Kidney, Electrolytes,& Fluid pH
Emphysema can lead to which of the following?
Respiratory acidosis
Hypoventilation would cause:
Respiratory acidosis.
A mountain climber at high altitude may lose consciousness as the result of:
Respiratory alkalosis.
Consuming a meal high in salt will contribute to all the following EXCEPT
Result in a temporary increase in blood volume.
A patient presents with severe liver failure, which of the following would NOT be a possible consequence.
a decrease in urine sodium levels
ADH is inhibited by alkalosis. decreased blood pressure. increased plasma osmolarity. increased blood pressure. a wild night and a lot of margaritas.
a wild night and a lot of margaritas.
Functions of the urinary system include helping to stabilize blood pH. regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. conservation of valuable nutrients. regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions. all of the above
all of the above
Functions of the urinary system include helping to stabilize blood pH. regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. conservation of valuable nutrients. regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions. all of the above
all of the above
Steven, who had way too many margaritas, has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ________ from his body. hydrogen ion water sodium bicarbonate ion all of the above
all of the above
The macula densa cells respond to ________.
changes in solute content in filtrate (sodium)
The descending limb of the loop of Henle:
contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla.
The descending limb of the loop of Henle: contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla. is not permeable to water. is freely permeable to sodium and urea. pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule.
contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla.
Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by active transport. cotransport with Na and K ions. countertransport for bicarbonate ion. simple diffusion. facilitated diffusion.
cotransport with Na and K ions.
The creation of NEW bicarbonate ions in Tewin's Kidneys are coupled with the elimination of protons and: a) the the chloride shift. b) reabsorption of HPO4-2 c) kidneys excrete fewer bicarbonate ions. c) increased aldosterone production. d) deamination of glutamine
deamination of glutamine
The filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers, which is the proper order from from inside to ouside? a) endothelium of glomerulus, basement membrane of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits. b) dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule. c) filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores. d) fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes. e)podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus
dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule.???
A rapid increase in Brian's blood potassium levels will lead to:
depolarzation of cells
Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for sweetness of the urine as a sign of _____
diabetes mellitus
Aldosterone acts on the ________.
distal convoluted tubule
Aldosterone acts on the ________. proximal convoluted tubule medullary portion of the collecting duct descending limb of the nephron loop glomerulus distal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
Most body water intake is from ________, whereas most body water lost is via ________.
drinking; urine
Aldosterone is stimulated to be released by
elevated K+
The most restrictive layer of the filtration membrane is the:
filtration slits
After a night of trying to keep up with Jess's drinking, Jacob spent the day vomiting, until his breathing rate became severly depressed and he was admitted to the ER with muscle spasms resulting from
hypokalemia
Acidosis can cause all of the following, except
hyponatremia.
Andy is working in the desert and is drinking adequete amounts of pure water without taking in food or anything else. This practice will lead to
hypotonic hydration
The production of dilute urine is due to decreased osmotic concentration in the DCT . impermeability of the collecting duct. high urea concentration in the renal medulla. increased ADH release. increased aldosterone release.
impermeability of the collecting ducts
Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, except
increase the glomerular filtration rate.
Renal autoregulation in Danielle's kidneys results from: secretion of ADH. increased blood pressure in the afferent arteriole. secretion of aldosterone. changes in osmotic concentration in the blood. two of the above.
increased blood pressure in the afferent arteriole.
In order to control Ellen's physiological problems associated with stress, she is given a drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to all of the following EXCEPT
increased urinary loss of potassium
Emily is hyperventilating due to anxiety over the test causing respiratory alkalosis, in response to correct the problem the
kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.
Which of the following is(are) important buffers inside cells? a) ammonia. b) proteins. c) bicarbonate. d) phosphate. e) more than 1 .
more than 1
A slow increase in Mattie's blood potassium levels resulting from acidosis will lead to: depolarzation of cells increased polarization of the cell membrane. muscle weakness. more than one of the above. depression of the nervous system.
more than one above
Rosie gets hit by a car while on her bike and has extensive damage to her kidneys resulting in decreased kidney hormone levels leading to decreased blood calcium levels increased protein catabolism decreased hematocrit increased blood glucose levels more than one of the above
more than one above
Hypocalcemia can lead to muscle weakness hyperpolarization of neurons decreased reflexes muscle spasms depression of the nervous system
muscle spasms??
A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to increase of blood pressure. more secretion of aldosterone. decreased urinary loss of sodium. increased sodium reabsorption. none of the above.
none of the above
One aspect of renal autoregulation involves: a) constriction of the afferent arteriole in response to high osmotic concentration of the blood. b) constriction of the afferent arteriole in response to decreased blood pressure. c) constriction of the afferent arteriole in response to low osmotic concentration of the filtrate. d) constriction of the efferent arteriole in respose to high e) blood pressure. none of the above.
none of the above??
Megan is drinking pure water and eating nothing this will cause
osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.
Many cations are reabsorbed as a result of primary active transport in the collecting duct. filtration. passive attraction to the relatively negative interstitium/vasa recta. Primary active transport in the Loop of Henle.
passive attraction to relativel negative interstitium/vasa recta
The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of:
plasma protein
Which of the following wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus for structural support and to form part of the filtration membrane?
podocyte
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone? a) It stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors. b) It targets the cerebral cortex. c) It inhibits salivation and thirst. d) It stimulates angiotensin II secretion. e) It promotes water conservation.
promotes water conservation??
The structures located in the renal medulla that contain the Loop of Henle and Vasa recta are called nephrons. calyces. renal pelvises. renal columns. pyramids.
pyramids
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is
reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for:
regulating the rate of filtrate formation and blood volume homeostasis.
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for:
regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure.
Breathing into and out of a paper bag for a long period of time will lead to ____
respiratory acidosis
Jack, who has COPD, will develop
respiratory acidosis
Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of
secondary active symport with Na+.
In the loop of Henle
sodium and chloride ions are actively transported out of the ascending limb.
Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. From the list below, what are these three main pressures? 1) blood hydrostatic pressure 2) capsular hydrostatic pressure 3) capsular colloid osmotic pressure 4) blood colloid osmotic pressure 5) urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure
1, 2, and 4 are correct.
The average body has ________ kidney(s).
2
Measurement of the functions of a nephron reveals a glomerular capillary pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a pressure in the capsular space of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the colloid osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net filtration pressure in this case?
24 mm Hg
What is the normal pH of tissue fluid?
7.35 - 7.45
A decrease in the pH of the body will lead to
??? not an increase in bicarbonate?
A hemorrhage results in which of the following?
A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity
Long-term inhibition of thirst is mostly associated with which of the following?
A drop in blood osmolarity
Which of the following descriptions best matches loop of Henle? a) creates high interstitial medullary osmotic concentration gradient b) enables production of hypertonic urine c) relies on countercurrent multiplication A, B, and C B and C only
A, B, and C
Secretion of potassium into the urine is a) increased by aldosterone. b) associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts. c) decreases under acidic conditions. d) A, B, and C e) A and B only
A,B and C
Blood plasma is filtered in A. the renal tubule. B. the renal corpuscle. C. the renal capsule. D. the renal column. E. the renal calyx.
A. renal capsule
Diabetes insipidus is caused by decreased levels of which of the following hormones? glucagon ADH aldosterone insulin cortisol
ADH
Each of the following play a role in sodium reabsorbtion/secretion EXCEPT
ADH
Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood?
ADH
Which hormone stimulates Elana's thirst mechanism?
ADH
How do the kidneys compensate respiratory acidosis? By reabsorbing more hydrogen ions By reabsorbing more ammonia By secreting more bicarbonate ions By secreting more hydrogen ions By secreting more sodium ions
By secreting more hydrogen ions
Which of the following occurs with hypokalemia?
Cells are hyperpolarized.
What is the principal anion of the ECF? Pi Ca2+ Cl- Na+ K+
Cl-
An individual is hospitalized and the initial blood work indicates high levels of CO2 in the blood and a pH of 7. 32, this would indicate the individual probably has:
Compensated respiratory acidosis
The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of a) the distal convoluted tubule. b) the collecting duct. c) the nephron loop (loop of Henle). d) the proximal convoluted tubule. e) the loop of Henle and the collecting duct.
Loop of henle
In tubuloglomerular autoregulation, an increase in filtrate osmolarity will lead to the ______________ cells signalling for __________
Macula densa; constriction of the affferent arteriole
An excessive intake of antacids can lead to which of the following? Respiratory alkalosis Respiratory acidosis Metabolic acidosis Digestive alkalosis Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Chronic vomiting can lead to which of the following?
Metabolic alkalosis
What is the principal cation of the ECF?
Na+
Natriuretic peptide inhibits ________ reabsorption by the collecting duct, which ________ urine output.
NaCl; increases
Which of the following occurs when blood volume and pressure become too high? ADH release is stimulated. The renal tubules reabsorb more sodium. The kidneys produce less urine. ANP release is inhibited. None of the above.
None of the above
What is the principal anion of the ICF? Na+ Cl- PO4- K+ Ca2+
PO4-?
Which of the following is not a method by which natriuretic peptides reduce blood volume and pressure?
Preventing sodium loss in the urine
An individual is hospitalized and the initial blood work indicates high levels of HCO3- in the blood and a pH of 7. 47, this would indicate the individual probably has:
uncompensated metabolic alkolosis.
The primary nitrogenous waste found in the urine is:
urea
Water output is largely controlled by varying _
urine volume
In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce
urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions??
Amy has a Tm for a particular amino acid of 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid:
will appear in the urine.
In response to high plasma osmolarity
there is an increased permeability of the membrane of the renal collecting ducts to water
Rudy discovers he has a dangerous condition known as floating kidney which can lead to obstruction of the ureters and renal arteries which could lead to which of the following conditions? a) decreased blood levels of angiotensinogen b) increased blood levels of erythropoietin c) decreased blood levels of renin d) all of the above e) B and C only
B and C only
Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except
HPO4
A patient suffering from diabetic acidosis would display which of the following symptoms?
Hyperventilation
Which of these conditions is not a result of hyperkalemia?
The resting membrane potential is more negative.
The mechanisms for creating the solute concentration gradient in the renal medulla of Elyse's kidneys require
active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane.
albumin
Which of the following hormones is directly involved in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations?
aldosterone
Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in blood pressure by triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone. stimulating thirst. causing the release of ADH. vasoconstriction. all of the above.
all of the above
The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system.
bicarbonate
The process of filtration is driven by active transport. blood osmotic pressure. renal pumping. blood hydrostatic pressure. solvent drag.
blood hydrostatic pressure.
The urine is most likely to be hypotonic when the output of natriuretic peptides is low person is lost and deprived of drinking water output of antidiuretic hormone is high body's pH is low body's water volume is high
body's water volume is high
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases, a) more urine is produced. b) less urine is produced. c) the osmolarity of the urine decreases. both A and C both B and C
both A and C
The juxtaglomerular cells are stimulated to produce renin:
by a decrease in the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole.
Caitlin is hospitalized and the initial blood work indicates low levels of bicarbonate in the blood, this would indicate the individual is probably: a) suffering from respiratory alkalosis and is breathing slower than normal. b) suffering from respiratory acidosis and is breathing faster than normal. c) suffering from metabolic alkolosis and is breathing slower than normal. d) suffering from metabolic acidosis and is breathing faster than normal. e) may as well have the sheet pulled over his face because he's a goner.
suffering from metabolic acidosis and is breathing faster than normal.
Which of the following does NOT normally play a role in removing protons from the body trough the urine
the amine group of amino acids binding to H+.
Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems?
the lungs and the kidneys
Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems? the adrenal glands and the testes the thyroid gland and the heart the stomach and the liver the lungs and the kidneys
the lungs and the kidneys
The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is:
the nephron
In the loop of Henle
there are no aquaporins in the ascending limb.
