KIN 223 Chapters 1-16 Review
When elements found in column VIA of the periodic table become ions, they usually have a charge of
-2.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
-A given receptor is described based on each classification criterion: receptor distribution, stimulus origin, and modality of stimulus. -The eyes, for example, are special senses because they are located in the head (receptor distribution); -exteroceptors because they detect stimuli outside the body (stimulus origin); -and photoreceptors because they detect light (modality of stimulus). -In comparison, receptors that detect stretch of blood vessels are classified as general senses because they are distributed throughout the body, -interoceptors because they detect stimuli within the body, and -baroreceptors because they detect changes in distension of the organ wall.
Check all that occur at the cellular level as a result of aging.
-Cells experience a decreased ability to maintain homeostasis. -Chromatin and chromosomes clump, shrink, or fragment.
Select all that are components of the skeletal system.
-Compact bone -Trabecular bone -Articular cartilage -Ligaments
Pelvic splanchnic parasympathetic axons cause increased smooth muscle contraction in which of the following anatomical destinations? Check all that apply.
-Digestive organs -Kidneys/ureters -Urinary bladder
Which neurotransmitters are considered catecholamines? Check all that apply.
-Dopamine -Norepinephrine -Epinephrine
Select all the movements performed by the temporomandibular joint.
-Elevation -Depression -Gliding -Protraction
Select all that develop through the process of intramembranous ossification.
-Frontal bone of skull -Occipital bone of skull
Which is a change in bone architecture or mass related to aging?
-Insufficient calcification -Demineralization -Reduction in the organic content of the matrix -Loss of flexibility and increase in brittleness
Select all that are true of nitric oxide.
-It is a gas. -It is released by postsynaptic neurons.
Complete each statement by dragging each label into the appropriate blank. Not all terms will be used.
-Movement of fluids through a selectively permeable membrane caused by hydrostatic pressure is referred to as filtration. -The pressure exerted by a fluid on the inside wall of its container (or vessel, in the case of the human body), is called hydrostatic pressure. -The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration describes simple diffusion. -Movement away from high solvent concentration or towards high solute concentration describes osmosis. -The movement of small, polar molecules across the plasma membrane by a carrier protein is called carrier-mediated diffusion.
What are the characteristics of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system? Check all that apply.
-Preganglionic neurons have cell bodies that lie within the brainstem or spinal cord and extend either as a cranial nerve or spinal nerve. -Postganglionic neurons extend from the cell body to an effector (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or gland). -The neurotransmitter released from a ganglionic neuron, in response to a nerve signal, is either acetylcholine (ACh) or norepinephrine (NE).
Which of the following is a true statement regarding sebaceous glands? Check all that apply.
-Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance called sebum. -Sebaceous glands are responsible for the oil that coats the hair on your scalp.
Autonomic reflexes enable the ANS to control what kinds of visceral functions? Check all that apply.
-Smooth muscle contractions -Secretion by glands. -Cardiac muscle contractions.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the adrenal gland's relationship with the autonomic nervous system? Check all that apply.
-The adrenal medulla contains cells that synapse with sympathetic nerve fibers. -The adrenal glands secrete norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
Select all that apply if a joint can only move in a single plane of space.
-The joint may perform gliding motions. -The joint may be between two carpals of the wrist.
Complete each sentence with the correct word to describe the octet rule. Not all terms will be used.
-The octet rule refers to the tendency of electrons to lose, gain, or share electrons to obtain eight electrons in the outer shell. -An atom with four electrons in its outer shell will become more stable if it gains four electrons. -A noble gas is more stable than the "common" elements in the rest of the periodic table. -An atom with six electrons in its outer shell will be less stable than an atom with eight electrons in its outer shell.
Insert the correct words into the sentences regarding the actions of pelvic splanchnic nerves. Not all terms will be used.
-The pelvic splanchnic nerves are formed from branches of preganglionic parasympathetic axons housed within the --lateral gray regions-- of the --S2—S4--spinal cord segments. -The pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate most of the --reproductive organs-- One digestive organ innervated by the pelvic splanchnic nerve is the --large intestine--
Test your understanding of the dissociation of water molecules by completing each sentence. Not all terms will be used.
-When water breaks apart, it releases positively charged hydrogen ions and negatively charged hydroxide ions. -Water dissociates into an equal number of hydrogen and hydroxide ions, which creates a neutral pH value.
which 2 structures connect the clavicle and the scapula
-acromial end -acromion
obturator nerve
-anterior division nerve -motor to medial thigh muscles -sensory from superomedial thigh
Select all that light must pass through on its way to being focused on the retina.
-cornea -aqueous humor -lens
which fossa are found on the anterior side of the humerus?
-coronoid fossa -radial fossa
which parts of the skull help to form the roof (superior border) of the nasal complex?
-cribriform plate of ethmoid bone --frontal bone -sphenoid bone
Which areas of the skull are formed in part by the ethmoid bone?
-floor of cranium -medial wall of orbit -roof of nasal cavity
T1
-forms part of the brachial plexus -part found in the first intercostal space
the medial wall of the orbit is formed by
-frontal process of maxilla, -lacrimal bone -orbital plate of the ethmoid bone
T1
-innervates intercostals of the second intercostal space -conducts sensory information from the axillary skin -conducts sensory information from the medial surface of the arm
T12
-innervates the abdominal muscles -is a subcostal nerve
anterior rami
-larger -innervate anterior and lateral portions of the trunk -innervates limbs -form plexuses
the roof of the orbit is formed by
-lesser wing of the sphenoid bone -orbital plate of the frontal bone
which parts of the skull help to form the lateral walls of the nasal complex?
-maxillae -ethmoid bone -inferior nasal conchae -lacrimal bones
the lateral wall of the orbit is formed by
-orbital surface of the zygomatic bone -greater wing of the sphenoid bone -zygomatic process of frontal bone
femoral nerve
-posterior division nerve -motor to anterior thigh muscles -sensory from the medial leg -sensory from inferomedial thigh
T6
-receives sensations from the anterior and lateral chest wall
posterior rami
-smaller -innervates deep muscles of the back -innervates skin of the back
what are clavicle joints?
-sternoclavicular -acromioclavicular
which are clavicular joints?
-sternoclavicular -acromioclavicular
the thoracic cage consists of the
-sternum -ribs -thoracic vertebrae
functions of cranial bones?
-surround and protect the brain -provide attachment site for several jaw, head and neck muscles
A technician is asked to make up a solution of physiological saline and is told that it should be a 0.9% NaCl solution using the mass/volume percent measurement of concentration. If the technician is making 100 milliliters of solution, how much NaCl should be included?
0.9 grams
Place each sentence into a logical order.
1) the axon distal to the cut degenerates 2) the myelin portion of the neurolemmocytes around the damaged axon degenerates 3) macrophage's invade and phagocytize the degenerated myelin 4) neruolemmocytes undergo mitosis and form a new column of cells 5) the regenerating axon forms several axonal sprouts 6) axons grow through the neurolemmocyte columns 7) new myelin sheaths are formed 8) neurons reinnervate the structure they previously supplied
Match the components of the epiphyseal plate with the correct description. 1)This is the area nearest to the epiphysis that contains randomly arranged chondrocytes. 2)This is the area where chondrocytes produce new cartilage, divide, and form columns resembling stacks of coins. 3)This is the area where chondrocytes mature and enlarge 4)This is the very thin zone that contains hypertrophied chondrocytes and calcified cartilage matrix. 5)This is the area where calcified cartilage is replaced by bone.
1) zone of resting cartilage 2) zone of proliferating cartilage 3) zone of hypertrophic cartilage 4) zone of ossification 5) ossified bone
Complete each sentence by dragging each word or phrase to the proper position. Then arrange the sentences into the order of occurrence of motor impulses of the ANS. Not all terms will be used.
1- Also known as the thoracolumbar division, the sympathetic nervous system exits the CNS via many spinal nerves T1—L2. 2-Action potentials travel along the preganglionic nerve fiber and enter the sympathetic chain ganglion 3-Fibers exiting the sympathetic chain ganglia take one of three routes: 1) the spinal nerve route, 2) the sympathetic nerve route, or 3) the splanchnic nerve route. 4-Arriving at target cells, postganglionic nerve fibers release acetylcholine or norepinephrine into the synaptic cleft. 5- The effect of norepinephrine binding to adrenergic receptors stimulates cardiac muscle cells.
Complete each sentence by dragging the proper word to the appropriate position. Not all terms will be used.
1- The saccule contains vertically arranged maculae that would provide feedback of body movement in the vertical plane. 2- The macula utriculi are stimulated during linear acceleration in the transverse plane. 3- An example of linear acceleration would include sitting in a wheeled chair and having someone push you from behind. 4-An example of angular acceleration would be sitting in a chair and having someone spin you in a circle. 5- Each of the semicircular canals is specially positioned to detect angular acceleration in one of the three planes. 6-When someone is standing still, the kinocilia of the macula sacculi are bending inferiorly and thus conveying information regarding one's static equilibrium. 7-The concept of dynamic equilibrium can be exemplified by any acceleration or change in velocity.
Correctly identify each of these definitions or examples as either depolarization or hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane.
1. Decrease in the membrane potential -Depolarization 2. Inside of the cell becomes more positive -Depolarization 3. An increase in the extracellular concentration of potassium -hyperpolarization 4. Increase in the membrane potential -hyperpolarization 5. Inside of the cell becomes more negative -hyperpolarization 6. A decrease in the extracellular concentration of potassium -depolarization 7. An increase in the number of sodium leak channels -depolarization
First, match the taste receptor to the proper cranial nerve name, and then choose the appropriate cranial nerve number. Some choices may be used more than once or not at all. 1-Anterior two-thirds of the tongue 2-Posterior one-third of the tongue and the superior pharynx 3- Epiglottis
1. Facial Nerve CN VII 2. Glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX 3. Vagus Nerve CN X
Match the function with the correct area-thalamus or hypothalamus.
1. Regulates hunger and thirst -hypothalamus 2. Regulates the autonomic nervous system -hypothalamus 3. Relay center for sensory input -thalamus 4. Regulates circadian rhythms -hypothalamus 5. Regulates body temperature -hypothalamus 6. Arousal from sleep -thalamus
Match the four pathways of sympathetic neurons with the region of the body having effector organs innervated by each pathway.
1. Spinal nerve pathway - neck, torso, and limbs 2. Adrenal medulla pathway - adrenal gland 3. Splanchnic nerve pathway - abdomen/pelvis 4. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway - head/eye
Place the events that occur during wound healing into the correct order, using the images as a guide.
1. The cut blood vessels bleed into the wound 2. a blood clot forms and leukocytes enter the wound area 3. blood vessels regrow and granulation tissue forms 4. the stratum Basale regenerates and connective tissue fibrosis occurs
Match the characteristic given to one of the types of muscles. 1. Cells or fibers appear striated (banded) 2. Cells are large, long, and cylindrical, with many nuclei located at the periphery 3. Pumps the blood 4. Moves the body 5. Cells are branched and connected to one another by intercalated discs 6. Is under voluntary (conscious) control 7. Controls the amount of light entering the eye 8. Is located in the heart
1. both cardiac and skeletal muscle 2. skeletal 3. cardiac 4. skeletal 5. cardiac 6. skeletal 7. smooth 8. cardiac
Match these cells and fibers found in connective tissues to their functions. 1. Fibers that are flexible but resist stretching 2. Fibers that branch to form a supporting network 3. Fibers that can recoil to their original shape
1. collagen 2. reticular 3. elastic
Match the hair structure with its description. 1. Protrudes above the surface of the skin 2. Central axis of the hair 3. Portion of the connective tissue that surrounds the epithelial root sheath 4. Contains the hair; consists of epithelial and dermal root sheaths 5. Expanded knob at the base of the hair root 6. The portion of the hair that is below the surface of the skin 7. Forms the bulk of the hair; consists of cells containing hard keratin 8. Outer layer of the hair; single layer of cells containing hard keratin 9. Mass of epithelial cells within the bulb that produce the hair
1. hair shaft 2. medulla 3. dermal root sheath 4. hair follicle 5. hair bulb 6. root 7. cortex 8. cuticle 9. matrix
Complete the following multiple choice questions that describe different connective tissue types. 1. What type of tissue supports epithelium? 2. Which of the following tissues has cells residing in lacunae? 3. Osteocytes are residents of ________ tissue. 4. Tendons and ligaments are primarily made of 5. The structure of the spleen and lymph nodes are composed mainly of
1. loose connective tissue 2. hyaline cartilage 3. bone 4. dense regular connective tissue 5. reticular connective tissue
Match each structure with the connective tissue layer that surrounds it. 1. fasicle 2. muscle 3. muscle cell
1. perimysium 2. epimysium 3. endomysium
Match the structure with its protective function. 1. Protects against abrasion; contains melanin, which absorbs damaging UV light 2. Protects against abrasion; acts as a heat insulator, protects the eyes against foreign objects 3. Produce secretions that create an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms 4. Protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage; can be used in defense
1. skin 2. hair 3. glands 4. nails
Indicate whether each statement is true or false. 1. Thin skin generally does not contain the stratum lucidum. 2.Thick skin is found in areas of high friction, such as the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. 3. Thick skin is generally more flexible than thin skin. 4. Hair is found in both thin skin and thick skin.
1. true 2. true 3. false 4. false
How many pairs of ribs articulate (directly or indirectly) with the sternum?
10
Fingernails and toenails start to form in the ______ week of development.
10th
There are ----- ------ vertebrae, and of them having a long spinous process.
12; thoracic
The amount of CSF within the brain at any given moment is approximately
130 ml
There are --------- small bones of the fingers that are called the --------
14; phalanges
What is the net number of ATP molecules that can be produced from the oxidation of a glucose molecule under anaerobic conditions?
2
The net result of a single glycolysis run is the formation of
2 NADH and 2 ATP.
How many osmoles are in a solution of 1M NaOH?
2 osm
in glycolysis, _____ ATP are formed, and if sufficient oxygen is present, _____ ATP are formed
2, 30
the police officers also want to know if you can determine the age at death of the skeleton. You determine that all long bone epiphyses have fused to their diaphyses, and all permanent teeth are erupted. The cranial sutures are still open, and the symphysial surface is flattened, but there is no complete rim around the symphysis. Based on these features, a likely age range for the skeleton would be
20-35 years.
How many ATP are produced using the energy from each NADH?
3
How many osmoles are present in a solution of 1 M MgCl2?
3 osm
During bone repair, how long does the stage of the bony callus last?
3-4 months
There are ___ pairs of spinal nerves that exit the vertebral column.
31
The vertebral column is composed of ----- vertebrae distributed into ----- regions
33;5
There are ------- to ------ bones that make up the -------
3;5; coccyx
There are ------ ------- vertebrae that have large vertebral bodies.
5; lumbar
There are ----- long bones found in the palm of the hand called ------
5; metacarpals
There are ------ ------vertebrae that are fused into ------ sacrum.
5; sacral; 1
Given a watery solution in which 1/1,000,000 particles are free H+ ions, what will the pH be?
6
The optimal pH range for most human enzymes is
6-8.
In the human body, joints start to form by the _________ week of embryonic development.
6th
how many tarsal bones are found in each foot?
7
There are ----- ------- vertebrae that contain transverse foramina.
7; cervical
There are ---- short bones in the wrist that are known as the ------
8; carpals
Translation is terminated when a stop codon is presented at the ________ site.
A
Which of the following accurately compares sections of spinal white matter?
A fasciculus is smaller than a funiculus.
Somatic motor neuron axons fall into the category of
A fibers.
Which statement is accurate?
A sequence of nucleotides in DNA constitutes a gene; DNA and associated proteins form chromatin.
What is a retinaculum?
A thickened fibrous band of fascia
Test your knowledge about the structural differences between the somatic motor nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. A. preganglionic axons are myelinated; Postganglionic axons are unmyelinated in what? B. Uses only one neuron to reach target is the what? C. Requires two neurons to reach target is the what? D. only one synapse between the neuron and the target and that is what? E. conscious and unconscious regulation of skeletal muscle is associated with what? F. Unconscious regulation of smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glands is stimulated by what?
A. Autonomic B. Somatic C. Autonomic D. Somatic E. Somatic F. Autonomic
Which occurs first?
Absolute refractory period
If acetylcholinesterase became mutated and nonfunctional, what would be the immediate result?
Acetylcholine would build up in the synaptic cleft
Which of the following structures has the active sites to which the heads of the thick filaments will bind?
Actin
If you severely injured your adductor pollicis, which movement might be affected?
Adduction of the thumb
Which sympathetic pathway is responsible for the prolonged effect of the "fight or flight" response?
Adrenal medulla pathway
_____ synovial joints are diarthroses.
All
Which may occur as a result of muscle atrophy? -Reduction in muscle size -Fibers become weaker -Muscle loses tone -Fibers waste away and die -All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Which of these features is found in a lumbar vertebra?
All of the choices are correct. -Pedicles -Vertebral foramen -Spinous process -Vertebral arch
Which of the following factors influence cell membrane permeability?
All of the choices are correct. -Phospholipid composition of the membrane -Ionic charge along the membrane -Presence or absence of transport proteins -Molecule size
Which may occur as a result of muscle atrophy?
All of the choices are correct. -Reduction in muscle size -Fibers become weaker -Muscle loses tone -Fibers waste away and die
What type of stimulus is detected by the sensory receptors of the skin?
All of the choices are correct. -heat -cold -pressure -vibration
The sympathetic division of the ANS has
All of the choices are correct. -long postganglionic axons. -norepinephrine as a transmitter substance. -preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord.
Fatty acids in soap have a polar end and a nonpolar end. Which of the following best describes these molecules?
Amphipathic
Which of the following has the smallest mass?
An electron
Which statement accurately describes the effects of substrate and enzyme concentrations on reaction rate?
An increase in either substrate or enzyme concentration will increase the reaction rate.
Select all the knee ligaments that are deep to the articular capsule and prevent anterior and posterior movement of the femur on the tibia.
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
What is the composition of the subcutaneous layer?
Areolar connective tissue and adipose connective tissue
Which glial cell is starlike in shape and helps form the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocytes
Where would you find olfactory hairs?
At the apical surface of olfactory neurons
Which sequence correctly lists the changes that allow the thick and thin filaments to slide past one another in skeletal muscle contraction?
Attach - pivot - detach - return
Which joint is multiaxial?
Ball and socket
Which of the following thigh muscles has its insertion in the head of the fibula?
Biceps femoris
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Binding of neurotransmitter by secondary neurons results in propagation of nerve signals through the various olfactory pathways. Sensory information reaches different regions of the brain including the (1) cerebral cortex, -which allows us to consciously perceive and identify the smell; (2) hypothalamus -which controls visceral reactions to smell, such as salivation, sneezing, or gagging; and (3) amygdala -which is a center for recognition of odors and often tying those odors to a particular emotion.
If a drug was developed that interfered with the proper functioning of the microtubules found within the axons of neurons, how would you expect this to impact axonal transport processes?
Both anterograde and retrograde transport processes would cease.
Unfortunately, there is no cure for Parkinson disease, however medications can help ameliorate the symptoms. These work by:
Both of these choices apply. -retarding the breakdown of endogenously produced dopamine. converting drugs such as L-DOPA to dopamine once they have crossed the nlood-brain barrier.
alex went to the dentist to get a cavity filled. the dentist used an anesthetic to numb the teeth prior to drilling which nerve likely was anesthetized?
CN V (trigeminal)
a 25-year-old male named Carlos went to the optometrist with the complaint of double vision (diplopia). The optometrist performed various eye tests on Carlos. Carlos was able to read an eye chart with each eye but experienced the double vision when he tried to use both eyes to focus. The optometrist noticed that when he has Carlos look laterally with each eye, Carlos's right eye did not move as far laterally as he could. Based on these tests, the optometrist suspected that the muscle innervated by ---- was not working properly
CN VI (abducens)
the condition of rickets involves bones that have insufficient amounts of this common ion, resulting in the bones bending under a child's weight
Ca2+
Which of the following is not one of the four most common elements in the body?
Calcium
Which skin markings usually disappear during childhood?
Capillary hemangiomas
A dome shaped surface that articulates with the head of the radius.
Capitulum
Which is not a carpal bone?
Capitulum
What type of muscle contains intercalated discs?
Cardiac
There are four types of body membranes. Select the exception.
Cartilaginous
Match the prevertebral ganglion with the splanchnic nerves that synapse there.
Celiac ganglion -Greater thoracic splanchnic nerves Inferior mesenteric ganglion -Lumbar splanchnic nerves Superior mesenteric gangion -Lesser and least thoracic splanchnic nerves
______________ is(are) found in compact bone, but not spongy bone.
Central canals
This portion of the brain ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth, coordinated movements.
Cerebellum
Which portion of the brain adjusts skeletal muscle activity to maintain equilibrium and posture?
Cerebellum
As you are reading these words on the screen, what part of your brain is allowing you to perform the complex, conscious intellectual task of reading and comprehension?
Cerebrum
Which list contains all four types of amino acids?
Charged, polar, nonpolar, and those with special functions
There are two types of synapses, based on mode of communication. What are they?
Chemical and electrical
The enzyme choline acetyltransferase catalyzes the reaction between acetyl-CoA and choline resulting in the formation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This enzyme is produced within the cell body of neurons, but the synthesis of acetylcholine occurs within the axon terminals. Which statement best describes the axonal transport mechanism associated with this process?
Choline acetyltransferase is transported in the anterograde direction.
Which of the following is not a component of the cytoplasm?
Chromatin
Removal of the left cerebral hemisphere would prevent voluntary movement of the right side of the body.
Cingulate gyrus -Focuses on emotionally significant events Parahippocampal gyrus -Function is associated with the hippocampus Hippocampus -Essential for the formation of long-term memory Amygdaloid body -Involved in emotion, especially fear
Classify the reactions as occuring in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the electron transport system.
Citric Acid Cycle -conversion of citric acid to isocitric acid -conversion of malic acid to oxaloacetic acid Glycolysis -conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate -conversion of fructose to fructose 1,6-diphosphate -conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid Electron Transport System -establishment of a chemiosmotic gradient in the intermembrane space -ATP synthase activity -oxidation of NADH at enzyme complex 1
Ligaments are very strong but resistant to stretch. Which protein fiber probably predominates?
Collagen
What gives bone its flexibility?
Collagen fibers
A large, smooth, rounded articulating oval structure is called what?
Condyle
Match the subdivision of the nervous system with its components.
Consists of the brain and spinal cord -central nervous system Includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia -peripheral nervous system
Which step in the formation of calcitriol is regulated by parathyroid hormone?
Conversion of calcidiol to calcitriol
Anterior depression that provides a space for the ulna when the forearm is fully flexed.
Coronoid fossa
What are the white matter tracts that connect the cerebral hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
Which is an alternate term for compact bone?
Cortical bone
Janice is a 79-year-old woman recently admitted to the ER with a fractured hip after a fall. Which of the following is a common tissue change that occurs with aging and could inhibit her recovery?
Decrease in the amount of connective tissue
Classify the muscles based on whether they are part of the deep, intermediate, or superficial layers of the anterior compartment of the forearm muscles.
Deep Layer -flexor digitorium profundus -flexor pollicis longus Intermediate Layer -flexor digitorium superficialis Superficial Layer -pronator teres -flexor carpi radialis -palmaris longus -flexor carpi ulnaris
elect all the components of the hip joint that contribute to its stability.
Deep acetabular socket Acetabular labrum Strong articular Reinforcing muscles and ligaments
The glenohumeral and hip joints are both ball-and-socket. Which feature of the hip joint makes it more stable than the glenohumeral joint?
Deeper joint socket
The glenohumeral and hip joints are both ball-and-socket. Which feature of the hip joint makes it more stable?
Deeper joint socket
Roughened area on the mid-humeral shaft that is site of a muscle attachment.
Deltoid tuberosity
Which nerve cell process receives incoming signals and transmits them to the cell body?
Dendrite
These junctions hold adjacent cells together and provide resistance to mechanical stress.
Desmosomes
What is the role of nerves that supply a bone?
Detect injuries in the bone
Which is not one of the bases found in DNA nucleotides?
Diamine
Which of the following correctly represents the mechanism of enzyme function? E = enzyme S = substrate P = product
E + S -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P
Which statement is true regarding the action of an oligodendrocyte?
Each oligodendrocyte can form a myelin sheath around many axons simultaneously.
From which primary germ layer is the epidermis of the skin derived?
Ectoderm
Which statement accurately describes how pH is related to denaturation?
Either a large increase or a large decrease in pH can lead to denaturation.
The visible part of the ear has the ability to stretch significantly, and then recoil back to its original position. Which protein fiber must be present?
Elastic
Which does not correctly pair a movement with its opposing movement?
Elevation - retraction
Before beginning orthodontic treatment, a patient may have her wrist and hand x-rayed to determine her stage of growth. What feature of the long bones will the orthodontist use to assess this?
Epiphyseal plateCorrect
This portion of the brain forms part of the roof of the diencephalon and covers the third ventricle. Its posterior portion houses the pineal gland and the habenular nuclei.
Epithalamus
Which tissue type covers body surfaces and lines the inside of organs and body cavities?
Epithelial
In what tissue would you expect to find very little, if any, extracellular matrix?
Epithelial tissue
Which is avascular (lacks blood vessels)?
Epithelial tissue
Match the plexus with its function.
Esophogeal plexus -Carries signals that control swallowing Hypogastric plexus -Carries signals to pelvic region Pulmonary plexus -Passes signals to bronchi Abdominal aortic plexus -Composed of celiac and mesenteric plexuses
These glands have ducts and excrete their products onto the surface of the skin or into the lumen of hollow organs.
Exocrine
Which of the following is an example of a best practice for effectively studying anatomy and physiology material?
Explaining a concept to a study partner
What is the greatest risk factor for skin cancer?
Exposure to UV light rays
What is the action of the gluteus maximus muscle?
Extension of thigh
Which of the following muscles extends the metacarpophalangeal joint of the great toe?
Extensor hallucis brevis
Order the structures in a sound pathway through the ear, ending with a nerve signal to the brain.
External environment 1.tympanic membrane 2. ossicles 3. oval window 4. scala vestibuli 5. cochlear duct 6. hair cells 7. cochlear branch of CN VIII Brain
Which of the abdominal muscles has its fibers running in an inferomedial direction?
External oblique
which electrolyte imbalance is least likely to impair muscle contraction because it is not required in muscle contraction?
F-
A patient visits her doctor and explains that since being hit on the cheek with a hockey puck she has been suffering from dry eyes and a dry mouth. It's apparent to the doctor that, because both lacrimal secretion and salivary secretion are affected, there may be damage to the ____________ nerve.
Facial
Bell palsy is a condition characterized by paralysis of facial muscles, eyelid droop, and sagging at the corners of the mouth. What nerve is affected in this condition?
Facial
What type of cartilage is located between the bones in a symphysis?
Fibrocartilage
Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?
Fibrocartilage
Which of the following describes a meniscus?
Fibrous cartilage pads
What are tendinous intersections? -Round tendonlike structures attaching muscle to bone -Fibrous, perpendicular insertions between successive sheets or blocks of muscleCorrect -Flat sheets of connective tissue used for muscle insertion -Thin layers of muscle used to attach two other muscles together -Narrow, vertical, fibrous strips used to attach muscle sheaths of the left and right rectus abdominis
Fibrous, perpendicular insertions between successive sheets or blocks of muscle
Which knee ligament is most crucial for preventing hyperadduction?
Fibular collateral ligament
How many types of adrenergic receptors are there?
Five
What is the action of the gastrocnemius muscle on the knee joint/leg?
Flexion of leg
The "soft spots" on an infant's head are caused by which of the following?
Fontanelles
Damage to which lobe of the brain (that normally plans appropriate behavior) has been most frequently associated with personality abnormalities?
Frontal
Which is not a cell type found in the olfactory epithelium?
Fungiform cell
These two muscles are known as the triceps surae and together are the most powerful plantar flexors of all of the leg muscles.
Gastrocnemius and soleus
What two muscles attach distally to the calcaneal tendon?
Gastrocnemius and soleus
Which of the following joints is the least stable?
Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
Which does not contribute to the pelvic brim?
Gluteal line
Place the products of cellular respiration with the stage in which they were produced. Some labels will be used more than once.
Glycolysis -2 NADH -2 ATP Intermediate Stage -2 NADH Citric Acid Cycle -6 NADH 2 FADH2 -2 ATP ETC -34 ATP
Which of the following choices lists the order of stages of cellular respiration in proper order?
Glycolysis, intermediate stage, citric acid cycle, and the electron transport system
Prominent lateral projection that provides muscle attachment for the supraspinatus.
Greater tubercle
The breakdown of H2CO3 into CO2 and H2O is catalyzed by an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase. Which of the following is a reactant in this reaction?
H2CO3
Which of the following is not found in thick skin?
Hair follicles
Which is a form of energy that is generally unavailable to do any work?
Heat
Which is not a function of nails?
Help us to walk properly
The joint just proximal to the knee is which one of these?
Hip
Which branch of microscopic anatomy is the study of tissues?
Histology
Which is not a function of bone?
Hormone synthesis
In the stable form of protein, what is generally oriented to the interior of the protein molecule?
Hydrophobic portions
this muscle depresses and adducts the eye
I said -inferior rectus But book says this so I think right :) Key says -inferior oblique
Determine which scenario below will result in a mechanical advantage (MA) of less than 1.0, which means the lever provides speed rather than strength.
If the length of the effort arm is 55 mm and the length of the resistance arm is 200 mm
Which of the following statements is true concerning calcium ions? -In smooth muscle, it binds with calmodulin. -In skeletal muscle, it binds with calmodulin. -In smooth muscle, it binds with troponin. -In skeletal muscle, it binds with tropomyosin. -In smooth muscle, it binds with myosin light-chain kinase.
In smooth muscle, it binds with calmodulin.
The optimum temperature for most enzymes is around body temperature. If the body temperature is slightly elevated, what effect will this have on enzymatic reactions?
Increased reaction rates
Which of the five cerebral lobes is the one not visible on the surface of the brain?
Insula
Which system is responsible for providing protection, regulating body temperature, and being the site of cutaneous receptors?
Integumentary
which system is responsible for providing protection, regulating body temperature, and being the site of cutaneous receptors?
Integumentary
Which functional class of neurons lies entirely within the central nervous system?
Interneurons
Which action describes turning the sole of the foot medially, as in checking the bottom of a shoe for gum?
Inversion
Concentric contraction and eccentric contraction are both types of what major type of muscle tension?
Isotonic contraction
Which statement is false regarding the general features of the vertebral column.
It consists of a chain of 30 vertebrae with intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage between most of them.
Select all the reasons why the glenohumeral joint is unstable.
It has a loose articular capsule
Which of the following is false regarding acetylcholine?
It is rarely used in the body.
Which is false regarding bone remodeling?
It occurs only at articular surfaces.
Which statement is true regarding the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)?
It stabilizes the position of the skin and binds it to underlying structures.
The adult spinal cord extends inferiorly from the brain through the vertebral canal and ends at the level of the _____ vertebra.
L1
The spinal nerves that give rise to the sacral plexus are
L4-S4.
Which is not a part of all synovial joints?
Labrum
Which of the following will increase during strenuous muscular activity?
Lactate
Which is not a site for muscle attachment on the femur?
Lateral condyle
Which are not spinal nerve branches?
Lateral rami
Which extrinsic eye muscle is innervated by the abducens nerve (CN VI)? -Inferior oblique -Superior oblique -Lateral rectus -Medial rectus -Superior rectus
Lateral rectus
Which choice describes the activation steps of a G protein-coupled receptor properly (and in correct order)?
Ligand binds to receptor, G protein activated, effector protein activated, second messenger made available
Consider the classifications of bone, and examples of each. Which classification comprises bones used primarily for movement rather than protection?
Long bones
Which is a secondary curvature of the vertebral column that develops as a child begins to stand and walk?
Lumbar
Which enzyme class splits a chemical bond in the absence of water?
Lyase
Classify the muscles of the thigh into their appropriate compartments.
Medial Compartment -adductor longus -gracilis -adductor magnus anterior compartment -vastus lateralis -rectus femoris -sartorius posterior compartment -semitendinosus -semimembranosus
If you palpate the medial side of your ankle, what prominent process of the tibia are you feeling?
Medial malleolus
What is the name of the prominence on the medial surface of the ankle?
Medial malleolus
All connective tissue is formed from which embryonic germ layer?
Mesoderm
Which region of a growing bone contains the epiphyseal plate?
Metaphysis
Which glial cell acts as a phagocyte?
Microglial cells
Which of the following serve to increase the surface area of a cell for absorption and secretion?
Microvilli
Which type of reflex occurs with the smallest delay?
Monosynaptic
Match the most common types of neurons with where they can be found in the human body.
Most common type; innervate muscles and glands -multipolar neurons Most neurons in the PNS -unipolar neurons special senses -bipolar neurons
Which is a characteristic of skeletal muscle from the selections below?
Multinucleated
Place each component of a muscle name into the appropriate category.
Muscle Shape and Size -brevis -longus orientation of muscle fibers -obicularis -rectus muscle action -extensor -abductor specific body region -gluteal -inferior
Which are not considered to be features of a synovial joint?
Muscles
Which muscles arise from the skull and often attach to the skin?
Muscles of facial expression
Which protein makes up the thick filaments?
Myosin
Which of the following best describes the reduction of the coenzyme NAD+?
NAD+ + H -> NADH
Pyruvate undergoes oxidation when it loses electrons to
NAD+.
The coenzymes that will provide the electrons needed for the electron transport system are
NADH and FADH2.
EPSPs are caused by the movement of
Na+ into the cell
Which is the actively growing part of the nail?
Nail matrix
Which of the following terms describes axons from many preganglionic cells synapsing on a single ganglionic cell?
Neuronal convergence
Which is not a function of the integument?
No exceptions; all are functions of the integument -Synthesis of cholecalciferol (vitamin D precursor) -Protection -Water loss prevention -Temperature regulation
Which is not characteristic of a cell undergoing apoptosis?
No exceptions; all of these are characteristic of a cell undergoing apoptosis.
These receptors respond to pain caused by external and internal stimuli.
Nociceptors
What is the inner, gelatinous region of each intervertebral disc called?
Nucleus pulposus
Which best defines "superficial"?
On the outside
At what level of organization is a tooth?
Organ level
Which level of organization in the human body involves two or more tissue types working together to perform specific, complex functions?
Organ level
Which level consists of related organs that work to achieve a common function?
Organ system level
Classify the terms and examples with the correct type of cofactor.
Organic Cofactors -not attached to enzymes -have specific functions to assist enzymes -aka coenzymes -NAD+ accept hydrogen to become NADH Inorganic cofactors -attached to the enzyme it "helps" -required for proper enzyme function -zinc bound to carbonic anhydrase
Which bones articulate with the femur?
Os coxae, tibia, patella
Which type of cell produces new bone tissue by secreting matrix?
Osteoblasts
Order the structures that a pressure wave passes through in the cochlea, beginning from the oval window and ending at the round window.
Oval Window -pressure waves generated in scala vestibuli -vestibular membrane moves, pressure wave formation in cochlear duct -displacement of the basilar membrane -hair cells of the spiral organ are distorted -nerve signal initiated -pressure waves transferred to the scala tympani Round Window
When someone engages in exercise that requires more oxygen than is available, they develop a(n) _____ _______ (2 words), which results in heavy breathing for several minutes after the exercise is complete.
Oxygen debt
all of the following are common ions of the human body except
P+
Which division of the nervous system shows a greater capacity for regeneration?
PNS
Drag each of the following labels into the appropriate box to identify which division of the autonomic nervous system is identified by the given function.
Parasympathetic -digesting -defecation -diuresis Sympathetic -running -stress -excitement -fight-or-flight system
Which hormone inhibits bone growth?
Parathyroid hormone
Which hormone normally has a more significant effect on blood calcium levels in adults?
Parathyroid hormone
Which is not a correct pairing of bone and feature?
Parietal bone - mental foramen
Which is a sesamoid bone?
Patella
All of these muscles, except one, have their proximal attachment on the scapula. Select the exception.
Pectoralis major
In a 1500-meter run, an event that may take about 5 to 6 minutes, ATP is supplied by which energy sources? -Phosphagens, anaerobic, and aerobic sources -Phosphagens only -Phosphagens and anaerobic sources -Aerobic sources only
Phosphagens, anaerobic, and aerobic sources
Which of these synovial joints does not have at least one rounded or convex surface?
Plane
This thick sheet of fascia extends between the phalanges of the toes and the calcaneus, and also encloses the plantar muscles of the foot. -Extensor retinaculum -Extensor aponeurosis -Intrinsic fascia -Plantar aponeurosis -Elevator tendonosis
Plantar aponeurosis
When a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs, it is best as described as which of the following?
Positive feedback
In which sympathetic pathway does the preganglionic neuron synapse with a ganglionic neuron, but then the postganglionic axon does not leave the trunk via a gray ramus, instead going directly to the effector organ?
Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway
Where will the memory of a motor skill likely be stored?
Premotor cortex
Which neuron in a sensory pathway is part of the sensory receptor?
Primary
Which of the following shows the correct sequence of mitosis?
Prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase
Which term best describes receptors that detect body and limb movements, skeletal muscle contraction and stretch, and joint capsule structure?
Proprioceptors
Which of the following is not a function of the vertebral column?
Provide support for the muscles of the arm
The superficial layer of the urogenital triangle contains three muscles. Select the exception.
Puborectalis
Which of the following is a product of glycolysis?
Pyruvate
With three seconds left on the clock, Mia breaks free and scores the winning goal in her soccer game. Of the muscles listed, select the one with the primary action in extending the leg for kicking.
Quadriceps femoris
We have our most memorable dreams during ____ sleep.
REM
Kacey is standing in the anatomical position. Which of her forearm bones is most lateral?
Radius
Which is not one of the hamstring muscles?
Rectus femoris
Which is not one of the hamstring muscles? -Biceps femoris -Semimembranosus -Rectus femoris -Semitendinosus
Rectus femoris
Where does hemopoiesis occur?
Red bone marrow
_______________ the time between signals sent from the same presynaptic terminal increases the strength of the graded potential. This is an example of ________________ summation.
Reducing; temporal
If you are cold and your body alters the circulation near the skin in order to conserve heat, what characteristic of life is this representing?
Regulation
Which type of connective tissue protein fiber forms a meshlike framework that provides structural support within many organs (within the spleen, for example)?
Reticular fibers
Suppose that a new virus is discovered that specifically infects motor neurons. Assume that this virus enters neurons in conjunction with choline molecules. Once inside the cell, the virus enters the nucleus and replicates. Which direction describes the axonal transport route taken by this virus?
Retrograde transport
Drag each muscle to the muscle group in which it belongs.
Rotator Cuff -supraspinatus -teres minor -subscapularis quadriceps -rectus femoris -vastus intermedius -vastus lateralis hamstrings -biceps femoris -semimembranous
The common fibular nerve originated from which nerve plexus?
Sacral
The sciatic nerve arises from which nerve plexus?
Sacral
Which bone does not belong to the appendicular skeleton?
Sacrum
Which of the following muscles is the longest muscle in the body and is nicknamed the "tailor's muscle" because it flexes and laterally rotates the thigh while also flexing and medially rotating the leg (helping us to sit cross-legged, as tailors used to do)?
Sartorius
Which bones comprise each pectoral girdle?
Scapula and clavicle
Which bones articulate with the humerus?
Scapula, radius, and ulna
Which feature of a holocrine gland will distinguish it from merocrine and apocrine glands?
Secretions are released by rupture of whole cells
________ pathways have peripheral primary neurons and central secondary and tertiary neurons.
Sensory
What type of epithelium would be most suited for high levels of diffusion and filtration?
Simple squamous
Thermoreceptors detect body temperature and send impulses to the brain for analysis. If body temperature is low, the brain will signal skeletal muscles to perform brief, repeated contractions to help generate heat. In this example, what is the effector?
Skeletal muscles
Which of the following muscle characteristics characterize an effect of aging? -Increase capacity to recover from disease -Increase in muscle fiber diameter -Slow, progressive loss of muscle mass -Increase in myoglobin content in muscle
Slow, progressive loss of muscle mass
Which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily?
Small nonpolar molecules
This type of muscle lacks striations and is found in the walls of most viscera such as the stomach and blood vessels.
Smooth
After reaching into her purse, a woman identifies an object based solely on its shape and texture. Which cortical region is highly involved with this action?
Somatosensory association area
Which type of epithelium is composed of multiple layers, including an apical layer containing tall, slender cells?
Stratified columnar
Which layer of the integument has a small population of immune cells?
Stratum spinosum
What visceral sensory stimulus triggers the autonomic reflex causing the reduction of blood pressure?
Stretching of large blood vessels
Which of the following binds to the active site of an enzyme?
Substrate
Proximal portion of the humeral shaft that is a common site of fractures.
Surgical neck
Which type of innervation causes pupil dilation?
Sympathetic
Which system has more divergence of preganglionic axons?
Sympathetic division
Which system engages in mass activation?
Sympathetic nervous system
Which structures are reservoirs that store acetylcholine?
Synaptic vesicles
Select the way in which sweat glands function in homeostasis.
Temperature regulation
The rate of diffusion is affected by which of the following?
Temperature, size of the molecules, and steepness of the concentration gradient
Which bone bears the mandibular fossa?
Temporal
Which bone is not a facial bone?
Temporal
Which of the following refers to a sustained muscle contraction? -Tetanus -Relaxation -Summation -Fatigue -Latency
Tetanus
Which is false regarding the somatic nervous system (SNS)?
The SNS is activated by visceral sensory neurons.
How would an anatomist describe the bladder?
The bladder wall contains a transitional epithelium and several layers of smooth muscle.
If a bone is immersed in a weak acid such as vinegar for several days, its inorganic components will dissolve. What will be the result of such an experiment?
The bone will become soft and bendable
What feature of your ear accounts for its ability to regain its shape after it has been deformed or compressed?
The elastic fibers present in the ear's cartilage
Which statement accurately compares the hand and the foot?
The hand and the foot each have 14 phalanges.
Which is a physiological description rather than an anatomical one?
The muscles of the intestinal wall contract slowly and involuntarily.
Which of the rami is much smaller than the other?
The posterior ramus
Which of the following statements is correct about spinal nerves?
The posterior root is sensory.
When you are exposed to bright light, a reflex is initiated and your iris constricts to decrease pupil size. Which structure serves as a receptor in this system?
The retina
Of the following factors, which one does not contribute to skin aging?
The skin increases the number and efficiency of epidermal dendritic cells, causing an increase in immune responsiveness.
As a person ages, the skin undergoes what change?
The subcutaneous tissue loses adipose tissue.
Which group of muscles forms a thick, fleshy mass at the base of the thumb?
Thenar group
Which statement accurately describes amino acids?
There are twenty varieties, with each type having a different R group.
If demyelination occurs, why don't action potentials occur at regions of the axon that were previously myelinated?
These regions lack the appropriate concentration of voltage-gated sodium channels.
Which of the following statements accurately describes electrons?
They are in orbitals outside the nucleus and have a negative charge.
Classify the descriptions based on whether they pertain to thin skin or thick skin.
Thick Skin -found on the palms of the hands -found on the soles of the feet -does not contain hair follicles -contains all five epidermal strata Thin skin -contains sebaceous glands -does not include the stratum lucidum -contains hair follicles -found over most of the body
The sympathetic division is also called what?
Thoracolumbar division
In DNA, which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine?
Thymine
Melanie tripped over her coffee table in the middle of the night and has a big bruise on the bony prominence just distal to her patella. What is the name of the structure that Melanie hit the table with?
Tibial tuberosity
Which of the following is a function of the ribosome?
Translation of proteins
Which is not a general function of the nervous system?
Transporting materials throughout the body
Which is not a type of neuronal pool?
Triangular-pre-discharge
Which muscle is the prime extensor of the elbow joint?
Triceps brachii
Classify the example or definition with the appropriate type of chemical energy storage molecule.
Triglycerides -long term energy storage -associated with adipose tissue Glucose -stored in the liver and muscle tissue as part of a larger polymer -stored in the form of glycogen ATP -stored in all cells in limited amounts -produced continuously and used immediately for cell's energy needs
The symptoms of Parkinsonism are not always due to the death of the neurons of the substantia nigra. True or False?
True, sometimes medications interfere with the production of dopamine and can therefore cause identical symptoms
Indicate the summative effect that brings the initial segment closest to threshold.
Two EPSPs in proximity to each other
Classify the type of pennate muscle with its description. Not all labels will be used.
Unipennate -all of the muscle fibers are on the same side of the tendon multipennate -branches of the tendon are within the muscle bipennate -muscle fibers are both sides of the tendon
During embryonic development of the limbs, which limb buds appear first?
Upper limb buds
Which cranial nerve innervates muscles for facial expression, tear production and most salivary glands?
VII (facial)
Where will the memory of a favorite painting likely be stored?
Visual association area
First, match the roles of the neuroglial cell, then match the neuroglial cell to the proper division of the nervous system where it can be located.
Vital for synapse formation -astrocytes -CNS Take up neurotransmitters -astrocytes -CNS Play an energy supporting role -astrocytes -CNS Line the ventricles of the brain -ependymal -CNS Form the choroid plexuses -ependymal -CNS Have cilia that help move cerebrospinal fluid -ependymal -CNS Phagocytize microorganisms -microglia -CNS Form myelin sheaths around several axons -Oligodendrocytes -CNS
Production of this vitamin requires skin exposure to the sun. This vitamin is crucial for regulation of calcium and phosphate.
Vitamin D
Which is not a cranial bone?
Vomer
Where is the saccule located?
Within the vestibule
The frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle causes what action?
Wrinkling the brow (forehead)
The ________ nerve innervates the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and pharynx muscles.
XI (accessory)
Active transport requires
a carrier protein on the surface of the cell.
The top long-distance runners probably have _______ proportion of slow muscle fibers in their leg muscles. -a higher -a lower -the same
a higher
which statement is correct about reflexes?
a hypoactive reflex may indicate damage to the neuromuscular junction
All the muscle fibers under the control of a single motor axon are referred to as
a motor unit.
all of the following are accurate about H+ concentration and pH except
a pH of 6 is basic, or alkaline
The most abundant lipid of the membrane consists of a head and two tails. This type of lipid is
a phospholipid.
A motor unit consists of
a single motor neuron and the multiple muscle fibers it controls.
In the formation of a compound of sodium chloride,
a sodium atom donates an electron to a chlorine atom.
The term "codon" refers to
a three-base sequence of mRNA.
Which is a correct listing of the hierarchy of a skeletal muscle's components, beginning with the smallest? a: Myofibrils b: Muscle fiber c: Fascicle d: Skeletal muscle
a, b, c, d
Structures found in the dermis include a: sweat glands b: hair follicles c: collagen fibers d: sensory nerve endings e: arrector pili muscles
a, b, c, d, e
Which of these are functions of hair? a: Sensory reception b: Heat retention c: Immune function d: Protection e: Formation of Vitamin D3
a, b, d
Choose the answer that correctly lists, in chronological order, the events involved in synaptic transmission. a: A nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knob. b: Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft. c: A nerve impulse begins in the postsynaptic cell. d: Neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the postsynaptic cell. e: A voltage change occurs in the postsynaptic cell.
a, b, d, e, c
Which are applicable to the stratum corneum? a: Most superficial stratum b: Consists of about 3-5 cell layers c: Cells are dead d: Interlocking keratinized cells e: Cells are anucleate
a, c, d, e
Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division of the ANS? a: III b: IV c: V d: VII e: IX f: X g: XII
a, d, e, f
which body cavity is located inferior to the thoracic diaphragm and superior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones?
abdominal cavity
the dorsal interossei muscle in the hand
abduct fingers 2-5
The _______ is a period when a membrane cannot respond to another stimulus (no matter how strong).
absolute refractory period
The fibrocartilage rim that deepens the hip socket is the
acetabular labrum.
The head of the femur articulates with the
acetabulum.
Fatty acids and some amino acids are converted directly into _____________ for ATP production.
acetyl CoA
All ANS preganglionic axons release _____________ as their neurotransmitter.
acetylcholine
all parasympathetic division synapses use ____ as a neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
The primary neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is -dopamine. -adrenaline. -acetylcholine. -histamine. -serotonin.
acetylcholine.
To neutralize a base, a(n) ________ must be added.
acid
A rise in blood pressure causes a reflexive
activation of the parasympathetic system and inhibition of the sympathetic system.
Fast axonal transport is
active (requires ATP) and can occur in either the anterograde or retrograde direction.
what other muscle function could be impaired in this type of injury?
adduction of the thumb
One example of a system or function only controlled by the sympathetic nervous system where the molecules act as hormones is the __________ __________.
adrenal medulla
The presence of mitochondria and myoglobin facilitate _________ respiration in muscle cells.
aerobic
at what stage of wound healing does granulation tissue first form?
after a blood clot forms and prior to scar tissue forming
Brain growth is 95% complete by
age five.
Saturation occurs when
all enzymes are busy and further increases in substrate concentration will not increase reaction rate.
while running to class, jennifer slipped and skinned her knee. the wound appeared superficial yet there was extensive bleeding. based on this information and her knowledge of integument composition, she determined that the would penetrated
all layers of the epidermis and part of the dermis
which of the following is a correct statement about a simple epithelium?
all of the cells are in direct contact with the basement membrane
which of the following is a function of synovial joint?
all of these are correct -lubricates the joint -provides nutrients for the articular cartilage -absorbs shock within the joint
blood is a mixture that is more specifically described as
all of these are correct -suspension -colloid -solution
oxidative phosphorylation involves
all of these processes -electrons transported in the electron transport chain and accepted by O2 -ATP synthase harnessing the energy in a H+ gradient -coenzymes NADH and FADH2 giving up their electrons
The term "metabolism" refers to
all the chemical reactions in the body.
Enzyme regulation by negative feedback involves
allosteric inhibition of an enzyme by a product of its metabolic pathway.
During transcription
an RNA molecule is formed as a DNA sequence is read.
you would expect decreased production of ATP in all of the following individuals except
an athlete
albinism (achromia) is a genetic condition in which an individual cannot synthesize melanin from tyrosine (an amino acid), a brown pigment of the hair, skin, and eyes. These individuals lack
an enzyme that converts tyrosine to melanin
Radioisotopes contain
an excess of neutrons.
all of the following increase enzymatic activity except
an increase in pH
Building glycogen from glucose molecules is an example of
anabolism.
The building of complex molecules from simpler ones is described as
anabolism.
Glycolysis is an
anaerobic process that occurs in the cytosol.
A scientist who describes the layers of the heart wall and their relationship to the surrounding pericardium would be a(n)
anatomist.
all of the following muscles flex the forearm except the
anconeus
Classify the muscle actions based on whether they are acting as an agonist, antagonist, or synergist.
antagonist - the triceps brachii is stretched as you flex your forearm at the elbow agonist -the triceps brachii contracts to extend the forearm synergist -the biceps brachii and brachioradialis contract to flex your forearm at the elbow
The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have _________ effects on heart rate.
antagonistic
Nerve plexuses are organized such that axons from each ________ ramus extend to body structures through several different branches.
anterior
The anterior ramus of a typical spinal nerve innervates the
anterior and lateral trunk and the limbs.
The extensor hallucis longus is located in the -superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the leg. -anterior compartment of the leg. -deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg.
anterior compartment of the leg.
the ligament that helps to maintain the alignment of the condyles between the femur and tibia and to limit the anterior movement of the tibia on the femur is
anterior cruciate ligament
Motor neurons contain their cell bodies in the ______ and axons in the ______.
anterior horn; anterior root
Information about pain and temperature is conveyed to the brain by way of the
anterolateral pathway.
a mother and her 4-year old son were visiting a toy store, and the child did not want to leave. As the child threw a temper tantrum and resisted his mother, the mother pulled on the boy's arm to lead him out of the store. Immediately after the pull, the boy cried out in pain and displayed a prominent bump on the lateral side of the elbow. The mother drove the boy to the doctor in a panic. The doctor examined the boy's elbow and determined the boy had subluxated head of the radius. which ligament failed to keep the head of the radius in place when the mother pulled on the boy's elbow?
anular ligament
The abdominal _______ plexus consists of the celiac plexus, superior mesenteric plexus, and inferior mesenteric plexus.
aortic
The type of gland that secretes sweat into a hair follicle that is found in the axillary, anal, and genital regions is the ________ sweat gland.
apocrine
Bone growth in which the bone increases in diameter is called
appositional growth.
identify the meningeal layer immediately deep to the subdural space
arachnoid mater
Gomphoses
are found only in tooth sockets.
skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that both types of muscle
are striated
The name of the glial cell that covers the capillaries in the brain with its perivascular feet, helping to form the blood-brain barrier, is a(n) ______________.
astrocyte
The glial cell with perivascular feet that wrap around capillaries in the CNS is the
astrocyte.
The glial cell with the responsibility of occupying the space left by dead or dying neurons is the
astrocyte.
an elderly neighbor was diagnosed with an astrocytoma tumor in the brain. this cancer affects what types of cells?
astrocytes
Bones in the legs, arms, spine, and pelvis grow
at different rates.
A polar covalent bond is created when
atoms within the bond do not have the same pull on the shared electron, and as a result the electron spends more time around one atom relative to the other atom within the bond.
Rami, trochanters, tubercles, and tuberosities are bone markings that serve as
attachments for ligaments or tendons.
which of these is the least likely to affect information transfer from STM to LTM?
auditory association cortex
maintaining a resting level of ANS activity in a cell is called
autonomic tone
Protection of vital organs and hematopoiesis are two functions commonly named for the __________ skeleton.
axial
The cords of the brachial plexus are named by their location with respect to the
axillary artery.
The nerve that innervates the deltoid muscle and receives sensory input from the superolateral lateral arm is the
axillary nerve.
the anterior root of a spinal nerve contains
axons of motor neurons only
The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain
axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons.
What is the correct order for the events that occur during a reflex? a: Impulse travels through sensory neuron to the CNS b: A stimulus activates a receptor c: Information is processed by interneurons d: Motor neuron transmits impulse to effector e: Effector responds
b, a, c, d, e
The embryonic feature that gives rise to the anterior and lateral horns of gray matter is the _____ plate.
basal
Consider the three most common types of skin cancer. Then click and drag each label into the appropriate category.
basal cell carcinoma -the most common type of skin cancer -seldom spreads to other tissues -arises from the deepest layer of the epidermis melanoma -if metastasized, the deadliest skin cancer -arises from the cells that protect from UV light -the least common skin cancer -caused by mutations commonly found in moles squamous cell carcinoma -raised, reddened, scaley appearance
A thin extracellular layer upon which an epithelium rests is called a(n)
basement membrane.
With age, epithelial tissues
become thinner.
Developmentally, the most significant growth in the skull occurs
before age 5.
Sutures are joints that are found
between certain bones of the skull.
Acetylcholine exerts its effect by
binding to receptors at the motor end plate.
Acetylcholine exerts its effect by -stimulating the motor neuron's synaptic knob. -binding to receptors at the motor end plate. -activating acetylcholinesterase. -allowing calcium to enter the cell.
binding to receptors at the motor end plate.
The ____ half-life is the time it takes for half of the radioactive material to be eliminated from the body.
biological
Olfactory receptor cells are _____ neurons.
bipolar
neurons that have only two processes attached to the cell body are called
bipolar
The vasomotor center is an important regulator of ________ and is located in the ________.
blood pressure, medulla oblongata.
which tissue contains a calcified ground substance and is specialized for structural support
bone connective tissue
the radial nerve originates in the --- plexus
brachial
The most powerful flexor of the forearm at the elbow is the
brachialis.
The cranial cavity houses the
brain.
Place the following terms or examples within the correct category.
build/retain bone mass -weight lifting -walking -gravitational forces weaken/reduce bone mass -sitting -sedentary lifestyle -astronauts in space -limb immobilization
Fluid-filled sacs that cushion synovial joints are called
bursae.
Place in correct order the following steps in the process of appositional growth of cartilage. a: New matrix is produced and secreted. b: Chondrocytes differentiate, each in its own lacuna. c: Stem cells undergo mitosis. d: Committed cells differentiate into chondroblasts
c. - d. - a. - b.
At the synaptic knob, voltage-gated ______________ channels open, thereby stimulating the synaptic vesicles to release their neurotransmitters by exocytosis.
calcium
Neural stem cells in the CNS
can form new neurons in only certain portions of the CNS such as the hippocampus.
In compact bone, ___________ connect adjacent lacunae, thereby providing pathways for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes.
canaliculi
which statement is correct about an osten?
canaliculi allow for nutrient and waste exchange among the osteocytes
All organic compounds contain ______, hydrogen, and usually oxygen.
carbon.
If you were examining a microscope slide containing a type of muscle tissue and observed a branching network of striated cells, each with one or two central nuclei, you could conclude that you were looking at _____ muscle.
cardiac
The type of muscle fibers that are striated, form Y-shaped branches, and are joined by intercalated discs are
cardiac.
The type of muscle fibers that are striated, form Y-shaped branches, and are joined by intercalated discs are -skeletal. -cardiac. -smooth. -voluntary. -skeletal and voluntary.
cardiac.
which process does not require cellular energy (and thus, it is a passive process)
carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion
all of the following are functions of cartilage except
cartilage serves as a site for hemopoesis
The pubic symphysis is classified as a
cartilaginous joint and an amphiarthrosis.
Substances that cause facilitation of a neuron ____________________________.
cause the neuron to fire that may not under the same circumstances in the absence of the facilitator
The nucleus of a neuron is found in its
cell body.
Epithelial tissue
cells can be cube or column shaped.
All connective tissues have three features in common. They are
cells, protein fibers, and ground substance.
The organelles responsible for organizing microtubules that are part of the mitotic spindle are called
centrioles.
This portion of the brain ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth, coordinated movements.
cerebellum
the subdivision of the brain that does not initiate somatic motor movements but rather coordinates and fine-tunes movements is the
cerebellum
the --- are the isolated innermost gray matter areas near the base of the cerebrum, inferior to the lateral ventricles
cerebral nuclei
the --- are descending motor tracts on the anterolateral surface of the midbrain
cerebral peduncles
Ependymal cells help produce
cerebrospinal fluid.
Lobes of the brain are named for the bones that protect them, and these lobes are part of the
cerebrum.
The type of transport protein that moves a substance down its concentration gradient is a
channel.
A resting membrane potential of -70 mV indicates that the ________________.
charges lining the inside of the plasma membrane are negative compared to the charges lining the outside
energy in ATP is used to power skeletal muscle contraction. this is an example of what type of energy conversion?
chemical energy to mechanical energy
The breaking of old chemical bonds and forming of new ones is called a
chemical reaction.
Mucus is moved along the lining of the trachea by extensions from cell membranes known as
cilia.
When the distal end of a limb makes a circular motion while the proximal end of the limb stays stationary, such that the entire limb's movement defines an imaginary cone shape, the motion is known as ___________.
circumduction
The epiphyseal plates in the _________ are the last ones in the body to ossify.
clavicle
as you examine the rest of the skeleton, you notice an S-shaped bone that appears to have been fractured prior to death. This bone likely was fractured due to a fall on the outstretched hand. What bone is it?
clavicle
The costal tuberosity is a feature of the
clavicle.
NAD+ and FAD are examples of
coenzymes that are required by some enzymes to function
Blood plasma contains water mixed with proteins. Therefore, it is considered a
colloid.
A substance that binds to the active site of an enzyme and turns it off is called a _________ inhibitor.
competitive
Non-REM sleep
comprises most of our sleep time.
in excitation-contraction coupling, the T-tubules function to
conduct an action potential into the sarcoplasmic reticulum to cause release of calcium
The metatarsophalangeal joints allow movement in two planes and are classified as _________ joints.
condylar
a metocarpophalangeal (MP) joint, which has oval articulating surfaces and permits movement in two planes, is what type of synovial joint?
condylar
Sharp, color vision is a result of the function of
cones.
Horner syndrome is a condition where sympathetic innervation to one side of the head and neck is damaged. What visual disturbances would you expect a person to have is she had Horner syndrome?
constricted pupil
The parasympathetic postganglionic axons that travel to the pupillary constrictor muscle result in pupil ________ when the eye is exposed to bright light.
constriction
your dog is chewing on an adult cow long bone and breaks it open. He pulls out some fleshy material within the diaphysis of the bone. You know that this fleshy material
contains fat
Because most pathways decussate, each side of the brain processes information from the _________ side of the body.
contralateral
Stepping on a piece of glass with the left foot will result in extension of the right leg to help maintain balance. This is an example of a(n) _____________ reflex.
contralateral
Nails are hard derivatives formed from the stratum ______ of the epidermis.
corneum
the frontal and parietal bones articulate at the ____________ suture
coronal
Spinal nerves extend from the spinal cord, whereas ________ nerves extend from the brain.
cranial
during a biology lab, erin used a cotton swab to remove some tissue from the inner side of her cheek. She then placed the tissue on a slide to examine it under the microscope. if erin removed a large chunk of this tissue from the same site, the shape and characteristics of the deepest cells would be
cuboidal
The largest of the body membranes, commonly called the skin, is the _______ membrane.
cutaneous
Another name for the intracellular fluid is
cytosol.
The zones found in an epiphyseal plate are a: Calcified cartilage b: Hypertrophic cartilage c: Ossification d: Resting cartilagee: Proliferating cartilage The correct order for these zones, beginning with the edge closest to the epiphysis and proceeding toward the diaphysis, is
d - e - b - a - c
Demyelinating diseases cause a(n) ______________ in the conduction velocity of action potentials.
decrease
If oxygen levels drop such that glucose metabolism becomes primarily anaerobic, then the amount of ATP produced per glucose molecule will
decrease to much less than half of what it was.
With damage to nerve fibers, larger distances between the site of damage and the target structure innervated result in _________ chances of successful regeneration.
decreased
Axons of the corticospinal tract cross the brainstem at the
decussation of the pyramids in the medulla oblongata.
The posterior ramus of a typical spinal nerve innervates the
deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back.
when a protein permanently unfolds, it has been
denatured
The reticular layer of the dermis consists primarily of
dense irregular connective tissue.
In fibrous joints, the articulating surfaces are held together by
dense regular connective tissue.
which of the following is not a characteristic of areolar connective tissue
densely packed protein fibers
In general, the function of the infrahyoid muscles is to
depress the hyoid bone.
Blood capillaries that supply nourishment for the epidermis are located in the
dermal papillae.
when this large muscle contracts, the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity increase
diaphragm
The shaft of a long bone is called the __________, while the expanded, knobby region at each end is called the __________.
diaphysis; epiphysis.
Which part of the brain contains the epithalamus, hypothalamus, and the thalamus?
dicephalon
Movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one where it is less concentrated is known as
diffusion.
According to Ohm's law, current is
directly related to voltage and inversely related to resistance.
The olfactory tracts project
directly to the primary olfactory cortex of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum.
When a strong acid is placed in water, it
dissolves and dissociates.
Typically, the more movable attachment of axial muscles is the superior attachment. For muscles in the limbs, the more moveable attachment is the _____ attachment.
distal
The knobby region of a long bone at the end that is farthest from the trunk is the
distal epiphysis.
The circuitry of the autonomic system allows for control in activation. The characteristic that allows a small number of preganglionic cells to stimulate a large number of postganglionic cells is
divergence.
A small group of neurons in the brain coordinating the action of many leg, back, and arm muscles during running is an example of a
diverging circuit.
The correct anatomic directional term for "at the back side of the human body" is
dorsal.
muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg
dorsiflex foot and extend the toes
If you were to cut a cross section of the retina and examine it under a microscope, what would be the order of features from the choroid to the posterior cavity? a: Rods and cones b: Ganglionic axons progressing to the optic nerve c: Bipolar cells d: Ganglion cells' bodies e: Pigmented retina
e, a, c, d, b
What is the correct order for structures in the nervous system pathway for hearing? a: Axons project to the auditory cortex. b: Axons project to inferior colliculi. c: Axons project to the cochlear nucleus in the brainstem. d: Axons project to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. e: Impulse travels in cochlear nerve sensory fibers.
e, c, b, d, a
The part of the homeostatic control mechanism that brings about change is the
effector.
When considering leverage, the part of the bone from the muscle attachment to the joint would be the
effort arm.
Each side of the spinal cord gives rise to _____ cervical nerves.
eight
The spring-like property that returns muscle to its original length after a contraction ends is
elasticity.
The spring-like property that returns muscle to its original length after a contraction ends is -extensibility. -elasticity. -treppe effect. -conductivity.
elasticity.
As guided by the octet rule, atoms have the tendency to become stable through the gain, loss, or sharing of
electrons.
Ionic bonds involve
electrostatic interactions between anions and cations.
based on the answer you gave (in question 3), what feature(s) would you expect to see in the pelvis?
elongated, rectangular pubic bones
The uptake of material through the plasma membrane by the formation of a vesicle is _______, whereas the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane and the release of its contents outside of the cell is called __________.
endocytosis; exocytosis
When an impulse arrives at the knob of the motor neuron, calcium -enters through active transport pumps and triggers the release of transmitter. -enters through voltage-gated channels and triggers the release of transmitter. -exits through active transport pumps and brings transmitter with it. -exits through voltage-gated channels and triggers transmitter release. -is released from synaptic vesicles.
enters through voltage-gated channels and triggers the release of transmitter.
all of the following are accurate about enzymes except
enzymes are versatile and can catalyze different types of chemical reactions
the glial cells that help produce and circulate serebrospinal fluid in the CNS are
ependymal cells
Immune cells found in the epidermis are called
epidermal dendritic cells.
Of the nine abdominopelvic regions, the one that is most superior in the middle column is called the
epigastric.
Which of the following are released from neurosecretory cells in the adrenal medulla as a result of sympathetic innervation? Check all that apply.
epinephrine norepinephrine
an epiphyseal line appears when
epiphyseal plate growth has ended
The secondary ossification center in a long bone is located in the
epiphysis.
Another name for the cuticle is the
eponychium.
The cardiac sphincter is innervated by parasympathetic axons coming from the _______ plexus.
esophageal
a movement of the foot that turns the sole outward or laterally is called
eversion
Joshua broke his fibula and had to wear a cast for 6 weeks. The muscles attaching to this bone atrophied during this time. What muscle function was Joshua unable to perform as a result?
everting the foot
oxidation-reduction can be nest classified as a(n) ______ reaction
exchange
The function of upper motor neurons is to
excite or inhibit lower motor neurons.
Reactions that release energy are called
exergonic reactions.
If a gland secretes its products through a duct to the surface of the small intestine epithelium, it must be an
exocrine gland.
Commissural tracts
extend between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
The interspinalis muscle functions to
extend the vertebral column and rotate it to the opposite side.
When kicking a ball forward, the knee is
extended
When kicking a ball forward, the knee is
extended.
where are tertiary neurons found?
extending between the thalamus and the primary somatosensory cortex
After an intensive workout, George felt especially sore in his posterior arm regions. What repetitive workout activity most likely caused the soreness?
extending the forearm
While Carly was playing soccer, she was kicked in the anterior thigh by an opposing teammate. Due to this injury, what muscle function may have been difficult to perform?
extending the knee
The characteristic of muscle that allows it to be passively stretched is
extensibility.
When the left and right splenius capitis contract together, the resulting movement is -wrinkling of the brow. -flexion of the neck. -elevation of the larynx. -extension of the neck. -pulling of the scalp anteriorly.
extension of the neck.
After being funneled by the auricle, sound waves pass (in sequence) through the
external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, ossicles, and oval window.
which ear structure is correctly matched with its function?
external acoustic meatus; directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane
If you look at the cross section of a long bone under a microscope, the rings of bone immediately internal to the periosteum of the bone are called
external circumferential lamellae.
Channel-mediated diffusion is a subtype of
facilitated diffusion.
The movement of glucose across a plasma membrane is achieved by
facilitated diffusion.
A little over 50% of the total amount of DNA in a human cell consists of genes.
false
A sensory neuron detecting an intense stimulus will generate action potentials of greater strength as compared to a sensory neuron detecting a weak stimulus. True or False
false
About 80% of the human skeleton is replaced yearly as a result of bone remodeling.
false
Appositional growth occurs within the epiphyseal plate.
false
As the diaphragm contracts, the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity are decreased. t/f
false
Axons of the anterior corticospinal tracts decussate in the medulla.
false
Cardiac muscle is also known as visceral muscle.
false
Cardiac muscle tissue contains fewer mitochondria than are found in skeletal muscle tissue.
false
Chromosomes are loose, and chromatin is tightly packed genetic material.
false
Glycolysis requires oxygen.
false
Graded potenials generally occur only on the axon of a neuron.
false
High-pitched sounds produce a peak displacement of the basilar membrane near the apex of the cochlea.
false
Materials tend to move less rapidly when their concentrations are significantly different between two compartments.
false
Medial rotation turns the anterior surface of the femur or humerus away from the main axis of the body.
false
Motor pathways are also called ascending pathways.
false
Multiunit smooth muscle cells are stimulated to contract in unison, whereas single-unit smooth muscle cells receive stimulation to contract individually.
false
Multiunit smooth muscle cells are stimulated to contract in unison, whereas single-unit smooth muscle cells receive stimulation to contract individually. t/f
false
Multiunit smooth muscle is characterized by the use of gap junctions between cell membranes. t/f
false
One of the general functions that all cells must maintain throughout their life is the ability to divide and give rise to new cells.
false
One of the most crucial factors in the development of fatigue appears to be a depletion of ATP.
false
Osteons run perpendicular to the diaphysis of a long bone.
false
Oxidative phosphorylation within the electron transport system accounts for a little less than half of the ATP synthesized from the breakdown of glucose.
false
Prefrontal cortex axons generally complete myelination by the time puberty is reached.
false
Similar to skeletal muscle cells, all smooth muscle cells are excited by ACh. t/f
false
Smooth muscle cells tend to be shorter but thicker than skeletal muscle cells. t/f
false
The exchange of a phosphate group between creatine phosphate and adenosine diphosphate is categorized as a catabolic (rather than anabolic) reaction.
false
The flexor pollicis longus muscle attaches proximally to the medial epicondyle of the humerus. t/f
false
The pectoralis major extends the arm, whereas the latissimus dorsi flexes it.
false
The rectus abdominis is classified as a convergent muscle. t/f
false
The spinal dura mater contains an outer periosteal layer and an inner meningeal layer.
false
Usually, awareness of the stimulus occurs before a reflex action has been initiated.
false
When the quadratus lumborum muscles contract bilaterally, they flex the vertebral column. t/f
false
the first cervical vertebra and occipital bone articulate with each other at the external protuberance
false
A bundle of muscle fibers is known as a -myofibril. -sarcomere. -myofilament. -fascicle.
fascicle.
andrew was taken to the doctor's office after he was bitten by a strange dog. the concern was that the dog might be infected with the rabies virus. the rabies virus infects neurons by using which method that normally transports materials from the synaptic knob to the cell body
fast axonal transport
Assign each characteristic to the appropriate type of muscle fiber.
fast glycolytic -high glycogen content -easily fatigued -fast ATPase activity -anaerobic slow oxidative -red small fiber size -high myoglobin content -many mitochondria
Muscles of the eye and hand have a high percentage of _______ fibers.
fast-twitch
The most prevalent of skeletal muscle fibers in the body are _____ fibers. -slow-twitch -fast-twitch -intermediate
fast-twitch
in sustained, moderate exercise, skeletal muscle is predominantly using --- as its energy source
fatty acids
A skull with five gracile features and one robust feature is most likely a _______ skull.
female
An archeologist finds a pelvis during a dig. She notices the pelvis is wide and shallow, with a small, triangular obturator foramen and ischial spines that do not project into the pelvic outlet. Is this pelvis from a male or female?
female
the --- nerve innervates the anterior thigh muscles and the skin on the anterior thigh
femoral
condyles of the tibia articulate with the condyles of the ____________
femur
the first bone you identify is long and rather large. It has a rounded head, an elongated neck, smooth condyles on its distal surface. There also are large, bone projections near the neck of this bone. Based on these features, you determine that the bone in question is a
femur
The _______ layer of the synovial joint strengthens the joint to prevent the bones from being pulled apart.
fibrous
Structurally, a syndesmosis is a _________ joint; functionally, it is a __________.
fibrous; amphiarthrosis
during anatomy lab, susan scratched her arm and noticed that some skin cells had sloughed off. she prepared a slide of these cells and examined them under a microscope. what characteristics do you expect cells to have?
flattened anucleate cells
When making a fist, the fingers are
flexed
When making a fist, the fingers are
flexed.
In addition to its hinge function, when the knee is _______ it allows for some slight ________.
flexed; rotation
When the arm is raised anteriorly, the movement at the shoulder is
flexion.
When a child raises her hand to show you she is five years old, she is using all of the following muscles except the -extensor digitorum. -flexor digitorum. -palmar interossei. -lumbricals. -dorsal interossei.
flexor digitorum.
The least developed of the papilla types are the ______ papillae, which house only a few taste buds during infancy and early childhood.
foliate
Once inside the sympathetic trunk, the sympathetic preganglionic axons
follow any of the routes listed.
the compression of an infant's skull at birth is facilitated by spaces between unfused cranial bones called
fontanelles
The talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, lateral, intermediate, and cuneiform bones are all part of the
foot
The talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, lateral, intermediate, and cuneiform bones are all part of the
foot.
The spinal cord extends from the level of the _______________ to the level of the ____________.
foramen magnum; first lumbar vertebra
unencapsulated dendritic endings of sensory neurons are called
free nerve endings
The term "diarthrosis" refers to a joint that is
freely mobile.
With a specimen in the anatomic position, you can best see the mediastinum with a _____ view.
frontal
Damage to the ____________ will likely result in a personality change or disorder.
frontal association area
which bone is formed from intramembranous bone growth?
frontal bone
During the early steps of glycolysis, glucose is converted to glucose 6-P, and then glucose 6-P is converted directly to
fructose 6-P.
In the body, a joint serves as a ________ for a long bone.
fulcrum
The fixed point around which a lever rotates is the
fulcrum.
One of the reasons you might struggle to lift a heavy object with your arm fully extended is because -in extension, the proximity of Z discs to thick filaments restricts the sliding movement within sarcomeres. -full extension results in decreased overlap between thick and thin filaments in the muscle -in that posture, some myosin heads overlap actin in the wrong orientation and tug actin in the wrong direction. -motor neurons cannot release as much ACh in that posture.
full extension results in decreased overlap between thick and thin filaments in the muscle
Cerebral lateralization refers to the
functional differences between the right and left hemispheres.
At an electrical synapse, the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes interface through
gap junctions
the --- plantar flexes the foot
gastrocnemius
Of the muscles listed, the only one that inserts on the hyoid bone is the -hyoglossus. -palatoglossus. -styloglossus. -lateral pterygoid. -genioglossus.
genioglossus.
the greatest range of mobility of any joint in the body is found in the
glenohumeral joint
Structurally, enzymes are generally
globular proteins.
This nucleus both excites and inhibits the activities of the thalamus to control and adjust muscle tone.
globus pallidus
Fructose and galactose are isomers of
glucose
Glycogen is a polymer of ______ molecules.
glucose
a young boy playing outside on a very hot day has become dehydrated. when he enter the house, he appears lethargic. the mother is a nurse and becomes concerned that he may be experiencing a fluid and electrolyte imbalance. electrolytes include all of the following except
glucose
Fructose and galactose are isomers of
glucose.
glucose is stored as which molecule within the liver and skeletal muscle tissue?
glycogen
While a runner is in a marathon, his or her liver will have to free some stored energy to keep blood sugar levels adequate; the liver will liberate this energy by way of a process called
glycogenolysis
all stages of cellular respiration are decreased in conditions of insufficient oxygen except
glycolysis
glucose is converted to pyruvate in which stage of cellular respiration
glycolysis
The first stage of cellular respiration is
glycolysis, and it occurs in the cytosol.
The cerebral cortex consists of ______ matter.
gray
Postganglionic sympathetic axons are carried from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve by the
gray rami communicantes.
The term "hallux" refers to the
great toe.
In the gluteus maximus, each motor unit controls a _____________ amount of muscle fibers than a motor unit in the eye muscles.
greater
one of the primary reasons that one individual is faster in a 50-meter sprint than another is
greater percentage of fast-twitch fibers in the lower limb muscles
an athlete participates in aerobic exercise three times a week. One of the changes is an increased ability to deliver oxygen to her skeletal muscles. Over time she notices that she can continue the exercise with greater intensity and duration. The reason for this change is that there is a(n)
greater production of ATP from glycolysis and less from aerobic cellular respiration
you may be familiar with cell phone "mosquito tones"- ringtones of a relatively high pitch that most children and teenagers can hear but most adults cannot. Why do you think adults cannot hear these tones as well?
hair cells close to the oval window of the inner ear become damaged as we age
which muscle arise from the ischial tuberosity and extend the thigh plus flex the leg?
hamstring
Madeline is an active 18-year-old- who fell off her bike, fracturing the medial epicondyle of her humerus. In addition to experiencing severe pain in her elbow, she had numbness along the medial side of her hand. She went to the emergency room and the physician examined her. what diagnostic test would best help determine the potential damage to this nerve?
have madeline hold a piece of paper between her fingers while the physician tries to pull the paper away
what bony feature caused the prominent bump on the lateral side of the elbow?
head of the radius
The part of a rib that articulates with the demifacets on the bodies of vertebrae is the
head.
Water has a
high specific heat, and this tends to keep body temperature relatively constant.
Bone is ________ and contains mainly ________ nerves.
highly vascularized; sensory
The knee joint performs primarily flexion and extension, so it is classified as a __________ joint.
hinge
A patient with damage to the _____________ will very likely have difficulty in forming new memories.
hippocampus
The part of the limbic system involved in storing memories and forming long-term memory is the
hippocampus
alexander is a 15-year-old boy with extensive acne on his nose, forehead, and cheeks, he reached puberty at age 14, at which point his acne became more abundant in these areas. what is the anatomic basis for his acne?
his sebaceous gland ducts have become blocked
the state of maintaining a constant internal environment within an organism is called
homeostasis
Endocrine glands secrete
hormones.
Respiratory physiology is primarily the study of
how gases are transferred between the lungs and the blood vessels supplying them.
Drag each label into the proper position to identify whether the indicated structure is located on the femur, humerus, or both.
humerus -lesser tubercle -olecranon fossa -trochlea femur -greater trochanter -intercondylar fossa both -lateral epicondyle -neck -head
lacrimal fluid performs all of the following functions except
humidifying the orbit
intermolecular attractions between polar molecules are
hydrogen bonds
An ATPase enzyme breaks down ATP into ADP and phosphate using water in the reaction. This enzyme is in the enzyme class
hydrolase.
The lysosome contains ________ enzymes.
hydrolytic
which bone associated with the skull is an attachment site for tongue and larynx muscles
hyoid
During childhood, an example of _______ occurs when the liver increases in size as hepatocytes undergo cell division.
hyperplasia
which autonomic nerve plexus innervates the pelvic organs?
hypogastric plexus
which cranial nerve is responsible for innervating the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles?
hypoglossal (CN XII)
The cell bodies of sensory neurons are found
in posterior root ganglia.
The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division are located
in the lateral horns of the T1-L2 spinal cord segments.
Action potentials occur ____________________________.
in the unmyelinated regions of an axon
If the nutrient glycogen is found stored inside a cell, it is considered a(n)
inclusion.
The pigment melanin is a(n)
inclusion.
if an individual has impaired respiratory function, as occurs with emphysema, you would expect all of the following except
increased aerobic cellular respiration
The sequence for smooth muscle contraction is -increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to troponin, complex binds with myosin light-chain kinase, which uses ATP to phosphorylate myosin head groups, which bind to actin filaments, resulting in contraction. -increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to calmodulin in cytosol, which binds with myosin head groups, resulting in contraction. increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to calmodulin in cytosol, which moves tropomyosin from blocking active sites on actin filament, which binds with myosin head groups, resulting in contraction. -increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to troponin, which moves tropomyosin from blocking active sites on actin filament, which binds with myosin head groups, resulting in contraction. -increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to calmodulin in cytosol, complex binds with myosin light-chain kinase, which uses ATP to phosphorylate myosin head groups, which bind to actin filaments, resulting in contraction.
increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to calmodulin in cytosol, complex binds with myosin light-chain kinase, which uses ATP to phosphorylate myosin head groups, which bind to actin filaments, resulting in contraction
another challenge to a patient with impaired respiratory function is the buildup of CO2 in the blood. what would you predict, given the following reversible enzymatic reaction that occurs in the blood?
increased production of H+ (with accompanying decrease in pH)
which of the following is a function of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
increases digestive system motility and activity
Mechanical stress applied to bone __________ osteoblast activity in bone tissue, and the removal of mechanical stress __________ osteoblast activity.
increases; decreases
Motor signals to maintain posture and balance pass through a(n) ____________ pathway.
indirect
The true pelvis is ____ to the false pelvis.
inferior
On the os coxae, the ischial ramus is fused to the
inferior pubic ramus.
the spine of the scapula separates which two fossae?
infraspinous, supraspinous
Calcitonin _________ osteoclast activity, which will _________ blood calcium levels.
inhibits; decrease
all of the following are functions of the hypothalamus except
initiates voluntary skeletal muscle movement
Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system?
interneuron
which neurons are located only within the CNS
interneurons
Leftover parts of osteons that have been partially resorbed are called
interstitial lamellae.
The second thoracic spinal nerve exits the spinal column through the
intervertebral foramen between vertebrae T2 and T3.
. When voltage-gated sodium channels are open, sodium flows _____________ the neuron making the inside of the cell more _______________.
into; positive
Our ability to precisely locate a stimulus is ________ proportional to receptive field size.
inversely
Muscle tone is a result of _________ nervous system activity, and it acts to _________ joint position.
involuntary, stabilize
MgCl2 fully dissociates into Mg2+ and Cl- ions when mixed with water. Therefore, the bonds between Mg2+ and Cl- in MgCl2 can be described as
ionic.
A nerve
is a cablelike bundle of parallel axons.
A resting membrane potential
is due to a charge difference across the cell membrane.
ATP formation
is endergonic and requires the presence of fuel molecules such as glucose.
a splanchnic nerve in the sympathetic division of the ANS
is formed by preganglionic axons that extend to prevertebral ganglia
In a redox reaction, when one reactant is oxidized, the other
is reduced.
when sitting upright, you are resting on you
ischial tuberosities
What type of contraction is represented by each of the following events?
isometric contraction -a weightlifter attempts to lift a barbell but cannot because it is too heavy -a man holds open a door for his date -tension is building but muscle length does not change isotonic contraction -a sprinter leaves the starting block -a mother lowers an infant into his crib
atoms composed of the same numbers of protons and electrons, but different numbers of neutrons, are called
isotopes
all of the following are characteristics of an epithelium except
it contains abundant blood vessels
which statement is accurate about the cochlear duct?
it contains hair cells that convert sound waves into nerve signals
all of the following are accurate about the conjunctiva except
it covers the cornea
which of the following is accurate about a beta receptor?
it increases heart rate.
which statement is accurate about an agonist?
it is the primary muscle that produces a movement
all of the following statements are accurate about the choroid plexus except
it receives and filters all sensory information
one surgical treatment for gastric ulcers is a selective vagotomy, where branches of the vagus nerve to the upper GI tract are cut. How would you suppose a vagotomy would help the treatment of a gastric ulcer?
it would reduce gastric gland secretion
which is not a function of bone?
its yellow bone marrow forms blood cells
If you gently rub your thumb and forefinger together, each finger is contacting
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Classify the examples with the correct energy state.
kinetic -falling water -electrons passing from a high to low energy state potential -sodium concentration outside of a cell -water at the top of a dam -chemical bond
A meniscus could be found in which joint?
knee
Endocrine glands
lack ducts and secrete their products into the bloodstream or into interstitial fluid.
Under anaerobic conditions, the end-product of glycolysis is converted to
lactic acid.
The _______ suture is the articulation between the occipital bone and both parietal bones.
lambdoid
Compact bone contains concentric, interstitial, and circumferential
lamellae.
Events of excitation contraction coupling, such as the release of calcium from intracellular stores, occur during the ________ period of a muscle twitch.
latent
A brain ventricle located in the cerebrum is the _____ ventricle.
lateral
In anatomic position, the radius lies _____ to the ulna.
lateral
The axillary region is ______ to the pectoral region.
lateral
while Robert was running, he stepped into a pothole and twisted his right ankle. A swelling appeared along the lateral side of his ankle. Which ligament was injured, and what movement resulted in the injury?
lateral ligament, caused by overinversion of the foot
The expanded distal end of the fibula is called the
lateral malleolus.
The specialization of each hemisphere for certain tasks is called cerebral _____________.
lateralization
The internal feature of bone that makes it simultaneously strong and lightweight is the
latticework structure of spongy bone.
Shannon was the pitcher on her softball team. During one game, a batter hit the ball and it ricocheted off the left side of Shannon's head, knocking her temporarily unconscious. She eventually regained consciousness but experienced severe pain near her left temple. Within a few hours, Shannon had trouble moving her right upper limb and became lethargic. Her team captain took her to the emergency room, where the physician diagnosed her with an epidural hematoma. Shannon experienced problems with moving her right upper limb because the hematoma likely was impinging on what brain structure?
left precentral gyrus
Interstitial growth of cartilage increases its ______ and occurs in the _______ region of the cartilage.
length; internal
all of the following ligaments provide stability to help the hip joint except the
ligament of the head of the femur
Graded potentials result from the opening of ________________.
ligand-gated channels
The __________ is composed of multiple structures that collaboratively process and contribute to the experience of emotions.
limbic system
substances that dissolve in water include all of the following except
lipids
the femur is an example of a(n)
long bone
A memory that has lasted over a weekend is described as a
long-term memory.
When atoms of elements on the left side of the periodic table ionize, they tend to
lose electrons and therefore become cations.
With age, connective tissues
lose their pliability and resiliency.
Glucocorticoids increase bone ________; high levels of serotonin lead to _____ bone density.
loss; low
A synarthrotic joint would have
low mobility and high stability.
Lingual lipase is an enzyme with an optimum pH around 5. This is __________ than the optimum pH of most enzymes in the body.
lower
Sebum is a secretion that
lubricates skin and helps defend against bacteria.
Lateral to the umbilical abdominopelvic region are the _____ regions.
lumbar
Michael was born with Tay-Sachs disease. which of the following organelles in Michael's cells lacks a specific enzyme that digests organic molecules?
lysosomes
the cells in a hair follicle that are responsible for forming hair are the
matrix cells
which bones come together to form the upper jaw?
maxillae
The hard palate is composed of the
maxillary and palatine bones.
the femur articulates with the tibia at the
medial and lateral condyles
The medial and lateral condyles of the tibia articulate with the
medial and lateral condyles of the femur.
Eliza complained of double vision and went to see her optometrist. That optometrist tested the function of various eye muscles and discovered that Eliza could not mover her right eye medially. Which muscle may be injured?
medial rectus
Match the part of a long bone with its description.
medullary cavity -hollow cylindrical space within the diaphysis -contains bone marrow metaphysis -contains the growth plate -region between diaphysis and epiphysis endosteum -layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone periosteum -dense irregular connective tissue covering the outer surface of the bone
which statement is accurate about melanin or melanocytes
melanin is a pigment that accumulates inside keratinocytes
Freckles are the result of
melanocyte activity, genetic inheritance, and sun exposure.
a gland that releases its secretion by exocytosis out of secretory vesicles is called a(n) ________ gland
merocrine
the sweat glands that communicate with skin surfaces throughout the body producing a secretion that is primarily water are
merocrine glands
the term ____ refers to the sum of all chemical reactions in the body
metabolism
Microscopic membrane extensions that extend from the plasma membrane are called
microvilli.
The __________cranial fossa ranges from the posterior edge of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone (anteriorly) to the anterior region of the petrous part of the temporal bone (posteriorly). It houses the temporal lobes of the brain and the pituitary gland.
middle
The _________ are responsible for synthesizing most of a human body cell's ATP.
mitochondria
tumors involve a malfunction in this cellular process
mitosis
The vagus nerve contains afferent and efferent neurons; therefore it is an example of a(n) __________ nerve.
mixed
C6H12O6 is an example of a ______ formula.
molecular
The vascular supply to slow-twitch muscle fibers is ______ the network of capillaries around fast-twitch muscle fibers.
more extensive than
If there were no sodium leak channels, the resting membrane potential of a neuron would be
more negative.
Skin cancer is the _______ type of cancer, and due to sun exposure it occurs most frequently on the __________.
most common; head and neck
The neurons that stimulate muscle contraction are called _____ neurons.
motor
________ membranes line body cavities that typically open to the exterior, such as the nasal cavity
mucous
If a joint moves in all three planes of space, it is classified as
multiaxial.
Based on structure, the most common type of neuron is the _______ neuron.
multipolar
Smooth muscle found in both the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye and arrector pili muscles in the skin is __________ smooth muscle. -single-unit -visceral -varicosity-controlled -multiunit
multiunit
A nerve impulse travels fastest along ________ axons of ______ diameter.
myelinated, large
the two primary factors that influence the speed of an action potential propagation are axon diameter and
myelination
A skeletal muscle cell contains hundreds to thousands of _________, which are complex organelles; they are cylindrical in shape—about 2 micrometers in diameter and as long as the cell. -myofibrils -microfilaments -sarcomeres -T-tubules -sarcolemma
myofibrils
Rigor mortis occurs following death because
myosin heads attach to actin and are not released due to a lack of ATP
Areas where adult males tend to accumulate subcutaneous fat include the
neck, abdomen, and buttocks.
When a nonpolar molecule is placed in water, it will
neither dissolve nor carry electrical current.
which of the following is a part of the PNS?
neurolemmocyte
The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons in the peripheral nervous system is the
neurolemmocyte.
The two types of cells that make up the nervous system are
neurons and glial cells.
Radioisotopes are unstable because they contain an excess number of
neutrons.
Assume in a laboratory you were able to isolate a neuron and remove the Acetylcholine receptors from the postsynaptic membrane. The substance _________________ would no longer cause facilitation of this neuron.
nicotine
ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase by binding to an allosteric site in glycolysis. ATP is functioning as a
noncompetitive inhibitor
Nucleic acids are made up of
nucleotides joined by covalent, phosphodiester bonds.
The building blocks that form the DNA double helix are called
nucleotides.
alex went to the dentist to get a cavity filled. the dentist used an anesthetic to numb the teeth prior to drilling after the filling was inserted, alex's gums on the same side of the tooth remained numb for a short while. what other problems may Alex temporarily experience until the anesthetic wears off?
numbness of the lips
A plane that passes through the structure at an angle is called
oblique
the only sensation to reach the cerebral cortex without first processing through the synapses in the thalamus is
olfaction
you are babysitting a 5-year-old child who does not want to eat his broccoli. He states that the broccoli tastes yucky. You tell him to hold his nose closed when he eats a piece of broccoli and see how it tastes. He says it doesn't taste as yucky when he holds his nose (although he still doesn't want to eat the broccoli). Why did the broccoli taste "less yucky" when the child held his nose?
olfaction is responsible for a large component of taste so when the child cannot smell the broccoli, its taste is diminished
The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the CNS is the
oligodendrocyte.
a 50 year old woman was concerned about the appearance of crow's feet by her eyes. She was told by her physician that these wrinkles were caused by years of squinting and blinking using which mscle?
orbicularis oculi
When a person blinks, she is using her
orbicularis oculi.
the _____ level of organization is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform a common function
organ
The hypodermis is rich in adipose, and thus its functions include
organ protection, energy storage, and thermal insulation.
An osteoblast is an example of an ______ component of bone.
organic
Most muscles that move the thigh attach proximally to the
os coxae.
As the bone matrix calcifies and the secreting cells become walled in,
osteoblasts become osteocytes.
Bone-producing cells are
osteoblasts.
which cell type is most likely to have created the medullary cavity in a long bone?
osteoclasts
Activity of ____________ results in the formation of hydrochloric acid used to dissolve bone minerals in a process called ____________.
osteoclasts; mineral resorption
Bone cells that become surrounded by bone matrix and are located in cavities called lacunae are
osteocytes.
Glycolipids are found on the
outer layer of the cell membrane, and they help make the sticky sugar coating on its surface.
George tried to lift a heavy box and in the process herniated one of his lumbar intervertebral discs. the herniated disc pinched on nerve roots and most likely caused which of the following ailments?
pain down the back of the leg
what layer is correctly matched with the tissue that forms it?
papillary layer of dermis; areolar connective tissue
Free nerve endings are usually found in the
papillary layer of the dermis.
To speed healing from surgery, incisions should be placed ________ to lines of cleavage.
parallel
which cerebral lobe is located immediately posterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus?
parietal lobe
The lobe that is immediately posterior to the central sulcus and that is involved in general sensory functions is the
parietal lobe.
The _____ lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity.
parietal peritoneum
The outer serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is called the
parietal peritoneum.
the _____ region is the anterior part of the knee
patellar
The break of a bone that has been weakened by disease is a ________fracture; when a broken end of the bone pierces the skin, the fracture is ________.
pathologic; compound
Muscles whose fascicles are arranged in a pattern that resembles a feather are referred to as __________ muscles.
pennate
The bond between adjacent amino acids is a(n) ________ bond.
peptide
An extensive network of blood vessels and nerve fibers extends through both the epimysium and the _____ of a muscle. -perimysium -myofibrils -endomysium -myofilaments
perimysium
which long bone structure is correctly matched with its description or function?
periosteum: responsible for growth in bone width
Nerves and ganglia are structures found in the
peripheral nervous system.
The moist, two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is called the
peritoneum.
the bony portion of the nasal septum is formed by the
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and vomer
For a sprint lasting 60 seconds, ATP is supplied primarily by -aerobic respiration only. -phosphate transfer and glycolysis. -conversion of lactate to pyruvate. -phosphate transfer only.
phosphate transfer and glycolysis.
The process of activating photoreceptors by altering the photopigments is known as __________.
phototransduction
The scientific discipline that studies the functions of body structures is
physiology.
The meninx composed of a thin layer of delicate areolar connective tissue that follows every contour of the brain surface is the
pia mater.
nicotinic receptors are located on which of the following?
plasma membranes of ganglionic neurons
A network of interwoven anterior rami of spinal nerves is a
plexus.
Autonomic _________ are collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons and parasympathetic preganglionic axons, as well as some visceral sensory axons.
plexuses
which structure contains autonomic nuclei involved in regulating respiration?
pons
When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets attach and recruit more platelets to the area. These new platelets recruit even more, quickly increasing the number of platelets until the damage is sealed with a blood clot. This amplification is an example of
positive feedback.
The popliteal region is best seen from a(n) ________ view.
posterior
most knee ligaments become taut upon extension of the joint, except for one. Which knee ligament becomes taut upon flexion of the joint and prevents hyperflexion of the joint?
posterior cruciate ligament
which structure sends motor nerve signals to the deep back muscles and receives sensory nerve signals from the skin of the back?
posterior ramus
The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the
posterior root ganglion.
In neurophysiology, the term "summation" refers to the addition of
postsynaptic potentials at the initial segment.
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential results from the opening of____________________.
potassium and/or chloride channels
The sodium level inside and outside of a resting cell is an example of the
potential energy of a concentration gradient, because sodium is more abundant outside the cell.
The pleural cavity is the
potential space between the two serous membranes surrounding a lung.
the primary motor cortex is located in which cerebral structure?
precentral gyrus
The primary motor cortex for control of voluntary muscles is found in the
precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.
A functional brain region called the ______ cortex is involved with complex thought, judgment, and expression of personality.
prefrontal
In an autonomic motor pathway, the first cell in the two-neuron chain is the ______ neuron.
preganglionic
The primary function of eyebrows is to
prevent sweat from dripping into the open eye.
After the thalamus, auditory nerve signals reach the
primary auditory cortex.
You just ran over a skunk on your way to class. The odor was overwhelming and in response you wrinkled your nose in disgust by contracting your -nasalis muscle. -procerus muscle. -depressor anguli oris. -frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle. -occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle.
procerus muscle.
The function of myelin is to
produce faster nerve impulse propagation.
Severe injuries and burns to the skin result in scars that are
produced by fibroblasts and made mainly of collagen.
Some bone interiors contain hemopoietic tissue, which functions in
producing blood cells.
the physiologic event that takes place at the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber is
propagation of an action potential
during this stage of mitosis the chromatin coils to form chromosomes the nuclear envelope disappears the nucleolus dissolves spindle fibers are formed and the centrioles migrate to the poles
prophase
which of the following organelles destroys malformed proteins that do not fold normally and proteins that are no longer needed by a cell?
proteasome
The function of melanin in the skin is to
protect against UV light.
the hormone insulin is a _______ composed of repeating units of amino acids and cannot be administered orally because the enzymes within the gastrointestinal tract will break the peptide bond through the process of hydrolysis, releasing individual amino acids
protein
the molecule that is responsible for most functions of the plasma membrane is
protein
In connective tissue, the extracellular matrix consists of
protein fibers and ground substance.
erythrocytes do not have a nucleus. in what two cellular processes can they not engage?
protein synthesis and cell division
Translation is the synthesis of
proteins from mRNA.
You are given the following assignment. Obtain two small chicken or turkey bones. Bake one bone at a high temperature for approximately 30 minutes. Place the other in vinegar (acidic pH) for several days. Which of the following would most likely reflect what occurred?
proteins in the matrix have denatured from high temperature, and the bone is brittle; calcium has been removed from the bone soaked in vinegar and it has become flexible.
Enzymes are
proteins.
An element's atomic number is determined by the number of __________ in one atom of that element.
protons
the term used to describe the appendage structure that is closest to its point of attachment to the trunk is
proximal
which epithelial tissue type lines the trachea (air tube)?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
The preganglionic axons of CN VII extend to the
pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia.
arlene was crossing the street when a car ran a red light and nearly hit her. arlene was not hurt, but she was very frightened and was in a heightened state of alertness well after the incident. arlene likely experienced all of the following physiologic effects except
pupil constriction
The biceps brachii muscle attaches to the _________ of the radius.
radial tuberosity
a young woman has noticed that her thyroid gland appears enlarged. one of the diagnostic procedures used to produce an image in er thyroid gland requires this tye of substance, which emits high-energy radiation
radioisotopes
Chemically gated ion channels are mainly found in the ________ segment of a neuron.
receptive
Graded potentials are produced within the _______________________ segment of a neuron.
receptive
a young man in his 20s has a heart attack and is rushed to the hospital. Blood is drawn and his cholesterol level is tested and found to be very high. The doctor tells him that he has a genetic condition in which he is unable to effectively remove LDL particles containing cholesterol from his blood and into his cells. Which cellular process is not function properly
receptor-mediated endocytosis
a rare genetic disease involves the inability of the cells to respond to testosterone. the cells are lacking
receptors for testosterone
Consider the difference between lifting a light pad of paper versus a heavy textbook. The primary way the level of force of muscle contraction is controlled is by
recruiting a different number of motor units.
The increase in muscle tension that occurs with an increase in the intensity (voltage) of a stimulus is called -recruitment. -tone. -wave summation. -incomplete tetany.
recruitment.
The abdominal muscle that extends vertically the entire length of the anteromedial abdominal wall and forms the traditional "six pack" is the
rectus abdominis.
Oxidative fibers are
red and fatigue-resistant.
When NAD+ becomes NADH, it is being
reduced and gaining chemical energy.
george has hypertension (high blood pressure). His physician prescribed the drug propranolol, which is described as a beta-blocker, to reduce his blood pressure. What could be a side effect of propranolol?
reduced heart rate
Sensory nerve signals from some viscera can be perceived as originating from another location. This is known as _________ pain.
referred
A person having a heart attack may feel pain along the medial side of the left arm. This pain is known as
referred pain.
The spinal cord and spinal nerves are responsible for _______, which are our quickest reactions to a stimulus.
reflexes
When medical students study all of the structures in a particular area of the body as a unit (for example, all the muscles, blood vessels, and nerves of the leg), that approach is called
regional anatomy.
Connective tissue proper is divided into two broad categories: loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue. This classification is based upon the
relative proportions of cells, fibers, and ground substance present.
For defecation to take place, the puborectalis must
relax
the cell body of a neuron does all of the following except
release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
cynthis has recieved her lab results and is told that her blood calcium levels are abnormal. The event in neuron transmission most likely to be affected is
release of neurotransmitter from the synaptic knob
all of the following general functions are carried out by all cells except
replacing cells through cell division
The following information best describes the _____________ phase of an action potential. -A membrane potential reading of +10 mV -Inactivated voltage-gated sodium channels -Open voltage-gated potassium channels
repolarization
The electron transport chain
requires oxygen, and involves proteins in the cristae of mitochondria.
The study of how gases are transferred between the lungs and blood and between the blood and body tissues, best describes the focus of
respiratory physiology.
When an organism senses and reacts to changes in their internal or external environments, this is an example of
responsiveness.
the arrangement of tunics in the eye, from the innermost to outermost aspect of the eye, is
retina, vascular, fibrous
what event causes a troponin-tropomyosin complex to regain its original shape in muscle relaxation?
return of Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sarah wants to call her new friend Julie, and need to write down her phone number but cannot find a pen. She continues to repeat the number over and over. This is most likely occurring in what type of neuronal pool?
reverberating circuit
which type of neuronal pool utilizes feedback to repeatedly stimulate the circuit?
reverberating circuit
which of the following is a non-membrane-bound organelle?
ribosomes
the midsagittal plane separates the body into
right and left halves
your friend eric complains of some pain in his "belly area." You ask him to point the precise location of the pain. He points to a region that is below his umbilicus, on the lower right side of his abdomen, and just medial to his hip bones you could also describe the pain as being in the ____ abdominopelvic region
right iliac
your friend eric complains of some pain in his "belly area." You ask him to point the precise location of the pain. He points to a region that is below his umbilicus, on the lower right side of his abdomen, and just medial to his hip bones which abdominal quadrant contains Eric's pain?
right lower quadrant
some parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are housed within
sacral region of the spinal cord
each os coxae articulates with the femur and the ____________
sacrum
which joint is a diarthrosis?
saddle
The contractile unit of a myofibril is called the
sarcomere.
The membranous network that wraps around myofibrils and holds relatively high concentrations of calcium is known as the -sarcolemma. -T-tubule. -sarcoplasmic reticulum -sarcomere. -Golgi body.
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
The largest and longest nerve in the body is the _________ nerve.
sciatic
Our calf muscles contract to cause plantar flexion, resembling the lever system of a wheelbarrow. Therefore, it is a _______ -class lever.
second
a ____ degree burn typically involves the epidermis and part of the dermis. the subcutaneous layer is not affected.
second-
The helix that forms in a protein chain as a result of hydrogen bonds and other weak forces is an example of
secondary structure of protein.
The cervical and lumbar curvatures are ________ curves, and they arch ________.
secondary; anteriorly
A mixed nerve is one that contains both
sensory and motor neurons.
The ___________ nervous system transmits information from receptors to the CNS, while the ___________ nervous system transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body.
sensory; motor
Place the following terms or examples with the correct category.
serous -covers the heart -covers the intestines -lines the cavity with abdominal organs synovial -lines joint cavities cutaneous -covers the body mucous -lines the intestines
The muscles that protract the scapula include
serratus anterior and pectoralis minor.
Hyaline cartilage
serves as a precursor for the formation of long bones in the body.
The normal level at which a physiological variable is maintained is known as its
set point.
The part of the hair that extends beyond the skin surface is called the
shaft.
The rhomboid muscle is named for its
shape.
a sympathetic postganglionic axon is
short and unmyelinated
during a concentric contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber, myofibrils
shorten
during muscle contraction, the I band
shortens or narrows
Cephalic is to head as deltoid is to
shoulder.
The walls of kidney tubules are formed by _____________ epithelium, which functions in resorbing materials filtered from blood plasma such as nutrients, ions, and water.
simple cuboidal
The type of epithelium that would best allow rapid diffusion, osmosis, or filtration is ____________ epithelium.
simple squamous
The type of epithelial tissue that is only one cell-layer thick is called __________; the type of epithelial tissue that is two or more cell-layers thick is called _________.
simple; stratified
RNA is
single-stranded and contains uracil.
The type of muscle that has elongated, multinucleated cells and is under voluntary control is __________ muscle.
skeletal
which muscle type consists of long, cylindrical, striated fibers with multiple nuclei located ay the periphery of the fiber?
skeletal muscle
the unit of skeletal muscle structure that is composed of bundles of myofibrils enclosed within a sarcolemma, and surrounded by a connective tissue covering called endomysium is a
skeletal muscle fiber
The axial skeleton includes the
skull, hyoid bone, thoracic cage, and vertebral column.
_____ is the natural, temporary absence of consciousness from which a person can be aroused by normal stimulation.
sleep
The type of fibers specialized to continue contracting for extended periods of time, as would be required in running a marathon, for example, are _____ fibers.
slow-twitch
The type of muscle fibers that have only a single nucleus, both thick and thin filaments, but no Z discs, are
smooth
your optometrist shines a light in your eye and notices your pupil constricts (becomes smaller) in response to the light. she tells you the iris is a muscle that adjusts the size of the pupil automatically in response to the amount of light entering the eye. Based on this information, what type of muscle do you think forms the iris?
smooth
which tissue is formed from mesoderm?
smooth muscle tissue
1Normally, sodium and potassium leakage channels differ because
sodium ions diffuse through leakage channels into the cell, but potassium ions diffuse through leakage channels out of the cell
The sodium-potassium pump moves
sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.
eric goes to the doctor to determine the cause and source of the pain. the physician orders a CT scan which shows that eric has an enlarged and inflamed appendix. Eric asks the physician why she just didn't take an x-ray of his belly region. She explains an x-ray would not be the best diagnostic imaging tool in this case because
soft tissues don't show up well on basic x-rays
The three forms of matter are
solids, liquids, and gases.
Table sugar completely dissolved in water is an example of a
solution.
According to the second law of thermodynamics, when energy is transformed from one kind to another
some of it is converted to heat.
temperature stabilization is dependent upon which properties of water?
specific heat and heat of vaporization
which bone has a unique butterfly shape composed of a body and greater and lesser wings
sphenoid bone
which of these muscles extends the vertebral column?
spinalis
which of the following is an example of a sensory pathway?
spinocerebellar tract
during a biology lab, erin used a cotton swab to remove some tissue from the inner side of her cheek. She then placed the tissue on a slide to examine it under the microscope. when erin examined the cells under the microscope, what shape were the cells?
squamous
when the left and right ____ contract, they flex the head and neck
sternocleidomastoid
The muscle that has its superior attachment on the mastoid process and has a bilateral action of flexing the neck is the
sternocleidomastoid.
Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol
stimulate osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood.
Typically, alpha adrenergic receptors have
stimulatory effects
which of the following is not a function of the integument?
stores calcium in the dermis
the layer of the epidermis in which cells begin the process of keratinization is
stratum granulosum
a --- reflex is monosynaptic and responds to stretching in a muscle spindle
stretch
In a lumbar puncture (spinal tap), fluid is extracted from the
subarachnoid space.
The muscle that extends from the clavicle to the first rib, and whose main action is to stabilize and depress the clavicle, is the
subclavius.
The shallow depressions between folds on the surface of the brain are called
sulci.
Carlos experienced some muscle weakness in his right lower limb and want to see his physician. the physician noticed Carlos could not evert his foot and had anesthesia along most of the dorsum of his right foot. Carlos was still able to dorsiflex his foot and invert his foot. based on these symptoms, what specific nerve likely was injured?
superficial fibular
The extensor digitorum muscle is found in the -deep layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm. -superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm. -superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm. -deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm.
superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm.
examining the superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures as they relate to the covering skin is called the
surface anatomy
which property of water is significant in children born prematurely because it causes the air sacs to collapse in the lungs, making breathing difficult?
surface tension
sympathetic division preganglionic axons travel to the ___ ganglia via the ____ rami
sympathetic trunk, white
one substance flows down its concentration gradient, and the energgy is harnessed to move another substance up its gradient in the same direction. This best describes
symport secondary active transport
Functionally, a gomphosis is categorized as a
synarthrosis.
The interosseous membrane between the radius and the ulna is an example of a
syndesmosis.
a ----- is formed when two bones previously connected by a suture fuse.
synostosis
The type of membrane that lines many of the body's joints is a _________ membrane.
synovial
An articular capsule is present in
synovial joints.
john is a 53-year-old construction worker who has come into your office complaining of a sore knee joint. you see a buildup of fluid close to the patella (kneecap) but deep to the skin and the suspect the soreness is due to bursitis an inflammation of membranes that surround some joints. which type of body membrane is inflamed?
synovial membrane
The joint capsule has an inner layer called the
synovial membrane.
which epidermal cell type is responsible for detecting touch sensations?
tactile cell
The most numerous type of receptor in the body is the
tactile receptor.
The deltoid ligament, lateral ligament, and tibiofibular ligaments belong to the ________ joint.
talocrural
plantar flexion and dorsiflexion are movements permitted at the ------ joint.
talocrural
second largest tarsal bone is the __________-
talus
The phase of mitosis that begins with the arrival of a group of single-stranded chromosomes at each pole of the cell is
telophase.
When a single presynaptic neuron repeatedly releases neurotransmitter in a very short period of time, it results in ____________ summation in the postsynaptic neuron.
temporal
In the process of glycolysis
ten enzymes are involved in breaking glucose down to two pyruvate molecules.
At the ends of muscles, the connective tissues merge to form a __________, which attaches the muscle to other structures.
tendon
The structure responsible for attaching muscle to bone is a
tendon
the bundle of dense regular connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to bone is called a(n)
tendon
A continuous, smooth contraction of muscle in which twitches are fully fused is referred to as _________.
tetany
Which structure plays a crucial role in filtering out the irrelevant noise at a crowded party so that you can listen to someone speaking to you?
thalamus
a bacterial toxin is known to block the release of ACh at the motor end plate of skeletal muscle. Consequently,
the ability to stimulate the muscle is impaired
arlene was crossing the street when a car ran a red light and nearly hit her. arlene was not hurt, but she was very frightened and was in a heightened state of alertness well after the incident. arlede was in a heightened state of alertness well after the incident because
the adrenal medulla secreted epinephrine and norepinephrine
individuals with macular degeneration may experience loss of vision in their central vision area, but their peripheral vision either is not affected or is not as greatly affected. Why is this the case?
the central vision loss is due to damage to the fovea centralis; the peripheral retina is not greatly affected
In cross section, the outermost portion of the cerebellum is composed of
the cerebellar cortex.
an elderly gentleman is taken to the emergency room. He is complaining of pain radiating down his left arm and has shortness of breath. The ER physician suspects the gentleman is suffering a heart attack. Why is the man experiencing pain down his left arm is the problem is with his heart?
the cerebral cortex has mistakenly located the source of the stimulus as being from skin and muscle in the arm instead of the heart
The enzyme-substrate complex is
the chemical structure formed when the substrate binds to the active site.
The electrochemical gradient refers to
the combination of electrical and chemical gradients between two areas.
Autonomic tone refers to
the continual activity maintained by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
When sugar is mixed with water, equilibrium is reached when
the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution.
in a negative feedback mechanism, which of the following events does not occur?
the effector stimulates or increases the stimulus, so the cycle continues
In a first-class lever
the fulcrum is in the middle, between the effort and the resistance.
a mother and her 4-year old son were visiting a toy store, and the child did not want to leave. As the child threw a temper tantrum and resisted his mother, the mother pulled on the boy's arm to lead him out of the store. Immediately after the pull, the boy cried out in pain and displayed a prominent bump on the lateral side of the elbow. The mother drove the boy to the doctor in a panic. The doctor examined the boy's elbow and determined the boy had subluxated head of the radius. the doctor mentions that this type of injury is common in children younger than 5 years of age. What is one reason for this?
the head of the radius is not fully formed
Jorge is donating bone marrow to a friend who has leukemia (a type of blood cell cancer). Jorge is 30 years old, so the doctor knows she must insert the needle into:
the hip bone
Homeostasis is best described as
the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment.
all of the following accurately describe hyaline cartilage except
the matrix of hyaline cartilage contains calcium
The classification of a receptor as a photoreceptor or a mechanoreceptor depends on
the modality of the stimulus it perceives.
The word "biceps" in the name of a muscle refers to the fact that -the insertion of the muscle is split into two parts. -the muscle is shaped in two round sections, one after the other. -the muscle has two tendons of origin. -the muscle has two very different actions.
the muscle has two tendons of origin.
Lines of cleavage are a result of
the orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis.
Shannon was the pitcher on her softball team. During one game, a batter hit the ball and it ricocheted off the left side of Shannon's head, knocking her temporarily unconscious. She eventually regained consciousness but experienced severe pain near her left temple. Within a few hours, Shannon had trouble moving her right upper limb and became lethargic. Her team captain took her to the emergency room, where the physician diagnosed her with an epidural hematoma. an epidural hematoma causes an accumulation of blood to develop between what two structures?
the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater
when the forearm is supinated,
the pollex is laterally placed
When transmission occurs at a synapse, neurotransmitter is released by
the presynaptic neuron's synaptic knob into the synaptic cleft.
when viewing an object closer than 20 feet, all of the following processes occur except
the pupils dilate to let in more light for the retina
in a skeletal muscle fiber, Ca2+ is released from
the sarcoplasmic reticulum
you pick up the skull and begin examining it. The mastoid process is rather small, and the external occipital protuberance is not well defined. The supraorbital margins are rather sharp, and the mental protuberance is pointed (instead of squared-off). All of these features lead you to the following conclusion
the skull is from a female
this organelle is composed of extensive amounts of membrane. it synthesizes lipids and detoxifies harmful substances such as alcohol. This organelle is
the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
when you are outside on a hot, humid day, what body changes occur to help your body temperature return to normal?
the sweat glands release sweat
during a biology lab, erin used a cotton swab to remove some tissue from the inner side of her cheek. She then placed the tissue on a slide to examine it under the microscope. why was the tissue able to be removed so easily without causing injury to the rest of erin's cheek?
the tissue contained multiple layers of cells, so removing a few cells wouldn't harm the rest of the tissue
When fertilization occurs, the sperm recognizes the egg by
the unique glycocalyx on the egg's surface.
The potential across a cell membrane has changed drastically, from -90mV to +30mV. In other words,
there is a postive charge on the inside of the cell, relative to the outside.
each of these sensory receptors is accurately matched with its function except
thermoreceptor; detects change in pressure
which of the following is accurate about the maculae of the vestibular apparatus?
they detect rotational movements of the head
which statement is accurate about intercostal nerves?
they originate from the thoracic part of the spinal cord
which statement about sebaceous glands is false?
they release their product by apocrine secretion
Compared to a young adult, an older individual has ________ skin.
thinner
The brain ventricle located in the diencephalon is the _____ ventricle.
third
in this type of lever, the lever is located between the resistance and the fulcrum. an example would be your knee joint.
third-class
When considering joints in the human body, the most common lever type is the
third-class lever.
most _________ vertebrae have a heart-shaped body and a long spinous process that is angled inferiorly
thoracic
The primary curves of the vertebral column are the
thoracic and sacral curvatures.
Within the axilla, axons of neurons are organized within
three cords—the posterior, medial, and lateral cords.
The ossicles are
three small bones within each ear.
the rough anterior surface of the tibia can be palpated just inferior to the patella is the _____________ tuberosity
tibial
Groups of similar cells and extracellular products that carry out a common function are called
tissues.
A fever of 101°F causes most enzymes in the human body
to be more flexible and efficient.
An EPSP will cause the postsynaptic membrane
to depolarize.
to elevate blood calcium levels, all of these must occur except
to elevate blood calcium levels, all of these must occur except
the process of forming RNA from DNA is called
transcription
the hormone insulin is a protein composed of repeating units of amino acids. It is produced through the process(es) of
transcription and translation
The delivery of drugs through the skin through the use of an adhesive patch is called _____ administration.
transdermal
An enzyme that is described as a protein kinase is a
transferase that transfers a phosphate group to a protein substrate.
The type of epithelium that lines the urinary bladder and may include some binucleated cells is called ____________ epithelium.
transitional
Heidi's physician prescribed a medication that is known to block the reuptake of serotonin neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft. This medication affects what segment in neuron transmission that is responsible for releasing the neurotransmitter
transmissive segment
Proteins that assist the movement of a substance across the membrane are called _________ proteins.
transport
which characteristic feature of sacral vertebrae represent the remnants of the horizontal lines of fusion between five vertabrae?
transverse ridges
which characteristic feature of sacral vertebrae represents the remnants of the horizontal lines of fusion between the five vertebrae?
transverse ridges
The component of a muscle fiber that quickly transports a muscle impulse from the sarcolemma throughout the entire muscle fiber is called the -sarcoplasmic reticulum. -transverse tubule (T-tubule). -terminal cisternae. -titin.
transverse tubule (T-tubule).
The deepest of the abdominal muscles are the _________ muscles.
transversus abdominis
which biological macromolecule is not a polymer?
triglyceride
The most common lipids in the body are
triglycerides, and they are used for energy storage in adipose.
The calcium ions involved in skeletal muscle contraction bind to a(n)______ subunit.
troponin
A large decrease in pH results in increased H+ binding to an enzyme, which can disrupt electrostatic interactions within the molecule.
true
A protein kinase is an enzyme that adds a phosphate to its substrate.
true
All reflexes share the property of being an involuntary response.
true
An osteoclast has a ruffled border and multiple nuclei.
true
Articular cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage that lacks a perichondrium.
true
Both anatomists and physiologists are aware that form and function are interrelated.
true
Calcitriol stimulates absorption of calcium in the small intestine.
true
Carotene, a pigment that contributes to skin color, is acquired in the body by eating various yellow-orange vegetables.
true
DNA is the control center of the cell because it directs the synthesis of proteins, which are responsible for most cellular functions.
true
Damage to the heart can cause inadequate blood circulation, which can lead to more damage to the heart. This is an example of a positive feedback cycle.
true
Decarboxylation occurs during the intermediate stage of aerobic cellular respiration.
true
Diseases of the respiratory or circulatory systems that impair oxygen delivery to body cells will diminish ATP production in those cells.
true
During development, the growth of the vertebrae continues for longer than the growth of the spinal cord itself.
true
During the fetal period, sebum from the sebaceous glands mixes with the cells of the sloughed off periderm to form the vernix caseosa.
true
Embryonic myoblasts fuse to form single muscle fibers during development; thus skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated. t/f
true
Epithelial tissue tends to be richly innervated and highly regenerative.
true
Fingernails reach the tips of the fingers before toenails are fully formed.
true
Further lengthwise bone growth cannot occur once the epiphyseal lines have formed.
true
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue.
true
If your body temperature starts to decline, your body responds by exciting skeletal muscles so that you shiver and your temperature returns to normal. This is an example of negative feedback.
true
In general, nerves from the posterior division of the brachial plexus tend to innervate muscles that extend the parts of the upper limb.
true
In the spinal cord, white matter surrounds (is external to) the gray matter.
true
Lysosome functions range from the digestion of materials ingested by the cell to the self-destruction of the cell.
true
Melanocyte cytoplasmic processes transfer pigment granules into stratum basale keratinocytes; these pigment granules shield the nuclear DNA from UV radiation
true
Moderate exercise improves the health of joints by increasing the flow of synovial fluid in and out of the articular cartilage.
true
Most of the nail body appears pink because of the blood in the underlying capillaries.
true
Myofibrils are composed of protein filaments called actin and myosin. t/f
true
One of the functions of synovial fluid is to act as a shock absorber that distributes force evenly across the joint surface.
true
Peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles.
true
Removal of the left cerebral hemisphere would prevent voluntary movement of the right side of the body.
true
Rising sarcoplasmic calcium levels results in contraction in both smooth muscle fibers and skeletal muscle fibers. t/f
true
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is considered an ionic compound.
true
Some neurons are longer than 1 meter.
true
The area of the cerebrum that integrates information from the sensory, motor, and assocation areas to enable an individual to plan and execute appropriate responses is the prefrontal cortex.
true
The brain ventricles are continuous with one another and with the central canal of the spinal cord.
true
The cerebral association areas are responsible for cognition.
true
The inferior colliculi are auditory reflex centers of the midbrain.
true
The internal oblique and external oblique muscles both insert on the linea alba. t/f
true
The process of keratinization begins in the stratum granulosum.
true
The sodium-potassium pump moves ions against their concentration gradients and helps maintain an electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane.
true
The spinal cord exhibits some reflexes that do not involve the brain.
true
The spinocerebellar pathway is an ascending somatosensory pathway.
true
The two-neuron chain allows increased communication and control of the effector organ.
true
The vestibulocochlear nerve is the only cranial nerve that doesn't exit the skull via an opening or foramen.
true
When a car burns gasoline, the majority of the gasoline's chemical energy is transformed to sound and heat.
true
When a cell is at its resting membrane potential, more potassium diffuses out than sodium diffiuses in.
true
When multiple enzymes are organized in a metabolic pathway, each enzyme catalyzes one reaction and then releases the product.
true
the lateral funiculus contains both ascending and descending tracts.
true
which bone marking is matched with its correct description?
tubercle; small, bony projection
The joint movement called eversion involves
turning the sole of the foot laterally.
When diagramming an atom, the innermost shell is filled with ______ electrons.
two
Place the ossicles of the ear in order from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.
tympanic membrane -malleus -incus -stapes Oval window
Madeline is an active 18-year-old- who fell off her bike, fracturing the medial epicondyle of her humerus. In addition to experiencing severe pain in her elbow, she had numbness along the medial side of her hand. She went to the emergency room and the physician examined her. after x-raying her elbow, the physician performed further tests on Madeline to determine what nerve damage she may have experienced. What nerve likely was injured when she fractured her medial epicondyle?
ulnar
The abdominopelvic quadrants are formed by passing one horizontal and one vertical line through the
umbilicus.
In general, you become unaware of the shirt on your back because your touch receptors
undergo adaptation.
The cranial nerve that innervates smooth muscle and glands of the heart, lungs, larynx, trachea, and most abdominal organs is the ___________ nerve.
vagus
Granulation tissue is
vascular connective tissue
Fine hair called _________, which is unpigmented or lightly pigmented, is the primary human hair and is found on the upper and lower limbs.
vellus
The brain can determine the static position of the head due to sensors in the
vestibule.
The heart is confined within a double-walled serous membrane sac. The part of the membrane that is in contact with the heart is the _____ layer.
visceral
the ____ is the serous membrane layer that covers the surface of the lungs
visceral pleura
Within the body, carotene is converted to
vitamin A, which is important for visual function.
The gelatinous mass inside of the eye is called the
vitreous humor.
Action potentials are generated by the opening of ________ gated channels and they occur on the ________.
voltage-, axon
an action potential is generated when threshold is reached at which time
voltage-gated Na+ channels open
Which is not a cranial bone?
vomer
Osmosis is the diffusion of
water across a membrane.
brown adipose tissue contains cells that allow H+ to fall down the concentration gradient in the electron transport chain without producing ATP. Instead, all of the kinetic energy is converted to heat. If scientists could increase the amount of brown adipose tissue in our bodies then
we could eat more and not gain weight
An individual hydrogen bond in a sample of water would be described as
weak and intermolecular.
The large surface area of the inside of the small intestine means that this structure is
well adapted for its physiological role in absorption.
to identify the approximate age of skeleton remains of a body found in the forest, the forensic anthropologist are most interested in which of the following?
where the epiphyses have fused to the diaphyses
the female pelvis typically has which of the following characteristics?
wide subpubic angle, greater than 100 degrees
Synovial fluid is found
within the synovial cavity.
Which sex tends to lose more bone mass with aging?
women
a friend just started taking Zoloft (an SSRI) and is experiencing an upset stomach and diarrhea. your friend asks if the drug is causing her symptoms and you respons
yes, because serotonin is located in both the brain and the digestive react, so the drug is altering digestive system functioning
in your anatomy and physiology laboratory, you look at prepared slides of developing bone. In the epiphyseal plate region, you note the chondrocytes are slightly enlarged and stacked in a longitudinal array. What epiphyseal plate zone is in your field of view?
zone of hypertrophy
In the epiphyseal plate, the microscopic zone in which chondrocytes undergo rapid cell division and become aligned into longitudinal columns of flattened lacunae is called the
zone of proliferating cartilage.
albuterol is a drug designed to counteract the effects of asthma- namely, the medication, which may be used in an inhaler, facilitates bronchodilation. What receptors would you expect this drug to bind to?
β1 receptors
