Kinesiology 2501 Jacobsen Exam 3
reasons for cautious hope in terms of womens sports
- budget cuts due to privatization of sport - resistance to legislation - backlash towards changes for women in sport - decreasing number of women in coaching & administrative roles - cultural emphasis on cosmetic fitness for women - trivialization of women's sports - homophobia
factors that have caused the dramatic rise in participation in women's sports since the 70's
- equal rights legislation - global women's rights movement - health & fitness movement - increased publicity given to female sports
things progressives pushed:
- prohibition - organized workers in labor unions - used sports to help assimilate immigrants
3 factors that make maravich's college score record even more impressive
1. bc he couldn't play varsity his freshman year, his total is from only 3 years 2. he played before the advent of the 3 point line & shot a lot of balls from behind what is now the 3 point line 3. the shot clock wasn't instituted yet, so there was lots of stalling
3 tiered process progressive reformers designed to assimilate working class (immigrants)
1. humanitarian concerns (child labor laws) 2. pass mandatory education laws (stop unemployed children from roaming the streets & getting into gangs/crime) 3. PE in schools (games/sport taught respect authority)
How America's olympic team looked
10 african americans were on the team. they won 4 gold medals
when were the olympic rings approved?
1914
when was the olympic flag first flown?
1920
Alice Coachman significance
1st african american woman to capture olympic gold medal (1948 games in London)
Broken time involved
A situation in which athletes were reimbursed for time lost from work when they were traveling and competing in the Olympic Games
The most popular athlete in the 1960 Rome Olympic Games was
Abebe Bikila, marathoner
this athletes was honored in atlanta as one of the 100 greatest olympic athletes in history
Alice Coachman
There were two significant events initiated at the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp. What were they?
Athletes took the Olympic oath before the general public and the five ring Olympic flag was unveiled at the Games (a and b)
first african american woman to win a medal at the olympics
Audrey Patterson (won bronze)
Pete Maravich played:
Basketball
Event where a woman challenged a man
Billie Jean King *vs* Bobby Riggs
stars of the London games
Bob Mathias (decathlete) & Alice Coachman (high jump)
Alice Coachman rival
British girl mimicked her techniques. She noticed it, so she went back & completely changed her footing. the british girl copied it but couldn't pull it off. alice could tho bc she was such a kick ass athlete
In 1952, there was a proposal that won approval that allowed political refugees to compete in the games under a Red Cross flag or a special Olympic flag. Many refugees won medals in the events they participated in.
False
In 1964, the Russian and Polish athletes dominated in boxing with one exception - the American Cassius Clay won the gold medal in the heavyweight division. He would later become the world champion.
False
Pierre de Coubertin was highly supportive of women participating in the Olympic Games.
False
How many gold medals did Jess Owens win in the 1936 Olympic Games?
Four
exclusions from first games post WWII
German & Japanese athletes were excluded from the games bc of the country's actions
How Pete Maravich got his nickname "Pistol Pete"
He shot the ball from his side, as if he were holding a revolver
How Pete Maravich ended up at LSU
His father Press Maravich took a coaching job at LSU right before he was about to play in college
how the torch tradition came to be
Hitler planned the Berlin games to be quite a spectacle. They did a torch relay from the site of the ancient games in Greece to the site of the Berlin games. Lit the olympic flame with the torch. became a tradition after that.
The superstar of the 1936 Olympics was not a member of the Aryan race from Germany as Hitler had hoped for but rather an African-American from the Unites States. Who was this athlete?
Jesse Owens
Significant thing (person) about the Berlin games:
Jesse Owens was one of the most dominant athletes there & he was black
example where a man pushed back against progress for women in sport
Martha Burk (National Council of Women's Organizations) *VS* Hootie Johnson (Chairman of Augusta National Golf Club)
Jesse Owens college (+ why)
Ohio State bc he wanted to stay close to his family (lived in Cleveland)
first repeat city
Paris
equal rights legislation:
Title IX of the educational amendment in 1972
In the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp, Pierre de Coubertin was overruled when he wanted to include the "aggressor" nations during WWI to show that sport provided a means to heal and a means to peace.
True
In the 1932 Olympic Games, Babe Didrikson was penalized in the high jump because she "dived" over the bar which was illegal at that time.
True
The 1936 Olympic Games held in Berlin Germany were referred to as the "Nazi Olympics."
True
The Paris Olympiad in 1924 was the last time that tennis was on the program for more than half a century. It would return in 1988.
True
The notion of amateurism was one of the most volatile issues that the Olympic Games had to deal with in the twentieth century.
True
why were there no games in 1916?
WWI
Alice Coachman was:
a dominant high jumper & sprinter for a decade (also black)
significance of "battle of the sexes" tennis match
a lot of people watched this & saw a woman participating at a high level sport for the first time. she created an awareness of how athletic women can be & let the world see that women can be athletic, skilled, strong, & able to hold their own.
at the antwerp games of 1920 this tradition from ancient games was brought back
a representative from each country took an oath before competition started
strong women are seen as:
a threat
the first winter games:
a week long winter games event happened near paris in the same year as the summer olympics (1924)
at what games was the olympic flag first flown
antwerp
shape of facilities at first games post WWI
antwerp was devastated by the war, so everyhting was super primitive
Pete Maravich's freshman year at LSU
at that time, NCAA rules prohibited first-year students from playing at varsity level, so he had to play on the freshman team
these technological improvements helped sport become an everyday part of the american culture:
automobile, radio, TV
why are women's programs vulnerable to budget cuts
because they are not as established (don't have the numbers), have less administrative & community support, have less revenue generating potential
Alice Coachman legacy
began teaching & coaching & set up the Coachman track & field foundation, which was a non-profit that provides assistance to young athletes & helps former olympic athletes adjust to life after the game
Billie Jean King *vs* Bobby Riggs
both great tennis players. had a "battle of the sexes" competition. SHE beat HIM
Jesse Owens T&F in college
broke 3 world records & tied 1 at the National Intercollegiate meet
Alice Coachman accomplishments (HS & college)
broke the AAU HS & college records (BAREFOOT)
Gender equity is often subverted by:
budget cuts
Maravich father-son relationship & it's result
close but demanding: his father showed him the fundamentals when he was seven & then he obsessively spent hours practicing bal control tricks, head fakes, & long range shots
progressives
consisted of WASPs who led social reforms to improve the lives of the urban population (often immigrants)
despite the increased sport participation among girls and women, there has been a setback in this area:
decreasing number of women coaching & in administration
The german government used the 1936 Berlin games to
demonstrate supremacy of their political system & the aryian master race. also to recruit people to their Nazi ideals
how the people of London felt about hosting the games
did not embrace this happening. at that time, austerity measures were anacted byb the government to cope with shortages in food, housing, medical care, & other necessities
Alice Coachman academic accompishments
earned a dressmaking degree from Tusckegee & a BA in home ec. at Albany State college
how the photo finish cameras introduced at the Los Angeles games affected them
easier/more precise calling of placements
how automatic timing devices introduced at the Los Angeles games affected them
eliminated human error. before this, there would be a few people at the finish line with a stop watch. this improved accuracy of timing as well (for records and such)
equity =/=
equality (things will never been equal)
global women's rights movement influence on women in sports:
females humanity enhanced. began to embrace their intellectual & physical abilities
cultural emphasis on cosmetic fitness leads to these competing ideas of female bodies:
firm but shapely, fit but sexy, strong but thin, muscles are good but too many are unfeminine
Significant advance for women at the Amsterdam olympics
first games women got to compete in track & field
which sport brings in the most money for colleges & why
football. stadium seats the largest number & typically charge higher admission prices
Jesse Owens in high school
he accomplished mnay feats on the track but not a single black college made an attempt to recruit him, so he ended up at Ohio State.
Jesse Owens olympic long jump story
he kept stepping over the board (first 2 of 3 jumps). His german rival told him he was the best umper there, so to make his mark further back to avoid stepping over
history of Jesse Owens name
his name was JC until a teacher in Cleveland misheard him & he became Jesse
Coachman jump at the games
jumped 5' 6 + 1/8" to win the gold medal
sponsoring organizations often see women's sports as:
less important
even if women are good athletes, what brings the fame?
looking hot
how media's increased publicity of female sports influenced womens sport participation
media images help girls envision possibilities for becoming athletes & help them to see that sports are for them too, not just men
health & fitness movement impact on women sports participation
moved from emphasis on traditional ideas of feminity (thin & sexually attractive to men) towards an emphasis on development of physical strength & competence
Jesse Owens challenges in college
on campus housing was barred for blacks, only one movie theater for blacks (upstairs), no university restaurants would serve blacks
participation level of the LA games
only attracted 1200-1300 athletes. the europeans weren't traveling to the US in large numbers back then
how parents felt about child labor laws
opposed it
why has the privatization of sports been a negative thing?
parents have to pay for it. this reduces the opportunity to play, especially for those that can't afford it. if parents can only afford for one kid to play, it's usually the boy that plays, not the girl.
why were the 1924 games held in Paris, which was a repeat city (first time they repeated a city)
pierre de couberin was about to retire & he requested this
backstory of the olympic flag/rings
pierre de coubertin wanted the flag to represent unity. he chose the colors because every single flag had at least one of these colors
NCAA did this for women's sports
realized they could make money off of it, so they started offering free memberships to schools
Jesse Owens dealt with a lot of what at school
segregation
how alice coachman got into sports
she created her own training routine on dirt & in fields & practiced her jumping barefoot at a neighborhood playgrounds. when she was 15 she realized she had some talent & decided to do something with it. the boys track coach recognized her abilities. she was invited to be on the track team & attend the tusckegee institute. also played bball there
Alice Coachman obstacles getting into sport
she grew up in georgia (segregated) so she didn't have many opportunities to get into organized sport or even at the YMCA. also discouraged because of her gender.
alice coachman was the first african american female athlete to do this after her games
sign a product endorsement for a multinational corporation (Coca Cola)
the golden age of sport saw:
sports become an everyday part of american culture, sports media boomed, started having fans, increased sports participation (youth, school, college, adult rec), athetes become american superstars
these sports are the most vulnerable to cuts:
spots that don't generate as much revenue
What happened to Jesse Owens after the Berlin games
the AAu suspended him for life because he left the olympic tour early to go home to his wife & baby. He could not race again or find a job when he got home. FDR invited the white olympians to the white house, but not Jesse. he worked with an agent to set up races against horses & stuff like that. ended up becoming a public speaker, especially to underprivileged kids. made a living this way
The first games after WWII site significance
the British agreed to host (London) even though the city was devstated by German blitzkrieg in the war
Outside feelings about how the Nazis used the games in Berlin
the IOC did not take a position. countries considered boycotting the games. The US BARELY decided against a boycott
why didn't the germans go to the paris games (1924)
the french "hinted very strongly" that they could not guarantee their safety while in frnce (french angry bc of WWI... yikes), so the germans decided not to attend
how WWII affected the olympics
the games were cancelled in 1940 & 1944. as a symbolic gesture, the flame was burned in LA @ the colloseum during what would have been the 1940 olympiad
why was tennis expelled from the olympics at the 1924 games in paris
the international tennis federation refused to abide by the amateur rules established by the IOC. athletes won prize money at tournaments & IOC didn't want to stop that. IOC said nope, if they get paid they can't compete in the olympics, so tennis wasn't in the olympics for 64 years
where the LA games were held
the los angeles colloseum
why are strong women seen as threats?
they challenge the prevailing gender ideology . These women are not the types to be meek & mild, they are the assertive & aggressive women
why is it important for girls & young women to see women in decision-making positions in their programs
they need to have someone to see/look up to. to realize it's an option for them
who is usually the one that resists legislation mandating change?
those who benefit from the status quo (norm)
This sport was enormously popular & made this guy a celebrity
track & field : Jesse Owens
How Hitler acted towards Jesse Owens
walked out of the stadium when he got his medal on the podium
women's track & field before Amstterdam olympics
was considered to be too "strenuous". they had been competing under the womens international federation of sports & organized their own games
