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Knights of Labor

(The Knights of Labor were founded in Philadelphia,) enjoyed considerable success in the early 1880s, due in part to its efforts to unite skilled and unskilled workers It welcomed all laborers, including women, black, whites etc. By 1886, the Knights had over 700000 members, The knights envisioned a cooperative producer-consumer society that rewarded labor, not capital, but, despite their sweeping vision, the knights focused on practical gains that could be won through the organization of working into local unions Campaigned for 8 hour workdays This group, which peaked membership in 1886, grew rapidly because of a combination of their open-membership policy, the continuing industrialization of the American economy, and the growth of urban population; welcomed unskilled and semiskilled workers, including women, immigrants, and African Americans; were idealists who believed they could eliminate conflict between labor and managements. Their goal was to create a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked. committed the organization to seeking the eight-hour day, abolition of child labor, equal pay for equal work, Membership of the knights declined after the "Haymarket: the group that became associated with violence and radicalism. The national movement for a 8 hour day ended

grandfather clause

- which bestowed the suffrage on anyone whose grandfather was eligible to vote in 1867 This ensured that whites would not have been other wise excluded through the mechanism of such as toll taxes or literacy tests, would still be eligible -Grandfather clause- allowed for people whose grandfather could vote in 1867, effectively ruling out all african american men

Populists/Populism

-The populist movement: "Wall street owns the country" Populists thought "It's no longer a government of the people, by the people, and for the people, but a government of wall street, for wall street, and by wall street" Farmers , who remained a majority of the american population through the first decade of the twentieth century, were hit especially hard by industrialization The expanding markets and technological improvements that increased efficiency also decreased product prices Commercialization of agriculture put the farmers in hands of bankers, railroads, and middle men As the decades passed, more and more farmers fell into debt, and lost their land and were forced to enter industrial workouts or especially in the south, became landless farmworkers The rise of industrial giants reshaped american countryside and the americans who called it home This alliance, in the 1890s were formed into the populist party 3rd party political force that represented the farmers interest and local, state and national level They wanted to see the railroads and telegraph systems nationalize and made public, rather than private enterprises They wanted to see warehouses managed by government, who would loan money to farmers, who could use crops as collateral They called for the coinage of silver: To create inflation to help farmers who owed money, to help pay back the debts WIlliam Jennings Bryan: most success populist candidate Ran for president in 1896; on both the populist and democratic party tickets

Pure Food and Drug Act Meat Inspection Act

1906 as a result of upton sinclair's The Jungl

Nineteenth Amendment

1920- women right to vote... -Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton: attempted to secure political rights for women -The final push for women's suffrage came on the eve of world war 1 The national women's party took the streets to demand voting rights, organized marches and protests that mobilized thousands of women In 1917, the national woman's party members began to picket the white house, and action that led to arrest and imprisonment of over 150 women IN 1918 PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON DECLARED HIS SUPPORT FOR WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE AMENDMENT AND 2 YEARS LATER IT BECAME A REALITY RATIFICATION OF THE 19TH ADMIN NETL WOMEN FOR ALL WALKS OF LIFE WERE ABLE TO VOTE !!!!!!!! (1920)

Eugenics

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Mugwumps

A political movement comprising Republicans who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884. They switched parties because they could not in good faith support the Republican candidate, James Blaine of Maine. After the election was over, mugwump survived for more than a decade as an epithet in American politics, and the Mugwumps themselves continued many of their associations as reformers well into the 20th century.

Muckrakers

Journalist who exposed business practices, poverty, and corruption-labeled as Muckrakers" by Theo Roosevelt- aroused public demands for reform The Muckrakers confirmed americans suspicions of runaway wealth and political corruption -know examples

"Buffalo Soldiers"

Buffalo Soldiers: a name given to african american cavalryman (Troops trained to fight on horseback) by the native americans they fought, were the first peacetime all-black unit in the regular united states arm These soldiers regularly confronted racial prejudice from other army members and civilians, but were an essential part of american victories during the indian wars!!!!! Buffalo Soldiers: A nickname given to African Americans who served in the US army in the West by the Native Americans.

Scopes Monkey Trial

A young biology teacher, John T. Scopes, was being tried for teaching his students evolutionary theory in violation of the Butler Act, a state law preventing evolutionary theory or any theory that denied the bible from being taught in publically-funded Tennessee classrooms. Seeing the act as a threat to personal liberty, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) immediately sought a volunteer for a "test" case, hoping that the conviction and subsequent appeals would lead to a day in the Supreme Court, testing the constitutionality of the law. It was then that Scopes, stepped up and voluntarily admitted to teaching evolution (Scopes' violation of the law was never in question). Thus the stage was set for the pivotal courtroom showdown—"the trial of the century"—between the champions and opponents of evolution that marked a key moment in an enduring American "culture war."34 The case became a public spectacle. Newspapermen and spectators flooded the small town of Dayton. Across the nation, Americans tuned their radios to the national broadcasts of a trial that dealt with questions of religious liberty, academic freedom, parental rights, and the moral responsibility of education. Bryan presented his argument on the morally corrupting influence of evolutionary theory —Scopes' guilt being established, the jury delivered a guilty verdict in minutes. The case was later thrown out on technicality. But few cared about the verdict. Darrow had, in many ways, at least to his defenders, already won: the fundamentalists seemed to have taken a beating in the national spotlight. Journalist and satirist H. L. Mencken characterized the "circus in Tennessee" as an embarrassment for fundamentalism, and modernists remembered the "Monkey Trial" as a smashing victory.

Progressivism

BLACKS WOMEN AND LABOR!!!Th decade would witness the end of the progressive era, as the spirit of change gave way to more conservative issues -change and reform -Widespread dissatisfaction with new trends in american society is what caused the progressive era, named after many progressive movements that attracted reforms American had many different ideas about how the country's development should be managed, who intress required the greatest protection Black americans continue their long struggle for civil rights Women demanded the vote with greater intensity while also demanding more equal role in society at large Workers demanded higher wages, safer working places and the union recognition that would grant theme these rights Whatever their goals, "reform" became the word of the age, and themes um of their efforts, whatever their ultimate unpack or intentions, gave the era the name! **time of reform and change= progressive era!

Ida B. Wells

Black activists and white allies worked to outlaw lynching Ida B wells, a african american women born in the last years of slavery , she was a pioneering anti LYNCHING advocate She lost 3 friends to a lynch mob in tennessee in 1892 That year, Wells published a book called "Southern Horrors; Lynch law in all its phases", a groundbreaking work that documented the South Lynching culture and exposed the myth of the black rapist.

Booker T. Washington

Booker T washington was subjected to the degradation and exploitation of slavery early in life Washington also developed a desire to learn Working against large odds, washington enrolled at a University and thereafter established a southern institution that would educate many black america hsl known as the Tuskegee Institute Washington envisioned Tuskegee's contribution to black life to come through industrial education and training of skills/ occupations He believes that such skills would help african americans accomplish economic independence while developing a sense of self worth and pride of accomplishment, when while living in the time of Jim crow Booker T washington: Encouraged blacks to keep to themselves and focus on the daily tasks of survival, rather than leading a grand uprising. Believed that building a strong economic base was more critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights. Believed that blacks needed to earn economic independence before they could achieve equality "Wrote "up from slavery"

Espionage Act (1917)

Broadened power of the government to combat spying ● Protesters couldn't publicly resist war ○ Prohibited many forms of speech -Law which punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty during World War 1 -ound guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty.

Buffalo Bill Cody

Buffalo Bill: Americans also experienced the "Wild West"—the mythical West imagined in so many dime novel—by attending traveling Wild West shows, arguably the unofficial national entertainment of the United States from the 1880s to the 1910s. Wildly popular across the country, the shows traveled throughout the eastern United States and even across Europe and showcased what was already a mythic frontier life.William Frederick "Buffalo Bill" Cody was the first to recognize the broad national appeal of the stock "characters" of the American West—cowboys, Indians, sharpshooters, cavalrymen, and rangers—and put them all together into a single massive traveling extravaganza. Operating out of Omaha, Nebraska, Buffalo Bill launched his touring show in 1883. Cody himself shunned the word "show," fearing that it implied an exaggeration or misrepresentation of the West. He instead called his production "Buffalo Bill's Wild West." He employed real cowboys and Indians in his productions. But it was still, of course, a show. It was entertainment, little different in its broad outlines from contemporary theater. Storylines depicted westward migration, life on the Plains, and Indian attacks, all punctuated by "cowboy fun": bucking broncos, roping cattle, and sharpshooting contests.25 Buffalo Bill, joined by shrewd business partners skilled in marketing, turned his shows into a sensation A successful show that popularized Wild West shows, it consisted of a former Pony Express rider and Indian fighter, and the hero of popular dime novels for children. This show romanticized the West and the life of the cowboy.

Gifford Pinchot

CONSERVATION!! -ifford Pinchot, arguably the father of American forestry and a key player in the federal management of national forests, meanwhile emphasized what he understood to be the purpose of conservation: "to take every part of the land and its resources and put it to that use in which it will serve the most people." Pinchot, led the charge for conservation, a kind of environmental utilitarianism that emphasized the efficient use of available resources, through planning and control and "the prevention of waste In Hetch Hetchy, conservation won out. Congress approved the project in 1913. The dam was built and the valley flooded for the benefit of San Francisco residents.*** Pinchot believe was a success! He was the head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

dumbbell tenements

Cheap housing units created when cities became packed with people during the industrial revolution. They were termed dumbbell tenements due to the design of the building, which looked like a dumbbell with many housing units sharing a corridor. -slums -poor living

Tammany Hall

Democratic political machine ● Under reign of Boss Tweed ● Became known for charges of corruption ● A political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism - Tammy Hall, drew the greatest anger from critics and seemed to embody all of the worst of city machines, but it also responded to immigrant needs -Tammy Halls corruption, especially under the reign of William "boss" tweed, was legendary, but the public works projects that funded Tammy Halls graft also provided essential infrastructure and public services for the exities rapidly expanding population. Water , sewer, gas lines, schools, hospitals police, fire fighters, road, park, bridges, ALL could be credited to Tammy's reign.

Sixteenth Amendment

Gave congress the power to tax income

Gustavus Swift

Gustavus Swift e founded a meat-packing empire in the Midwest during the late nineteenth century, ----Meatpacker Ice transformed the meat industry Swift came up with idea of the railcar hanging ice on the side of the car and hanging the beef in the middle so the beef wouldn't touch the ice One issue with this was ice melting → Swift came up with idea of setting up resupply stations for ice Another issue: people were reluctant to buy beef from thousands of miles away Swift thought if customers walked into shop and saw nicely cut pieces of meat they would buy more→ so he encouraged agents to nicely cut and package the beef Put meat on disassembly line=start off with carcass and different pieces get cut off and skinned etc Turned a single creature into dozens or even hundreds of pieces Process distanced consumer from slaughter (didn't see hanging carcasses, just saw attractively cut meat)Economic: Gustavus Swift recognized the importance of keeping meat fresh in transit, and invested in a fleet of refrigerated cars. By 1900, his firms produced almost 90% of the meat shipped in the interstate commerce.

Zimmerman Telegram

Helped to usher the U.S. into WWI ● Germans sent telegram to Mexico ○ Imposed that if US enters war mexico should also join, then when Germany wins they would ally with Mexico British intercepted the telegram and Americans learned about it → inflamed american opinion ● Wilson then proposed america would enter the war

Henry Grady

Henry Grady, a Alatna constitution editor proclaimed in speech in NY in 1886 "There was a south of slavery and secession" and "that south is dead". GRADY believed and captured the view of many white southern business and political leaders imagines: a new south that could turn it back to the past (slavery and secession) by embracing industrialization and diversified agriculture Grady: managing editor of Atlanta Constitution; leading advocate of a "New South;" promoted industrial development Henry Grady promoted the region's economic possibilities and future prosperity through an alliance of northern capital and southern labor

Homestead Act (1862)

In 1862, congress passed the homestead act: which allowed make citizens (or those who declared their intent to become citizens_ to claim federally-owned lands in the west Settlers could head west, choose a 160 acre section of land, file a claim, and begin "improving" the land by plowing the fields, building houses, and barns, or digging wells, and after 5 years of living on the land, they could apply for the official title deed to that land! Many americans used this act to acquire land These became a new agricultural mecca for land-hungry americans The homestead act excluded married women from filing claims because they were considered the legal dependents of their husbands Most of these harm households adopted traditional divisions of labor: men working in fields and women working in the households Migrants sometimes found in homesteads a self-sufficiently denied at home Plains were transformed because of this and the west's population exploded!

poll tax

In 1890, in mississippi they designed to purge corruption at the ballot box through disenfranchisement The state first established a poll tax which required voters to pay for privileged voting -Effectively denying black men the right to vote, that was supposed to have been granted by the 15th amendment -From 1890-1908: southern states implemented legal disfranchisement against blacks

U.S.S. Maine

In 1898: americans turned their attention southward to the problems that were occurring in the neighbor cuba for years, cuba's tried to gain independence from spain While the United States government proclaimed a wish to avoid armed conflict with Spain, President McKinley became increasingly concerned about the safety of American lives and property in Cuba. He ordered the battleship Maine to Havana harbor in January 1898. the battleship USS Maine was sent to Havana, Cuba, to protect U.S. interests during a Cuban revolt against Spain. (protext them American citizens in Cuba. ) The Maine sat undisturbed in the harbor for about two weeks. Then, on the evening of February 15, a titanic explosion tore open the ship and sent it to the bottom of the ocean. Three-quarters of the ship's 354 occupants died. A naval board of inquiry immediately began an investigation to ascertain the cause of the explosion, but Americans had already decided that Spanish disloyalty was to blame. Congress officially declared war on April 25. This sinking of the main led to the the Spanish-American War. After the war was won, the U.S obtained three major territories, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

The Jungle

In 1906, Upton Sinclair published The Jungle,: A novel that dramatizes the experiences of an immigrant family that moved to chicago to work in the stock yards. SInclair intended the novel to reveal the brutal abuse of labor in the meatpacking industry its major impact was the lay bare the entire process of industrialization food production The growing invisibility of slaughterhouses and livestock production for urban consumers had enabled unsanitary and unsafe conditions Sinclair's expose led to the passage of the Meatpacking Act and pure food and drug act in 1906

Thomas EDISON

In september 1878, Thomas EDISON announces a new and ambitious line of research and development- electric power and lighting He folded his two identities as manager and inventor together and called his research laboratory an :invention factory" and promised inventions He brought his fully equipped research lab and the skilled machinist and scientist he employed TO work on the problem of building an electric power system and commercializing it In 1879, Edison exhibited his system of power generation and electoral light for reporters and investors Then scaled up production He sold generators to business and edison has overseen the construction of factories, offices, houses, hotels, theaters etc Thomas Edison was an American inventor of the 19th century. HE Invented things like the incandescent electric light bulb, phonograph, the phonograph record, the telephone transmitter and the motion picture projector. His electricity revolutionized the world: Not only did electricity illuminated the night, it created the second industrial revolution! factories could operate anywhere at any time Electric rail cars allowed for cities to build out and electric elevators allowed for cities to build up Thomas edison: an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph (records noise) and a long lasting light bulb he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because

William Jennings Bryan-

In terms of his political career ; he won national fame for his attack on the gold standard and his tireless promotion of free silver in policies for the benefit of an average american This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. He was born in 1860 When economic depression struck the midwest in the late 1880s, despairing farmers faces low crop prices and found few political leaders on their side Bryan worked from within the democratic party using the strength of his formal speaking to the public HE wanted to be the president of the US; He thought in that position he could change the country by defending farmers and urban laborers against the corruptions of big businesses In 1895-96, Bryan launched a national speaking tour in which he promoted the free coinage of silver William McKinley-Republican, North, industry and high tariffs. Williams Bryan-Democrat, West and South, farmers and low tariffs. The main issues were the coinage of silver and protective tariffs.

Creel Committee (aka Committee on Public Information)

Independent agency of the government created to influence public opinion to support U.S. participation in WWI ● Created to inflame the patriotic mood of the country and generate support for military adventures abroad -created by President Wilson Headed by Progressive George Creel

"social housekeeping"

Many women who joined progressive reform campaigns saw themselves as social housekeepers ○ Notion that by nature, women are wives and housekeepers and have skills that they can transfer to the political and social arenas ● Designed to bring what americans saw as order -started taking care of communties -cleaning streets -relates to women domstic sphere: -abloty to make home run well Applied it to cuty and state wide!!! -treated the rublic sphere as domestic sphere -prevented men from saying "why ae women in the ublic sphere, they should be in the home" Applig home poltics to the public pshere

Mark Hanna-

Mckinley (Republican) won because he had big party bosses behind him-Mark Hanna- MCKINLEY WAS the Republican President who wins the 1896 election-wants to embrace gola Mark hana: Party boss that got McKinley into office with the "Front Porch Campaign": Hanna had people come up to McKinley's front porch and greet/meet him instead of traveling the country luke Bryan -The campaign manager of McKinley in the 1896 Hanna used his wealth and business skills to successfully manage McKinley's presidential campaigns in 1896 16 million $$$ Used propaganda Used fear tactics being called the first modern election because there was so much money pore into the campaign

I.W.W. (aka "Wobblies)

Most radical of the 3 groups IWW aka "Wobblies" were a radical organization that sought to build "one big union" a Formed initially by western miners in 1905 They were active in the American west Attracted not only miners, but other migratory wage workers (lumberjacks, crop pickers) Specialized in organizing unskilled workers and large numbers of minorities It made it easy for workers who moved around alot to stay in the union Foes of capitalism Brought down after WWI by government oppression and by the AFL

Jane Addams/Hull House

No american reformer match jane Addams: In fame, energy and innovatioN she sought to make the world a better place she believed that well educated women of means, such as herself, lacked practical strategies for engaging everyday reform. o she went to a multi year :grand tour" of europe, and after 4 years she embraced upon a kind of prototype for social work in which philanthropist embedded themselves amount communities and offered services to disadvantaged populations Adams returned to the US in 1889 and founded Hull house in chicago Hull house workers provided for their neighbors by running nursery, and kindergarten, administering classes for parents and clubs for children, and having social events for the community Hull house moved into social reform Exposed conditions in sweatshops House workers surveyed their community for statistics on poverty, diseases and living conditions to prove essential for reformers Addams began pressuring politicians Together the two, petitioned legislators to pass anti-sweatshop that limited the hours of work for children and women to 8 hours a day Addams favored cooperation between rich and poor amd bosses and workers She became celebrity like- the five women to give a nominating speech a t party convention Her campaigns for social reform and women's rights won headlines and her voice became ubiquitous in progressive politics

"Old" vs. "New" Immigrants

Old: N&W Europe: Ireland, germany, scandinavia ● New: S&E Europe- Italy, Poland, Ukraine; Asia ● New immigrants were significantly poorer than old immigrants, had less capital ● So new immigrants were more likely to settle in industrial cities and start off in unskilled jobs

Aimee Semple McPherson

Pentecostalist preacher, very glamorous woman ● Was a fundamentalist ○ Appealed to americans who were alarmed by the rise of secularism ○ She is a symbol of this conflicted age

Sharecropping

Planters broke up large farms into smaller plots tended (looked after) to by a single families in exchange for a portion of the crop, called sharecropping (1860s, in the south) Lacking the means to buy their own farms, black farmers often turned to sharecropping. Sharecropping often led to cycles of debt that kept families bound to the land.

Palmer raids

Raids conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice in 1919 and 1920 in an attempt to arrest foreign anarchists, communists, and radical leftists, many of whom were subsequently deported ● The raids, fueled by social unrest following World War I, were led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer and are viewed as the climax of that era's so-called Red Scare.

streetcar suburbs

Residential community whose growth and development was strongly shaped by the use of streetcar lines as a primary means of transportation. -Many longed for a middle path between cities and country New suburban (residential) communities on the outskirts of american cities opposed urban crowding American contemplated the relationship between rural places, suburban and urban places Los angeles became a model for the suburban development of rural places******* Was a better city because of its residential identity as a "city of homes"!!

"Square Deal"

Roosevelt ● Embraced the three Cs: control of the corporations, consumer protection, and the conservation of the United States' natural resources.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Southern states exploited this interpretation with the first legal segregation of railroad cars in 1888. In a case that reached the Supreme Court in 1896, New Orleans resident Homer Plessy challenged the constitutionality of Louisiana's segregation of streetcars. The court ruled against Plessy and, in the process, established the legal principle of separate but equal. Racially segregated facilities were legal provided they were equivalent. In practice this was rarely the case. Supreme Court's Plessy v. Ferguson decision that legalized segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine

The Philippine-American War

Spanish am and Philippine am wars (1898-1902) marked a crucial turning point in American interventions abroad. In pursuing war with Spain, and then engaging in counterrevolutionary conflict in the Philippines, the U.S. expanded the scope and strength of its global reach. Over the next 2 decades, the U.S. would become increasingly involved in international politics, particularly in Latin america. These new conflicts and territorial problems forced americans to confront imperialism ● 1898: americans turned their attention to problems in Cuba, who have tried unsuccessfully many times to gain independence from Spain ● While US government wished to avoid armed conflict with spain, president mckinley became concerned about the safety of american lives/property in Cuba. he ordered the battleship Maine to Havana Harbor in 1898 ○ Ship blew up and sunk. Americans decided Spain was to blame → led to spanish american war ● Congress officially declared war on april 25, 1898 ● Military victories for US came quickly ● George dewey engaged the spanish fleet outside of Manila (capital of Philippines)- another spanish colonial possession ○ Destroyed it and proceeded to blockade Manila harbor ● Spain lost, two nations agreed to a cease fire and formally signed the treaty of Paris ○ Terms of treaty: US would acquire spain's former holdings of Guam, puerto rico, and the Philippines ● Debate in US after spanish am war and acquisition of Hawaii: whether the US should become an empire ● Americans wanted the economic/political advantages that increased territory would bring, but others worried that imperial ambitions did not agree with the nation's founding ideals ● Would americans offer their support to the filipinos and their ongoing efforts against the spanish? Would the americans replace the spanish as a colonial occupying force? ● Fighting between american and philippine forces began, and in april 1899 congress ratified the 1898 treaty of paris → gave spain 20 million in exchange for the Philippine islands ● The US occupied the islands and from 1899-1902 engaged in bloody conflicts that lost more lives than the war with spain

Pullman Strike

Still, despite repeated failure, strikes continued to roll across the industrial landscape. In 1894, workers in George Pullman's "Pullman Car" factories struck when he cut wages by a quarter but kept rents and utilities in his company town constant. The American Railway Union (ARU), led by Eugene Debs, launched a sympathy strike: the ARU would refuse to handle any Pullman cars on any rail line anywhere in the country. Thousands of workers struck and national railroad traffic ground to a halt. Unlike nearly every other major strike, the governor of Illinois sympathized with workers and refused to dispatch the state militia. It didn't matter. In July, President Grover Cleveland dispatched thousands of American soldiers to break the strike and a federal court had issued a preemptive injunction against Debs and the union's leadership. The strike violated the injunction, and Debs was arrested and imprisoned. The strike evaporated without its leadership. Jail radicalized Debs, proving to him that political and judicial leaders were merely tools for capital in its struggle against labor.19 The populist movement:

American Federation of Labor (A.F.L.)

The American Federation of Labor (AFL) Emerged as a conservative alternative to the vision of the knights of labor It is an alliance of craft unions (unions composed of SKILLED workers) The AFL advocated "pure and simple trade unionism" It was a program aimed for practical gains Higher wages Fewer hours Safer conditions Through a conservative approach that tried to avoid strikes But, workers stills strict AFL: Founder: Samuel Gompers First national collection of craft unions Craft unions: Union for certain type of skilled workers Excluded women and African-Americans Achievements: Increased average weekly wages from $17 to $24 2. Lowering average workweek from 54 to 49 hours a union for skilled laborers that fought for worker rights in a non-violent way. It provided skilled laborers with a union that was unified, large, and strong. Every member of the A.F. of L. was therefore a skilled worker.\ The American Federation of Labor was a union of skilled laborers formed by Samuel Gompers in 1866. The AFL quickly became one of the most powerful unions in the United States. They achieved success by avoiding larger political questions, and sticking to simple problems in favor of "bread and butter issues" such as shorter workdays and higher wages for union members. Strikes venues across the countries because of the degrading conditions of industrial labor

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877, sometimes referred to as the Great Upheaval, began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, United States after the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) cut wages for the third time in a year. This strike finally ended some 45 days later, after it was put down by local and state militias, and federal troops. Because of economic problems and pressure on wages by the railroads, workers in numerous other cities, in New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland, into Illinois and Missouri, also went out on strike. An estimated 100 people were killed in the unrest across the country. The first major interstate strike in us history. The panic of 1873 caused railroad lines to cut wages which caused workers to walk off the job and block the tracks- it eventually turned violent. Federal troops finally ended the violence

Immigration Act of 1924

The Immigration Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota. ● The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census. It completely excluded immigrants from Asia. ● Did not affect anyone from western hemisphere ● Nativist idea on the rise

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

The first move for federal immigration control came from California, where racial hostility toward Chinese immigrants had mounted since the mid-nineteenth century. In addition to accusing Chinese immigrants of racial inferiority and unfitness for American citizenship, opponents claimed that they were also economically and morally corrupting American society with cheap labor and immoral practices, such as prostitution. Immigration restriction was necessary for the "Caucasian race of California," as one anti-Chinese politician declared, and for European Americans to "preserve and maintain their homes, their business, and their high social and moral position." In 1875, the anti-Chinese crusade in California moved Congress to pass the Page Act, which banned the entry of convicted criminals, Asian laborers brought involuntarily, and women imported "for the purposes of prostitution," a stricture designed chiefly to exclude Chinese women. Then, in May 1882, Congress suspended the immigration of all Chinese laborers with the Chinese Exclusion Act, making the Chinese the first immigrant group subject to admission restrictions on the basis of race. They became the first illegal immigrants.

Social Darwinism

The theory of evolution; popularized by charles Darwin and Herbert SPencer, began to make its way into the realm of human behavior as well The emerging theory of social darwinism, argued that the natural laws of selectivity, known as survival of the fittest, should apply not just to animals, but also to humans Those who were most fit under this model, could be identified by their status at the top of the social order Those who were less fit, and thus less deserving of success, could be found at the bottom, among the poor and uncuessefu This philosophy was used by many to justify their own success and the suspense of others -justified the busniess ownsers inequalities of laborers...

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

Triangle shirtwaist fire: The triangle shirtwaist factory in NYC Workers there had participated in labor movement Wanted better hours, working conditions, and getter wages There demand shad been largely ignored In 1911, there was a fire in the triangle shirtwaist factory, on the shop floor Hundred of immigrant women workers were crowded in the wonderspace, and when the fire broke out they ran to the doors, only to find they were locked in. the doors were locked to keep the workers from taking breaks without permission Fir exist were also blocked by ,machinery Some women jumped to their death, 146 workers would die in the fire The city and the state enhanced safety and labor regulation Laws were passed in effort to prevent these treaties from reoccurring

Bull Moose Party

Trust busting (breaking up monopolies) and the handling of monopolies dominated the election of 1912 ● When the Republican party rejected Roosevelt's return to politics and renominated William Howard Taft, Roosevelt left and formed his own coalition: The Progressive, or "Bull Moose" Party. ○ Taft (republican party) took an all-encompassing view on the illegality of monopolies ○ Roosevelt adopted a "New Nationalism" program, which once again emphasized the regulation of already existing corporations, or the expansion of federal power over the economy ○ Woodrow Wilson, the democratic party nominee, emphasized in his "new freedom" agenda neither trust-busting or federal regulation but rather small business incentives so that individual companies could increase their competitive chances In this election, the democrats nominated Woodrow Wilson → giving him a strong progressive platform called the "new freedom" program ● The republicans were split between taft and Roosevelt's Bull Moose Party with its "New nationalism" program ● By the division of the Republican party, a democratic victory was ensured ● Woodrow Wilson won ○ Republicans were thrown into a minority status in congress for the next 6 years

Hetch Hetchy

Valley in san fran, california People wanted to build a dam, reservoir to increase access to water Debate between pinchot (conservationist) and Muir (preservationist) about building it because of their views on the environment -Fight revolved around the provision of water for san fran -Engineers identified the location where the Tuolomne River ran through Hetch Hetchy as an ideal site for reservoir -Project suggested in 1880s but picked up momentum in the early twentieth century -The valley was located inside yosemite national park -Debate over hetch hetchy reveal two distinct positions on the value of the valley and on the purpose of public lands Conservation won out, congress approved the project in 1913 The dam was built and the valley flooded for the benefit of san francisco

vertical/horizontal integration

Vertical Integration: A single company owns and controls the entire process from raw materials to the manufacture and sale of the finished product Purchase of Companies at All Levels of Production vertical integration is the process in which several steps in the production and/or distribution of a product or service are controlled by a single company or entity, in order to increase that company's or entity's power in the marketplace. Horizontal Integration: The combining of many firms engaged in the same type of business into one large corporation Purchase of Competing Companies in Same Industry Horizontal integration simply means a strategy to increase your market share by taking over a similar companies. Horizontal: put together, put all steel companies together under his banner, Sideways business practice employed by men like Vandebilt that involved controlling all the business similar to to one another. Vertical: buy up all needs to be efficient, in long run , Used by men like Rockefeller and Carnegie, this up and down practice saw them buy up all their suppliers, and storage facilities, and transportation providers.

W.E.B. DuBois

WEB du bois entered as a free person of color His work as an intellectual, scholar and professor began during the progressive era He attacked the inhumanity of white supremacy in his books In addition to publications and teaching, He set sights on political organizations for civil rights First with the Niagara movement and alter with the national association for the advancement of colored people Du Bois attacked washington and Du Bois urged black americans to accept to nothing, to make no compromised and to advocate for equal rights under the law He pushed for civil rights legislation, launched legal challenges against discrimination and organized protests against injustice and applied his capacity for clear sesearch and sharp prose to expose the racial sins of the progressive era america

"Great Migration"

What: Sparked significant racial conflict as local whites and returning veterans fought to reclaim their jobs and their neighborhoods from new black migrants the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West When: 1916 and 1970

14 Points

What: an enlightened statement of war aims and peace terms dealt with territorial issues but offered principles upon which a long-term peace could be built, (including the establishment of a League of Nations to guard against future wars) a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I Who: offered by President Wilson When: January 8, 1918 -----america didnt join LON

Eugenics

While nearly all progressives agreed that immigrants caused problems, some wanted to help them assimilate while others wanted to limit the flow of immigration. The Eugenics movement was an effort to grade races and ethnic groups based on their genetic qualities. The sterilized those who were undesireable for reproduction and believed human inequalities were hereditary and immigration was contributing to the number of unfit people.

Jacob Riis

ournalists shaped popular perceptions of gilded age injustices In 1890, NYC journalist, jacob riis published How the other half lives: showing the horrible living conditions and working conditions in city's slums Documented it with photography; viewing of urban poverty Led to housing reforms in NYC -Jacob Riis: photo journalism Posted photos of the slums and tenements, housing many people, these overcrowded slums and cities. (lower east side) Build to house the greatest amount of people these overground soldiers were unsafe and unhealthy Documented the building and the lives of the residents in the book: How the other half lives Photographs in the books

Jim Crow

White southerners took back control of the state and governments and use their reclaimed power to disenfranchise african americans and pass "jim crow" laws Segregating schools, transportation, employment and other public and private facilities The reestablishment of white supremacy after the redemption" if the south from reconstruction gave lie to the "new south" idea Perhaps nothing was listed so forcefully back to the southern past then the wave of Lynching of murder of individuals by vigilantes that washed across the south after the reconstruction! Jim crow laws- Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites, , Jim Crow laws were state and local laws passed from the end of Reconstruction in 1877 through the mid-1950s by which white southerners reasserted their dominance by denying African Americans basic social, economic, and civil rights

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Women campaigned tirelessly for the vote, taking to the streets public displays Reform opened new possibilities for women activism in american public life and gave new force to the long campaign for women's suffrage Women Clubs and organizations Carrie Nation, an imposing women who believed she worked for God's Will, destroying alcohol-serving establishments in 1900 SHe took a hatchet and broke bottles and bars at a hotel Few women followed in her footsteps and many more works within organizations Nation, founded a chapter of the Women's Christian Temperance Union: It was founded in 1874, as a modest temperance organization devoted to combatting the evilness of drunkenness But 1879-98 it was transformed into a national political organization Alcohol Was blamed for abuse, poverty crime and disease It was influential in getting prohibition (banning for alcohol passed) Founded in 1874, this organization advocated for the prohibition of alcohol, using women's supposedly greater purity and morality as a rallying point. Advocates of prohibition in the United States found common cause with activists elsewhere, especially in Britain, and in the 1880s they founded the World Women's Christian Temperance Union, which sent missionaries around the world to spread the gospel of temperance.

Ku Klux Klan (of the 1920s)

a white supremacist organization that expanded beyond its Reconstruction Era anti- black politics to now claim to protect American values and way of life from blacks, feminists (and other radicals), immigrants, Catholics, Jews, atheists, bootleggers, and a host of other imagined moral enemies ● Members of the KKK and affiliated organizations often carried out acts of lynching and night riding- the physical harassment of bootleggers, union activists, civil rights workers, or any others deemed "immoral" ● The klan maintained an extensive system of surveillance to root out the "undesirables"

Sister Aimee,

also called Sister Aimee, was a Los Angeles, California evangelist and media celebrity in the 1920s and 1930s. She founded the Foursquare Church. ________ has been noted as a pioneer in the use of modern media, especially radio, which she drew upon through the growing appeal of popular entertainment in North America.

The "Black Legend"

anti African american and mix race propaganda in the late 19th century after Spanish American war painted them of inferior incapable of self rule caused philippine American war -The Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition is a series of myths and fabrications about the Spanish Inquisition used as propaganda against the Spanish Empire ● Subjective historical writing or propaganda demonizing Spain ● Legend reached its peak during spanish american war

John Muir

believed in preservation rather than conservation like Pinchot -Naturalist, writer, founder of the sierra club Invoked the "God of the Mountains" in his defence of the valley in its supposedly pristine condition "Everybody needs beauty as well as bread" On the side of the preservationists, advocated setting aside pristine lands for their aesthetic and spiritual value, for those who could take his advice to "get in touch with the nerves of mother earth"

1919

evere racial violence Red summer- violence against African Americans Chicago riots until August. Lynching Race riots in chicago Palmer raids Espionage and sedition acts - limited speech against government red scare- VERY anti-immigrant signific. - led to waves of hysteria , dark progressivism , radical tension, led to tensions massive strikes

New South

new south that could turn it back to the past (slavery and secession) by embracing industrialization and diversified agriculture Grady: managing editor of Atlanta Constitution; leading advocate of a "New South;" promoted industrial development Henry Grady promoted the region's economic possibilities and future prosperity through an alliance of northern capital and southern labor Grady hoped to shape the region's economy in the North's image They wanted industry and they wanted infrastructure But, the past couldn't escape the south Economically and socially, the "new south' would still be a lot like the old NEw south: The original use of the term "New South" was an attempt to describe the rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy : New South envisioned a post-Reconstruction southern economy modeled on the North's embrace of the Industrial Revolution. Henry W. Grady, a newspaper editor in Atlanta, Georgia, coined the phrase the "New South" in 1874.

Election of 1896

rew enormous attention and much emotions Bryan could not defeat Mckinley... The pro-business republicans outspent Bryan's campaign fivefold. A high 79.3% of eligible of american voters cast ballots and turnout averaged 90% ub areas supportive of byran, BUT republicans swayed the populations northeast and great lakes region and studied the democrats Between William Bryan and Mckinley-Mckinley Mckinley (Republican) won because he had big party bosses behind him-Mark Hanna- -Also: Leading campaign issue: monetary standards ! William McKinley (republican) vs. William Jennings Bryan (democrat) ○ Winner = McKinley ! Considered to be a realigning election ○ Political realignment= country's political party changes ○ In this election: shifted from democratic to republican ! Large issue was silver vs. gold (panic of 1893) ○ 1 unit of gold to 16 oz of silver (silver was 1/16 the value of gold) ○ Lack of silver, then silver was abundant ○ → more silver led to inflation (increase in prices) ■ Who benefits from inflation? Farmers, producers, debtors ■ Who loses? Consumers, lenders, the wealthy (the value of their money goes down) and wage workers (their wages wouldn't go up but prices would)

Election of 1912

same as moose thing

William Graham Sumner

social Darwinist.

secret ballot

supported by populist party -Direct election of senators and secret ballot would ensure that this federal government would serve the interest of the people interests Secret Ballot: -privacy at the ballot box ensured that citizens can cast votes without party bosses

Hydraulic mining

used during the california gold rush showed economic consolidation in mining towns big business came in and invested things like this, to kick out the small business -is a form of mining that uses high-pressure jets of water to dislodge rock material or move sediment.

Frederick Jackson Turner vs. Buffalo Bill Cody

● Two different myths of west ● Turner: more peaceful myth ○ Famous address called the significance of the frontier in american history ○ He painted a vision of pioneers peacefully moving out and settling an empty landscape ○ He said progress helped america develop a character that was individualistic, democratic, and progressive ● Cody: more violent myth ○ Wild west extravaganza ○ Story of violence and conquest ● They defined America's sense of the west for a century or more