surface is engraved using a burin chisel) -holes (not reliefs) are inked -allows finer lines and the plate is more resistant -etching ( or dry point): the so-called aqua fierce (strong water with nitric acid) corrodes the metal that has not been engraved by the engraver, the engraved parts are inked -goya does engraving with acid to make the lines sharper -can make multiple copies out of the same illustration by inking the etching then using paper

woodcuts (XIX)

-engraving images on wood 1. trace the drawing on wood 2. with a knife or chisel the blank parts are emptied leaving the traced parts in relief 3. the surface in relief is inked for printing -this was a technique known in china since S. VI but it was only applied in europe since XIV (the first phase: stamping leaflets, the second phase: -would then make the Bible with just images for people who could not read -when made with metal engravings you could be more precise than wood

libération

-established in 1973 with the goal of providing another view different from that of the bourgeoise journalism -free press: a press that frees -dangers: Manichaeism: us the dominated vs. u the dominators -sectarianism: who represents the pure left

visual story telling

-establishes a clear focus/ story commitment -write the pictures first (not the words) -shoot sequences -films --> sequences --> scenes --> shots

origins of the interview

-etimology: entrevoir (fr): what is seen between/ what looms behind -it emerges with the popular press in the mid 19th century in the USA debate over who published the first interview: New York Harold in 1836: James Gordon Bennet interviews Rosina Townsend, the matron of a New York brothel to get info about the murder of a prostitute Helen Jewett (media sensation at the time; he killed her with a hatchet and then set the room on fire -New York tribune in 1859: Horace Greely interviewed Brighan Young the founder of the mormon Church (has a transcription interviewee, at this time these convos would be produced near verbatim as a genre itself -first published interview in spain: the transcriptions of the judicial interrogations to the witnesses of the crime de la calle fuencarral en Madrid -at this time the task of being a journalist = asking questions -the great American interviewer= dude trying to get into houses and ask questions, eventually gets kicked out

the electromagnetic telegraph

-even before the telephone was invented they used telegraphs but you would have to learn morse code (made up of dashes and dots) -could be seen visually by the action of recieving key listening to -marks the end of the "pony express" first time in human history that the message could travel faster than the messenger -news is sent through telegraphs

heuristics: categories and appeals

-feature stories can be divided into familiar categories built around topics of universal appeal -business story: a feature about what business sells, makes or provides -commemorative story : news features pegged to the anniversary of earlier news event -explanatory story: you can show the reader how electricity or how natural gas reaches consumers homes -the first person story: when you tell something unique that happened to you (ex: surviving a failed pregnancy) -the historical story: the historical feature is usually loosly pegged to a breaking news event which gives the feature writer an excuse to do some research in the library and to show readers how their community or world has changed -the hobbyist story: some hobbyists have extraordinary collections -the how to story: when you interview one or more experts who advise the reader how to accomplish a tricky task -the medical story: there are strong feature stories in illness and death -the number story: uses interviews with experts and familiar numbers such as 10 to put a problem and sometimes a solution in perspective -the odd occupation story: what is like to be a grave digger -the overview story: Statistics can be used to provide the reader with an informal overview of the problem in addition to the emotional, humanistics qualities you will want to inject in the story (ex: Silicon Valley suicides) -the participatory story: you shadow someone to see how they behave, someone whose activities are of interest -the profile story: w/ or w/o cooperation from the subject, should paint a word portrait of the subject, the reader should come away from the profile with an understanding of how the person looks, sounds and thinks -ex: Barbara goldsmith's la dolce viva -the unfamiliar visitor story: a visitor offers a unique perspective on a local problem, culture or event. If the visitor is available for an interview, his or her perspective can often helped readers understand their world better (ex: one American mother discovers the wisdom of French parenting; ex: study abroad kids can do this one -universal appeals: the most successive fictional stories are constructed around topics of universal appeal: love, death adventure, crime, failure, greed, humor mystery, sex, success, vengeance

news filters

-first hand account = when u witness something with your own eyes -second hand account = the story is based on a participant/ witness -third hand account = the story is based on info supplied by a source who was informed by a participant

Parts of page of a newspaper

-flag: this is one front page element that never changes, the name of the paper in a special type -edition= daily papers often print one edition for street sales and another for him delivery to subscribers -infographic= these informational graphics display key facts from the story in a visual way. At big papers they're created by artists at smaller papers they are produced by editors or reporters -deck= a subheadline written by copy editors that supplements the info in the main headline -text: the actual story: when text is set into columns of type its measured inches -jumpline = when a long story is continued on another page, editors run this line to tell readers where the story continues or jumps -cutline (aka caption) info about the photo is often collected by photographers but written by copy editors or reports -teaser= aka promo or sky box designed to get reader's attention so they'll buy the paper and read this story in the spots section -refer= this alerts readers that there's another story on the same topic in another part of the newspaper -wire story= a story written by a reporter working for another publication or national news service then sent (by telegraph in the old days) nationwide -mugshot= a close up of someones face, these usually run small, just an inch or 2 inches wide -centerpiece = aka a lead story, editors decided that this was the top story of the day -either because of newsworthiness or reader appeal so it gets the best play and the biggest headline on page one. notice how this story isn't abut a current event its a type of feature called a followup -index= table of contents, one of the last elements copy editors produce beer sending the paper off to the press -logo = a small, specially designed title (often with art) used for labeling special stories or series -folio = a line showing the page number, date, paper's name etc -jumpline = the page number this story continues from -liftout quote = a quotation from the story given graphic emphasis (aka pullout quote or break away quote) -subhead= a boldface line of type used to organize the story and break up gray texts -gutter= the white space running vertically between elements of the page -bastard measure =type set in a different width than the standard column measure -sig= a special label set into stories giving typographic emphasis to the topic, title, writers name etc(aka bug or logo) -standing head = a table used for packaging special stories or features -jumpheadline = a headline treatment reserved for stories jumping from another page (styles vary paper to paper) -photo credit = a line giving the photographers name (often adding the paper or wire service she works for ) -text= type for stories set in a standard size and typeface stacked in columns (or legs) -sidebar = a related story, often boxed that accompanies the main story -cutoff rule = a line used to separate elements on a page -cutout = a photo in which the background has been cutaway (aka silhouette )

experimentation: first vanguard (1905-1919)

-flashback iterative structure (always beginning and ending the same way) -windsor McCay and Crazy Kat -comics of the early 20th century even nowadays can be read with pleasure -politically incorrect characters

writing for radio

-for the ear not for the eye -you should write in a clear crisp concise compelling non-stuffy way -since you are writting to be heard yo should write as you speak in a colloquial English with short sentences, and one thought per sentence -don't use pronouns bc ppl won't know what you are referring too -repitiotn is good bc ppl would prob not be fully engaged keep it short: it is harder to write shorter but it is often more effect -the toppling of your story must be short and snappy. it is the equivalent to a headline -do not try to tell the whole story in the first line as newspapers do -keep it simple: goal make things easier to understand -keep it happening now, present tense: radio's greatest strength is its sense of immediacy, therefore the use of the present tense which gives the impression of something happening now -keep it happening now: active voice: always make the subject of the sentence active -keep adjectives to a minimum -talk to yourself: one of the most effective ways to write good radio news stories is to speak to yourself as you write -contradictions are ok -numbers are tricky (always write the numbers in your copy so they are easy to read, ever use complex number always round them up) -titles come before the name: the prime minister of spain, Pedro sang -reading the news: sound interested (you must be actually interested in the material) -understand the story (if others write a copy for you and you have to ask about something you don't understand the chances are that the listener will be left completely in the dark -check and rehearse (the best speakers rehearse) -keep it level (strange rises and falls in your tone of voice will puzzle and maybe annoy the listener, steer midway between a monotone and singing the bulletin where every story has the same intonation) -stress (select key words within each sentence so that you can stress a few things so the message is more meaningful) -highlight certain words within every sentence so that you can stress

interview definition

-frontier genre between orality and writing, in it the reader gets the impression of a face to face encounter with the interviewee .

comics in Spain

-gente menuda (Sunday supplement from ABC) 1907) -TBO (weekly magazine for children) (why in spanish they call comic books tubers)

spanish civil war

-great source of posters

the caricature/ cartoon = new iconic genre

-gustave Doré campe up with proto comic books, also did political caracturatures and illustrates some editions of Don Quijote

parts of a news story

-headline -byline dateline -lead -quote -body: remainder of the text, included details -attribution -photo -photo credit -liftout quote -tagline = not very common in spanish newspapers but this is where the ending line where the reporter is identified and has the means of contact

comparative infographics

-their aim is to compare several elements or any of their parts through graphics -space: they compare the space occupied by each concept within a given whole -positions: they compare elements -general features: when two tables of data sheets are compared

writing a feature story

-headline (don't give the complete meaning; ex "divided they stand" - about the divisions within the feminist movement -lead: features usually begin with a delayed lead, an incident or an anecdote that illuminates the point of the feature -does not have to be the famous 5 Ws -tries to get you into the story -body: contains additional incidents, many quotes and the news peg -ending = the ending may summarize the piece or provide a climax, should be tasty, can be done with an anecdote, quote etc

Gay Tales interview telling you about how to write

-his life as a journalist has the origins in 2 shopkeepers, one as a tailor, one had a dress shop -she watched the way she communicated with her regular customers (almost all were overweight) -would hang out in the dress shop and dusted the counters, would eavsdrop on the convos her mother had with the leisurely social trend settlers of the town -talked alot about their private life and what they did and did not like about changing trends -the convos his mom hd were of small town affairs and would not be newsworthy -watched the mom's questions without being noisy -ex: how is your son doing, don't interrupt the flow of conversation

objectivity

-historic evolution of journalistic objectivity: 1830s: the penny press is the first press that depends on the ppl rather than not he commercial or political elites -1880s: the figure of the professional journalist is born -1890s: benchmark (non-sensationalist press is born) -1920s: the ideal of objectivity in journalism crystalizes as a reaction against world war 1 propaganda and the surge of PR (comes along out of the awareness that we can be easily manipulated) -1930s-1950s: golden age of objective journalism -1960s-1970s: critical reactions: new journalism and investigative reporting -1990s: civic journalism: aims at improving the quality of public life (more and better public debate) advocating for an active role of journalism, active in the sense that they promote a better democracy -run surveys under readers or constituents and find out the most pressing issues and they would bring these issues to the politicians whether or not they want to talk about them -trying to force representatives to address the concerns of citizens

steps to make infographics

-idea or approach: we need to explain how and why something happened and we think the best way to do it si through an information graphic -resarch: how can we explain the king's surgery? -sketch -go to computer

the interview etiquette

-if requested + granted, the off the record must be preserved -we should not send a draft text of our interviewee before publication as he will try to amend the less pleasing aspects -although we should inform the interviewee what the subject is about we should not send a full questionnaire beforehand otherwise the subject will play with the advantage -appropriate dressing whenever relevant -to tape or not to tape: allows u to transcribe, it may make the interviewee feel very self conscious and that may result in a less sincere interview -don't make it a big deal -if they seem nervous don't do it -to get the true info you may have to not use the tape recorder -you can still do direct quotations if you have a good memory + strong note taking skills

brief history of magazines

-illustrated magazines appear in England in 19th centuries -defining features of the magazine -relevance of illustrations -illustrated magazines become popular before the invention of photography (1826) and the invention of half-tone screens (1895) -the penny magazine (London) = magazine for the family

a brief history of print tech

-in 1450s a machine (movable type printing press) was invented, this machine is allegedly responsible for the following social phenomena: nationalism and individualism, protestant reform and the crisis of the Catholic Church, the demise of latin and the rise of national languages, capitalism and economic development, the renaissance, science, and the spread of info -developed by Johann Gensfleich Gutenberg in Mainz (Germany) c. 1441

Typesetting and page composition

-in the Gutenberg press, the movable type would have to be collected from type cases and set into a composing stick -this was a slow and cumbersome process so printers needed a means of mechanizing the process of typesetting -the Linotype (1886): invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler, a German immigrant into the US. It was a typecast or line caster machine -by typing on a keyboard the matrices or letters would fall and form a one line mold called a slug -this tech was used for much of the 20th century, until replaced by computers

legal issues for journalisms in the US

-in the US their are state laws that journalists don't have to reveal their sources but that does not apply at the federal level -movie plame affiar -about someone's identity as a spy being revealed to the press -confidentiality of sources in the US law is behind states law

the first infographics in journalism in spain

-infographic on the terrorist assault on a plane in Egypt

1830s: the penny press

-invented for the modern concept of news -for the first time the newspaper reflected not just commerce or politics but social -the editorial declines as the dominant part of the newspaper: the news become more important than the opinion of the publisher -wide and diverse public -the penny press no longer addresses a commercial or political elite but an emerging middle class that acquires economic protagonist (mass consumption) and political relevance (male universal suffrage) -politics and economics become a wide appealing matter, not just the exclusive realm of tiny elite> democratization of political and economic life

clause of conscience

-it is the right of journalists to terminate his/ her contract with the media company if it is substantially changes its editorial line -if the company changes ur words, u don't have to sign ur name on the article -legally developed by concress -anecdote: "any resemblance between an article in time and anything written by this correspondent is purely coincidental -clause of conscience says that u can say "hey you cannot do that "

the movable printing press was innovative bc

-it used a set of reusable metallic characters. They could be arranged to compose the text of a page and once printed they would be reused to compose the text of another page - the chinese had invented movable relief characters as early as AD 770 but these were made of porcelain and would break easily -in 1400s the Koreans replaced porcelain with bronze but for some reason this innovation did not reach the west -the wine press was a major source of inspiration: with a bit of effort tons of weight could be pressed on the types leaving an indelible mark -gutenberg's invention spread quickly throughout europe -Gutenberg's best selling print book was the Bible which included hand-made drawings to make it resemble the old hand copied codices (books written on velean made of cows; would take 140 cows for just one bible; so most Gutenberg bibles were printed on paper) -very quickly Gutenberg's invention spreads from europe to the americas (1530: Gazettes, Registers and Avisi spread around Europe 1536= the printing press arrives to the new world ... in Mexico! -1639- the first printing press in the American English colonies appears in Cambridge mass. -1690 - Benjamin Franklin published the first and only number of his public occurrences, the first multipage newspaper to be published in the americas -the first newspapers were single pages with news of dubious origin and credibility but soon a more professional press developed. -Gutenberg's invention was extraordinarily durable: the letterpress printing method would be in use for more than 3 centuries -after Gutenberg's relief printing the second major invention in print tech was chemical printing known as litography (aka planography) invented by aloys Senefelder in Bavaria (Germany) in 1799 was a method based on the mutual repulsion between water and oil (ink) -instead of casting a mold metallic type, the master copy was drawn on a stone (hence its name lithography - drawing on a stone) the parts with an image will keep the ink whereas the parts without any trace would be washed away by water leaving no mark -lithography would be made an industrial process thanks to the discovery of off-set printing, made by Ira Rubel, an American in 1905 -instead of printing from a stone, a rubber cylinder is put between he stone and the paper improving the quality of printing -offset lithography would be combined with other innovations (cylinder press, stereotyping, rotary press) to reach the contemporary photo offset technology, with an aluminum plate replacing the original limestone -1810 -Koenig and Bauer from Germany invent the cylinder press -1829 stereotyping is invented -1846: the rotary press is invented by Richard March Hoe -a third printing tech known as gravure or intaglio printing was invented by Karl Klic in Vienna in 1879 -when built on rotating cylinders the process is known as rotogravure printing. It prints images of great quality -in sum there are 3 main printing technologies (letter press/ relief printing invented by Gutenberg and used for centuries 2. Lithography/ planographic printing- based on chemistry was the basis of off-set printing, the most common method for mass printing nowadays 3. gravure or intaglio printing, used for high quality printing (eg color magazines)

the role of journalism in building collective identities and visualizing political conflict

-journalism creates a we and unites society and sustains the conflict without which democracy would die -paradox: creating unity and injecting conflict (unifying role: contributes to the building of a political community that sees itself as a "unity in destiny" (centers, witness ambassador, ex: exposing corruption) -dividing role: contributes to the nonviolent expression of social conflicts, giving way to dissident voices who debate o the destiny of that community (dissenters, ex: what sort of atrocities have we committed in this war? ex: didn't we all participate in the housing bubble that ruined the spanish economy) -journalism has a contradictory role, sometimes it creates community, other times it exposes the problems in our community

the new journalism (1960s)

-key figures: Tom Wolfe, Truman Capote, Norman Mailer, Gay Tales -as a product of the counter culture of the 1960s uses literary techniques to create reality as fiction (scene descriptions, reproduction of dialogues, details from everyday life) -as compared to traditional journalism which suggests a point of view through which the journalist acts as a witness ambassador for the community, the new journalism suggests a variation in the point of view: the story may be told from the perspective of several characters -this chameleonic attitude makes it diffuclt to have a center in which to anchor the journalists gaze

vox pop

-latin meaning voice of the people, series of comments on a single issue gathered at random from members of the public, edited into a sequence

2 journalistic traditions that challenge objectivity got renewed in the 1960 -1970s

-literary journalism --> new journalism (Tom Wolfe, Hunter S. Thompson (gonzo journalism) -muckracking journalism >> investigative reporting (Daniel Ellsberg (pentagon papers, 1969) Seymour Hersh (My Lai Massacre, 1969) Woodward and Bernstein (Watergate, 1972,-1974)

magazine journalism

-magazines are very segmented, lots of dif kinds if you have a hobby there will be a magazine for you

-industrial revolution (XIX)> ICONIC DENSIFICATION (Gubern)

-more copies can be printed, greater circulation (the steam engine is attached to printing presses) -greater geographical spread thanks to railways -desecration of images > they are now affordable, familiar -illustrated press: New York Mirror (1823), La illustración Española = using the same technique with metallic engravings to have the images produced widely

Does a journalist have more rights or obligations than a regular citizen?

-more rights? Yes. The 1978 spanish constitution

Marconi: wireless telegraphy

-morse code transmitted through electromagnetic waves -electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light and are invisible -they travel in a straight line but depending on their frequency they may rebound on the ionosphere or trespass it -analog radios: if you listen to the am stations at night you can hear very far away stations bc at night several layers of the atmosphere the angle of reflection moves up and the distance covered can be much higher -key for communications on ships bc you can't be attached to cables on a ship -commercial and passenger ships were the fist to adapt these -in the titanic they are sending stress signals through wireless telegraphs (the surrounding vessels got the message and wearable to save some of the passengers -first transatlantic telegraphic transmission (1901) from Cornwall (England) to Newfoundland (Candada) -electromagnetic spectrum: some part is used for commercial use, other frequencies are reserved for emergency use

unlicensed practice

-myth journalists complain about -many people who have not studied journalism are still working as journalists but that is not true -more than 20 years ago 70% of people working in journalism had a journalism degreee and now there are many more journalism graduates

what makes an event newsworthy?

-news is usually something that affects many people or happens to highly relevant people, -king getting covid = news -our teacher getting covid not news -news must matter for a given community -if I was run over by a car in Getafe it would be on the local news -in order for an event to be newsworthy it must contain at least 1 of these "news values" -impact= events that are likely to affect many people -immediacy, timeliness= events that are immediate, recent -proximity= events that are geographically or emotionally close to people that interest them -prominence= events involving well -known people or institutions the unusually= events that deviate sharply from the expected (eg man bites dog) -conflict = strife, antagonism, warfare ex: Russia and ukraine/ nato -emotions= events that are likely to make us respond emotionally the story that makes us happy sad angry etc (the human interest, ex: mom had issues with diabetes and she had a drastic change in blood sugar levels and a 4 yr old boy had been instructed to calll 911 and tell them to come; moving story, some adults may not be able to act this way

after 1880

-newspaper editors begin to hire reporter who earn money by the piece (free lance journalists) the penny papers are the first to hire full time journalists to cover local news -James gordon Bennet, editor of the New York herald is the first one to hire a full time correspondent -journalism is less of a trade begins to approach a profession: their practitioners are to a large extent college graduates who begin to organize themselves in clubs and societies

commercial revolution in the 1830s

-newspapers were sold for a penny (1 cent of a dollar) -they were sold on the street, not by subscription -their circulation was larger than that of the six penny papers (their combined circulation was the millions rather than on the thousands) -their funding sources were the readers and the advertisers instead of the subscribers or the political parties -most of the penny press declared itself as politically independent -the penny press was born in New York and spread to other urban centers in the US, East Coast: Boston, Philadelphia (Philadelphia public ledger, 1836) Baltimore (Baltimore sun, 1837)

before 1880

-newspapers were the product of a one man band who would be the printer advertising sales director, editor and reporter -the correspondents from the 18th and 19th centuries were friends of the editor who would write letters to him from foreign ports

static shot

-no camera movement at all -very common in television -great for dialogue -precise painted compositions -let a performance shine -to track a character and suggest their helplessness (he is helpless and we are not allowed to look away, has a neutral and cold perspective)

Does a journalism degree grant an exclusive access to the profession ?

-no it does not, at least in spain (and many other countries) A university degree in journalism does not entitle you to practice journalism the same way a degree in medicine or law -closed journalism = a feature of dictatorships -why: legal imperative: under spanish constitution (art. 20) we all have the right to communicate accurate information freely -professional porosity: the skills and knowledge required are not arcane or excessively complex -a journalism B.A. has not proved to be superior to M.A.

sans serif type

-no serifs, doesn't have remote

picture magazines

-pictures of the spanish civil war, it was very well documented -FSA (Farm and security administration): Dorthea Lange= a photographer who portrayed how other ppl in the US were living in poverty -magnum agency was created in the 40s (with photos from Paris)

professional associations in Spain

-press associations -professional boards (in spain this is an attempt to elevate journalism to the same level of medicine or law) -trade unions -other organizations

audience interaction in infographics

-print graphics: static, one dimensional struture; reading is interactive process through which the audience engages with content (ie: text= primary element, strengths: can be created relatively quickly on deadline; challenges: everything has to fit into one scene motion must be implied by arrows or other static symbols -online graphics: great animations and interactive potential. the audience can actually take part in the physical navigation of the content i. text and audio can combine, strengths: can show action in real time, combine all aspects of media (audio, illustration, text, animation, video etc challenges: may be more time consuming on deadline -broadcast graphics: fully animated; least interactive. the audience imply watches and lists as the graphic information unfolds -strengths: can combine video and audio with graphic presentations, like a video a broadcast graphic can show anent or process in real time -challneges: broadcast new spots are short and you don't have alot of time

to measure very precisely

-printers use one pica, 6 pica= one inch or 72 pints in an inch -points usually measure: thickness of rules, type sizes, all measurements smaller than a pica -picas usually measure: lengths of rules, widths of text, photos, cutlines, gutters -inches usually measure: story lengths, depths of photos and ads (though some papers use picas for all photos)

1920s: the Avant Garde movements

-psychology of preception and freudianism -train posters -billboards and electrography (neon gas> can make illustrations move at night)

Hiroshima John Hersey, New Yorker (1946)

-published 4 stories each of a different person in the aftermath of the nuclear bomb -adjudged the finest piece of American journalism in the 20th century by a panel of experts gathered by the NY Journalism department in 1999 -Hersey describes in intense detail (tells it almost as a novelist) -retelling what was told to him in a very story like way -people's eyes melt when they are hit with a nuclear bomb

-story treatment/ types of radio stories: copy, interviews, cuts, clips, soundbites

-these are short pieces of audio, they might be experts from a speech or wild tracks (eg: the sounds of a riot or demonstration) -their standard duration is between 20 and 30 seconds. But often cuts of no more than 10 seconds are used to maintain the pace of a bulletin

Newsgraphics now: Print media

-they also went into televisions + the internet -ex: infographic about 9/11 online version might be animated

the mechanical reproduction of images

-renaissance (XV-XVI) > iconic monopoly of the Catholic Church is broken - secular and not just religious topics get into the arts -the secular society (and not just the priesthood) has greater and easier access to images -church images in windows instruct the press about what to do -portable images: paintings on boards and canvases, picture/ illustrated books--> book of hours (would have the text and then images + illustrations on the outside, only wealthy people had them, now days you can get replicas like this, take high resolution images of the books then compose the books with the same feeling, done with mechanical reproduction, picture book apocalypse- bible with pictures have captions, have an image at the top and an image on the bottom, these were portable images but they were unique works of art, not mechanically made

code of conduct/ ethics

-rules that define good professional practice as well as that behavior to be avoided by journalist -moral blueprints for guiding u as a professional -attention please: codes of ethics are not law -3 types of conduct: issued by international associations, issued by professional associations from a given country -issued by individual media outlets, including in their editorial statues or their style guide -they are all pretty similar -anecdote: the style guide of El País forbids reporting about boxing as this publication deems this sport as a practice related to criminal or dubious activities

horizontal bar charts

-same but useful when the name of the variable is long and you want to show it in full

1880s: the professional journalist is born

-sensational stories to capture the popular imagination

the ideal of objectivity in journalism

-separation between facts and values -objectiviety is based on the belief that one can and should separate facts from values -facts in this assertion about the world open to independent validation. They stand beyond the distorting influences of any individual's personal preferences -values in this view are an individual's conscious or unconscious preferences for what the world should be; they are seen as ultimately subjunctive and so without legitimate claim on other people -the belief in objectivity is a faith in facts, a distrust of values and a commitment to their segregation

wraps and packages

-some text, some sound bite, some segment of voice from someone else then -combo of text that you will say and a sound bit -reporter reads copy--> sound bit -->once again reading copy

SOC (standard cue out)

-sometimes known as a lock out, final words of a reporter

illustration vs photography

-sometimes the illustration would be more vivid and less static than photographs -the pictures are more realistic but they give us a more static idea of what is going on

cue

-starting point of a recording -the start signal to a live speaker -the written introduction to a piece of audio

comics a language of its own

-story constructed by consectutive panels -imperative directionality (from left to right, from top to bottom, still movements: ellipsis between panels) -permanence of a stable character: stereotypes: the face mirror of the soul -cartoonish vs, naturalist style -voices with balloons -psychiopictograms (dream balloons, sensograms, onomatopoeias)

1960s- 1970s: the underground comics in the US

-superheroes with human weaknesses (ex: spider man is a transpositions of the book reader, never has luck with girls

The golden age of magazines

-superman comes to supermarket - Norman Mailer, Esquire (1960) -the Loser- Gay Talese, Esquire (1964) -Tom Wolfe, the dandy in white

posters (XIX)

-technological source: lithography -chromolithography (flour -color > flour stones, one for each color) -cultural sources (European mural painting ) -foundation period (1896-1914): Jules Cherét -the Great War (1914-1918): Soviet posters, war propaganda, either for saying how great we are or to encourage ppl to join the armed forces -poster from the first world war (poster with girl saying what did you do during the war daddy) -Leete's implicative model (Uncle Sam point at you saying he wants you for the army (older version of a British poster)

radio journalism: now podcasts

-the "serial" phenomenon: popular true crime podcast -most ppl listen on Spotify

evolution of the interview

-the British case: started very gentle to adverbial interviews (ex:hard talk BBC World: the first question is very direct, you feel you have been marginalized by your own party, how do you feel, he deflects about lawsuits, the interviewee returns to prob, how do you feel, the interviewer is insisting

Tom Wolf the dandy in white

-the Kandy Kolored Tangerine - flake streamline baby -difficult to translate into spanish -went to a car convention in the 1970s and begins feature like this "There goes Varoom! Varoom!) -radical chic and mau making the flak catchers -the new journalism = 1973 anthology of journalism editied by Tom Wolf, a manifesto for a new type of journalism

2 preconditions for the rise of the interview (according to David Vidal (1998) )

-the aesthetic and cultural revolution of realism: reporters imitate the realist dialogue present in fiction novels -the asesthetic and cultural revolution of modern mass culture society: it changes the meaning of what is public and what is private as well as the logic of secrecy and revelations, the boundaries of public and private melt; they want the figures more accessible to them, one way of doing that is hearing how they express themselves (makes interviews popular genre but some journalist cultures think interviews are way too self promotional, would rather only pick up what is useful from the interview) -provides public figures "admired by new masses but inacccesssible to them) -popular figures becoming more popular

how to ask for an interview

-the best way to ask for an interview time is to explain quickly and clearly who you are, why you want the interview and how much time you will need -always lie about how long it will take -you will have to explain the interview and what the interview will be like -remember that no one owes you an interview, everyone who agrees to talk to you is performing a courtesy -to convince someone to talk to you if they are holding back--> how their answers could be influential for others, try to be convenient for them and accommodate them, inviting them for a coffee, make them feel comfortable, but not all interviews are conducive for a person's reputation, never promise something you can't fulfill -asking for an interview is similar to asking for a date: straight is best, G for gentleman

corbet map

-the election results for the US Congress, has a map with several shades

life magazine

-the first page was also a photograph always with the red headlines -the photos are more important than the text

Barnhurst and Nerone, the form of news: a history

-the graphic form reveals the political and social ideal of print media -at the beginning newspapers were very messy, it would appear like a market in the street (as time passes they would remove the messiness and give more identification to the journalist) -they also have a nice typology of all the kinds of images you can find in the press

unifying journalism

-the journalist as the witness ambassador -this type of journalist emerges with the popular press -is a witness bc he provides a first hand account -is an ambassador bc he acts as the envoy of the community he is addressing the witness ambassador journalist appears with the popular press of the 1830s bc this is the moment when the press stops being partisan and becomes for the masses, commercial -the New York sun: "it shines for all" -nelie bly: the test of the hidden: a reporter for the New York world, she becomes a stunt girl: in September 1887, she passes herself off as a mentally ill woman in order to penetrate the women's lunatic asylum on Blackwell's island -the test of the hidden consists in showing places that are usually concealed from view it is necessary to reconquer a center in dangers -she shows that in this place one can find abused woman who could be any of us. Her revelations uncover the malfunctioning of the public institution -Edward R Murrow: the test of usurpation of the centre: Murrow exposes the false patriotism of senator McCarthy on the TV show See it Now. McCarthy usurps the we. Patriotism. Murrow exposes the bullying tactics of the inquisitor which represents a challenge to the privacy and freedom of the individual -murrow says: McCarthy is not like us (we respect individual freedom of conscience) lets not let him pass as a patriot -Lincoln Steffens, the doubts of the witness ambassador: Steffens begins exposing urban corruption but gradually realizes that those who are corrupt are not them the politicians, but to a large extent all of us (judicial, citizen, commercial corruption) -testing the waters of the journalist who decenters, who questions the identity and the unity of the community. Sometimes the public does not want to see the full truth because it is also part of the problem

radio journalism

-the origins of radio -combination of the telegraph and the telephone -necessary antecedents: telegraphy and telephony

war and post war in the US

-the patriotic superheroes (captain America and wonderoman) -captian America hits hitler -Wonder Woman fights the nazis -post war = characters get more philosophical and less patriotic (the funnies are back (ex: peanuts)

ingredients of a profile

-the person's background: birth, upbringing, education, occupation -anecdotes and incidents involving the subject -quotes by the individual relevant to his or her newsworthiness -the reporter's observations (better to go to their house bc then you can learn more about them) -comments of those who know the interviewee -a news peg whenever possible (an excuse to talk about that person)

typography

-the study of print characters (do not confuse with the study of different forms of old writting, that is paleography)

industrial standardization of comics

-the syndicates, agencies that distributed opinion articles, cartoons, and comic strips ended with the "artisan age" of newspaper comics where each newspaper would have its own team of artists -comics have become standardized (formal dimensions of the strip) + content (non offensive to facilitate a wider distribution -main distribution agencies -international news service created by Hearst in 1909 -institutionalization of genres: ex: the family strip -ex: the girl strip, geared specifically toward girls -ex: the sexy character (ex: Betty Bop)

war reporting George Orwell

-the writer-reporter George Orwell seeks to look at the others (the unemployed, the colonized, the war combatants in a different way from the dominant view. His decentering (a sort of permanent exile) prevents him from identifying with a we -his true name was Eric Blair. He was born into a wealthy family and was an official for the British empire in Burma -shooting an elephant -vid muhlmann--> he sees himself as others see him

comics and journalism

-the yellow kid= the first character of a newspaper comics and the father of yellow journalism (fight between Pulitzer New York world and Hearst New York Journal) -competition between the 2 tycoons of the press and they were both being sensational trying to get the yellow kid on their pages, that is why now we call this the yellow journalism or yellow press -the yellow kid would speak through his dress whatever he would say would be written on his dress

most pressing issues for journalists in spain

-unlicensed practice -low pay -unemployemnt -job insecurity -students working as professionals

objectivity after world war 1

-war propaganda and the surge of public relations show how easy it is to fabricate truths -the subjectivity of perception is taken into account -journalism tries actively to eliminate values or prejudices from the narration of facts (journalistic objectivity is born)

magazines are periodicity

-weekly bi weekly monthly (won't be daily)

decentering journalism

-when the journalist is not an ambassador of the we -"decentering journalists seek to make the public which receive their gaze feel something very different, something deeply disturbing to the we; not just a bone of contention by means of which the community ultimately reconstructs itself but an otherness liable to dissolve the we" -deentering journalist says: it is precisely bc I am not like you that I am able to see what's going on -the gaze of the decentering journalist interrogates to the point of introducing a crisis in the very person who looks through it -what sort of stories does a decentering journalist tell?: the atrocities that the soldiers from your own country may commit in a war -the part of the blame we all haven the housing bubble the situation of universities hospitals, city councils

langauge of radio

-words -music -sound effects (sounds more real if you record them artificially than if you record the sound of actual thunder, during the performance actors lie on the floor to give right acoustics for scene taking place in dingy at sea while commander shots instructions from the top left -silence = if there is sound every instant there is no way of differentiating how sounds chang you are not able to perceive the dif aspects of music

narrative style

-writting the interview -headline quote or ex: Marguerite Duras: free and leftist--> both types should be accompanied by a subheading or an introductory paragraph to explain the opportunity of the interview. It may also summarize the content of the convo -body of the text: punch entry: "What can one expect from a man who does not sleep more than 3 hours?" -background: who is she/he what does he do, what happened before the encounter, the surroundings, the house a physical description -we may end with a quote

preparation for interview

1. choosing an interviewee (he may be a public figure or a regular person who is interesting by his or her life experience or particular skills) 2. background research: previous interviews (friends or acquaintances of the interviewee, other fellow reporters who have interviewed the subject before, published works by the interviewee (his moral blueprint) 3. writing the questions (open and closed questions) -tag clouds to adapt your questions to the subjects stream of talk (5 or 6 core topics to develop) -ex: childhood, published works, ex wife ) -bc they may talk about things you don't want to ask out of order -there may be a sensitive topic that you want to address they don't but make them any way before the interview is over -leave the most challenging questions for the end (and don't antagonize them from the beginning

3 criticisms to the notion of objectivity

1. journalists hold a series of implicit political values that affect the content of the news - "among these unspoken but organic values are belief in welfare, capitalism, god, the west, puritanism, the law, the family, property, the 2 party system and perhaps most crucially int he notion that violence is only defensible when employed by the state 2. the episodic form of news stories strips reported affairs out of their larger context "powerful institutions and particularly the government are attuned the event orientation of reporter and so can manipulate them while social movements and reformers holding to an issue orientation tend to be ignored by journalists at least until they too can gain the power to stage or participate events 3. journalistic routines reinforce the official points of view - objectivity is a strategic ritual to limit the legal responsibilities over the published materials. the journalist does not test the accuracy of official reports unless there is another official source that questions them -ex: second Iraq war (leaders of the democratic party supported the military intervention in Iraq so any questioning of the war on the part of the journalists would render them liable to accusations of bias or activism

principles of interviewing

1. prepare carefully, familiarizing yourself with as much background as possible 2. establish a relationship with the source conducive to obtaining info 3. ask questions that are relevant to the source and that induce the source to talk 4. listen and watch attentively

social meaning of posters

1. spectatorial simultaneous = posters were the first form of massive public consumption of images, so many individuals could see simultaneously the same images (in this sense they anticipated the spectacle of cinema) 2. An iconic instrument of urban persuasion (a political, b. commercial) 3. they bring color and joy to the harshness of urban life 4. they create myths: posters reproduce the image of theater and film

common uses of infographics

1. when there is no photographic record of the event (ie we cannot take a picture of how a drug works or how a tornado is generated) 2. to present a synopsis (ie chronology of events, connections among characters) 3. To show the interior or exterior of a building 4. to explain how a murder has been committed or how an accident has happened 5. to explain the rules of a sport 6. to explain a natural phenomenon 7. to give advice to the reader 8. to explain a hypothesis 9. to compare dimensions 10. to chart a route

brief history of photography

1826-1896- war photography -1897-1945= exposer of social inequality, picture magazines, magnum (if you want to make good photos all the best photographers out there are in the magnum agency) -there is only 1 or 2 spanish photographers -the best photographers alive -only the ones in it can decide who else can be in it -all of them have one photo journalism -1946-1990: rise and fall of picture magazines (life magazine) -1990s: multimedia (web docs, and liquidity of the digital image) Abu Ghraib (is related with what is going on with the war) -after the 1990s are in the digital age -the first photo was taken by Nicéphore Niepeco (on a plate)

the education of journalists in spain

1926= el debate newspaper, published by editorial católica, creates its own school for the training of journalists -1941 = the Franco regime creates the official school of journalism, which survives until the early 1970s -1958- the university of Navarre's journalism institute is born (an institution related to a religious order in spain) -1975= studies on information science begin to be taught at the university level -2000= a journalism degree can be studied at at least 10 universities -2010 = the degree in journalism is offered by 37 universities with about 20,000 students. Each year 3,000 students graduate as journalists. 70% of them are women -taught at both public and private universities

group bar charts

2 or more categories may be compared in a group bar chart. Placing the categories alongside one another makes it easier for the eye to pick out differences

war poster

3 goals: insulate militants patriotism (positive feeling) -inculate hatred of the enemy (negative feeling)

the golden age of tv

50s, 60s, 70s, 80s

the loser

Gay Tales, Esquire (1964) -a profile of boxer Floyd Patterson, after being defeated twice -tells you inside thinking of someone who is traumatized by always losing

the timeless story

It does not have to be used immediately in the newspaper and can sometimes be written leisurely over a period of 2 or 3 days or even weeks or months -could be published at anytime, although it is always good to have a news peg, would need to do some research

news interview vs profile

PROFILE= lots of quotes loose relationship to immediate events; can be more literary: how you say it matters as much as what is said; can be direct or indirect speech (Q and A; he said something she said something) -interested in the personality of the interviewee -attention to what is being said and to the personal aspects of the interview -eternal currency -weekly monthly, quarterly NEWS INTERVIEW = help to explain a news current event -very straight language -tight relationship to immediate events -direct or indirect speech (Q and A; he said something, she said something) -interested in the info they have to give -attention to what is being said -ephemeral currency -daily

1949-1956

Television, a national body -hiatus during World War II -1948: TV starts to become popular in US + Britain -1953-1957: Spain starts to have television -television in US is private, television in Europe is public although since then there has been more private television channels -information services : 1948-1959: the age of talking heads (radio broadcasters read the news for camera) -first presidential debate was nixon + Kennedy -1962-1980: Television, a global phenomenon -1980s-2000: crisis of public television bc it is very expensive and our generation doesn't watch it anymore

Joseph pulitzer

a Hungarian immigrant arrives at Boston at 17 without speaking a word of English (he was fluent in French and German) -he settles in St. Louis and works as a waiter and delivery boy -he learns English and studies law at the public library. He attracts the attention of 2 gentlemen who played chess for his sharp criticism of their moves. These men were the publishers of the first German newspaper in town -"our republic and its press will rise and fall together. An able disintirested, public spirited press, with trained intelligence to know the right courage to do it, can preserve that public virtue without popular government is a shame and mockery. A cynical mercenary demographic

sting

a short emphatic giggle or ident, to differentiate segments within the broadcast, very short

bulletin

a short news program usually at the top of the hour aka bully

bed (sintonía)

a short piece of music over which the info, news or headlines are read

the radio script

a split page -always dividing the technical part from the literary voice party -there are several ways of doing it in spain, the page is usually divided vertically on one side there is technical instructions and on the other side there is words someone is supposed to read -other pppl use black bold letters to put the tech instructions and then the voice part is just indented -in many places around the world, radio is still a key form of communication

typeface

all the matching fonts from the same family (eg: times, helvecta) -in some computers typefaces are called fonts which is confusing (aka family name)

Vanity fair

born as a fashion, popular culture and current events magazine in 1913. It ceases publication in 1935 as a consequence of the Great Depression -its current publisher Condé Nast resuscitates it in 1983, betting on renowned contributors and staged photos of celebrities (many of them by Anne Lewitz) -lots of celebs -contents: the main featured content is an interview with a celeb in an exclusive for the magazine VF publishes investigative reports, features -size and layout: size: letter, variety of layouts -typography: -the staged photos usually occupying full pages are part of the identity of the magazine -the illustrations are used for its popular proust questionnaire - general questions that entice some response

the idea of objectivity in journalism

etymological origin: latin ob-jectum -ob-jectum is that which is in the front of the subject -sub-jectum is that which belongs to the subject -how can the subject perceived objective truth? the subject will describe a more refined truth (more objective in as much as he is able to give an accurate account of the state of affairs in front of her. The truth about a given reality appears in this way, as a manifestation of such reality, independently from the subject or the conscience who observes it

1946-1948

experimental phase of tv -1935: france: first TV program from Paris -1936: Germany Relays the Olympic Games from Berlin + UK: first regular broadcasts of the BBC with a schedule of 3 hours per day -1939: USA: New York's W2BS is the first station with a regular service

-objectivity before world war 1:

facts are not assertions, human beings make about the world but properties of the world itself -telling what one sees does not imply manipulation, reality can be told as it is (naif empiricism)

limits to freedom of expression

felonies against personal intimacy -the preysler lecturas (1989-2008) case, which involved the publication of intimate information -if you say someone is a drug addict you have to prove that it is relevant and not slander -breaking into a house and wire tapping a phone

the Atlantic

founded in Boston -founded as the Atlantic monthly in 1857 -was an antislavery magazine -became a general info magazine with special attention to national and international politics -contents: politics, economics, science and tech, society and culture, arts and literature, lifestyle -size and layout: size: letter, layout combines 2 or 3 columns -sections:letters from the editor, letters from readers, dispatches, economics , entertainment, long feature -typography: serif type (more readable) for long texts, non serif type for headlines

stacked bar charts

gives us a picture of how a total breaks down into its parts, we achieve this by placing bars on top of one another

flow charts

good for showing flows

serif type

has tiny strokes or serifs at the tip of each letter -has remate

rapid pan

heightens the energy of a shot

statistical charts

how to measure statistical variables -level of measurement: nominal level or categorical level (ex: man vs woman), ordinal scale (ranking variable describes the variables along a continuum over which variables can be ordered) -interval scale: describes variables whose values are separated into equal intervals. The interval scale does not provide a meaningful (unique and nonarbitruary) zero value 1. ex: temperature, ideological position (between -3, and 3; 0 doesn't mean that you have no ideology, you are just in the middle) -iv ratio scale: describes the variables with equal intervals between their values

where to conduct the interview

if possible at the subject's home/ workplace -cafe = fine but might be too noisy -you want to conduct the interview in a place where you can gather further info about the subject (how her house is decorated, how he works with the other) -should be alone with the interviewee -keep some means of keeping in contact -personal face to face encounters are preferable bc they don't have time to think about their answers

charts

important for putting data into context

scence reconstruction

intended to narrate an event or decorate some images as if they had been seen by an observer from a distance at the time or the most relevant moments

the telephone

invented by Alexander graham bell -transmitter and reciever -when someone speaks into the transmitter the sounds is converted to electric waves and the reciever converts the electrical signals back into a replica of the sounds voice -copper cables (electrical signals) -full name of the telephone is the radio telephone

Calotype

invented by Henry fox Talbot -copies were very blurry

pagination

it is common for features to begin in even pages so as to open with more impact with a picture or 2 page headline -the most common length for a feature report is between 4-6 pages (usually they have 4 pages per issue) -magazines are slimmer now bc more ads are online and targeted

unity and conflict

journalism in a democracy has 2 requirements: to form a community and create a we, to sustain the conflict without which democracy would die -paradox: creating unity and interjecting conflict -through its unifying role, journalism contributes to the building of a political community that sees itself as a unity in destiny -through its dividing role journalism contributes to the non-violent expression of social conflicts, giving way to dissident voices who debate on the destiny of that community

-business to business magazines

magazines on the real estate market, medicine, financial services -these are not on the news stand but they circulate within specialized circle

tracking shot

moves the camera through a scene -moves with the subject, not away or toward them -generates the question of where is this character going and where will they get there -can also be used to build tension

Lincoln stephens

muckraker, investigative journalist in the 20th century, though corruption was the work of fat cats but then realized it was not only the elites who were corrupt but also regular citizens that were benefiting from the corruptions

virtues of a good news story

must be: -accurate= all info is verified before us (time pressure is never an excuse to publish errors, check your own assumptions and your sources, -properly attributed: the reported identifies his or her sources or info (there are few times when anonymity is allowed, if you promised anonymity, keep that promise) -complete: the story answers all the questions of the reader or viewer. It contains the specifics that illustrate prove and document the main point of the story -balanced and fair = all sides in a controversy are presented (ex: associated press policy on balance: "we make every reasonable effort to get comment from someone who has a stake in the story we're reporting- especially if the person is a target of an attack or allegations, if someone declines comment we say so. If we can't get comment from someone whose side of a story should be told, we spell out in our copy the steps we took to try and get that moment -objective: the news writer does not inject his feelings or opinions: "says who" trys to avoid -unsupported opinions -taking sides on a controversy -vague biased generalizations -personal opinions -limitations: most journalists today are no longer comfortable reporting the facts truthfully bc they also want to report the truth about the facts "most chinese believe human rights situation in china is the best ever" -but you may place the statement in -brief and focused: the news story gets to the point quickly and keeps to the point -well written(stories are clear, direct and interesting; avoid cliches and redundancies. It does not strain for effect. it does not call attention to itself but to the story it tells

4 types of attribution:

on the record= all statements are directly quotable and can be attributed by name -on background = all statements are quotable but they cannot be attributed to a specific name or title, type of attribution should be spelled out in advance what you will call them -on deep background: anything that is said in the interview is usable but not for direct quotation and not for attribution the reporter writes it on his or her own. Very risky -off the record= information is for the report's knowledge only and is not to be taken to another source in hopes of getting confirmation -can be valuable for you bc you get an answer on ur concern but it is not something you can punish -ex: president looks sad, and off the record you hear that is bc his daughter was diagnosed with illness

cross fade

one source of sound fades out the other fakes in

types of questions

open-ended questions: allows the respondent a broad range in the answer. If the question is unfocused the answer is useless -unfocused question: what is your opinion of the university -focused question: how do you think the university advising system can be improved? -closed question: asks for a more narrow reply -the probe question: asks for amplification of an unresponsive or incomplete answer -the mirror question: by repeating part of the interviewee's answer, focuses the respondent to amplify his or her answer and also give you time to finish writing down the original answer. The mirror question is often coupled with a probe question -yes or no question (may be followed with a probe question) -leading question: is considered unethical by many writers and editors bc it strongly suggests the "right" answer -loaded question: designed to antagonize the interviewee is equally manipulative -can also just stay silent so people have the pressure to fill the silence and talk

travel photography

photo of a road= the first war photography -by Roger Fenton, 1885 -at the end of the 1890s, photographers wee going to start showing ppl who were dead

photojournalism

photo of the Ukraine war with the pregnant woman outside the hospital all bloody -she died but the baby is alright -the first thing they did with photography was to go all over the world and take photos of how they were living

origins of the news business

print tech and capitalism -the invention of the movable type printing press by Gutenberg 1450 transformed

Wild trak

record the aground noise on a given location

whip pan

rly quick pan, amps up the energy in a scene

sounder

short jingle to introduce the segments of the broadcast telling you that the news is going to change section

bar charts

simplest form of charts. They are used in order to show numbers proportions or other ratios. The variable which is described is qualitative or discrete

features

texts whose aim is to entertain + inform with writing that emphasizes story telling -while news stories focus on events that are pressing and public (government, crime, disasters) feature stories often focus on issues that are less urgent and more personal, trends, relationships, enteratinment -while news stories tell you what happened, feature stories offer you advice, explore ideas and make you laugh and cry -while news stories are written in a very standardized manner (inverted pyramid) the feature is free and even literary though it never diverts from accuracy and truthfulness -"I guess it is the speed and the restriction of space what has minimized the reprotage which we always saw as the star journalistic genre, but also that which demands more time, more research, more analysis and masterful command of the art of writing. It is about carefully and accurately reconstructing the facts. That is to say, a full report as it really happened so that the way they are written + the topics they cover) and descriptive (evoking imagery, leading to colorful portraits) -far more fluid than the inverted pyramid -doesnet mean telling lies or making things up

illustration as an editorial weapon

the case of the American newspapers during the cuban war (1895-1898): the most daring proponents would use these illustrations convinced the US to get into war with spain -at the time illustrations were used to make the case against the ai ear depicting spaniards as monkeys and savages -cover of puck magazine tries to show use how the sensational the big newspapers are: the caption says" and they used to say that my books are bad for the people" -even the writers of novels couldn't compete with the sensational headlines -the big type war of the yellow kids -pulizer and Hearst are dressed as the yellow kid and are fighting over block letters that say war -spainards are portrayed as cruel and deadly -uses illustration to recreate a moment that wasn't ever witnessed -New York journal and the New York world blamed spain for the explosion of the main Boston (even tho historians say it was a malfunction) -

anecdotes

the creation of composite characters -telling the story of soldiers who were at the war and then came home -usually didn't have the job that was promised -lots of things happen to someone returning from war so John Hersey collected all these stories, spoke to lots of the discharged soldiers (43 discharged soldiers) -came up with a fictional unitary character to embody the experiences of the ppl he talked to -explained this in the beginning of the story -using this constructed character to tell the story of these 43 individuals -one way of writing a long interpretive feature that uses literary technique of summarizing the experiences into one character

profile

the focus is on an individual. A news peg (an excuse) often is used to justify the profile -ex: if someone is publishing a new book you could be interested in their personality

the inverted pyramid

the news writing format that summarizes the most important facts of the story, origins: the American civil war -the inverted pyramid structure does not develop the story chronologically (as facts happen) but reorders the stacks of facts to get the point right -in chronological stories things get resolved at the end. In the inverted pyramid things get summed up at the beginning -you start as strongly as you can, summarizing what is newest- then you add additional facts in descending order of importance

1960-1970: objectivity challenged

the objectivity ideal turns the press into a passive spectator who does not dare to question the ruling power for fear of being accused of partisanship or bias -straight reporter --> straight jacketed reporter -2 factors of change: awareness of the attempts of the government to control public opinion (Vietnam war, permanent alert state during the Cold War) -news management (James Reston) -pseduo events -emergence of an oppositional counter culture (minority civil rights, gender equality, sexual revolution)

lead

the opening of the story -direct lead (for news stories): they tell the reader or listener the most important aspect of the story at once -who what when where, how = way to address naturally occurring events -important bc facts tend to fall in these groups of questions -delayed leads (for feature stories): they entice the reader or listen to listen -other typologies of leads: Who leads (Polk county health officials have declared) what leads (swimming has been prohibited) When leads (early this morning- rare for newspapers but broadcast media use this alot when they want to show how new it is -where leads: "copper lack has been found to contain -anecdotal lead -contrast lead -shot gun lead (ghandi has been shot dead) -quote lead -gag lead (when you write in a funny way, mostly for features

type

the printed sign or movable metallic prism with relief in one of its extremes that is used in printing

info graphs

the small components that make up the bigger infographic -draw from graphing,statistics and data book

histograms

the variable to be illustrated has to be continuous. The free standing bars are replaced with areas which are placed right next to each other

location maps

their goal is to indicate the place where the event reported happened -ex: infographic where King Charles fell hunting elephants

elements of a statistical chart

title, legend, label, grid lines, should always say what you are measuring

news interview

to gather info to explain an idea, event or situation in the news

pie charts

to show proportions of a whole thing, appropriate for giving a general picture in situations where we want to compare proportions

density maps

used to show geographical variations

scatter plots

used to show how 2 variables co-vary (or how they do not covary)

line charts

usually for describing developments over time since time is continuous the different values are joined by lines. Line charts can also be alternative to histograms

news features

usually tied to a breaking news event, are placed in the same general location as the breaking story and are often written under deadline pressure. This type of news feature is called a sidebarin that it is a "side" article that accompanies the main news story -typically would only take one field work session to write it

dateline

where are you reporting; gives the location of a story that occurred outside the span of the paper

byline

you identifying yourself as the writer, followed by credentials (eg staff reporter) -many papers require that stories be a certain length for this