Juvenile Delinquency: Chapters 13-15

There is common agreement among experts that waivers for juvenile offenders are a beneficial practice for the deterrence of future behavior

False

Urbanization created a growing number of at-risk youth in the nation's rural areas.

False

Verdicts in the Illinois Juvenile Court Act relied upon the stricter standard (i.e., beyond a reasonable doubt) to determine the guilt of a juvenile offender

False

A person or child in need of supervision is called a delinquent offender.

Fase

Intervention programs are focused on teenage youths considered to be at higher risk for engaging in petty delinquency acts, using drugs or alcohol, or associating with antisocial peers

True

One method of contemporary delinquency prevention relies on aggressive patrolling targeted at specific patterns of delinquency

True

Prevention programs focus on addressing those risk factors for delinquency that juveniles may face

True

Problem-oriented policing focuses on addressing the problems underlying incidents of juvenile delinquency

True

Public school officials are able to gain access to juvenile records

True

Search and seizure is when the police have reasonable grounds to believe that an offense has been committed and that the accused committed the crime

True

Teen courts are geared toward young juveniles with no prior arrest records who are charged with minor law violations

True

The House of Refuge was a care facility developed by the child savers to protect potential criminal youths by taking them off the street and providing a family-like environment.

True

The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children were organizations whose focus was on protecting children subjected to cruelty and neglect at home or at school

True

The adjudication is the trial stage of the juvenile court process

True

The intake process is generated by the filing of a complaint by the police or some other agency.

True

The temporary care of a child alleged to be delinquent who requires secure custody is called detention

True

The temporary care of a child in a physically unrestricting environment is called shelter care

True

Those accused juveniles thought to be a danger to the community are often confined in preventive detention

True

Which best describes the activities of the Children's Aid Society? a. A child saving organization that took children from the streets of large cities and placed them with farm families on the prairie b. A child saving organization that took children away from abusive parents and placed them in shelters c. The organization, created by the child savers, whose primary focus was on preventing delinquency by picking up children and placing them in reform schools d. The organization, created by the Quakers, to prevent children from being abused by punishing the parents by criminally prosecuting them

a. A child saving organization that took children from the streets of large cities and placed them with farm families on the prairie

____ refers to the trial stage of the juvenile court process. a. Adjudication b. Disposition c. Waiver hearing d. Detention hearing

a. Adjudication

Which Supreme Court decision concluded that any injury resulting from the disclosure of a juvenile's record is outweighed by the right to completely cross-examine an adverse witness? a. Alaska v. Davis b. Roper v. Simmons c. Oklahoma Publishing Co. v. District Court d. Smith v. Daily Mail Publishing Co.

a. Alaska v. Davis

In__________, the Supreme Court declared that the child was to be granted the protection of the double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment after he was tried as a delinquent in the juvenile court. a. Breed v. Jones b. McKeiver v. Pennsylvania c. Graham v. Florida d. Kent v. U.S.

a. Breed v. Jones

In Kent v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that a child has _____ rights, such as the right to have an attorney present

due process

_____ want to reduce the court's jurisdiction over juveniles charged with a serious crime and liberalize the prosecutor's ability to try them in adult courts

Crime control advocates

Intermediate sanctions generally target repeat minor offenders with sanctions such as probation.

True

In the case of _____, the Supreme Court held that any injury resulting from the disclosure of a juvenile's record is outweighed by the right to completely cross-examine an adverse witness.

Davis V. Alaska

_____ children are those who fall under a jurisdictional age limit and who commit an act in violation of the penal code

Delinquent

Delinquent expresses were sealed trains that transported urban youth to rural areas for compulsory manual labor farms

False

In 1912, the U.S. Children's Bureau was formed as the first state child welfare agency

False

Juveniles have a constitutional right to jury trial

False

Officers who specialize in dealing with juvenile offenders are called resource officers

False

Status offenders are those who fall under a jurisdictional age limit and who commit an act in violation of the penal code.

False

The child savers' movement spurred states to develop specialized educational facilities for juvenile delinquents called halfway houses.

False

The granting of discretion tends to bind the hands of law enforcement, compelling them to follow strict procedures

False

The juvenile defense attorney is a court-appointed attorney who protects the interest of the child in cases involving the child's welfare.

False

The main difference between arrests of adult and juvenile offenders is the broader latitude police have to control adult behavior

False

The origin of police agencies can be traced to early Irish society

False

The screening of cases by the juvenile justice system is referred to as disposition

False

The transfer of a juvenile offender from a juvenile court to an adult court is called the petition

False

The watch system assumed that neighbors would protect each other from thieves and warring groups

False

The belief that juvenile offenders should be held accountable as adult transgressors was one motivating principle behind the Illinois Juvenile Court Act

False

_____ is the procedure of separating adjudicatory and disposition hearings so different levels of evidence can be heard at each.

Bifurcated process

_____ suggest that the court scale back its judicial role and transfer its functions to community groups and social service agencies

Child advocates

The ______ is the oldest federal agency for children in the United States

Children's Bureau

______ is the juvenile equivalent of sentencing for adult offenders.

Disposition

A comprehensive juvenile justice strategy focuses on delinquency prevention as well as expanding options for handling juvenile offenders

False

A court-appointed attorney who protects the interests of the child in cases involving the child's welfare are referred to as a guardian pro tempe

False

According to recent trends, most children taken into custody by the police are not being released to their parents or guardians

False

An evaluation of the fairness of the manner in which an offender's problem or dispute was handled by the police is called discretion

False

Crime control advocates suggest that the court scale back its judicial role and transfer its functions to community groups and social service agencies

False

Curfew laws are considered an example of pulling levers

False

In the case of _____________, the U.S. Supreme Court put an end to the practice of life sentences without the possibility of parole for juveniles convicted of nonhomicide crimes

Graham V. Florida

In the Supreme Court case of __________________________, the court held that constitutional privileges against self-incrimination apply in juvenile as well as adult cases

In re Gault

In the case of_____, the U.S. Supreme Court established that proof beyond a reasonable doubt is necessary for a criminal conviction of a juvenile defendant

In re Winship

The federal agency created to administer grants and provide guidance for crime prevention policy and programs is the _____.

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

Community-based diversion and day treatment are types of graduated sanctions for __________ offenders

Nonviolent

_____________________justice is an evaluation of the fairness of the manner in which an offender's or another group's problem or dispute was handled by police

Procedural

_____ enables youths to live in a more homelike setting while the courts dispose of their cases

Shelter case

The organization that protected children who were subjected to cruelty and neglect at home or at school was called the _____.

Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children

In the Supreme Court case of _____________________, the Court established that police may stop a suspect and search for evidence without a warrant under certain circumstances

Terry v. Ohio

By segregating delinquent children from adult offenders, society has placed greater importance on the delinquent being a child rather than being a criminal

True

Despite an ongoing effort to limit detention in the United States, juveniles are still being detained in one out every five delinquency cases

True

Determining whether a child is to be remanded to a shelter or released is the purpose of the detention hearing

True

In re Gault established due process rights for juveniles

True

What is the basic philosophy at the disposition hearing? a. Dispositions should be made in the best interest of the child. b. Dispositions should use retribution as the determination of the sentence. c. Under the doctrine of parens patriae, the parent should choose the ultimate disposition. d. Dispositions should only look at the evidence presented at the adjudication hearing.

a. Dispositions should be made in the best interest of the child.

An officer's conforming to community standards when deciding on a course of action is an example of what type of factor influencing discretion? a. Environmental b. Situational c. Community d. Police policy

a. Environmental

Which case struck down the punishment of life without parole for juveniles? a. Graham v. Florida b. Roper v. Simmons c. Miller v. Alabama d. Thompson v. Oklahoma

a. Graham v. Florida

In which Supreme Court case did the court determine that any juvenile accused of a crime has a right to counsel? a. In re Gault b. McKeiver v. Pennsylvania c. In re Winship d. Kent v. U.S.

a. In re Gault

Which of the following refers to the process during which a juvenile referral is received and a decision is made to file a petition in juvenile court to release the juvenile, to the place the juvenile under supervision, or to refer the juvenile elsewhere? a. Intake b. Disposition c. Transfer d. Review

a. Intake

What was considered to be the main purpose of the 1989 amendment to the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974? a. It prohibits states from placing juveniles into adult facilities. b. It mandates that juveniles must have a hearing within 24 hours of placement at a secure detention facility. c. It mandates that any juvenile placed at a secure detention facility must have an attorney appointed to represent him/her. d. It provides for the mandatory education and health care of the youth while in the detention facility.

a. It prohibits states from placing juveniles into adult facilities.

_____ determined that the Fourth Amendment applies to school searches. a. New Jersey v. T.L.O. b. Vernonia School District v. Acton c. Kent v. United States d. Thompson v. Oklahoma

a. New Jersey v. T.L.O.

The creation of the House of Refuge was largely due to the efforts of the _____. a. Quakers b. Mormons c. Catholics d. Protestants

a. Quakers

______ are defined as those conflicts that arise when law enforcement duties conflict with an officer's desire to rehabilitate youthful offenders. a. Role conflicts b. Conflicts of duty c. Service conflicts d. Conflicts of conscience

a. Role conflicts

_____ refers to a care facility developed by the child savers to protect potential criminal youths by taking them off the street and providing a family-like environment. a. The House of Refuge b. Settlement houses c. Reform schools d. Group homes

a. The House of Refuge

______ juvenile offenders are defined as those adjudicated delinquent for crimes of homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, and kidnapping. a. Violent b. Super-predator c. At-risk d. Transferred

a. Violent

The hearing held in juvenile court to determine the merits of the petition claiming that a child is either a delinquent youth or in need of court supervision is referred to as: a. adjudication b. disposition c. transfer d. review

a. adjudication

The premise of the community policing model of crime prevention is that the police can carry out their duties more effectively by ______. a. gaining the trust and assistance of concerned citizens b. making more arrests c. using more undercover sting operations for drugs d. getting tough on crime

a. gaining the trust and assistance of concerned citizens

The criminal trial is called a _____ in the juvenile justice system. a. hearing b. fact finding session c. mediation d. junior trial

a. hearing

The type of program designed to ward off involvement in more serious delinquency is called _____. a. intervention b. prevention c. reformation d. adjudication

a. intervention

An evaluation study of Boston's Operation Ceasefire program found that the program ______. a. produced a significant reduction in youth homicides in Boston b. backfired and increased youth homicides in Boston c. had no effect on youth homicides d. reduced youth homicides but increased overall gang violence

a. produced a significant reduction in youth homicides in Boston

Child saving organizations influenced the _____ to enact laws giving courts the power to commit children who were runaways or criminal offenders to specialized institutions. a. state legislatures b. federal government c. local governments d. state judiciary

a. state legislatures

An example of an organization involved in prevention programs would be _____. a. the Boys and Girls Club b. Job Corps c. Head Start d. YouthBuild U.S.A.

a. the Boys and Girls Club

Which of the following is an example of an organization that would not be involved in intervention programs? a. the Boys and Girls Club b. Job Corps c. Head Start d. YouthBuild U.S.A.

a. the Boys and Girls Club

An early English system in which neighbors protected each other from thieves and warring groups was known as _____system a. the pledge b. the watch c. control d. the neighborhood watch

a. the pledge

The waiver process in juvenile justice proceedings is used: a. to transfer juvenile cases to adult courts b. by juvenile judges to release juvenile defendants c. to allow defendants to waive their due process rights d. by juvenile detention facilities to release juvenile offenders

a. to transfer juvenile cases to adult courts

The _____ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution places limitations on police interrogation procedures. a. Fourth b. Fifth c. Sixth d. Eighth

b. Fifth

The _____ Amendment of the United States constitution protects people from unreasonable search and seizure. a. First b. Fourth c. Sixth d. Eighth

b. Fourth

The first Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children was established in: a. 1850 b. 1874 c. 1899 d. 1911

b. 1874

The first juvenile court was established in Chicago in _____. a. 1850 b. 1899 c. 1920 d. 1945

b. 1899

_____ was instrumental in the development of the Children's Aid Society. a. Oliver Wendell Holmes b. Charles Loring Brace c. Emile Durkheim d. Mark Paul Gosselaar

b. Charles Loring Brace

Which of the following refers to the hearing held in juvenile court to determine the "sentence" of the juvenile offender? a. Adjudication b. Disposition c. Transfer d. Review

b. Disposition

Modeled after DARE, ______ was developed to help reduce adolescent involvement in crime through teaching and education of school children by police officers. a. G.A.R.E. b. G.R.E.A.T. c. G.R.I.E.F. d. G.E.R.T.

b. G.R.E.A.T.

In which Supreme Court case did the court hold that juveniles do not have a constitutional right to a jury? a. In re Gault b. McKeiver v. Pennsylvania c. In re Winship d. Kent v. U.S.

b. McKeiver v. Pennsylvania

32. Which factor best describes a police officer's decision to arrest based on a person's demeanor or attitude? a. Environmental b. Situational c. Community d. Relational

b. Situational

A suspect's speech, demeanor, dress, and attitude are all aspects of which discretionary factor? a. Environmental b. Situational c. Community d. Relational

b. Situational

What do judges generally do with repeat juvenile offenders who are deemed untreatable by juvenile authorities? a. The court sentences the juvenile to a detention center until they are 21. b. The child is transferred to adult court. c. The child remains in juvenile court. d. The court declines to prosecute this type of child and refers him or her to an adult treatment facility.

b. The child is transferred to adult court.

Because of the movement to toughen the juvenile justice system, which statement is true? a. The emphasis is on mollycoddling juveniles to "scare them strait." b. The role of treatment has been greatly diminished. c. The deterrent value of juvenile justice is to be reduced. d. Treatment is now emphasized over punishment.

b. The role of treatment has been greatly diminished.

Which type of hearings is considered to be a preadjudicatory hearing in juvenile court for the purpose of determining whether juvenile court should be retained over a juvenile or waived and the juvenile transferred to adult court for prosecution? a. An intake review b. Transfer hearing c. Judicial waiver d. A disposition hearing

b. Transfer hearing

In the Supreme Court case of _____ , the Court held that the Fourth Amendment's guarantee against unreasonable searches is not violated by the suspicionless drug testing of all students choosing to participate in interscholastic athletics. a. New Jersey v. T.L.O. b. Vernonia School District v. Acton c. Kent v. United States d. Thompson v. Oklahoma

b. Vernonia School District v. Acton

A stop-and-frisk is an example of _____. a. aggressive law enforcement b. a warrantless search c. an illegal search d. a community policing tactic

b. a warrantless search

This group would prefer that the courts scale back their judicial role and transfer their functions to community groups and social service agencies. a. child savers b. child advocates c. crime control advocates d. children's aid societies

b. child advocates

Curfews represent a form of ______. a. problem-oriented policing b. community-based policing c. aggressive law enforcement d. problem solving enforcement

b. community-based policing

Secure pretrial holding facilities for juveniles are called ____. a. boot camps b. detention centers c. jails d. secure group homes

b. detention centers

Trains in which urban youths were sent West for adoption with local farm couples were called: a. freedom trains b. orphan trains c. children's trains d. refuge trains

b. orphan trains

One similarity between the adult and juvenile justice systems is the _____. a. use of attorneys b. primacy of the Miranda warning c. role of juries d. emphasis on treatment and rehabilitation

b. primacy of the Miranda warning

Reasonable grounds to believe that an offense was committed and the accused committed that offense is called: a. reasonable suspicion b. probable cause c. reasonableness d. justifiable suspicion

b. probable cause

Most states refuse juveniles the right to _____ , arguing that juvenile proceedings are civil, not criminal.

bail

The standard of proof used in juvenile court, which is the same as in adult courts, is ______.

beyond a reasonable doubt

What percentage of children arrested are referred to the juvenile court? a. 33% b. 50% c. 70% d. 90%

c. 70%

As a result of which of the following Supreme Court cases did the court determine that the amount of proof required in a juvenile delinquency adjudication must be beyond a reasonable doubt? a. In re Gault b. McKeiver v. Pennsylvania c. In re Winship d. Kent v. U.S.

c. In re Winship

_____ determined that a child has due process rights, such as having an attorney present at waiver hearings. a. New Jersey v. T.L.O. b. Vernonia School District v. Acton c. Kent v. United States d. Thompson v. Oklahoma

c. Kent v. United States

In which Supreme Court case did the court uphold the concept of preventive detention for juveniles? a. In re Gault b. In re Kemmler c. Schall v. Martin d. Miranda v. Arizona

c. Schall v. Martin

Police departments in Chicago and Los Angeles have actively used ____________that specifically targets gang areas where members are arrested for any law violations. a. community policing b. problem-oriented policing c. random patrol d. saturation patrols

d. saturation patrols

What was the purpose of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children? a. To prevent delinquency by picking up children and placing them in reform schools b. To take children from the streets of large cities and placed them with farm families on the prairie c. To remove abused and neglected children from their homes and assist the court in making placement decisions d. To place abused children on orphan trains to be sent West

c. To remove abused and neglected children from their homes and assist the court in making placement decisions

The taking of a person into custody until he/she can be held accountable for the offense in court proceedings is called ______. a. detention b. delay c. arrest d. pickup

c. arrest

According to the text, status offenders are defined as _____. a. children who commit an act that would be classified as a crime if they were adults b. children who have been adjudicated delinquent c. children in need of supervision d. children who are abused/neglected and commit crimes to survive

c. children in need of supervision

Police reform efforts of the 1930s resulted in the creation of specialized police units, known as _____. a. child savers b. the juvenile watch system c. delinquency control squads d. the juvenile order system

c. delinquency control squads

The type of sentence that specifies a fixed term of detention that must be served is referred to as a(n) _____ sentence. a. indeterminate b. mandatory c. determinate d. individualized

c. determinate

The term in loco parentis is Latin for _______. a. with the permission of a family member b. the crime occurred in a certain location c. in place of the parent d. with the permission of the parent

c. in place of the parent

Much discretion is exercised in juvenile police work because of the informality that has been built into the system in an attempt to: a. punish in order to show retribution. b. incapacitate and deter the juvenile. c. individualize justice. d. formally shame the youth.

c. individualize justice.

Which of the following refers to the formal complaint that initiates judicial actions against a juvenile charged with delinquency or a status offense? a. complaint b. indictment c. petition d. trial information

c. petition

Like community policing, problem-oriented policing is viewed as a(n) __________ delinquency prevention strategy. a. distributive b. authoritative c. proactive d. reactive

c. proactive

Boston's Operation Ceasefire, in which every deterrent "lever" is applied, is an example of ______. a. community policing b. police-community relations c. pulling levers policing d. team policing

c. pulling levers policing

What is known as a reduction in charges in adult criminal court is known as a(n) _____ in juvenile court. a. adjudication b. petition c. substitution d. adjustment

c. substitution

A typical resident of the House of Refuge devoted most of his or her time to _____. a. education b. religious instruction c. supervised labor d. vocational training

c. supervised labor

A strategy that emphasizes reducing fear and organizing the neighborhood is called _______________policing

community

The Supreme Court decision handed down in In re Gault established that the constitutional privileges against _____ applied equally to adults as well as to juveniles. a. the denial of jury trial b. warrantless searches c. racial bias d. self-incrimination

d. self-incrimination

Unlike adult proceedings, juvenile proceedings are not considered ____.

criminal

Due process is addressed in both the Fifth and _____ Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. a. 1st b. 4th c. 6th d. 14th

d. 14th

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding a juvenile's decision to waive his or her Miranda rights? a. It does not require the presence of parents or lawyers. b. It is a violation of the defendant's Fifth Amendment rights. c. Its legality is determined by the totality of the circumstances. d. Its constitutionality was established in People v. Lara.

d. Its constitutionality was established in People v. Lara.

The _____ created the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. a. Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899 b. Omnibus Safe Streets and Crime Control Act c. Crime Prevention and Control Act of 1950 d. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974

d. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974

In _____, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the death penalty for juveniles was unconstitutional. a. Graham v. Florida b. In re Gault c. Atkins v. Virginia d. Roper v. Simmons

d. Roper v. Simmons

Which of the following would NOT be considered a warrantless search? a. Stop-and-frisk b. Home entry c. Consent search d. Searches pursuant to a court order

d. Searches pursuant to a court order

The case of Oklahoma Publishing Co. v. District Court, along with which other case attempted to balance the right to privacy with the freedom of the press in juvenile court proceedings? a. Alaska v. Davis b. Roper v. Simmons c. Miller v. Alabama d. Smith v. Daily Mail Publishing Co.

d. Smith v. Daily Mail Publishing Co.

The decreased incidence of females being arrested would suggest which discretionary factor is at play? a. Matriarchal effect b. The "dad" effect c. Gender bias effect d. The chivalry effect

d. The chivalry effect

Which of the following provides the juvenile the opportunity to have the case brought before a reviewing court after it has been heard in juvenile or family court. a. final order b. adjudication review committee c. writ of habeas corpus d. appellate process

d. appellate process

A law enforcement philosophy that focuses on reducing fear, organizing the community, and maintaining order is called __________. a. strategic policing b. police-community relations c. tactical policing d. community policing

d. community policing

Which of the following best describes a question posed by the police to a suspect in custody? a. consent interrogation b. violation of the defendant's Fifth Amendment rights c. custodial statement d. custodial interrogation

d. custodial interrogation

The use of personal decision making and choice as employed by a law enforcement office refers to the officer's______. a. community policing tactic b. biased justice c. ethics d. discretion

d. discretion

Which of the following refers to a court-appointed individual who protects the interests of the child in cases involving the child's welfare? a. court-appointed defense attorney b. social worker c. social attorney d. guardian ad litem

d. guardian ad litem

The person responsible for bringing the state's case forward in the judicial process against the accused juvenile is called the: a. probation officer b. juvenile disposition officer c. social worker d. juvenile prosecutor

d. juvenile prosecutor

In Arizona v. Gant, the Supreme court placed limitations on which of the following? a. aggressive law enforcement b. warrantless search c. illegal search d. police searches of automobiles

d. police searches of automobiles

When the juvenile court was first created, _____ was the standard of proof required to adjudicate a child delinquent. a. beyond a reasonable doubt b. probable cause c. clear and convincing d. preponderance of the evidence

d. preponderance of the evidence

The most commonly used formal sentence for juvenile offenders is referred to as _____. a. incarceration b. wilderness camp c. a residential treatment facility d. probation

d. probation

A law enforcement philosophy that focuses on addressing the problems underlying incidents of juvenile delinquency rather than the incidents themselves is called __________. a. strategic policing b. police-community relations c. tactical policing d. problem-oriented policing

d. problem-oriented policing

An evaluation of the fairness of the manners in which an offender's problem or dispute was handled by police is referred to as: a. decision making b. discretion c. flexibility d. procedural justice

d. procedural justice

Secure pretrial holding facilities are called _____.

detention centers

Use of personal decision making and choice when carrying out operations in the criminal justice system is referred to as __________________________.

discretion

Immediate and intermediate sanctions vary in their severity (probation versus incarceration, for example). This strategy, in which a variety of sanctions are available, is called _____ sanctions

graduated

A court-appointed attorney who protects the interests of the child in cases involving the child's welfare is called a(n) _____.

guardian ad litem

It was this case, _____, which instilled in juvenile proceedings the development of due process standards at the pretrial, the trial, and the posttrial stages of the juvenile process.

in re Gault

_____ is the first step in the juvenile justice process

intake

At-risk youths would be best served by a(n) ____ strategy, which would address their particular risk factors.

intervention

A ____ court cannot sentence juveniles to county jails or state prisons, as these are reserved for adults only

juvenile

An attorney responsible for bringing the state's case forward against the accused juvenile is called the _____.

juvenile prosecutor

A _____ sentence is defined by a statutory requirement that states the penalty to be set for all cases of a specific offense.

mandatory

One of the criticisms of diversion programs is that juveniles who previously would have been released without official notice are now involved in the juvenile justice system. This is referred to as ______.

net widening

Implemented in Boston, the infamous program known as ________________ is one of the most successful examples of problem-oriented policing that sought to drastically reduce youth gun violence among its juvenile population

operation ceasefire

Under the_____ philosophy, juvenile justice procedures are informal and nonadversarial

parens patriae

The document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent, a status offender, or a dependent and asking that the court assume jurisdiction over the juvenile is called the _____.

petition

The _____ report helps the judge decide which disposition is best for the child and aids the probation officer in developing treatment programs.

predisposition

Keeping the accused in custody prior to trial because the accused is suspected of being a danger to the community is referred to as ______.

preventive detention

Another name for problem-solving policing is _______________ policing

problem-oriented

The greater likelihood of African Americans being arrested for crimes as opposed to White suspects is an example of a(n)__________________ bias.

racial

The conflict police officers face that revolve around the requirement to do their duty as law enforcement officers and a desire to aid in rehabilitating youthful offenders is called __________________________.

role conflict

When police take into account a juvenile's appearance, speech, and demeanor prior to making an arrest, it is referred to as a(n) ______________________ factor

situational

The current juvenile justice system exercises jurisdiction over two distinct categories of offenders: _____ and _____.

status, delinquent

A preadjudicatory hearing for the purpose of deciding whether a juvenile defendant should be retained over for juvenile court or waived to adult court is called a ______hearing.

transfer

A _____ is a judicial order requesting that a person detaining another produce the body of the prisoner and give reasons for his or her capture and detention

writ of habeas corpus