Kines 330 Exam 2

Individuals performing well merely because they are being observed (and not necessarily because of any effect of treatment) are considered to be under the influence of the

Hawthorne effect

Additional factors that can obscure the relationship between physical activity and blood cholesterol, such as smoking, body fat, and so on are called

confounding factors

Of the surveys frequently used for measuring physical activity in epidemiological research, the shortest one (one to four items) is the

global questionnaire

A research hypothesis

is directly testable

In comparison to surveys, qualitative interviews tend to be

less structured

The first step in conducting a questionnaire survey is to

list specific objectives to be achieved

Prevalence of disease differs from incidence of disease in that prevalence refers to the number of

people who presently have a disease, whereas incidence relates to new cases

The interpretation of data in qualitative research always involves some form of

sorting and categorizing

A limitation of some large epidemiological cohort studies is

the inability to experimentally establish cause and effect

randomized controlled trial

An experimental study in which researchers randomly assign individuals to either an experimental or a control group and expose the experimental group to the manipulated variable of interest.

The data utilized by this pooled study came from studies using which epidemiologic study design?

Cohort studies

In evaluating the methods section of a research report, which is a very important question to keep in mind?

Did the author provide enough information that the study could be repeated?

The internal validity of an experimental design is concerned with what question?

Did the independent variable really produce a change in the dependent variable?

Which of the following were limitations of the study?

Homogenous population, multiple components in intervention 'package'

Which of the following terms is used in connection with intensity of exercise and refers to the ratio of metabolic rate during exercise to the rate while resting?

MET

Which of the following are most difficult to analyze in a questionnaire study?

Open-ended items

Which of the following statements would appear in the procedures part of the methods section of a research report?

Participants in the experimental group exercised three days per week for 30 minutes per day for 10 weeks.

Which of the following was not a primary finding of this study?

This intervention increases long-term physical activity adoption and adherence among cancer survivors.

T/F: A pooled-analysis is different from a meta-analysis because it uses actual patient-level data from other studies

True

Defining a specific volleyball skill as a score on a volleyball skill test is an example of

an operational definition

A type of study that matches individuals with and without disease on factors such as age is an example of a

case-control study

the type of sport a person participates in would be a

categorical variable

To determine the effects of fatigue from a particular type of exercise, keeping the temperature and humidity constant would be considered what type of variables because they may influence the outcome of the study

control variables

The researchers computed stratified analyses with regards to BMI and smoking status to test for

effect modification

In a research study in which the treatment involved intense physical training, 40% of the participants in the treatment group dropped out as compared with 5% of the control group. This threat to internal validity is called

experimental mortality (attrition)

An important principle regarding human subjects research is the right of informed consent which states that the researcher is obligated to

explain the major features of the study to the participants before the beginning of the study so that they have the opportunity to decline to take part

"To what populations, settings, treatment variables, and measurement variables can this effect be generalized?" might most appropriately be asked in relation to

external validity

(T/F) A study limitation is an observable phenomenon that enables the researcher to test if the predicted outcomes can be supported

false

A qualitative research technique involves interviews of small numbers of participants in a group setting. These groups are called

focus groups

An important advantage of the qualitative method is that

it is more likely than other methods to lead to new insights about the problem

It can be advantageous to carry out a pilot study prior to the actual research study because

it permits a thorough check of the planned data collection and analysis procedures

Physical activity assessments used in this study assessed which components of physical activity?

leisure time

Scaled responses to questionnaire items such as strongly agree, agree, no opinion, and so on are referred to as ______ scale items

likert

For confidentiality, the researcher should

make certain no unauthorized individuals have access to the research data and remove names from data-collection instruments and replace them with a code

The figure shows physical activity increasing the risk of which cancer types

malignant melanoma and prostate

A double-blind experiment is one in which

neither the researcher nor the participants know which participants receive the experimental treatment

A researcher tests the knowledge of 10,000 college aged students about nutrition and the scores are transformed into percentiles by grade level. This type of research is a _________ survey study

normative

In describing participants in the methods section of a research report, which of the following should be included

number of participants and pertinent descriptive characteristics of participants

A strength of this study was the use of an accelerometer to assess physical activity before and after the intervention. This allowed for...

objective and continuous measurements of physical activity

The term that denotes using ideas, writings, or drawings of others as your own is called

plagiarism

The part of the methods section of the research paper that describes the activities of each treatment group is called the

procedures

A study design uses, for example, two groups of people representing a disease-free population who are then classified as exercisers and nonexercisers. After a period of time, the mortality rates of each group are compared. This design is called a

prospective cohort study

Studies have shown that physical activity after a cancer diagnosis improves outcomes with regards to mortality, quality of life, and recurrence of some cancers. Physical activity is an example of a...?

protective factor

A researcher thinks that there will be an inverse relationship between functional movement scores and number of injuries. This is an example of a

research hypothesis

Determinants of disease are often called

risk factors

The qualitative researcher typically

studies a small number of participants

T/F: the null hypothesis states that there is no difference among treatments or relationships among variables

true

To help ensure an acceptable return rate in a questionnaire study, the researcher could

use follow-up letters or emails