kin 212 test 4
Anxiety disorders cost how much to the public?
$45 billion
prevalence of compulsive gambling
-72% of NCAA Division I football and basketball athletes engage in some form of gambling. -12% of male and 3% of female college athletes have problematic or pathological gambling problems. -6% to 8% of college students are compulsive gamblers. -A 2003 NCAA study showed that 35% of male athletes and 10% of female athletes bet on college sports, and approximately 60% of NCAA Division I and 40% of Division III athletes did not know the NCAA rules about gambling. -Gambling by high school students is thought to be widespread.
Keys of Roles of Sport Psychology in Injury Rehabilitation
-A holistic approach is needed, emphasizing the healing of both the mind and the body. -Psychological factors play an important role in injury recovery (Ievleva & Orlick, 1991). -Injury treatment should include psychological techniques to enhance the healing and recovery process. -Athletes will not automatically transfer psychological skills used in athletics (e.g., imagery) to the injury rehabilitation situation. -Using relaxation and imagery during rehabilitation reduces anxiety and was associated with greater knee strength in athletes after knee surgery. -Psychological factors (e.g., self-talk, goal setting, self-motivation) also positively affect adherence to injury treatment protocols
Reduction of depression
-A moderate relationship exists between exercise and depression. -This is a correlation, not a cause effect relationship. -Exercise is as effective as psychotherapy in reducing depression. -The positive effects are seen across age groups, health status, race, socioeconomic status, and sexes. -Both aerobic and anaerobic exercise are associated with reductions in depression. -Severe depression usually requires professional treatment, which may include medication, psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, or a combination of these, with exercise as an adjunct.
Research on the Prevalence of Eating Disorders in Sport
-A significant percentage of athletes engage in pathogenic eating or weight loss behaviors (e.g., bingeing, fasting), although subclinical in intensity. -Eating disorders and pathogenic weight loss techniques tend to have a sport-specific prevalence (e.g., among wrestlers versus archers). -Although anorexia and bulimia are of special concern in sports emphasizing form (e.g., gymnastics, diving, and figure skating) or weight (e.g., wrestling), athletes with eating disorders have been found in a wide array of sports.
Recommendations for Coping with Injuries for Other Injured Athletes
-Accept and positively deal with the situation. -Focus on high-quality training. -Set goals.
acute effects of exercise
-Aerobic exercise is associated with lower state anxiety and higher tranquility scores. -Moderate-intensity exercise produced the greatest positive effects in affective responses. -Even low-intensity exercise improved affect. -Although acute exercise is no more effective in reducing state anxiety than quiet rest or relaxation, the effects last longer. -Exercise training is particularly effective for people who have elevated levels of anxiety, but will reduce anxiety even for people with low levels of anxiety. -Exercise is associated with reductions in muscle tension. Reductions in anxiety are not necessarily tied to the physiological gains resulting from exercise bouts. -The anxiety reduction after exercise occurs regardless of intensity, duration, or type. -Aerobic exercise can produce anxiety reductions similar in magnitude to those with other commonly employed anxiety treatments. -Anxiety reduction after exercise occurs in all types of participants
exercise and the reduction of anxiety and depression
-Although a cause-effect relationship has not been established, regular exercise is associated with reductions in anxiety and depression. -High-intensity aerobic activity is not absolutely necessary in producing positive effects. -Other activities (e.g., strength training, yoga) also have produced positive effects.
control levels in anorexics
-Anorexics are unaware that they have an eating disorder. -Anorexics have extreme control (in a negative way) over their eating. - don't see themselves as abnormal
Why children participate in sport
-Children have different reasons for participating in sport than adults (have fun, improve skills, get exercise, be with and make new friends, compete). -Boys and girls have similar motives for involvement but these may vary in importance.
Positive Role of Friends in Youth Sport
-Companionship: Spending time together -Pleasant play association: Enjoying being around one's friends -Enhancement of self-esteem: Having friends say things or take actions that boost one's self-esteem -Help and guidance: Providing assistance in learning sport skills as well as general assistance, such as in school -Prosocial behavior: Saying and doing things that conform to social convention, such as sharing or not saying negative things -Intimacy: Mutual feelings of close, personal bonds -Emotional support: Expressing feelings of concern for one another; absence of conflicts (some friends do not argue, fight, or disagree) -Conflict resolution: Ability of friends to resolve conflicts -Attractive personal qualities: Positive characteristics such as personality or physical features
Compulsive gambling
-Compulsive gambling, despite its long history in competitive sport, is only now getting public attention. -Gambling on sporting events is widespread.
understanding bulimia
-Condition is severe but less severe than anorexia. -Bulimia can lead to anorexia. -Bulimic people are aware that they have a problem. -Bulimics are aware that they have an eating disorder. -Bulimics have little to know control over their eating -Bulimics try to compensate for their lack of eating control by engaging in (unhealthy) compensatory behaviors after they have eaten.
Negative Role of Friends in Youth Sport
-Conflict (e.g., insults, arguments) -Unattractive personal qualities (e.g., self-centered) -Betrayal -Inaccessibility (lack of opportunity to interact)
How Exercise Enhances Psychological Well-Being Psychological
-Enhanced feeling of control -Feeling of competency and self-efficacy -Positive social interactions -Improved self-concept and self-esteem -Opportunities for fun and enjoyment
Stages of Athletic Talent Development
-Entry (initial) phase -Investment phase -Elite performance excellence phase -Excellence maintenance phase -Most champion athletes did not start out with champion aspirations in mind. -Most champion athletes were exposed to active lifestyles and played multiple sports as children. -Champions must fall in love with the sport before pursuing intense involvement. -To optimize talent, young athletes should not specialize in a single sport too early, and parents and coaches should emphasize fun and development.
Exercise and People with HIV, Cancer, and MS
-Exercise appears to be one therapeutic modality capable of enhancing components of subjective well-being in patients with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). -Exercise is beneficial in enhancing the quality of life in cancer survivors. -Exercise appears to play a positive role in those with MS (multiple sclerosis).
Development of self
-Exercise is related to participants' self-concept, self-esteem, and self-efficacy (Fox, 1997). -Regular exercise is related to increased self-esteem. -Esteem-enhancement effects of exercise are especially pronounced in people with low self-esteem. -Positive changes in self-concept and self-esteem were associated with participation in physical education and directed play (Gruber, 1986). -Exercise programs designed to enhance self-esteem should emphasize experiences of success, feeling of increased physical competence, and attainment of goals.
signs of poor adjustment to athletic injuries
-Feelings of anger and confusion -Obsession with the question of when one can return to play -Denial (e.g., "The injury is no big deal") -Repeatedly coming back too soon and experiencing reinjury -Exaggerated bragging about accomplishments -Dwelling on minor physical complaints -Guilt about letting the team down -Withdrawal from significant others -Rapid mood swings -Statements indicating that no matter what is done, recovery will not occur
Cardiovascular Fitness and Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults
-Fitness training has beneficial effects on the cognitive functioning of older adults. -These effects were largest for those tasks involving executive control (e.g., planning scheduling, working memory, task coordination). -Fitness training combined with strength and flexibility programs have a greater positive effect on cognition than fitness training having only an aerobic component. -Effects appear to occur more in females than in males. -Effects on cognition were largest when exercise training exceeded 30 minutes per session. -From a physiological perspective, cardiovascular exercise appears to protect the brain against the normal effects of aging and help repair or restore the aged brain.
Roles of Sport Psychology in Injury Rehabilitation
-Identify athletes and exercisers who are at high risk for injury (high trait anxiety, high life stress, low psychological and coping skills, low social support, and high avoidance coping). -Build rapport with the injured party: Take the athlete's perspective, provide emotional support, and be realistic but positive and optimistic. -Educate the injured person about the injury and recovery process. -Teach specific coping skills: Discuss goal setting, positive self-talk, imagery, visualization, and relaxation training. -Teach how to cope with setbacks. -Foster social support. -Learn from injured athletes.
How Exercise Enhances Psychological Well-Being Physiologcal
-Increases in cerebral blood flow -Changes in brain neurotransmitters (e.g., norepinephrine, endorphins, serotonin) -Increase in maximum oxygen consumption and delivery of oxygen to cerebral tissue -Reductions in muscle tension -Structural changes in the brain
Stress-injury relationship is complex
-Individuals who have low self-esteem, are pessimistic and low in hardiness, or have higher levels of trait anxiety experience more injuries or loss of time due to injuries. -The greatest stress sources for injured athletes were not the physical aspects but the psychological ones (e.g., fear of reinjury, shattered hopes or dreams). -Teaching stress management can reduce risk of injury and illness.
Exercise and Mood changes
-Mood refers to a host of transient, fluctuating affective states that can be positive or negative (e.g., feelings of elation or happiness, sadness). -Exercise is related to positive changes in mood state. -Exercise improves positive mood regardless of the number of negative and positive affects experienced in a given day. -Exercisers with choice of exercise mode scored lower on negative affect than exercisers having no choice. -Perception of fitness may be responsible for part of the mood-enhancing effects of exercise (as opposed to the actual level of fitness itself).
Other stress-injury relationship explanations
-Overemphasis on acting tough and a "giving 110%" attitude -Failure to distinguish between normal discomfort and injury pain -"You're injured, you're worthless" attitude
Chronic effects of exercise
-Physical fitness is positively associated with mental health and well-being. -Exercise is associated with the reduction of stress emotions such as state anxiety. -Anxiety and depression are common symptoms of failure to cope with mental stress, and exercise has been associated with a decreased level of mild to moderate depression and anxiety. -Long-term exercise is usually associated with reductions in traits such as neuroticism and anxiety. -Appropriate exercise results in reductions in various stress indicators, such as neuromuscular tension, resting heart rate, and some stress hormones -Current clinical opinion holds that exercise has beneficial emotional effects across ages and sexes. -Physically healthy people who require psychotropic (mood-altering) medication may safely exercise under close medical supervision.
Guidelines for providing social support
-Provide social support to athletes (sources of support include coaches, significant others, and medical personnel). -Athletes generally turn to coaches and medical professionals for informational support and to family and friends for social support. -Social support needs to vary across rehabilitation phases.
Physiological Components of Athletic Injury Stress
-Psychological stress increases catecholamines and glucocorticoids, which impair the movement of healing immune cells to the site of the injury and interfere with the removal of damaged tissue. -Prolonged stress may also decrease the actions of insulin-like growth hormones that are critical during the rebuilding process. -Stress also causes sleep disturbance, another factor identified in interfering with physiologic recovery.
Characteristics of bulimia
-Recurrent binge eating -A sense of lacking control over eating behavior during the binges -Engaging in regular self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives or diuretics, strict dieting or fasting, or vigorous exercise in order to prevent weight gain -Average minimum of two binge-eating episodes a week for three months -Persistent overconcern with body shape and weight (APA, 1994)
Symptoms of Negative Addiction to Exercise
-Stereotyped pattern of exercise with a regular schedule of once or more daily -Giving increased priority, over other activities, to maintaining the pattern of exercise -Increased tolerance to the amount of exercise performed -Withdrawal symptoms related to mood disorder after cessation of the exercise -Relief of withdrawal symptoms by further exercise -Subjective awareness of a compulsion to exercise -Rapid reinstatement of the previous pattern of exercise and withdrawal symptoms after a period of abstinence
Why exercise for psychological well-being?
-The hectic pace of westernized technological society causes stress and increased demands; more people than ever are feeling their ill effects. -Across their lifetimes, 25% of people will experience anxiety disorders and 20% depression. -By the year 2020, depression will be second only to cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death and disability. -Anxiety disorders and depression cost the public $45 billion a year. -Exercise positively influences feelings of well-being and decreases anxiety and depression. -Epidemiological data show that physical activity is positively associated with good mental health in the U.S. and Canadian populations.
Girl's steroid use
-Traditionally, the use of performance-enhancing drugs such as steroids has been seen as predominantly a male domain. -However, recent research has revealed that young girls (some as young as 9 years old) are using bodybuilding steroids—not necessarily to get an edge on the playing field but to get the toned, sculpted look of models and movie stars. -In teenage girls, the side effects from taking male sex hormones can include severe acne, smaller breasts, deeper voice, excessive facial and body hair, irregular periods, depression, paranoia, and fits of anger dubbed "'roid rage." Steroids also carry higher risks of heart attack, stroke, and some forms of cancer.
How to Enhance Mood Via Exercise
-Use rhythmic abdominal breathing. -Avoid interpersonal competition. -Make it a closed predictable activity. -Use rhythmic and repetitive exercise movements. -Exercise 20 to 30 minutes in duration, moderate intensity, 2 or 3 times per week. -Make it enjoyable.
characteristics of anorexia
-Weight loss to 15% below normal -Intense fear of gaining weight or being fat, despite being underweight -Disturbance in one's experience of body weight, size, and shape -Females: Absence of at least three consecutive expected menstrual cycles (APA, 1994)
Predisposing factors for eating disorders
-Weight restrictions and standards -Coach and peer pressure Sociocultural factors -Performance demands -Judging criteria -Critical comments about body shape and weight -Genetic and biological factors -Mediating factors
Physical reasons to take drugs
-enhance performance, -rehabilitate injury, -look better, and -control appetite and lose weight.
psychological reasons to take drugs
-escape from unpleasant emotions or stress, -build confidence or enhance ---self-esteem, and -seek thrills.
social reasons to take drugs
-peer pressure -emulating athletic heroes
Understand the three-phase process of rehabilitation and recovery
1. Injury or illness phase 2. Rehabilitation and recovery phase 3. Return to full activity phase
Three general categories of emotional reactions to being injured
1. Injury-relevant information processing 2. Emotional upheaval and reactive behaviors 3. Positive outlook, coping
Six categories of drugs
1. Stimulants 2. Narcotic analgesics 3. Anabolic steroids 4. Beta-blockers 5. Diuretics 6. Peptide hormones and analogues
for every ____ children who begin a sport season, ___ -____ quit before the start of the next season
10 3 4
mental health problems account for what percent of medical costs
10%
percent of people to experience depression?
20%
Postexercise reductions in state anxiety return to preexercise anxiety levels within.....
24 hours
State anxiety returns to preexercise anxiety levels within ____ hours (and maybe as quickly as ___ hours).
24 or 4
Over ____ million people are injured each year in sport and exercise.
25
percent of people who will experience anxiety disorders?
25%
Exercising ____to ______times per week produces significant reductions in depression compared to once-a-week exercise.
3 and 5
All durations of exercise significantly reduce anxiety, although larger effects have been found for periods of up to ____ minutes (especially under moderate intensity levels).
30
For anaerobic exercise (e.g., weightlifting), mood-enhancing effects are evident at ___% to ____% maximum heart rate.
30 and 50
Exercise intensities between ___% and ___% of maximal heart rate appear to be associated with the greatest reduction in postexercise state anxiety.
30 and 70
prevalence of children involved in sports
45 million
Anorexia is potentially deadly, with a mortality rate of ___%, the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric condition. It can lead to starvation and other medical complications such as heart disease.
5
percent of girls trying anabolic steroids?
5% high school 7% middle school
The suicide risk of those affected by anorexia is ___% higher than that of the general population.
50
Up to ____% of female athletes may be amenorrheic as compared to ___% to ____% of nonathletes.
66 2 5
Exercise produces larger antidepressant effects when the training program is at least ____ weeks long.
9
_____% of elite athletes said they would take a banned performance-enhancing substance with two guarantees—they would not be caught and they would win. ____% said they would do so even if it meant they would die from the side effects.
98 60
positive addiction to exercise
A condition in which exercise is viewed as important in one's life but is successfully integrated with other aspects of life (healthy habit)
negative addiction to exercise
A condition in which life becomes structured around exercise to such an extent that home and work responsibilities suffer
exercise addiction
A psychological or physiological dependence on a regular regimen of exercise that is characterized by withdrawal symptoms after 24 to 36 hours without exercise
Anorexia
Anorexia nervosa is a psychological disease characterized by the following: -An intense fear of becoming obese -A disturbed body image -A significant weight loss -The refusal to maintain normal body weight -Amenorrhea
Performance decrements
Because of the lowered confidence and missed practice time, athletes may have postinjury performance declines. Many athletes who have difficulty lowering expectations after an injury expect to immediately return to a preinjury level of performance.
Buffone
Buffone (1984) suggests that formal training and practical experience in both the psychological and sport sciences are necessary because of the multidisciplinary approach to treatment.
bulimia
Bulimia is an episodic eating pattern of uncontrollable food bingeing followed by purging and is characterized by the following: -An awareness that the pattern is abnormal -Fear of being unable to stop eating voluntarily -Depressed mood -Self-deprecation
defeat vs. victory
Children experience more state anxiety after losing than after winning.
sport type
Children in individual sports experience more state anxiety than children in team sports.
The importance of perceived competence
Children with low perceptions of their athletic abilities drop out or do not participate in sport, whereas children with high perceptions of their competence participate and persist.
exercise as an adjunct to therapy
Despite the psychological benefits of exercise, it should not be used in all cases of depression, stress, or other emotional disorders. -Encourage exercise as an adjunct to other forms of therapy. A multimodal therapeutic approach is more effective than the use of a single intervention. -Include a variety of activities, which enhance adherence to the exercise regimen. -Exercise therapy should be done only by qualified professionals. -No exact criteria for training have been established.
drug addiction
Drug addiction is a state in which either discontinuing or continual use of a drug create an overwhelming desire, need, and craving for more of the substance.
return to full activity phase
Each phase dictates different approaches to the psychology of recovery. Return to full activity phase—although an athlete is physically cleared for participation, complete recovery does not happen until normal competitive functioning occurs.
Psychological Benefits of Exercise
Exercise increases: Self-esteem, feeling of enjoyment, self-confidence, and mood states Exercise decreases: Physical and psychological stress as well as anxiety and depression
exercise and changes in sleep
Exercise produces negligible increases in total sleep time, but increases sleep quality substantially
Lack of confidence
Given the inability to practice and compete and their deteriorated physical status, athletes can lose confidence after an injury. Lowered confidence can result in decreased motivation, inferior performance, or additional injury because the athletes overcompensate.
Increased muscle tension
High stress can cause muscle tension and coordination interference as well as generalized fatigue, muscle inefficiency, reduced flexibility, and motor coordination problems.
injury or illness phase
Injury or illness phase focuses on helping the athlete understand the injury.
Aerobic
Longer-term activities that increase pulmonary and cardiovascular system activity (e.g., cycling, running)
Keys of Physiologic Reactions to Exercise and Athletic Injuries
Most people experience a typical response to injury, but the speed and ease with which they progress through stages can vary widely. The period immediately after injury is characterized by the greatest negative emotional reactions
does reduction in depression post-exercise depend on fitness levels?
No
Are young athletes placed under too much stress?
No. The majority of young athletes are not under excessive stress (less than 10% are).
Stress levels
People with high levels of life stress have more sport- and exercise-related injuries.
Exercise and quality of life
Quality of life: A person's behavioral functioning ability—being able to do everyday stuff and living long enough to do it Physically active people report a better quality of life.
rehab and recovery phase
Rehabilitation or recovery phase focuses attention on helping sustain motivation and adherence to rehabilitation protocols through goal setting and maintaining a positive attitude.
Anaerobic
Short-term, or burst, activities not involving the transportation of oxygen (e.g., weightlifting, baseball)
Smith and colleagues
Smith and colleagues (1990) found that life stress related to injuries only in "at-risk" athletes (those with few coping skills and low social support).
Attentional disruption
Stress disrupts an athlete's attention by reducing peripheral attention and causing distraction and task-irrelevant thoughts.
Substance abuse
Substance abuse is a maladaptive pattern of psychoactive substance use indicated by one of two patterns of use: 1. Continued use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurring social, occupational, psychological, or physical problem that is caused or exacerbated by use of the psychoactive substance. 2. Recurrent use in situations in which the use is physically hazardous. Some symptoms of the disturbance have persisted for at least one month or have occurred repeatedly over a longer period.
event importance
The more importance is placed on a contest, the more state anxiety is experienced by participants.
personality factors
To date, personality factors associated with athletes' injuries have not been successfully identified.
Poor Adjustment to Injury: Getting Professional Help
When abnormal emotional reactions to injuries are identified, a referral to a sport psychologist or another qualified mental health provider should be made just as should be the case if an uninjured athlete exhibits general life problems (e.g., depression, severe generalized anxiety) of a clinical nature.
Identity loss
When athletes can no longer participate because of an injury, they may have a loss of personal identity. That is, an important part of themselves is lost, seriously affecting self-concept.
fear and anxiety
When injured, athletes can have high levels of fear and anxiety. They worry whether they will recover, if reinjury will occur, and whether someone will replace them permanently in the lineup. Because the athletes cannot practice and compete, there's plenty of time for worry.
Mirrors or no mirrors
Women who are generally sedentary and have poor perceptions of self tend to focus more often on their own physique, which appears to result in increases in negative affect since this heightens the perceived discrepancy between the actual and the ideal physique. There was not a negative effect on social physique anxiety with women who were generally more active and confident in their ability to exercise.
peak participation in children
age 12 or a critical development period between 10 and 13
The two most abused substances in the us are?
alcohol and tobacco
Stress-injury relationship is?
complex
Most common US eating disorder
disordered eating
female or males have higher eating disorders
females
% of total hospital days are caused by?
mental health problems
more or less eating disorders in athletes than in the general population?
more
acute vs. chronic
short-term vs. long-term
