KINE 3090 Chp. 11 & 12
Describe the Later stage of Gentile's 2-stage model
fixation/diversification; start to refine movements to adapt to situations; become consistent; learn to do it w/ minimal effort
Consistency
from one performance attempt to another, a person's performance should become more similar
Describe the Initial phase of Gentile's 2-stage model
getting the idea of the movement; a lot of trial and error; start to figure out what is imp in environment; distinguish regulatory vs non regulatory
Negatively Accelerated Curve
great improvement early but small gain later
Positively Accelerated Curve
small gain early but great improvement later
performance
the behavioral act of executing a motor skill at a specific time & in a specific situation; observable behavior
Adaptability
the improved performance is adaptable to a variety of performance context characteristics
Stability
the influence on skill performance of perturbations, which are internal (stress) or external (weather) that can disrupt performance.
Describe the Autonomous stage
the performance of the skills have become "automatic"; not everyone will get to this stage ("expert"); almost no cognitive effort, little error high consistency
Learners in the later stages of learning typically freeze degrees of freedom in their attempt to control the multiple degrees of freedom of a complex motor skill
False
Research shows that expertise in all fields is the result of a minimum of 5 years of "deliberate" practice.
False
T/F: An expert's knowledge about an activity is organized into more concepts than a novice's.
False
T/F: Experts are similar to novices in how they use visual information to anticipate the actions of others.
False
The Fitts and Posner stages of learning model proposes that learners engage in the highest amount of cognitive activity during the associative stage.
False
diversification
The learner's goal in the second stage of learning in Gentile's model for learning open skills in which learners acquire the capability to modify the movement pattern according to environmental characteristics?
Transfer Test
a test in which a motor skill must be performed that is different from the motor skill that was practice
Retention Test
a test in which the practice motor skill must be performed following an interval of time after practice has ceased or stopped
T/F: According to Gentile's stages of learning model, the learner's goals for the later stages depend on whether the skill is an open or closed skill.
True
The number of degrees of freedom and the complexity of the underlying control mechanism can either increase or decrease during learning.
True
Performance Plateau
a period of time in which the learner experiences no improvement; learning can still occur
What six performance characteristics typically characterize the learning of a skill? Give an example of each for a motor skill learning situation.
1. improvement 2. consistency 3. stability 4. persistence 5. adaptability 6. reduced attention demands
According to Gentile, during the first stage of learning, an important goal for the learner is to acquire a movement coordination pattern that will allow the person some degree of success at achieving the ________ of the skill.
Action Goal
5. Describe what an expert is and how a person can become an expert motor skill performer. What are some characteristics that distinguish an expert from a non-expert?
An expert is on the extreme opposite end of the learning continuum from the beginner and his/ her skills are characterized by a high level of performance and is the result of deliberate practice for a minimum of ten years. - Select more meaningful information in a shorter amount of time -Have a knowledge structure that is organized into more concepts related to performing the activity/better able to interrelate the concepts; activity specific - They know more about the activity than nonexperts
Describe Cognitive stage
Beginner focuses on solving cognitive oriented problems (ex: how much ROM?); a lot of error and variability
plasticity
Changes in neuronal activity in the brain that are associated with shifts in brain region activation; these changes are commonly associated with behavioral changes or modification. Which means that it changes as beginners become more skilled at performing a skill.
nonregulatory conditions
Characteristics of the performance environment that do not influence the movement characteristics required to achieve an action goal.
According to the Fitts and Posner model, the stage of learning during which the learner makes a large number of errors and tries to answer a lot of "how to" questions is the ________ stage.
Cognitive
An important change in muscle activity that results from practice is that the activation pattern for agonist and antagonist muscle pairs becomes more ________ from trial to trial.
Consistent
f a skill is performed efficiently, then it is being performed with a minimum amount of expended ________
Energy
How does Gentile's learning stages model differ from the Fitts and Posner model?
Gentile's learning model only breaks down the learning process into 2 parts, Fitts and Posner refer to their model as a continuum of practice time that is made up of 3 parts. Gentile's stages are focused around the goal of the learner, while Fitts and Posner's continuum is based on practice time.
Expert
High level of skill performance that characterizes a person to the extreme opposite end of the learning stages continuum from the beginning.
deliberate practice
Intense practice a person needs to achieve expertise, refers to "individual training activities specifically designed by a coach or teacher to improve specific aspects of an individual's performance through repetition and successive refinement"
Power Law of Practice
Mathematical law describing the negatively accelerating change in rate of performance improvement during skill learning; large amounts of improvement occur during early practice, but smaller improvement rates characterize further practice.
Reduction in Attention Demand
Motor skills typically demand attention to perform, but ac common change that occurs as a person learns a skill is reduction in the amount of attention demanded to perform the skill
According to Gentile's model, the goal of diversification in the second stage of learning is specifically related to ________ motor skills
Open
Describe a performance plateau. What seems to be the most likely reason a performance plateau occurs in motor skill learning?
Performance Plateau- When performance improvement has stopped, and you stopped getting better or improving. Several reasons to why it happens, one is that plateaus happen during a period of transitioning between two phases of acquiring certain aspects of skills. During the transition the person is developing a strategy that the task requires to increase the level of performance already achieved.Plateau's doesn't mean that learning has stopped; performance improvement may have slowed down, or stopped but learning is continuous. Second reason is that the plateau occurs because of the limitations placed by the performance measure
Explain how the terms performance and learning differ and why we must infer learning from performance situations
Performance is the behavioral act of executing a skill at a specific time and in a specific situation while learning is the change in the capacity of a person to perform a skill. If a person has shown a relatively permanent improvement in the performance of a skill as a result of practice, then we infer that learning has taken place.
The term used to describe the change in the areas of the brain that are active in the different stages of learning is
Plasticity
The negatively accelerated rate of improvement, which is typical of performance changes for beginners learning a skill, has been mathematically formalized and is known as the _______ law of practice
Power
According to Gentile, the characteristics of an object that specify the movements a person must use to grasp it are called ________ conditions
Regulatory
Research indicates that skilled performers direct their visual attention more quickly to ________ conditions in the environment than novices.
Regulatory
cognitive stage
The first stage of learning in the Fitts and Posner model; the beginning or initial stage on the learning stages continuum. Performance is marked by a large number of errors, and the errors tend to be large ones. Performance is also highly variable. Performer's ask themselves questions like," What to do", "What is my objective? How far should I move this arm?"
fixation
The learner's goal in the second stage of learning in Gentile's model for learning closed skills in which learners refine movement patterns so that they can produce them correctly, consistently, and efficiently from trial to trial.
associative stage
The second stage of learning in the Fitts and Posner model; an intermediate stage on the learning stages continuum. Performer has learned to associate specific environmental cues with the movements required to achieve the goal of the skill. Performer makes less gross skills. Refining stage, performance variability begins to decrease. "How to do"
autonomous stage
The third stage of learning in the Fitts and Posner model; the final stage on the learning stages continuum, also called the automatic stage. The skill has become almost automatic, or habitual. A skill becomes automatic and a person can correct their own errors.
What are the two important goals for the beginner to achieve in Gentile's initial stage of learning?
To acquire movement coordination pattern, to learn discriminate between regulatory and nonregulatory conditions.
What is an advantage of using transfer tests in making a valid assessment of learning? Give an example of real-world situation what illustrates this advantage
Transfer tests assess a person's capability to adapt to different situations as well as the stability of what has been learned by the performer. The degree to which that person's performance is disrupted by these external and internal perturbations provides evidence of the amount of performance stability a person has acquired as a result of practice.
A performance characteristic that does not change across the stages of learning is the reliance on sensory information that was available during the early practice stage.
True
According to Gentile, an important goal for the learner during the first stage of learning is to acquire a movement pattern that will allow the person some degree of success at achieving the action goal of the skill.
True
Learning
a RELATIVELY PERMANENT CHANGE in the capability of a person to perform a motor skill; relatively permanent change in performance that results from experience and/or practice; is an internal phenomon that CANNOT be observed directly
Describe a motor skill learning situation in which it may be possible to under- and over-estimate the amount of learning during practice.
a.It can be misleading to base amount of learning on observed performance alone. b.Two reasons for misrepresented learning. Misrepresentation can be demonstrated with PERFORMANCE TESTS Practice Trials vs. RETENTION TESTS Practice Trials vs. TRANSFER TESTS One group may perform better during practice trials, however when given retention or transfer test next day, the alternate group exceeds with retention or transfer levels
What are the three stages of the Fitts and Posner model for learning stages?
cognitive stage, associative stage, autonomous stage
Ogive Curve
combinaton of performance curves
Performance Curve
line graph describing performance in which the level of achievement of a performance measure is plotted for a specific sequence of time or trials
Describe Associative stage
person has learned to associate environmental info with required movements; "refining stage": need to have basic fundamentals and refine skills; consistency goes up, error goes down
Improvement
person performs at a higher level of skill at some later time than at some previous time
Persistence
person progresses in learning the skill, the improved performance capability lasts over increasing periodss of time.
Linear Curve
proportional increase in performance over time