KIN 358: Exercise Physiology

The anaerobic glycolytic system (AKA anaerobic glycolysis) would be the primary source of ATP for which running event?

800 meters (1/2 mile)

The metabolic profile for type I, IIa, and IIb/x fibers are ____________ , _________ , and __________ , respectively

Aerobic, mixed aerobic and anaerobic, and Anaerobic

When a alpha-motor neuron is stimulated, what will happen to the muscle fibers that neuron innervates

All of the fibers will contract

For aerobic metabolism, free fatty acids must be converted to acetyl-CoA via...

B-oxidation

Let's review the way muscle functions during exercise. 1. Found in most skeletal muscles.

Both (Type 1 and Type ll)

The Hypothalamus-pituitary axis is important because it

Bridges the nervous and endocrine systems

A sheath of connective tissue that covers each muscle fiber.

Endomysium

A small bundle of muscle fibers wrapped in a connective tissue sheath within a muscle.

Fascicle

Which of the following tend to speed up (i.e. increase) enzyme activity within our metabolic pathways?

High Phosphate and High ADP

Sarcoplasmic reticulum development is high in ____________ and low in ___________

High in Type IIa and IIb/x Low in Type l

Which of the following occurs if hormone receptors are downregulated within a cell

Hormone receptors are removed from the cell membrane and degraded

Let's review the way muscle functions during exercise. 7. Reaches peak tension faster and collectively generates more force than other fiber types.

Type ll

Let's review the way muscle functions during exercise. 8. Has three subtypes.

Type ll

The energy from electrons being passed down the protein complexes in the "electron transport chain" is important because...

It is used to pump H+ ions into the inner mitochondrial membrane

What is the importance of hexokinase in glucose metabolism?

It phosphorylates glucose so glucose can no longer freely leave the cell

Nonsteroid hormones must rely on ____ to enact responses within a cell

Membrane receptors and a second messenger system

The connective tissue sheath surrounding each muscle fasciculus.

Perimysium

Why does a sarcomere that is too short or too stretched produce less active force?

Not as many cross-bridges can form.

A muscle fiber's cell membrane, a selectively permeable lipid layer coated by proteins.

Sarcolemma

The basic functional unit of a myofibril.

Sarcomere

The gelatin-like interior of a muscle fiber.

Sarcoplasm

Cells located between the sarcolemma and the basement membrane that help muscle cells adapt to growth, injury, and training.

Satellite

Match each hormone to its most likely effect

Triiodothyronin/Thyroxine: ↑metabolic rate Epinephrine: ↑glucagon/↓insulin Glucagon: ↑glycogenolysis/↑lipolysis

A tube-shaped protein that twists around actin strands, fitting in the groove between them.

Tropomyosin

A complex protein attached at regular intervals to actin strands and tropomyosin.

Troponin

The spring-like characteristic of titan regulates force generation specifically during

contractions with lengthening of the muscle

Which of these is the correct order of skeletal muscle hierarchical organization, from largest structure to smallest structure?

entire muscle, muscle fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril

The stimulation of Golgi tendon organs leads to ___________ of agonist muscles and ___________ of antagonist muscles

inhibition, excitation

While both the nervous and endocrine systems are critical for communication and coordination of body systems, the endocrine system responds more

slowly but has longer-lasting effects

Let's review the way muscle functions during exercise. 6. Predominantly contains a fast form of myosin ATPase.

Type ll

In the absence of oxygen, the final product of glycolysis is...

lactate

Which of the following is a key characteristic of steroid hormones?

lipid soluble and can freely enter the cell

The stretch reflex in skeletal muscle is initiated because of nerve impulses arising from these receptors: _________________.

muscle spindles

Which is the correct order of events in excitation contraction coupling?

1. Action potential reaches axon terminal of motor neuron 2. Acetylcholine binds to motor end plate triggering action potential 3. Action potential travels down t-tubules 4. Calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum 5. Calcium binds troponin, shifts tropomyosin, revealing acting binding sites 6. Actin-myosin cross bridging cycle occurs

Know the location of the following structures:

1. Muscle 2. Fascicle 3. Axon 4. Epimysium 5. Perimysium 6. Endomysium 7. Myofibril 8. Muscle fiber

Know the location of the following structures:

1. Myofibril 2. Sarcoplasma 3. Plasmalemma 4. Transverse Tubules 5. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum 6. Opening into T-tubule

What is the correct order of events in the sliding filament theory?

1. Myosin binds to actin 2. ADP + Pi are released in the power stroke, where the myosin head swivels and pulls actin 3. ATP binds to myosin, causing myosin to disassociate from actin 4. ATP is phosphorylated on the myosin head and can reattach to actin

Rank the metabolic pathways from fastest to slowest in terms of RATE of energy production

1. Phosphocreatine system (ATP-PC) 2. anaerobic glycolysis 3. aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation 4. free fatty acid oxidation

Know the location of the following structures:

1. Sarcomere 2. Z-disk 3. Actin 4. Myosin

An increase in plasma osmolality stimulates release of

Anti-diuretic hormone

Ari Botter just woke up from a nap and realized she very much had to use the restroom. She sprung from the couch and sprinted 5 seconds to the bathroom. What was her predominant energy pathway during her transit to the loo (aka toilet)?

ATP-PC

What muscle fiber characteristic would having great sarcoplasmic reticulum development benefit?

Ca2+ reuptake, thereby facilitating rate of relaxation

What is the explanation behind the saying "fats burns in a carbohydrate flame"

Carbohydrate metabolism is critical for replenishing krebs cycle intermediates that are needed for fat oxidation

Maximal force development decreases progressively at higher speeds in _________ contractions.

Concentric

Angiotensin increases blood pressure through

Constricting (i.e. decreasing) the diameter of the arteries

Match the ion most important during depolarization and repolarization.

Depolarization: Na+ Repolarization: K+

The outer connective tissue that surrounds an entire muscle, holding it together.

Epimysium

The sequence of events that triggers a muscle fiber to contract.

Excitation Contraction Coupling

Glucose during exercise is transported into the muscle cell via

Glucose Transporter Type 4 (GLUT-4)

Mike O'Condria is a hardcore keto dieter. He hasn't consumed any carbohydrates in 14 days and has solely eaten flank steak... raw flank steak. He is about to partake in his fraternity's (Delta Fry Steak House) annual 10K race, where he intends to try and win and run at a very high intensity during the race. Compared to his peers, how quickly do you think he will fatigue?

He will fatigue faster, his diet likely means he has low glycogen stores, which will limit intense exercise

The types of muscle fibers recruited, and the order in which they are recruited, are related to the level of force demanded of the muscle. Scott is a swimmer on his university swim team. Before each competition, he spends some time walking around the pool area, getting psyched up for the event. He swings his arms a little, shakes his legs, and just generally tries to loosen up. Soon he's in position on the starting block, waiting for the sound of the starting gun. The gun fires, and Scott dives off the block into the water, swimming his best event: the 50-yd freestyle. 5. When Scott exploded off the starting block and sprinted 50 yards, motor units with ____________ neurons were recruited.

Larger

The types of muscle fibers recruited, and the order in which they are recruited, are related to the level of force demanded of the muscle. Scott is a swimmer on his university swim team. Before each competition, he spends some time walking around the pool area, getting psyched up for the event. He swings his arms a little, shakes his legs, and just generally tries to loosen up. Soon he's in position on the starting block, waiting for the sound of the starting gun. The gun fires, and Scott dives off the block into the water, swimming his best event: the 50-yd freestyle. 2. During Scott's warm-up phase, all of his muscle fibers that were stimulated were acting maximally or minimally?

Maximally

Which statement is true? 1. More force can be generated when more motor units are activated. 2. Type I motor units contain more muscle fibers than type II motor units. 3. Larger muscles tend to have fewer muscle fibers. 4. Type II motor units generate less force than type I motor units.

More force can be generated when more motor units are activated.

The types of muscle fibers recruited, and the order in which they are recruited, are related to the level of force demanded of the muscle. Scott is a swimmer on his university swim team. Before each competition, he spends some time walking around the pool area, getting psyched up for the event. He swings his arms a little, shakes his legs, and just generally tries to loosen up. Soon he's in position on the starting block, waiting for the sound of the starting gun. The gun fires, and Scott dives off the block into the water, swimming his best event: the 50-yd freestyle. 4. To produce the force to spring off the blocks and swim a fast freestyle, Scott's nervous system activated _________ to produce more force.

More muscle fibers

A single alpha-motor neuron and all the muscle cells (fibers) it innervates. (two words)

Motor unit

A grouping of numerous sarcomeres.

Myofibril

The thicker of the two major protein filaments responsible for muscle contraction.

Myosin

The process of plasmalemma depolarization (increase in membrane potential) involves which ion?

Na+

Which ion transporter is engaged at rest to maintain resting membrane potential?

Na+-K+ pump

Which of the following happens to plasma glucose concentrations during exercise

Plasma glucose is maintained because of ↑uptake that matches ↑release

Refers to the frequency of impulses sent to a muscle. Increased force can be generated through increase in either the number of muscle fibers recruited or the rate at which the impulses are sent. (two words)

Rate-coding

What term is used to describe the process by which tension of a given motor unit can vary from a twitch to tetanus by increasing the frequency of stimulation of a motor unit?

Rate-coding

Rate coding describes what process

The process by which increasing the rate of stimulation can result in increased force production through summation and treppe.

An array of proteins that stabilize the myosin filaments.

Titin

A type of muscle fiber that has a high oxidative and a low glycolytic capacity, associated with endurance-type activities.

Type 1

Let's review the way muscle functions during exercise. 2. Take longer than other muscle fibers to reach peak tension.

Type 1

Let's review the way muscle functions during exercise. 3. Predominantly contains a slow form of myosin ATPase.

Type 1

Let's review the way muscle functions during exercise. 5. Has a motor neuron with a small cell body and can innervate a cluster of 10 to 180 muscle fibers.

Type 1

The types of muscle fibers recruited, and the order in which they are recruited, are related to the level of force demanded of the muscle. Scott is a swimmer on his university swim team. Before each competition, he spends some time walking around the pool area, getting psyched up for the event. He swings his arms a little, shakes his legs, and just generally tries to loosen up. Soon he's in position on the starting block, waiting for the sound of the starting gun. The gun fires, and Scott dives off the block into the water, swimming his best event: the 50-yd freestyle. 1. As Scott was warming up, he was primarily recruiting _________ fibers to create the force needed.

Type 1

The order in which these fibers would be recruited, first ____________, then _______, and finally __________

Type I, then Type IIa, and finally Type llb/x

A type of muscle fiber with a low oxidative capacity and a high glycolytic capacity; recruited in speed and power activities. (two words)

Type ll

Let's review the way muscle functions during exercise. 4. Has a more highly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum, which helps deliver calcium to the muscle cell when stimulated.

Type ll

The types of muscle fibers recruited, and the order in which they are recruited, are related to the level of force demanded of the muscle. Scott is a swimmer on his university swim team. Before each competition, he spends some time walking around the pool area, getting psyched up for the event. He swings his arms a little, shakes his legs, and just generally tries to loosen up. Soon he's in position on the starting block, waiting for the sound of the starting gun. The gun fires, and Scott dives off the block into the water, swimming his best event: the 50-yd freestyle. 3. When Scott dove into the pool and swam the 50-yd freestyle, his _________ and type IIx fibers were activated to produce the force he needed to spring from the blocks and swim all-out.

Type lla

ATP is required for

both muscle contraction and muscle relaxation

A sarcomere generates the most force when _________________.

it has optimal overlap of the thick and thin filaments, producing good cross-bracing interaction

Ca2+ ions (essential for contraction) are stored in the

sarcoplasmic reticulum

The speed of muscle fiber contraction is determined primarily by the

speed of myosin ATPase

Which protein is sensitive to Ca2+ and thereby helps initiate contraction?

troponin