K201 Chapter 4 Q.4.1-4.6

binary digits

"bits"; how computers represent data

Benefits of cryptocurrencies

1. Compared to traditional payment methods, cryptocurrency transactions are faster and easier and have few to no fees. 2. Governments can't easily monitor, tax, or seize cryptocurrencies. 3. Consumers holding cryptocurrencies are protected from inflation.

5 new hardware developments that have the potential to disrupt existing organizations

1. Internet of things 2. Digital reality devices 3. Self-driving cars 4. 3D printing 5. Cryptocurrencies

Why Programmers Volunteer Services (to open source, specf)?

1. It's great fun! 2. It gives them the freedom to choose what projects they work on. 3. To exhibit one's skill, both for pride and to find a job or consulting employment. 4. To start a business selling services to support an open source product.

3 types of virtualization

1. PC virtualization 2. Server virtualization 3. Desktop virtualization

5 principle mobile operating systems

1. Symbian 2. BlackBerry OS 3. iOS 4. Android 5. Windows 10 (mobile)

Risks of Cryptocurrencies

1. The value of a cryptocurrency can drop to zero if enough big holders of the currency sell their coins. a) Bitcoin, for example, derives its value because enough people perceive it as valuable. There is nothing like gold backing its value, and it is not government-approved legal tender. It's all perception. 2. That can lead to extreme price volatility. a) Bitcoin also suffers from the fact that relatively few businesses accept it as payment, and it initially got a bad reputation for being used by organized crime.

3 most popular server operating systems

1. Windows Server 2. Unix 3. Linux

2 Software Constraints:

1. a particular version of an OS is written for a particular type of hardware 2. two types of application programs exist; app programs are written to use a particular OS

Windows 10 (mobile)

A Windows operating system designed for mobile devices. Users who want Windows 10 on mobile devices will get this on their smartphones or a full version of Windows 10 on Surface Pro devices.

Bits

A ____ is either a zero or a one. Are used for computer data because they are easy to represent physically, as illustrated. A switch can be either closed or open...or....the orientation of a magnetic field can represent a bit.....page 119 in MIS. All forms of computer data are represented by ____. The data can be numbers, characters, currency amounts, photos, recordings, or whatever. All are simply a string of ____.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Software

A business program (spec Oracle's) used for storing sales and client contact information in one central database. Use this to access a database, not an OS.

Virtual Reality (VR)

A completely computer-generated virtual world with interactive digital objects. These are completely immersive experiences that try to create a strong sense of presence. In other words, if a device were able to create a strong sense of presence, you'd lean back and hold on tight if you were on a virtual roller coaster about to go off the track. EX's: Facebook's Oculus Rift, Sony's PlayStation VR, and Samsung Gear VR.

Internet of Things (IoT)

A disruptive force that has the power to change business. This is the idea that objects are becoming connected to the Internet so they can interact with other devices, applications, or services. Everyday objects are being embedded with hardware capable of sensing, processing, and transmitting data. Objects can then connect to a network and share data with any other application, service, or device.

General Electric's (GE) Industrial Internet

A good example of this push toward smart devices. ______ is a broad program focused on creating smart devices, analyzing the data from these devices, and then making changes that increase efficiencies, reduce waste, and improve decision making. _____ sees the greatest potential for smart devices in hospitals, power grids, railroads, and manufacturing plants.

Fiat Currencies

A government-approved legal tender.

Android

A mobile operating system licensed by Google. ______ devices have a very loyal following, especially among technical users.

PC Virtualization

A personal computer, such as a desktop or laptop, hosts several different operating systems. Interesting and useful. Say a user needs to have both Linux and Windows running on a computer for a training or development project. In that circumstance, the user can load software like Oracle VirtualBox or VMWare Workstation on the host operating system in order to create Linux and Windows virtual machines. The user can run both systems on the same hardware at the same time if the host operating system has sufficient resources (i.e., memory and CPU power).

Operating System (OS)

A program that controls the computer's resources. Some functions include: to read and write data, allocate main memory, perform memory swapping, start and stop programs, respond to error conditions, and facilitate backup and recovery. In addition, the ________ creates and manages the user interface, including the display, keyboard, mouse, and other devices. Although the ______ makes the computer usable, it does little application-specific work. If you want to check the weather or access a database, you need application programs such as an iPad weather application or Oracle's CRM software. Both client and server computers need an _____, though they need not be the same. Further, both clients and servers can process application programs. The application's design determines whether the client, the server, or both process it.

Server Virtualization

A server computer hosts one or more other server computers. EX: A Windows Server computer is hosting multiple virtual machines. Users can log on to any of those virtual machines, and they will appear as normal desktop computers.....how one of those virtual machines would appear to a user of that virtual desktop: Notice that the user of that virtual machine is running a Web browser as if it is a local desktop (see scrnsht). ___________ plays a key role for cloud vendors.

Desktop Virtualization

A server hosts many versions of desktop operating systems. Has the potential to be revolutionary. Each of those desktops has a complete user environment and appears to the user to be just another PC. However, the desktop can be accessed from any computer to which the user has access. Thus, you could be at an airport and go to a terminal computer and access your virtualized desktop. To you, it appears as if that airport computer is your own personal computer. Using a virtual desktop also means that you wouldn't have to worry about losing a corporate laptop or confidential internal data. Meanwhile, many other users could have accessed the computer in the airport, and each thought he or she had his or her personal computer. ________ is in its infancy, but it might have major impact in the future.

mobile device

A small, lightweight, power-conserving, computing device that is capable of wireless connectivity. Almost all of these have a display and some means for data entry. Include: smartphones, tablets, smartwatches, and small, light laptops The major reason for the importance of _______ is the size of their market.

Windows Server

A version of Windows that has been specifically designed and configured for server use. It has much more stringent and restrictive security features than other versions of Windows and is popular on servers in organizations that have made a strong commitment to Microsoft.

magnetic disks

Also called hard disks. Are the most common storage device.

Unix

An operating system that was developed at Bell Labs in the 1970s. It has been the workhorse of the scientific and engineering communities since then. It is seldom used in business.

Tablets

Apple brought _____ to prominence with the iPad. In 2012, Microsoft announced Surface and Google announced the Nexus series, all ____.

Optical disks

Are also popular portable storage media. EX: CDs and DVDs

Smartphones

Are cell phones with processing capability. The Samsung Galaxy S9 and iPhone 8 are good examples. Today, because it's hard to find a cell phone that isn't "smart," people often just call them phones.

Personal Computer (PC)

Are classic computing devices that are used by individuals. In the past, _____s were the primary computer used in business. Today, they are gradually being supplanted by tablets and other mobile devices. The Mac Pro is an example of a modern ___.

Cryptocurrencies

Are digital-only currencies that use cryptographic protections to manage and record secure transactions. They are an important disruptive force because of their potential to transform world economies. Benefits and risks to them. They are slowly gaining acceptance. EX: Bitcoin

Bytes

Bits grouped into 8-bit chunks. Are used to measure sizes of character and non-character data. The specifications for the size of main memory, disk, and other computer devices are expressed in ______.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Brain of the computer that performs instructions defined by software. It has the "smarts" of the machine. Every computer has this. The ______ selects instructions, processes them, performs arithmetic and logical comparisons, and stores results of operations in memory. Some computers have two or more ______s. ______'s vary in speed, function, and cost. It also works in conjunction with main memory.

Hertz

CPU speed is expressed in these cycles.

Main Memory (RAM - Random Access Memory)

CPU works in conjunction with this. The CPU reads data and instructions from memory and then stores the results of computations in ______. Is sometimes called ___ (3 letter abbreviation).

Phablet

Combines the functionality of a smartphone with the larger screen of a tablet. Devices like Samsung's Galaxy Note or Apple's iPhone 8 Plus would fall into this crossover category.

Firmware

Computer software that is installed into devices such as printers, print servers, and various types of communication devices. The software is coded just like other software, but it is installed into special, read-only memory of the printer or other device. In this way, the program becomes part of the device's memory; it is as if the program's logic is designed into the device's circuitry. Therefore, users do not need to load firmware into the device's memory. ______ can be changed or upgraded.

Computer Hardware

Consists of electronic components and related gadgetry that input, process, output, and store data according to instructions encoded in computer programs or software. The way we think of ____ is constantly changing (e.g. phones).

Web Application

Designed to run within a computer browser such as Firefox, Chrome, Opera, or Edge (formerly Internet Explorer). Also known as a thin-client application. The browser handles the idiosyncrasies of the operating system and underlying hardware. These run within the browser and can run on any type of computer. Ideally, a _____ can also run within any browser, though this is not always true as you will learn. Can be written by professional programmers, and, indeed, most are. However, it is possible for technically oriented Web developers and business professionals to develop them as well. The entry-level technical skill required is low. The user experience provided by a ________ varies considerably. Are limited by the capabilities of the browser -- they are unable to support very specialized and complex applications. The major advantage of ______ over native applications is that they will run on any operating system and device. A _____ has one code base and one development team. Considerably cheaper to develop than native applications. Users obtain ____ via the Internet. Updates to the application are automatic and seamless. You need not install (or reinstall) anything (advantage to user). More difficult, however, to earn money from your application.

Virtual Machines (vm)

Hosted operating systems. Each ______ has disk space and other resources allocated to it.

Mobile Systems

Information systems that support users in motion. Users access the system from any place using any smart device (smartphone, tablet, PC). Users move not only geographically but from device to device.

Bitcoin

Introduced in 2009. Is currently the most well-known cryptocur- rency among the thousands available today. There are only 21 million possible _____s and there won't be any more _____ created beyond that original amount.

server farm

Is a collection of, typically, thousands of servers. Are often placed in large truck trailers that hold 5,000 servers or more. Typically a trailer has two large cables coming out of it; one is for power, and the other is for data communications. The operator of the _____ backs a trailer into a pre-prepared slab (in a warehouse or sometimes out in the open air), plugs in the power and communications cables, and, voilà, thousands of servers are up and running!

Server

Is a computer that is designed to support processing requests from many remote computers and users. Is essentially a PC on steroids. It differs from a PC principally because of what it does. The relationship between PCs and _____ is similar to the relationship between clients and _______ at a typical restaurant. ______ take requests from clients and then bring them things. In restaurants this is food and silverware. In computing environments ______ can send Web pages, email, files, or data to PCs. EX: the Dell PowerEdge server

Linux

Is a version of Unix that was developed by the open source community. This community is a loosely coupled group of programmers who mostly volunteer their time to contribute code to develop and maintain ____. The open source community owns _____, and there is no fee to use it. _____ can run on client computers, but usually only when budget is of paramount concern. By far, _____ is most popular as a server OS. Is frequently used on servers by organizations that want, for whatever reason, to avoid a server commitment to Microsoft. IBM is the primary proponent of ______ and in the past has used it as a means to better compete against Microsoft.

Site License

Large organizations do not buy a license for each computer user. Instead, they negotiate a ________, which is a flat fee that authorizes the company to install the product (operating system or application) on all of that company's computers or on all of the computers at a specific site.

BlackBerry OS

One of the most successful early mobile operating systems; was primarily used by business users on ______ devices.

Clients

PCs, tablets, and smartphones that access servers.

Application Software

Performs a service or function. Some application programs are general purpose, such as Microsoft Excel or Word. Other application programs provide specific functions, like QuickBooks.

Native Applications

Programs that are written to use a particular operating system. Sometimes referred to as thick-client applications. Are developed using serious, heavy-duty, professional programming languages. The limits on ______ are usually budgetary, not technological. The downside of ______ is that they are, well, native. They only run on the operating system for which they are programmed. As a general rule, the cost of _______ is high. The standard way to distribute these is via a company store, such as iTunes, owned by Apple. EX: Microsoft Access will run only on the Windows operating system. Some applications come in multiple versions. For example, there are Windows and Macintosh versions of Microsoft Word. But unless informed otherwise, assume that a native application runs on just one operating system.

GNU

Richard Matthew Stallman, the father of the open source movement, developed a set of tools called _____ (a self-referential acronym meaning ______ Not Unix) for creating a free Unix-like operating system.

Storage Capacity Terminology

SEE SCRNSHT in folder or page 120 in MIS

the cloud

Server infrastructure that's delivered as a service via the Internet.

virtual environment

Simulated non-physical environments.

Satoshi

Smallest fraction of a Bitcoin. 1/100,000,000 of one bitcoin.

off-the-shelf with alterations software

Software bought off the shelf but altered to fit an organization's specific needs.

One-of-a-kind application (software)

Software that is developed for a specific, unique need. Organizations develop custom application software themselves or hire a development vendor. By developing custom software, the organization can tailor its application to fit its requirements. Custom development is difficult and risky, challenging, daunting, and liable to cost overruns. In addition, every application program needs to be adapted to changing needs and changing technologies and with this type of software, that cost burden is heavy. Because of the risk and expense, custom development is the last-choice alternative, used only when there is no other option. The U.S. Department of Defense develops such software, for example, because it has needs that no other organization has. You can think of ______ software as the automotive equivalent of a military tank. Sometimes paying for a custom vehicle, while expensive, is warranted.

Custom-developed software

Software that is tailor-made for a particular organization's requirements.

Horizontal-market application (software)

Software that provides capabilities common across all organizations and industries. Word processors, graphics programs, spreadsheets, and presentation programs are all __________ software. Examples of such software are Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. Examples from other vendors are Adobe's Acrobat, Photoshop, and PageMaker and Jasc Corporation's Paint Shop Pro. These applications are used in a wide variety of businesses across all industries. They are purchased off the shelf, and little customization of features is necessary (or possible). They are the automobile equivalent of a sedan. Everybody buys them and then uses them for different purposes.

Vertical-market application (software)

Software which serves the needs of a specific industry. Examples of such programs are those used by dental offices to schedule appointments and bill patients, those used by auto mechanics to keep track of customer data and customers' automobile repairs, and those used by parts warehouses to track inventory, purchases, and sales. If horizontal-market applications are sedans, then _______ would be construction vehicles, like an excavator. They meet the needs of a specific industry. __________ usually can be altered or customized. Typically, the company that sold the application software will provide such services or offer referrals to qualified consultants who

Solid State Storage (SSD) -or- SSD Drive

Solid-state storage (SSD) (or an SSD drive) is much faster than traditional magnetic storage because it stores information using nonvolatile electronic circuits. SSD drives are gaining in popularity but are several times more expensive than magnetic hard disks. USB flash drives are small, portable solid-state storage devices that can be used to back up data and transfer it from one computer to another.

Closed Source

Source code that is highly protected and only available to trusted employees and carefully vetted contractors (EX: Microsoft Office). The source code is protected like gold in a vault. Only those trusted programmers can make changes to a _______ project.

Augmented Reality (AR)

The altering of reality by overlaying digital information on real-world objects. Essentially, these devices work like heads-up displays, giving users information about the real world they're experiencing. For example, an _____ device could provide users directions in the form of virtual arrows being displayed on the roadway. Users could also read virtual emails displayed in the air or see virtual health data projected in front of them as they exercise. EX's: Google Glass, Epson's Moverio Smart Glasses, and Daqri Smart Helmet.

Mixed Reality (MR)

The combination of the real physical world with interactive virtual images or objects. These types of devices are generally perceived as having greater potential than AR devices due to their ability to interact with virtual objects in real time. EX's: Microsoft (HoloLens) and Meta (Meta 2)

Blockchain

The decentralized public ledgering system used to record cryptocurrency transactions, to manage transactions in traditional sectors like shipping, real estate, voting, and stock trading. Business are using this.

Sense of presence

The illusion that a virtual experience is real.

Microsoft Windows

The most popular non-mobile client operating system for PCs. Some version of ______ resides on more than 88 percent of the world's desktops, and, if we consider just business users, the figure is more than 95 percent. The most recent version of _____ is Windows 10.

MacOS

The operating system used on Apple Macintosh computers. It is distinctive for its elegant graphical user interface which makes the system especially easy to learn and use. Until recently, _____ was used primarily by graphic artists and workers in the arts community. The current version is the ____ High Sierra. Apple touts it as the world's most advanced desktop operating system (but watch out for Windows 10 which now gives it a run for its money 4 the title).

iOS

The operating system used on the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad. When first released, it broke new ground with its ease of use and compelling display, features that are now being copied by the BlackBerry OS and Android. It is used on 28% of mobile devices. The current version is iOS 11.

Virtualization

The process by which one physical computer hosts many different virtual (not literal) computers within it. With _____, each vm is able to operate exactly the same as it would if it were operating in a stand-alone, non-virtual environment.

License

The right to use a program. When you buy a computer program, you are not actually buying that program. Instead, you are buying a _______ to use that program. EX: when you buy a macOS license, Apple is selling you the right to use macOS. Apple continues to own the macOS program.

Open Source

The source code of the program is available to the public. _____ succeeds because of collaboration. There are many cycles of iteration and feedback. With _______, anyone can obtain the source code from the ______ project's Web site.

Modern-style Applications

These kinds of applications are touch-screen oriented and provide context-sensitive, pop-up menus. They can also be used with a mouse and keyboard. Microsoft claims that ____ work just as well on portable, mobile devices, such as tablet computers, as they do on desktop computers. One key feature of them is the minimization of menu bars, status lines, and other visual over- head. What Microsoft Windows 8 was distinguished by.

Host Operating System

Type of operating system that runs one or more operating systems as applications. It controls the activities of the virtual machines it hosts to prevent them from interfering with one another.

Storage Hardware

Used to save data and programs. All computers include this.

Self-driving car (driverless car)

Uses a variety of sensors to navigate like a traditional car but without human intervention. It will be full of advanced hardware and integrated software and is the epitome of a mobile system. In fact, it will be so mobile that it will be able to move without anyone being in the car. _______ will make things easier, cheaper, and safer. They'll also disrupt well-established industries.

object-oriented

When referring to languages, ones that can be used to create difficult, complex applications, and, if used properly, will result in high-performance code that is easy to alter when requirements change. Can be used only by professional programmers who have devoted years to learning object-oriented design and coding skills. The benefit of such languages is that they give programmers close control over the assets of the computing device and enable the creation of sophisticated and complex user interfaces.

Machine code

compiled source code that is processed by a computer; in general, is not understandable by humans and cannot be modified When a user accesses a Web site, the ______ version of the program runs on the user's computer. We do not show ______ in a figure.

3D printing

_____ can print in more than just plastics; can print in metal, wood, ceramics, foods, and biological material too.

Quad-processor

a computer with four CPUs

Dual-Processor

a computer with two CPUs

Source code

computer written code as written by humans that is understandable by humans

Just-in-time data

data delivered to the user at the precise time it is needed

m-commerce

e-commerce that takes place using mobile devices

Reality

is the state of things as they actually exist

Swift programming language

macOS and iOS applications are constructed using Objective-C or the _____

GNU general public license (GPL) agreement

one of the standard license agreements for open source software

Symbian

popular on phones in Europe and the Far East, but less so in North America

Off-the-shelf software

software that is used without making any changes

Volatile

their contents are lost when power is off EX: cache and main memory

Nonvolatile

their contents survive when power is off EX: magnetic and optical disks

Major Elements in Mobile Systems

users in motion, mobile devices, wireless connectivity, cloud-based resources