Kin 202 Exam 3
Muscle contusions result from:
A blow to the muscle
Sub conjunctival hemorrhage
A broken blood vessel between the sclera and conjunctiva; Less serious condition that may occur after strong sneeze,severe vomiting or direct trauma
Compound Fracture (skull)
A fracture in that puts the outside environment in contact with the brain itself.
Zygomatic Bone Fracture
A fracture resulting from blunt trauma to the face; Pain and edema at site of injury. • Diplopia (double vision)
Tricep Strains
Infrequent; Usually caused by overuse, excessive workouts, repetitive movements; Acute: Direct blow or fall on outstretched hand.
Which of the carpal bones is most commonly dislocated?
Lunate
Which of the following terms denotes a finger injury that involves a traumatic avulsion of the tendon of the extensor digitorum muscle?
Mallet (BASEBALL) Finger
Which of the following is the nerve that is involved in the wrist condition known as carpal tunnel syndrome?
Median
Bicep Strains
More frequent; Activities such as swimming, tennis, or hammering that require repetitive movement of the bicep can lead to tears or strains. • Acute injury: Moving or twisting the elbow in an unnatural or unfamiliar way can lead to a tear or strain.
corneal abrasion
Occur due to something scraping the cornea; or liquids get into the eye and cause an allergic reaction.
Tension (separation)
Occurs when a structure is pulled apart from either one or both ends
Chronic Injuries
Often the individual cannot identify a specific, sudden mechanism of injury
If the fracture results in the bone protruding through the skin, it is considered a(n):
Open Fracture
Compression
Force the occurs when the tissue is crushed in between two or more objects
A ________ results when there are breaks in the bone.
Fracture
Fibroblastic Repair Phase
From 2 days to 6 weeks postinjury;Decreased debris, pressure, pain, and swelling, causing increased range of motion
Maturation-Remodeling Phase
From 3 weeks to years postinjury; Organization of the collagen scar tissue fibers occurs in the beginning of this phase due to stress applied to the tissue
The head of the humerus fits into the ________, which is part of the scapula.
Glenoid Fossa
An injury unique to the hand known as the Bennett's fracture involves which of the following anatomic structures?
Proximal end of the 1st metacarpal bone
Second Impact Syndrome (SIS)
Results when an individual with a head injury receives another head injury before the symptoms of the initial injury have resolved. • Involves rapid, catastrophic brain swelling that can result in death or permanent brain damage.
Which of the following bones of the wrist can be palpated within the area known as the "anatomical snuff-box"?
Scaphoid
AC joint injuries signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of types I and II • Mild swelling with point tenderness • Discoloration • Painful movements Signs and symptoms of types III+ • Superior displacement of clavicle • Report hearing/feeling pop or snap • With signs and symptoms from Types I and II
Which of the following organs is most affected by the illness mononucleosis?
Spleen
Acute Torticollis
Stiffness in the neck due to pinching of synovial membrane
Orbital Fracture
Sunken or bulging eye
SLAP Lesion
Superior labrum, anterior and posterior; May occur from traction (i.e., overhead throwing) or compression (i.e., falling) • Pain with certain movements (throwing), snapping or popping sensations, or symptoms of a rotator cuff tear
Golfer's elbow is an inflammation of the ________ on the inside of the elbow.
Tendons
Tennis elbow is an inflammation of the ________ on the outer side of the elbow.
Tendons
Which of the following muscles is not included in the group known as the rotator cuff?
Teres major
Which of the following are elbow extensors?
Triceps Brachii and Anconeus
Ice reduces the severity of secondary hypoxic injury.
True
Infections of the upper respiratory system that persist for more than 1 week may be related to bacterial infections.
True
Neutrophils and macrophages consume damaged cells and tissue debris at the injury site.
True
Prostaglandins have a variety of effects, including vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and pain.
True
Seizures may involve the motor systems, perception, and even mood of the athlete.
True
The medical term for the common cold is rhinitis.
True
The process of phagocytosis means literally "cell eating."
True
Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint Injuries
Type I all ligaments are intact; AC ligament sprain • Type tearing of the AC ligament, with CC ligament intact • Type III involves complete rupture of AC ligament and CC ligament with dislocation of the AC joint. • *Type IV involves ligament disruption and posterior displacement of the clavicle, piercing the trapezius.
Glenohumeral (GH) Joint
Typical mechanism of injury is having the arm abducted and externally rotated, stressing the anterior glenohumeral ligament; Humerus moves forward and out of place
Strains
Typically occur to the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and rotator cuff due to a forceful concentric or eccentric muscle contraction, passive muscular stretch usually during overhead activities
Inflammatory Phase
Up to 4 days postinjury;The first phase of healing process for acute injuries, which begins at the time of injury
The majority of both upper and lower respiratory infections in athletes are caused by which of the following organisms?
Viruses
Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis
a lumbar vertebra fracture, which causes the vertebral body to slide forward on the surrounding vertebrae and create spondylolisthesis.
Skull Fracture signs and symptoms
-deformity • bleeding • "Battle's sign" • "raccoon eyes" • clear/pinkish fluid coming from of the ears or nose (with halo sign)
Of all injuries in sports, musculotendinous strains are the least common.
False
Pain is a useful indicator of injury severity.
False
Scar tissue is only 50% as strong as the original tissue.
False
Sickle cell trait is most common in the Caucasian population and occurs in about 18% of Caucasians.
False
The acute inflammatory phase of an injury lasts as long as 10 days.
False
Tennis elbow is a term typically given to chronic inflammation located
over the lateral epicondyle
Shear (Torsion)
when one or more forces move across the tissues
Acute Injury
when the body is suddenly afflicted by trauma or damage to its tissues
Concussions
when the brain is jarred in the skull, resulting in altered consciousness and neurological deficits
Blunt Injury
• Falls • Impacts from bats, balls, sticks, pucks, etc. • Crashes
Osteochondritis Dissecans
Articular cartilage on proximal end of the radius becomes inflamed and may cause microfractures in the ulna
Which of the following is not a nerve that crosses through the wrist region into the hand?
Axillary
cerebral contusion
Brain is bruised, intracerebral bleeding occurs, and blood leaks into the brain tissue
Epicondylitis of the Elbow
Activities and sports that require gripping combined with wrist movements place great stress on the epicondylar region; Medial epicondylitis ("Golfer's elbow"); Lateral epicondylitis ("Tennis elbow")
Otitis Externa (Swimmer's Ear)
An infection of the outer ear canal • Water remains in the outer ear canal after bathing or swimming, sits in the canal and bacteria grow.
Olecranon Bursitis
An inflammation of the bursa caused by a direct blow to the olecranon when the elbow is flexed (acute), or a constant rubbing (chronic)
Which of the following terms denotes the pain-relieving quality of a drug?
Analgesic
The _______ holds the radius and ulna together near the elbow joint.
Annular Ligament
The most common direction for a shoulder dislocation is
Anterior
epidural hematoma
Bleeding between dura mater and skull; Rapid bleeding and reduction of oxygen to tissues
septal hematoma
Bleeding between the septum and the mucous membrane, it can lead to septal erosion. • Swelling that is usually visible both inside and outside the nose.
subdural hematoma
Bleeding within meninges beneath dura mater and within subarachnoid space; slow bleeding
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Blood vessels and nerves become compressed in space between clavicle and first rib causing pain and/or other symptoms in the shoulders/arm and neck.
Hyphema
Blunt trauma to the anterior chamber of the eye • Blood in front of iris or pupil
The nerve roots of the nerve complex known as the brachial plexus are:
C-5 through T-1
Spinal Cord and Nerve Injuries
C1 & C2: usually death • C3 & C4: complete disability • C5 - C8: (quadriplegia) paralysis below elbow, in trunk & legs, that lessens as injury level becomes more inferior T1 - T5: paraplegia, with potential thorax limitations • T6 - T12: paraplegia, with less to no trunk issues • L1 - S5: Some possible loss of function in hips or legs
otitis media
Caused by bacteria or viruses trapped in the middle ear • Signs and symptoms include significant pain, a sore throat, and fluid drainage from the ear, muffled hearing, difficulty sleeping, and a low-grade fever
epistaxis (nosebleed)
Caused by: • direct trauma, • allergies, • dry nasal passages, • continual inflammation from colds, picking the nose, or drugs "snorted" up the nose
Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)
Chronic Condition characterized by stiffness and pain in GH joint; Cause is unknown, but some risk factors exist: • 40+ years (especially women) • Reduced mobility of shoulder (rotator cuff issues, broken humerus) • Prolonged immbolizations • Metabolic diseases (diabetes, hyper- & hypo-thyroidism, Parkinson's, TB, CVD)
Impingement Syndrome
Chronic condition that decreases the size of the subacromial space or causes poor alignment of the humerus with the glenoid fossa may result in impingement syndrome. • Occurs when a bursa or tendon is squeezed between moving structures.
Mytosis Ossificans Traumatica
Chronic inflammation of muscle(s) due to repetitive low-level trauma that results in the development of bone-like tissue within the muscle; develops over weeks or months and is often ignored during the early stages.
Depressed Fracture (skull)
Comminuted (fragmented) fractures in which broken bones displace inward.
Linear Fracture (skull)
Common cause is blunt force trauma (falls, impacts) where the impact energy transferred over a wide area of the skull.
Luxation
Complete dislocation
What type of forces are bones designed to resist?
Compressive
Bruising of the tissue is considered a:
Contusion
Which of the following can predispose an individual with sickle cell trait to a crisis?
Dehydration Uncontrolled asthma Altitude
A ________ results when bones are displaced from their normal joint alignment.
Dislocation
Auricular Hematoma (Cauliflower Ear)
Due to constant friction or direct, blunt trauma • S/Sx: friction induced - include pain, warmth, and swelling to cauliflower deformation blunt trauma - tinnitus, hearing loss, visual disturbances, pain, warmth, and swelling
Which of the following organisms is responsible for the disease mononucleosis?
Epstein-Barr virus
Jaw dislocation
Extreme pain and deformity in the region of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). • Inability to move lower jaw. • Jaw is "locked."
Arachidonic acid is the chemical name for the drug known as aspirin.
False
Compound Fracture
break in the bone where the bone comes through the skin; simple fracture
Closed Fracture
broken bone with no open skin wound; simple fracture
Conjunctivitis (pink eye)
caused by a viral infection; also caused by bacteria, fungi, allergies, chemicals, and contact lenses
Secondary metabolic (hypoxic) injury involves:
clotting and cessation of blood flow distal to the site of injury, resulting in diminished blood flow to tissues surrounding the primary area of injury, and cell death and membrane disruption due to the lack of oxygen.
Symptoms
injury are not physically observable, but are subjective to the injured person
Signs
injury are physically observable and objective by you
Indirect Injury
injury to the head results from damaging forces traveling from other parts of the body. • Blow to jaw, nose, or landing on tailbone
spinal stenosis
narrowing "pinching" of the spinal canal with compression of nerve roots
Subluxation
the partial displacement of a bone from its joint