KIN 157 (Skinfolds, BIA, Hydrostatic Weighing, Bod Pod & DXA, Weight Management, Spirometry, Pulmonary Function, & Lung Conditions)

Which of the following is the theoretical accuracy of BIA measures of body fat percentage compared to values obtained by criterion methods, such as hydrostatic weighing?

+/- 3-4% of values obtained by the criterion method

What is the theoretical accuracy of skinfold measurements of body fat percentage compared to values obtained by criterion methods such as hydrostatic weighing?

+/- 3.5% of values obtained by the criterion method

To obtain valid and reliable spirometric measurements, which of the following is required?

- A technician who can communicate the proper technique and elicit maximal performance from the client/patient - Accurate and precise instrumentation - A cooperative client/patient who is capable of performing acceptable and repeatable trials

Which of the following can affect pulmonary function measurements and should be considered when developing norms for predicted values

- Age - Gender - Ethnicity

Which of the following is a pretest instruction for hydrostatic weighing?

- Avoid food for 3-4 hours before measurement - Avoid strenuous exercise for at least 4 house before measurement - Avoid gas-producing foods (e.g., beans, carbonated beverages) for 12 hours before measurement

Which of the following is measured by DXA?

- Bone mass - Fat mass - Bone mineral density *NOT Body Water*

Compared to nonathletes, athletes often have greater

- Bone mineral density - Fat-free mass (or lean body mass) - Bone mineral content

Which of the following is a component of the female athlete triad?

- Disordered eating - Bone demineralization - Menstrual dysfunction

Which of the following reduces risk of cross-contamination when performing pulmonary function testing?

- Disposable noseclips - Sanitizing mouthpieces between clients/patients or using disposable mouthpieces - In-line filters

Spirometry may be used

- For preoperative evaluation - To screen for general respiratory health - To measure the effects of disease on pulmonary function

When measuring FVC, the client must

- Maximally inspire before the FVC maneuver - Blast the air out as hard and fast as possible - Continue exhaling until he/she cannot expel any more air or 6 seconds for adults

Spirometry is used to measure

- Pulmonary flow rates - Lung volumes

Which of the following formulas defines vital capacity (VC)?

- TLC - RV - ERV + TV + IRV - IC + ERV

Which correlation coefficient would be MOST LIKELY to reflect the relationship between the sum of skinfolds and fat-free mass?

-0.8

A 130 lb (59kg) individual burns approximately how many Kcals per minute at rest?

1 Kcal

A 130 lb (59kg) person will burn approximately how many Kcals daily (24hrs x 60min/hr = 1440 min/day) to maintain the body at rest?

1,450 Kcals

Your client is a 24 year-old male, 210 lbs (95.3kg) and 72in (183cm) tall. Using the Bod Pod, he is 28% body fat. If his target is 22% body fat, what will he weigh, assuming there is no change in lean body mass?

194 lbs (two component model of body compostion)

Jogging 5 miles/hour (12 min mile) on flat ground is an 8.6 MET activity. If an individual weighs 154 lbs (70kg), approximately how many Kcals will be burned in 36 minutes (3 miles)?

380 Kcals

Which of the following is/are considered minimal body fat values for male and female athletes over 16 years-of-age?

5% body fat for male athletes, 12-14% body fat for female athletes

When performing pulmonary function testing in a clinical setting, obtaining adequate results typically requires

A minimum of 3 acceptable FVC and FEV1 trials that differ by no more than 150 ml (0.150 L)

Moderate-to-high intensity aerobic exercise is likely to have which of the following acute effects on body composition measured using BIA (i.e., body composition measured shortly after the exercise session)?

Body fat will be underestimated and FFM will be overestimated

After calibrating the Bod Pod, when the client enters and sits quietly, breathing normally for 50 seconds, what is being measured during this step. (assume no other measurements have been made)

Body volume

To obtain accurate body composition values using the Bod Pod, which of the following is required?

Both the choices listed (i.e., form-fitting clothing and a swim cap)

How does the bod pod measure body volume?

By measuring changes in pressure within an enclosed chamber

Reducing body weight by dieting alone will likely result in which of the following?

Decreased basal metabolic rate

Which of the following formulas correctly defines density?

Density=Mass/Volume

All skinfold prediction equations use the same location for each skinfold site (i.e., all equations that require an abdominal skinfold use the same location on the abdomen)

False

Athletes who have a large amount of muscle hypertrophy are likely to have a density of the fat-free body (FFBd) greater than the typical population-specific value

False

BIA methods are often preferable to skinfold measurements for determining the body composition of athletes

False

Compared to lean individuals, it is generally easier to obtain accurate skinfold measurements on obese individuals

False

Comparing individuals of the same age, height, and gender, aerobically fit individuals (e.g., runners cyclists) will have larger static lung volumes (e.g., TV, SVC) than sedentary individuals

False

Exhaling to residual volume is necessary to obtain an accurate measure of body fat when using the Bod Pod

False

Hydrostatic weighing is considered the "gold standard" method of determining body composition because, when performed correctly, there is little to no error in the measurement of body fat

False

If a client is dehydrated, the BIA method will likely underestimate body fat percentage

False

Individuals with a higher body density will have more body fat

False

Individuals with a restrictive lung condition are likely to have a normal vital capacity

False

Lung volumes that deviate from predicted values by 5% or more suggest pulmonary disease

False

Measuring skinfolds immediately after exercise (i.e., 60min of moderate to high intensity exercise) is likely to result in an underestimation of body fat

False

One of the assumptions of the BIA method is that the body is irregularly shaped with hollow spaces, such as the lungs and GI tract

False

Skinfolds measure internal, or visceral, fat

False

The attenuation, or weakening, of X-ray energies is similar for muscle, fat, and bone tissue

False

The client should be seated when measuring forced vital capacity and/or maximal voluntary ventilation (or maximal breathing capacity), the recommended breathing rate is 40-50 breaths/minute

False

The distribution of fat (i.e., fat patterning) is similar among different ethnic groups

False

The skinfold method is recommended for monitoring body composition changes in obese clients

False

Values obtained from upper body BIA instruments (e.g., hand-held Omron) and lower body BIA instruments (e.g., Tanita scale) are very similar; thus, for repeat measurements on a client, the instruments may be interchanged (e.g., can obtain a baseline measurement using the Omron and a follow-up measurement, 3 months later, using the Tanita scale).

False

Weight loss over 4-6 months is linear -- for every 3,500 Kcal energy deficit, individuals will consistently lose 1 lb of body fat

False

When a person enters the Bod Pod, the air inside the chamber expands or is compressed as the temperature in the chamber changes; this describes isothermal conditions

False

When calculating body density, the value should be rounded to two places to the right of the decimal (e.g., 1.05)

False

When performing hydrostatic weighing, an accurate underwater weight can typically be determined from 1-2 trials, with little accuracy gained by measuring underwater weight more than two times

False

The Bod Pod requires a measurement of body surface area. How is this obtained?

From the client's height and weight

A body builder will likely show which of the following on the Seca mBCA report?

Increased proportion of water and a high phase angle

An individual who has uncontrolled hypertension or heart failure will likely show which of the following results on the Seca mBCA report?

Increased proportion of water and a low phased angle

Which of the following activities is most likely to increase bone mass?

Jogging and weight training

Which of the following is recommended to optimize energy expenditure while minimizing injury risk?

Low to moderate intensity activities performed for longer duration (30+min), at least 5 days/week

When evaluating pulmonary function, measurements that fall within the lower limits of normal range are considered abnormal values. The lower limits of normal represents what percentage of people, or what percent on a bell curve?

Lowest 5%

When developing a skinfold prediction equation for a specific population, the skinfold site that predicts body fat is determined, then the 2nd best skinfold site, the 3rd best, and so on. This describes which statistical method?

Multiple regression

Which of the following is most likely to occur with an obstructive pulmonary disease (e.g., COPD, asthma)?

Normal TLC and VC, decreased MVV and FEV1/FVC ratio

A young adult has a FEV1/FVC ration of 65%. How would this be interpreted?

Possible obstructive lung condition

Which of the following is most likely to stimulate gains in muscle mass?

Resistance training, adequate calorie and protein intake

Which of the following is/are criteria for diagnosing osteopenia?

T-score of -1.0 to -2.4

Which of the following describes the standard technique for measuring skinfolds?

Take all measurements on the right side of the body

Which of the following best describes the Omron hand-held, and upper body analyzer?

The hand-held Omron measures total body fat based on impedence in the upper body only

According to data from the National Weight Control Registry, which of the following are reported by the majority of individuals who have successfully maintained weight loss?

They exercise approx. 1 hour/day and eat a low fat, low calorie diet

A skinfold measures two layers of skin and the underlying subcutaneous fat

True

A source of variability when using skinfold measurements to determine body composition is the prediction equation selected to convert skinfold thickness to % body fat

True

After lifting the skinfold, you should continue holding the skinfold while reading the caliper

True

Air in the lungs and thorax is a source of isothermal air when using the Bod Pod to measure body composition

True

Air that is not exhaled underwater increases buoyancy of the body and will result in an overestimation of body fat

True

An individual's loss of weight in water is directly proportional to the volume and weight of the water displaced by the body

True

As the sum of skinfolds increases, the density of the body decreases

True

BIA is based on the principle that biological tissues act as conductors or insulators to the flow of an electric current

True

Compared to adipose tissue, muscle is a good conductor of an electrical current

True

DXA scanners pass two different X-ray energies through the body

True

During pulmonary testing, the client should be encouraged and coaxed when a maximal effort is required

True

Height affects lung volumes; taller individuals typically have larger static lung volumes than shorter individuals

True

In addition to measuring total body fat, DXA also provides values for different body regions (e.g., arms, legs, trunk)

True

Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV) is a theoretical volume of air that can be exchanged in 1 minute

True

Obesity can affect pulmonary function test results

True

Osteoporotic bones are at a high risk for fracture

True

Predicting residual volume, rather than measuring it, likely increases the error in determining body density using hydrostatic weighing.

True

Skinfolds and circumference measurements may be used to monitor changes in your client's anthropometric profile over time.

True

Some BIA measurements estimate total body water (TBW)

True

The 4-electrode BIA method applies an electrical current at the distal electrodes on the hand and foot, and the voltage drop due to impedance is detected by the proximal electrodes on the wrist and ankle

True

The Bod Pod determines body composition by measuring density if the body

True

The Bod Pod is calibrated using a cylinder with a known volume

True

The ratio of FEV1/FVC is likely to be greater than 90% in individuals with a restrictive lung condition

True

The skinfold method ASSUMES that the distribution of visceral and subcutaneous fat is similar for all individuals within a population (e.g., African-American women 20-64 years-of-age)

True

There are differences in the density of the fat-free body among difference ethnic groups

True

Wearing loos or bulky clothing when using the Bod Pod will overestimate body fat

True

When monitoring body composition changes over time, multicomponent models offer greater accuracy than two-component models such as skinfolds and BIA

True

air displacement plethysmography (i.e., Bod Pod) measures ______ component(s) of body composition

Two

When components of body composition can be determined using skinfold measurements and equations?

Two components: fat mass and fat-free mass

Which of the following are dynamic measures of lung function (i.e., time-dependent)?

Two of the choices listed

Which of the following methods may be used to check the calibration of a skinfold caliper?

Use a calibration bar. If the caliper correctly reads the size of the bar, the caliper is calibrated at that measurement

One of the assumptions of the skinfold method is that measuring skinfold thickness at multiple sites provides a good measure of subcutaneous fat. This assumption reflects which measurement concept?

VALIDITY of the skinfold method

If body fat results obtained using a BIA instrument are similar to values obtained using a criterion method, such as hydrostatic weighing, BIA is considered to be a/an ________ method of body composition assessment

Valid

At what depth should the caliper tips be placed when determining skinfold thickness

Where the sides of the skinfold are approximately parallel, which is usually midway between the body and the crest of the skinfold

During pulmonary testing, the flow volume loop of an individual who has asthma and is experiencing airway obstruction will likely be

concave