Juvenile Justice Final Exam

The most common gangs are: "traditional" "nontraditional" "compressed" "collective"

"compressed"

Youth are not "arrested", but are: "taken into custody" "arrested by proxy" "detained by proxy" "taken into detention"

"taken into custody"

In Roper v. Simmons (2005), the Supreme Court set the age for the death penalty at: 16 15 for capital offenses 18 17

18

In the U.S., currently there are an estimated: 30,000 gangs 50,000 gangs 100,000 gangs 10,000 gangs

30,000 gangs

What percentage of gang membership is under 18? 25 55 40 60

40

Temporary custody without hearing usually refers to a time period of: 12 hours 24 hours 48 hours 36 hours

48 hours

Research has shown that almost _________ percent of youth who are arrested once are never arrested again. 35 60 70 85

70

It is not unheard of for girls to slide into gang involvement by the age of _______. 16 8 12 14

8

The main purpose of instrumental gangs is _______________ Criminal activity Social activities Bond with neighboring gangs Interact with law enforcement

Criminal activity

_________ is a measure that is taken before a delinquent act occurs to forestall the act. Prevention Control Correction Reaction

Prevention

Most youth gangs are: Well organized Short lived and little threat to the public Highly profitable due to their criminal activities Sophisticated in applying technology

Short lived and little threat to the public

Which of the following was undertaken in an effort to combat the rise of firearms violence? Youth Safety Handgun Act of 1994 Gun Control Act of 1968 Child Access Prevention laws Youth Firearms Violence Initiative

Youth Firearms Violence Initiative

According to the text, the most effective approach to deal with gang problems is: law enforcement a combination of strategies social intervention opportunities provision

a combination of strategies

A street gang is defined as all EXCEPT: a group of individuals who have identifiable leadership a group of individuals who claim control of a specific territory a group of individuals who engage in criminal activity a group of individuals who create individual intimidation

a group of individuals who create individual intimidation

Which of the following is a condition that would justify placing a child in protective custody? a parent's refusal to provide needed medical or psychiatric care a parent shouting at a child in a public place a parent's refusal to allow siblings to sleep in the same room a parent's need to discipline

a parent's refusal to provide needed medical or psychiatric care

The two most common criteria to participate in a juvenile drug court are having: a substance abuse problem and not having committed a violent offense a doctor referral and a substance abuse problem a mental health diagnosis and substance abuse simultaneously a doctor referral and a mental health diagnosis

a substance abuse problem and not having committed a violent offense

The dual function of corrections with youthful offenders focuses on: accountability and skills for social success retribution and education impulse control and imprisonment mental health and physiological processes

accountability and skills for social success

The probation officer is responsible for: speaking in court on behalf of youth suspending sentences serving as a court referee acting as a link to other community services

acting as a link to other community services

The Eurogang Program defines street gangs as: any durable, street-oriented youth group whose own identity includes involvement in illegal activity a group of individuals who are social predators a group of youth who are not accountable any durable, street-oriented youth and adult group whose own identity includes involvement in illegal activity

any durable, street-oriented youth group whose own identity includes involvement in illegal activity

Many state and local governments are using nonresidential day treatment centers because they: appear to be effective and are less costly focus on the needs of the juvenile's family focus primarily on drug rehabilitation specialize in group therapy rather individual counseling

appear to be effective and are less costly

The jurisdiction of the juvenile court includes all the following children EXCEPT those who: are living in poverty are neglected and abused are illiterate commit status offenses and serious crimes

are illiterate

Teen Courts: are also called associative courts are intervention programs and not judicial courts are programs that have spread slowly over the last decade are reported to have served approximately 250 offenders per year

are intervention programs and not judicial courts

According to the text, veiled threats: are conditional in nature are direct and overt are strongly implied are clearly explicit

are strongly implied

There is not one juvenile justice system, there are ____. 35 72 at least 51 at least 72

at least 51

O'Toole's four-pronged threat assessment approach _______. attempts to determine the likelihood of a student becoming a school shooter evaluates educational programs and their impact on gun violence is based on an anonymous survey distributed to 75,000 students is an analysis of biological traits in bullies

attempts to determine the likelihood of a student becoming a school shooter

The San Diego (California) Teen Court: has trained over 10,000 students includes an adult judge, adult attorneys, and a teen jury attempts to empower youth and repair harm to communities started in 2001

attempts to empower youth and repair harm to communities

An effective approach to school security should include all EXCEPT: attendance monitoring security technology school/law enforcement/community partnerships crisis planning

attendance monitoring

The Welfare Model focuses on: the education of the child best interests of the child the mental health of the child the physical health of the child

best interests of the child

Effective preventive approaches must address ________ of delinquency. results benefits causes disadvantages

causes

The juvenile justice system has historically been a(n): civil system environmental system criminal system sociological system

civil system

A challenge that is NOT unique to investigating crimes against children is: the need to protect the child from further harm the possibility of parental involvement the difficulty of interviewing children confidentiality

confidentiality

Which type of prevention focuses on eliminating conditions that lead to or cause criminal behavior? punitive corrective mechanical primary

corrective

The __________ principle explains how dynamic risk factors can be changed to influence the probability of recidivism. criminogenic need responsivity risk principle protective

criminogenic need

Criminologists have classified gangs as: cultural and instrumental active and proactive civil and criminal social and psychological

cultural and instrumental

Three principles of Balanced and Restorative Justice are: delinquency, punishment, retribution retribution, rehabilitation, restoration delinquency, punishment, treatment and prevention treatment and prevention, retribution, restoration

delinquency, punishment, treatment and prevention

The ___________ approach is consistent with the public health model. numerator preventive denominator mechanical

denominator

The basic premise underlying graduated sanctions is: incapacitation retribution deterrence punishment

deterrence

Addiction to drugs is considered to be a ___________ risk factor. holistic static medical dynamic

dynamic

The objective of group homes is to: facilitate reentry of young offenders into society aid in restitution to victims house young offenders prior to their court date none of the above

facilitate reentry of young offenders into society

The four principles of effective intervention include all of the following EXCEPT: risk principle need principle treatment principle frequency principle

frequency principle

Family structure and influence impacts: gang activity machismo restored justice balanced intentions

gang activity

According to the text, a program that has proven to be ineffective in reducing gun violence is the: use of uniformed officers in hot spots gun buyback program criminal background checks random gun registration checks

gun buyback program

Evidence shows that transferring juveniles to adult court results in all of the following EXCEPT: higher rates of conviction greater likelihood of incarceration higher rates of intervention greater risk of being victimized

higher rates of intervention

The challenge of the juvenile court is: holding youth accountable and punishing them while believing they can be rehabilitated holding society accountable rather than youth holding government accountable holding youth accountable without punishment

holding youth accountable and punishing them while believing they can be rehabilitated

When joining a gang, a youth is most probably seeking all of the following EXCEPT: recreation how to get a tattoo a sense of belonging and importance emotional and psychological support

how to get a tattoo

Of the following, which is NOT considered a prevention/intervention strategy by the National School Safety Center for dealing with gangs? crisis management immediate detention placement community involvement behavior codes

immediate detention placement

The first time a juvenile is arrested, it is ___________. viewed as critical only when the crime is a repeat offense important the juvenile understands the specific charge(s) required that a complete mental health evaluation be conducted NOT necessary to honor the same constitutional rights as adults

important the juvenile understands the specific charge(s)

Diversion from juvenile court may include all of the following EXCEPT: community service, restitution, and letters of apology pro-social activities, mentoring or tutoring programs incarceration or rehabilitation educational programs, skill-development programs, counseling programs

incarceration or rehabilitation

According to the text, social organization within correctional institutions: is often an elaborate and formal includes a prestige hierarchy with a variety of inmate social roles is supportive of youth and helps them to learn patience is not threatening, but encouraging, to inmates

includes a prestige hierarchy with a variety of inmate social roles

The four cornerstones of the Blueprint for Change include all of the following EXCEPT: collaboration and identification diversion treatment intercession

intercession

The term adjudicated means: adjunct judged joint admissible

judged

Juveniles may be transferred to criminal court via each the following EXCEPT a: judicial waiver jurisdiction sentencing concurrent jurisdiction statutory exclusion

jurisdiction sentencing

Jurisdiction over minors is managed by: delinquency court status offender court juvenile court crisis assistance court

juvenile court

First-time, nonviolent gun offenders age 17 and younger are eligible to participate in: the National Juvenile Gun Control Program (NJGC) juvenile gun courts "joint servicing" courts for drug and gun offenses a program with foster parent(s)

juvenile gun courts

When youth are detained, officers must remember that: juveniles have different constitutional rights than adults juveniles are not to confront witnesses juveniles have the right to remain silent juveniles cannot be informed of charges until an adult is present

juveniles have the right to remain silent

Placing bars on windows, installing alarms, and/or locks on doors are examples of: mechanical prevention primary prevention tertiary prevention divisional prevention

mechanical prevention

Contemporary gangs are: more diverse, more dispersed, and more dangerous than gangs of the past more financially independent than gangs of the past more intimidating than gangs of the past more likely to be comprised of the mentally ill than gangs of the past

more diverse, more dispersed, and more dangerous than gangs of the past

Today, the tone of juvenile justice as a whole is: less harsh than it was in the past less productive than it was in the past more harsh than it was in the past more productive than it was in the past 2

more harsh than it was in the past

Compared to street gangs, gangs in prison are: not as disciplined more sophisticated more motivated by publicity none of the above

more sophisticated

Foster homes are used: as a source of respite care most often for neglected/abused children as secure facilities as a last resort by the courts

most often for neglected/abused children

According to the FBI's Crime in the United States report in 2010, nearly 70% of juveniles were referred to juvenile court jurisdiction approximately 38% of juveniles were referred to criminal court approximately 25% of juveniles were released nearly 50% of juveniles were convicted

nearly 70% of juveniles were referred to juvenile court jurisdiction

Cultural gangs are ____________ centered Ethnicity Neighborhood Drug use Violent crime

neighborhood

The target group for a circle-sentencing procedure is: Canadian Indians American Indians offenders who admit guilt and express willingness to change offenders who willingly participate in a group counseling session

offenders who admit guilt and express willingness to change

The school resource officer (SRO) program does NOT: strive to prevent juvenile delinquency strive to improve community relations refer youth and their parents to social agencies, if needed only deal with youth who have been previously involved with the law

only deal with youth who have been previously involved with the law

According to the text, the key component in the success of Project H.E.L.P. has been _______ involvement. volunteer school juvenile court parental

parental

Youths' attitudes toward law and law enforcement are influenced most by: personal contact with law enforcement officers incarcerated parent the media's portrayal of law enforcement none of the above

personal contact with law enforcement officers

The most serious and chronic juvenile offenders often show signs of antisocial behavior as early as: early elementary preschool upper elementary upper elementary to middle school

preschool

In the late 1960s the most promising method of dealing with delinquency was believed to be: incarceration reaction parental prevention

prevention

The most common disposition of the juvenile or family court is: juvenile detention suspension probation appeal

probation

The public health model's two-pronged juvenile crime prevention strategy: promotes protective factors and reduces risk factors promotes protective factors and addresses parental irresponsibility reduces risk factors and promotes school resource officers promotes risk factors and reduces protective factors

promotes protective factors and reduces risk factors

The principal program goals for JUMP do NOT include: reducing juvenile delinquency improve academic performance reduce the school dropout rate providing healthcare at no cost to the guardian(s)

providing healthcare at no cost to the guardian(s)

According to the text, the weakest element in the juvenile justice process is: dispositional stage reentry/aftercare sentencing stage juvenile correctional facilities

reentry/aftercare

Most state juvenile court purpose statements contain all of the following clauses EXCEPT: BARJ Standard Juvenile Court Act legislative guide rehabilitated guide

rehabilitated guide

Juvenile Drug Courts: report the majority of youth were under the influence at the time of their offense were first established in the state of North Dakota claim that the root causes of drug use are found in school risk factors require an alcohol problem and having committed a violent offense

report the majority of youth were under the influence at the time of their offense

Intermediate sanctions generally follow _________ principles. retributive rehabilitative criminogenic restorative

restorative

Primary prevention efforts are usually directed toward: punitive factors mechanical factors risk factors protective factors

risk factors

When dealing with an active school shooter, first responders are to: hold and contain wait for SWAT teams to arrive run to the gunfire and attempt to force surrender call upon area Homeland Security

run to the gunfire and attempt to force surrender

According to Delaney (2006) other setting variables are ________ , EXCEPT: School Street Prison Motorcycle

school

The dual role of the juvenile prosecutor is to: protect guardians as well as the juvenile seek juvenile justice while representing the interests of the state seek incarceration while demonstrating tolerance ensure the juvenile's mental health and educational rights

seek juvenile justice while representing the interests of the state

Characteristics of the juvenile court include all of the following EXCEPT: separate hearings for children's cases informal or chancery procedure separate mental health facilities provision for physical examinations

separate mental health facilities

Two key components of aftercare are: services and counseling supervision and restitution services and supervision services and electronic monitoring

services and supervision

According to the text, the role of probation officers has shifted to that of: educator social service "brokers" therapist vocational counselor

social service "brokers"

The juvenile court's jurisdiction is defined by: state statutes judges attorneys police

state statutes

The essence of probation is: restriction restitution mediation supervision

supervision

A form of visual vandalism whose dominant impression includes words is termed: representing graffiti streaming tagging

tagging

Young women generally: join gangs to protect their families are not actively involved in gangs take on satellite or auxiliary roles in predominantly male gangs young women are hesitant to become involved in gangs

take on satellite or auxiliary roles in predominantly male gangs

The prevention strategy aimed at recidivism is ___________ prevention. punitive secondary primary tertiary

tertiary

What is the importance of the U.S. Supreme Court's holding in the Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County, et al v. Earls et al., the U.S.? random drug tests of students is always an invasion of privacy requiring a search warrant that the constitutionality of zero-tolerance policies for weapon and drug violations should be upheld that random drug tests for all middle and high school students participating in extracurricular activities is not a constitutional violation that random searches of lockers for drugs and weapons is unconstitutional

that random drug tests for all middle and high school students participating in extracurricular activities is not a constitutional violation

The primary outcome of victim-offender mediation is: giving the victim an opportunity to speak to the offender in a safe environment giving the offender an opportunity to explain actions that the offender agrees on a reparative plan that the victim agrees on a corrective action

that the offender agrees on a reparative plan

The OJJDP's comprehensive effort to provide communities with a set of programs whose effectiveness has been scientifically demonstrated is called: the ACT Now Program Project H.E.L.P. the Blueprints for Violence Prevention Initiative DARE

the Blueprints for Violence Prevention Initiative

Most states use all of the following criteria when detaining youth EXCEPT: lack of parental care available the seriousness of the offenses and the juvenile's record the safety of the juvenile or societal protection the age of the juvenile

the age of the juvenile

Juvenile Mental Health Courts have been established because: the majority of youth involved with the juvenile justice system have a mental health disorder mental health services are not available for juveniles most juveniles have been homeless due to mental health issues in the family youth addiction is rampant

the majority of youth involved with the juvenile justice system have a mental health disorder

Juvenile court statutes often require that once youth are taken into custody: they may only be released to their parents, guardians, or custodians parents immediately check-in at the jail they must be questioned, with or without an attorney the juvenile's previous record is not relevant

the may only be released to their parents, guardians, or custodians

Youth are considered to be in custody when: hand-cuffs are put on them the information about the incident is officially recorded the guardians are notified the police apprehend, stop, and otherwise suspect them of a status offense or delinquent act

the police apprehend, stop, and otherwise suspect them of a status offense or delinquent act

The principle venue for the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program is: the school community recreation centers the home through the police department

the school

The intake hearing may result in all of the following EXCEPT: dismissal diversion referral transition

transition

The geographic location of a trial is called its: venue locale community society

venue

The four models of restorative justice include all of the EXCEPT: victim-community rehabilitation victim-offender mediation community reparative boards family group conferencing and circle sentencing

victim-community rehabilitation

The Justice Model focuses on: youth being held accountable and sometimes punished the best interests of the child the mental health of the child the environment of the child

youth being held accountable and sometimes punished