Kin 202 Exam 3

Muscle contusions result from:

A blow to the muscle

Sub conjunctival hemorrhage

A broken blood vessel between the sclera and conjunctiva; Less serious condition that may occur after strong sneeze,severe vomiting or direct trauma

Compound Fracture (skull)

A fracture in that puts the outside environment in contact with the brain itself.

Zygomatic Bone Fracture

A fracture resulting from blunt trauma to the face; Pain and edema at site of injury. • Diplopia (double vision)

Tricep Strains

Infrequent; Usually caused by overuse, excessive workouts, repetitive movements; Acute: Direct blow or fall on outstretched hand.

Which of the carpal bones is most commonly dislocated?

Lunate

Which of the following terms denotes a finger injury that involves a traumatic avulsion of the tendon of the extensor digitorum muscle?

Mallet (BASEBALL) Finger

Which of the following is the nerve that is involved in the wrist condition known as carpal tunnel syndrome?

Median

Bicep Strains

More frequent; Activities such as swimming, tennis, or hammering that require repetitive movement of the bicep can lead to tears or strains. • Acute injury: Moving or twisting the elbow in an unnatural or unfamiliar way can lead to a tear or strain.

corneal abrasion

Occur due to something scraping the cornea; or liquids get into the eye and cause an allergic reaction.

Tension (separation)

Occurs when a structure is pulled apart from either one or both ends

Chronic Injuries

Often the individual cannot identify a specific, sudden mechanism of injury

If the fracture results in the bone protruding through the skin, it is considered a(n):

Open Fracture

Compression

Force the occurs when the tissue is crushed in between two or more objects

A ________ results when there are breaks in the bone.

Fracture

Fibroblastic Repair Phase

From 2 days to 6 weeks postinjury;Decreased debris, pressure, pain, and swelling, causing increased range of motion

Maturation-Remodeling Phase

From 3 weeks to years postinjury; Organization of the collagen scar tissue fibers occurs in the beginning of this phase due to stress applied to the tissue

The head of the humerus fits into the ________, which is part of the scapula.

Glenoid Fossa

An injury unique to the hand known as the Bennett's fracture involves which of the following anatomic structures?

Proximal end of the 1st metacarpal bone

Second Impact Syndrome (SIS)

Results when an individual with a head injury receives another head injury before the symptoms of the initial injury have resolved. • Involves rapid, catastrophic brain swelling that can result in death or permanent brain damage.

Which of the following bones of the wrist can be palpated within the area known as the "anatomical snuff-box"?

Scaphoid

AC joint injuries signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms of types I and II • Mild swelling with point tenderness • Discoloration • Painful movements Signs and symptoms of types III+ • Superior displacement of clavicle • Report hearing/feeling pop or snap • With signs and symptoms from Types I and II

Which of the following organs is most affected by the illness mononucleosis?

Spleen

Acute Torticollis

Stiffness in the neck due to pinching of synovial membrane

Orbital Fracture

Sunken or bulging eye

SLAP Lesion

Superior labrum, anterior and posterior; May occur from traction (i.e., overhead throwing) or compression (i.e., falling) • Pain with certain movements (throwing), snapping or popping sensations, or symptoms of a rotator cuff tear

Golfer's elbow is an inflammation of the ________ on the inside of the elbow.

Tendons

Tennis elbow is an inflammation of the ________ on the outer side of the elbow.

Tendons

Which of the following muscles is not included in the group known as the rotator cuff?

Teres major

Which of the following are elbow extensors?

Triceps Brachii and Anconeus

Ice reduces the severity of secondary hypoxic injury.

True

Infections of the upper respiratory system that persist for more than 1 week may be related to bacterial infections.

True

Neutrophils and macrophages consume damaged cells and tissue debris at the injury site.

True

Prostaglandins have a variety of effects, including vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and pain.

True

Seizures may involve the motor systems, perception, and even mood of the athlete.

True

The medical term for the common cold is rhinitis.

True

The process of phagocytosis means literally "cell eating."

True

Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint Injuries

Type I all ligaments are intact; AC ligament sprain • Type tearing of the AC ligament, with CC ligament intact • Type III involves complete rupture of AC ligament and CC ligament with dislocation of the AC joint. • *Type IV involves ligament disruption and posterior displacement of the clavicle, piercing the trapezius.

Glenohumeral (GH) Joint

Typical mechanism of injury is having the arm abducted and externally rotated, stressing the anterior glenohumeral ligament; Humerus moves forward and out of place

Strains

Typically occur to the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and rotator cuff due to a forceful concentric or eccentric muscle contraction, passive muscular stretch usually during overhead activities

Inflammatory Phase

Up to 4 days postinjury;The first phase of healing process for acute injuries, which begins at the time of injury

The majority of both upper and lower respiratory infections in athletes are caused by which of the following organisms?

Viruses

Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis

a lumbar vertebra fracture, which causes the vertebral body to slide forward on the surrounding vertebrae and create spondylolisthesis.

Skull Fracture signs and symptoms

-deformity • bleeding • "Battle's sign" • "raccoon eyes" • clear/pinkish fluid coming from of the ears or nose (with halo sign)

Of all injuries in sports, musculotendinous strains are the least common.

False

Pain is a useful indicator of injury severity.

False

Scar tissue is only 50% as strong as the original tissue.

False

Sickle cell trait is most common in the Caucasian population and occurs in about 18% of Caucasians.

False

The acute inflammatory phase of an injury lasts as long as 10 days.

False

Tennis elbow is a term typically given to chronic inflammation located

over the lateral epicondyle

Shear (Torsion)

when one or more forces move across the tissues

Acute Injury

when the body is suddenly afflicted by trauma or damage to its tissues

Concussions

when the brain is jarred in the skull, resulting in altered consciousness and neurological deficits

Blunt Injury

• Falls • Impacts from bats, balls, sticks, pucks, etc. • Crashes

Osteochondritis Dissecans

Articular cartilage on proximal end of the radius becomes inflamed and may cause microfractures in the ulna

Which of the following is not a nerve that crosses through the wrist region into the hand?

Axillary

cerebral contusion

Brain is bruised, intracerebral bleeding occurs, and blood leaks into the brain tissue

Epicondylitis of the Elbow

Activities and sports that require gripping combined with wrist movements place great stress on the epicondylar region; Medial epicondylitis ("Golfer's elbow"); Lateral epicondylitis ("Tennis elbow")

Otitis Externa (Swimmer's Ear)

An infection of the outer ear canal • Water remains in the outer ear canal after bathing or swimming, sits in the canal and bacteria grow.

Olecranon Bursitis

An inflammation of the bursa caused by a direct blow to the olecranon when the elbow is flexed (acute), or a constant rubbing (chronic)

Which of the following terms denotes the pain-relieving quality of a drug?

Analgesic

The _______ holds the radius and ulna together near the elbow joint.

Annular Ligament

The most common direction for a shoulder dislocation is

Anterior

epidural hematoma

Bleeding between dura mater and skull; Rapid bleeding and reduction of oxygen to tissues

septal hematoma

Bleeding between the septum and the mucous membrane, it can lead to septal erosion. • Swelling that is usually visible both inside and outside the nose.

subdural hematoma

Bleeding within meninges beneath dura mater and within subarachnoid space; slow bleeding

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Blood vessels and nerves become compressed in space between clavicle and first rib causing pain and/or other symptoms in the shoulders/arm and neck.

Hyphema

Blunt trauma to the anterior chamber of the eye • Blood in front of iris or pupil

The nerve roots of the nerve complex known as the brachial plexus are:

C-5 through T-1

Spinal Cord and Nerve Injuries

C1 & C2: usually death • C3 & C4: complete disability • C5 - C8: (quadriplegia) paralysis below elbow, in trunk & legs, that lessens as injury level becomes more inferior T1 - T5: paraplegia, with potential thorax limitations • T6 - T12: paraplegia, with less to no trunk issues • L1 - S5: Some possible loss of function in hips or legs

otitis media

Caused by bacteria or viruses trapped in the middle ear • Signs and symptoms include significant pain, a sore throat, and fluid drainage from the ear, muffled hearing, difficulty sleeping, and a low-grade fever

epistaxis (nosebleed)

Caused by: • direct trauma, • allergies, • dry nasal passages, • continual inflammation from colds, picking the nose, or drugs "snorted" up the nose

Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)

Chronic Condition characterized by stiffness and pain in GH joint; Cause is unknown, but some risk factors exist: • 40+ years (especially women) • Reduced mobility of shoulder (rotator cuff issues, broken humerus) • Prolonged immbolizations • Metabolic diseases (diabetes, hyper- & hypo-thyroidism, Parkinson's, TB, CVD)

Impingement Syndrome

Chronic condition that decreases the size of the subacromial space or causes poor alignment of the humerus with the glenoid fossa may result in impingement syndrome. • Occurs when a bursa or tendon is squeezed between moving structures.

Mytosis Ossificans Traumatica

Chronic inflammation of muscle(s) due to repetitive low-level trauma that results in the development of bone-like tissue within the muscle; develops over weeks or months and is often ignored during the early stages.

Depressed Fracture (skull)

Comminuted (fragmented) fractures in which broken bones displace inward.

Linear Fracture (skull)

Common cause is blunt force trauma (falls, impacts) where the impact energy transferred over a wide area of the skull.

Luxation

Complete dislocation

What type of forces are bones designed to resist?

Compressive

Bruising of the tissue is considered a:

Contusion

Which of the following can predispose an individual with sickle cell trait to a crisis?

Dehydration Uncontrolled asthma Altitude

A ________ results when bones are displaced from their normal joint alignment.

Dislocation

Auricular Hematoma (Cauliflower Ear)

Due to constant friction or direct, blunt trauma • S/Sx: friction induced - include pain, warmth, and swelling to cauliflower deformation blunt trauma - tinnitus, hearing loss, visual disturbances, pain, warmth, and swelling

Which of the following organisms is responsible for the disease mononucleosis?

Epstein-Barr virus

Jaw dislocation

Extreme pain and deformity in the region of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). • Inability to move lower jaw. • Jaw is "locked."

Arachidonic acid is the chemical name for the drug known as aspirin.

False

Compound Fracture

break in the bone where the bone comes through the skin; simple fracture

Closed Fracture

broken bone with no open skin wound; simple fracture

Conjunctivitis (pink eye)

caused by a viral infection; also caused by bacteria, fungi, allergies, chemicals, and contact lenses

Secondary metabolic (hypoxic) injury involves:

clotting and cessation of blood flow distal to the site of injury, resulting in diminished blood flow to tissues surrounding the primary area of injury, and cell death and membrane disruption due to the lack of oxygen.

Symptoms

injury are not physically observable, but are subjective to the injured person

Signs

injury are physically observable and objective by you

Indirect Injury

injury to the head results from damaging forces traveling from other parts of the body. • Blow to jaw, nose, or landing on tailbone

spinal stenosis

narrowing "pinching" of the spinal canal with compression of nerve roots

Subluxation

the partial displacement of a bone from its joint