Keen - Quiz 3

The neural tube arises from the (?) and is surrounded by (?) which are focused collections of the (?) mesoderm which eventually form (?)

Ectoderm; somites; myogenic precursor cells

There is a single specific myogenic regulatory factor regulating each stage of muscle development. (T/F)

False

The Speeman organizer arises from the (? and is essential in the formation of (?)

Mesoderm; neural precursor cells

In cell culture, the observation that growth factors in conditioned medium could be depleted ("used up") by a second group of cultured cells suggested that growth factors were soluble substances produced and secreted by the specific cells used to "condition" the medium. (T/F)

True

Mitosis is the time of the cell cycle where 2 daughter cells are created. (T/F)

True

Myogenic regulatory factors are transcription factors that can activate a set of genes which specify cells to become muscle precursors and produce muscle specific proteins. (T/F)

True

Nerve Growth Factor has specific targets for its impact. These include sympathetic and sensory neurons as well as the neurons in the frontal lobe and hippocampus. (T/F)

True

Quiescence and/or differentiation typically occur in the G0 phase of the cell cycle. (T/F)

True

Removing the developing ectoderm intact and placing it in culture without other types of influence, it will form epidermal tissue. (T/F)

True

The pattern and quantity of muscle activation impacts the fiber type of the muscle fibers innervated by that motor neuron. (T/F)

True

Order the general scheme of muscle development from beginning to end. Myotubes Muscle fiber Myoblasts Myogenic precursor cells

1. Myogenic precursor cells 2. Myoblasts 3. Myotubes 4. Muscle Fiber

Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) has which of the following functions? Check all that apply. Activates satellite cells to undergo mitosis Promotes muscle cell differentiation Increases neurotransmitter release in motor neurons Liver cell proliferation

Activates satellite cells to undergo mitosis Liver cell proliferation

Ligand binding to a Receptor Tyrosine Kinase can lead to which of the following? (Check all that apply) Activation or suppression of gene transcription Bring the membrane potential closer to threshold, making it more likely for an action potential to be generated Increase or decrease ongoing cellular synthetic activities Activation of MAPK3 to regulate downstream effects Activation of the ras/Raf-1 pathway

Activation or suppression of gene transcription Increase or decrease ongoing cellular synthetic activities Activation of MAPK3 to regulate downstream effects Activation of the ras/Raf-1 pathway

Imagine a population of cells that have arisen from the ectoderm. If BMPs were applied to this population of cells, what events would occur? (check all that apply) Epidermal and neural gene expression modulation Neuronal differentiation SMAD1 dephosphorylation SMAD1/SMAD4 complex migration to the nucleus BMP-R protein kinase activity Epidermal differentiation

Epidermal and neural gene expression modulation SMAD1/SMAD4 complex migration to the nucleus BMP-R protein kinase activity Epidermal differentiation

BMP/BMP Receptor interaction leads to SMAD1/SMAD4 complex migration into the nucleus, resulting in induction of transcription factors which up-regulate neural genes (resulting in neuronal cell development) and down-regulate epidermal genes (resulting in skin cell development). (T/F)

False

Force production in muscle occurs at identical rates and velocities in all fiber and motor unit types. (T/F)

False

What events are essential to muscle fiber hypertrophy in an adult? (check all that apply) Reduction of MyoD synthesis Activation and division of myonuclei Increased synthesis of actin and myosin contractile proteins Donation of daughter cell nucleus resulting from satellite cell division Progression of satellite cells through the S-phase of the cell cycle

Increased synthesis of actin and myosin contractile proteins Donation of daughter cell nucleus resulting from satellite cell division Progression of satellite cells through the S-phase of the cell cycle

Which of the following is influenced by Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)? (check all that apply) Inhibition of apoptosis Growth and differentiation Synaptic efficacy Aggregation of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the post-synaptic membrane in skeletal muscle.

Inhibition of apoptosis Growth and differentiation Synaptic efficacy

Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) is essential for muscle development and growth. It actively promotes which of the following? Activation of Myogenin Inhibition of satellite cell proliferation Satellite cell differentiation Myogenic cell proliferation

Myogenic cell proliferation

In the process of neural determination, (?) such as (?) are released to enable activation of (?)

Neural Inducing factors; cerebrus & noggin; neural specific genes

The growth factor (indicated as red circles) in this figure is acting via which of the following communication modes? Paracrine Endocrine Autocrine Neural Intracrine Exocrine

Paracrine

A majority of growth factors typically bind to one type of receptors on the cell. This type of receptor is the: Receptor tyrosine kinases or Trks Transcription factors GPCRs Guanalyl cyclase receptors Ligand-gated ion channels

Receptor tyrosine kinases or Trks

Please match the phase of the cell cycle listed below with the event or action which occurs during that phase. Cell division or mitosis DNA replication Checkpoint control gap to ensure that cells are ready to divide Resting phase/quiescence Cell growth and checkpoint control gap to ensure that DNA is ready for synthesis 1. G0 2. G1 3. G2 4. M 5. S

__4__ Cell division or mitosis __5__ DNA replication __3__ Checkpoint control gap to ensure that cells are ready to divide __1__ Resting phase/quiescence __2__ Cell growth and checkpoint control gap to ensure that DNA is ready for synthesis