kinesiology 370 statistics chapter 1-4 test bank, Chapter 1 quant, KIN 3502 exam 1, #3
the effects of one test on subsequent administrations of the same test ("learning effect")
testing
skewness and symmetry are characteristics of
the distribution
The sum of the deviation scores from the mean will always be zero. a. true b. false
true
What is the mean of a z score distribution? a. 0 b. 1 c. 10 d. 50
0
What area of the normal curve lies between a z score of .48 and a T score of 42? a. 0.00 b. 10.00 c. 18.44 d. 31.56 e. 50.00
0.00
consider the following data: 8, 10, 12, 14, 7, 5, 9, 10. What is the mode? a. 9.0 b. 9.4 c. 9.5 d. 10.0
10.0
After administering a test, your instructor decided to develop norms for it. Year1:N=60;ΣX=560;ΣX2 =7880;SD=1;M=14. Year 2: N = 40; ΣX = 450; ΣX2 = 4905; SD = 3; M = 10. What is the mean of the combined classes? Round to the nearest tenth. a. 10.1 b. 11.1 c. 12.0 d. 13.0
10.1
The best estimate of the median of the measurements 5, 10, 7, 11,8,18,13,and12is a. 11 b. 11.5 c. 10 d. 10.5
10.5
The average number of points scored by NBA teams last year was 100 per game. The standard deviation was 30 points. Ninety-five percent of the games had NBA teams scoring fewer than how many points? Round to the closest whole number.
150
Approximately what percentile is associated with a raw score located 1 standard deviation below the mean in a normal distribution? a. 40 b. 35 c. 22 d. 16
16
If a normal distribution of scores has a mean of 70 and a standard deviation of 10, approximately what percentage of students scored below 60? a. 2.5 b. 16.0 c. 50.0 d. 84.0 e. 97.5
16.0
What is the variance of a distribution having the following statistics: N = 25; ΣX = 125; ΣX2 = 1025? a. 13 b. 15 c. 17 d. 19
17
What percentage of the normal curve lies between -1.53 and +1.37 standard deviation units from the mean?
85.17
Consider the following scores: X = 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5; and f = 4, 5, 5, 4, 3, 3, 1. What is P50? a. 7 b. 8 c. 8.5 d. 9 e. 9.5
9
Consider the following data: 8, 10, 12, 14, 7, 5, 9, 10. What is the range? a. 2.8 b. 8.0 c. 9.0 d. 10.0
9.0
Consider the following data: 8, 10, 12, 14, 7, 5, 9, 10. What is the mean? a. 9.0 b. 9.4 c. 9.5 d. 10.0
9.4
Consider the following data: 8, 10, 12, 14, 7, 5, 9, 10. What is the median? a. 9.0 b. 9.4 c. 9.5 d. 10.0
9.5
If a normal distribution of scores has a mean of 70 and a standard deviation of 10, what score does it take to be 2 standard deviations above the mean? a. 50 b. 60 c. 80 d. 90
90
The z score of 1.56 is what percentile? a. 44.06 b. 94.06 c. 45.71 d. 92.71
94.06
What percent of observations lies between -1.96 and +1.96 standard deviations?
95%
What percentage of the normal curve lies between -2.0 and +2.0 standard deviation units from the mean? a. 47.72 b. 68.26 c. 86.64 d. 95.44
95.44
The average athlete is able to begin activity 90 days after having a knee operation. The standard deviation is 20 days. Sixty-eight percent of athletes are able to participate within how many days? Round to the nearest day.
99 days
Given that variance = 100 and P16 = 985, which of the following is probably the mean? a. 965 b. 975 c. 995 d. need more information
995
22. A researcher is probably most interested in which of the following purposes of measurement? a. placement b. prediction c. motivation d. achievement
B
26. What is true about the data collected in formative and summative evaluations? a. They are always collected at the end of the process or program. b. They may actually be the same data in specific situations. c. They are always collected at the beginning of the process or program. d. They are always different tests and measurements.
B
31. A football coach tells his player that he must bench-press at least his own body weight before he can be considered for a different position. Of what is this an example? a. affective domain b. criterion-referenced comparison c. norm-referenced comparison d. statistical analysis
B
33. Which of the following most often uses a criterion-referenced standard? a. ACT examination b. CPR certification examination c. GRE examination d. SAT examination
B
37. An initial evaluation used to determine group placement is a type of achievement evaluation. a. true b. false
B
45. Which of the following represents the highest level of complexity in the psychomotor domain? a. agility b. compound adaptive skill c. kinesthetic discrimination d. reflexes
B
46. If a physical educator notices that his students are having difficulty mastering fundamental movements, he should incorporate an agility-type skill into his lessons. a. true b. false
B
47. Physical activity is something that people __________, whereas physical fitness is something that people __________. a. achieve; have b. do; have c. have; achieve d. have; do
B
48. Measuring a behavior is generally easier than measuring an attribute. a. true b. false
B
6. Which of the following represents a criterion-referenced measurement? a. The top 10 students receive As. b. Everyone scoring over 75 passes. c. The middle 40% will be given Cs. d. The bottom three scores are considered failing.
B
18. Which of the following is most important to an evaluator? a. reliability b. objectivity c. validity
C
2. Who has developed a taxonomy for the psychomotor domain? a. Bloom b. Harrow c. Krathwohl d. Sargent
C
20. What are typically compared using a norm-referenced approach? a. standards b. criterion c. people d. fitness levels
C
23. A student learner is probably most influenced by which of the following purposes of measurement? a. placement b. prediction c. motivation d. research
C
27. What are behavioral objectives? a. evaluations b. measurements c. measurable outcomes d. long-term goals
C
29. What is the most important element in making effective decisions? a. assigning numbers to observations b. developing an appropriate test c. obtaining relevant information d. selecting the correct statistical analysis
C
32. A volleyball coach allows only those females who are in the top 10th percentile of lower-body power to try out for the team. Which type of standard is the coach using? a. affective domain b. cognitive domain c. norm-referenced assessment d. statistical-referenced assessment
C
34. What are the two types of evaluation? a. affective and cognitive b. criterion-referenced and norm-referenced c. formative and summative d. short and long
C
4. Testing to determine entry level aids the teacher in making ____ decisions. a. vocational b. personal c. instructional d. summative
C
42. Which domain contains the distinctive objectives for students of human performance? a. affective b. cognitive c. psychomotor d. psychosocial
C
taken along the way to give you an idea of how someone is doing-pretest, initial evaluations & a type of research process -no formal tests just observation w/ feedback -ex. therapist monitoring ROM of shoulder after surgery.
Formative Evaluations
what has the least stable measure of variability? why?
Range; Data sets could be very different but have the same range
-works well for skewed data sets -middle score, 50th percentile (P50); the typical value
median
The advantage of the _____ is that it is not affected by extreme scores d. This could be used with ORDINAL, INTERVAL, and RATIO DATA
median
Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for ordinal scale measurements? a. mode b. median c. mean d. either the mode or the mean
median
Which of the following is not affected by the value of every score in the set on which it is calculated? a. mean b. standard deviation c. median d. variance
median
Which statistic requires the data to be ranked before its calculation? a. mean b. median c. average d. mod
median
ranking scores on a test from highest to lowest facilitates finding which of the following measures?
median and mode
adequate in the middle and varies on ends (normal)
mesokurtic
Which statistic can be used with either continuous, nominal, or ordinal data? a. mean b. median c. average d. mode
mode
most unstable measure of central tendency; easily obtained
mode
when participants receive more than one treatment, previous treatments may influence subsequent ones
multiple-treatment interference
How can a standard z score be changed to a T score?
multiply by 10 and add 50
if a graph is negatively skewed which way does it lean? positively skewed?
negative: to the right positive: to the left
A distribution that has many more high scores than low scores is
negatively skewed
Which of the following is the best potential topic category for a general purpose to persuade?
policies
The _____ is a single statement combining the general purpose, audience, and objective.
specific purpose
z-scores have a mean of ___ and SD of____
mean=0 SD=1
Which distribution is the most homogeneous given the following: (1) mean = 100 and variance = 25; (2) mean = 120 and variance = 36; (3) mean = 90 and variance = 49.
*a. (1)
Before committing to a topic, a speaker should consider
- the amount of research available. -the variety of supporting materials available. -the accessibility of the material.
threats to external validity
-reactive or interactive effects of testing -multiple-treatment interference -interaction of selection bias and the experimental treatment -reactive effects of experimental arrangements
A brief sketch of your speech is detailed in a
. working outline
If everyone in a classroom scores the same on an exam, the variance is a. 0 b.1 c. −1 d. unable to determine
0
Assume that resting heart rates are normally distributed with a mean of 80 beats per minute and a standard deviation of 8 beats per minute. What is the probability of randomly selecting a person with a heart rate of 95 beats per minute or greater? a. 0.000 b. 0.030 c. 0.500 d. 0.970
0.030
The z score at the 70th percentile is
0.52
In a normal distribution, the mean divided by the median equals a. 0.00 b. 100 c. 1 d. a figure that cannot be calculated
1
what are the 3 limitations of (r)?
1. the relationship between the variables is curvilinear 2. correlation doesn't prove a cause and effect relationship 3. if there is a long amount of variation you can get a false positive
Kelly's T score was 60. What is her z score?
1.0
Karen's T score was 65. What is her z score? a. 0.5 b. 1.5 c. 2.0 d. need more information
1.5
Assume that resting heart rates are normally distributed with a mean of 80 beats per minute and a standard deviation of 8 beats per minute. What is the z score of a heart rate of 95 beats per minute? a. −1.88 b. 1.88 c. −2.00 d. 2.00
1.88
if a normal distribution of scores has a mean of 47 and a standard deviation of 11, what range of values would contain 99.74% of the scores? a. 14 to 80 b. 25 to 69 c. 30 to 64 d. 36 to 58
14-80
In a fairly large, normal distribution with a mean of 15.0, two- thirds of the cases fall between the score points 12.5 and 17.5. The standard deviation can be estimated to be close to a. 1.0 b. 2.5 c. 4.0 d. 6.25
2.5
The mean on a test was 50 and the standard deviation was 20. What percent of people scored between a z score of .80 and a raw score of 68? a. 2.78 b. 18.41 c. 21.19 d. 28.81
2.78
Consider the following data: 8, 10, 12, 14, 7, 5, 9, 10. What is the standard deviation? a. 2.8 b. 8.0 c. 9.0 d. 10.0
2.8
How many students out of 100 would be between the z scores of .33 and .94?
20
Consider the following: mean = 196, standard deviation = 14, and N = 17. What is the raw score for a z score of 0.35? a. 207 b. 205 c. 203 *d. 201
201
Using the scores 1, 3, 2, 1, 3, find (ΣX2)/2 + (ΣX)2 × 2
212
What score from a distribution having a mean of 30 and a standard deviation of 5 corresponds to a z score of -1.5? a. 22.50 b. 25.00 c. 30.00 d. 37.50
22.50
Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores are normally distributed with a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 100. A student's SAT score is 430. What is the student's percentile? Round to the nearest whole number.
24
T score = 43. What is the percentile? a. 24.20 b. 25.80 c. 34.13 d. 43.06
24.20
What percentage of the cases would you find in a distribution between the median and Q3? a. 25% b. .34% c. .50% d. unable to determine from given information
25%
what percent of the cases would you find in a distribution between the median and P75?
25%
What score represents P16 if the mean of the distribution is 300 and the standard deviation is 10? a. 295 b. 290 c. 275 d. 265
290
The z score of -.50 represents what percentile? a. 30.85 b. 19.15 c. 38.30 d. 50.00
30.85
what would the percentile of a z-score of -1.0 be? why?
34.13% 68.23% encompasses -1 to + 1 so you divide it by 2 to determine just -1.0
A pupil attains a raw score of 82 on a test with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 12. What is the corresponding T score?
35
Assume that a teacher wants to grade on the curve. The average grade will be a C. She will give 10% of the class an A and 10% an F. What is the T-score cutoff to pass the test (i.e., earn a grade of D or better)? Round to the nearest whole number. (Hint: Find the z score from the table of normal-curve areas.)
37
What is the standard deviation of a distribution having the following statistics: N = 25; ΣX = 125; ΣX2 = 1025? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d.5
4
What T score value is associated with a score of 15 from a distribution having a mean and standard deviation of 25 and 10, respectively? a. 35 b. 40 c.45 d. 60
40
On a knowledge test, a score of 10 is at the 40th percentile. What does this indicate
40 percent of the test scores were at or below 10
. SAT scores are normally distributed with a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 100. A student's SAT score was at the 30th percentile. What was her raw score? Round to the nearest whole number. a. 416 b. 426 c. 448 d. 466 e. 486
448
Put score limits on 95 percent of the scores when the 84th percentile is a score of 60 and the 16th percentile is a score of 50. a. 50 to 60 b. 45 to 65 c. 40 to 70 d. 35 to 75
45 to 65
With a mean of 27.1 and a standard deviation of 3.9, the T scores for the raw scores 26 and 32 are a. 36 and 65 b. 42 and 59 c. 46 and 61 d. 47 and 63 e. 49 and 60
47 and 63
What is the T score for the 43rd percentile? a. 48.20 b. 48.52 c. 49.30 d. 49.82
48.20
What is the standard deviation of the combined classes? Year 1: N=60;ΣX=560;ΣX2 =7880;SD=1;M=14.Year2:N=40;ΣX= 450; ΣX2 = 4905; SD = 3; M = 10. Round to the nearest whole number. a. 2.0 b. 3.0 c. 4.0 d. 5.0
5.0
What is the mean of a T score?
50
M ± 1s M ± 2s M ± 3s
68.26% 95.44% 99.74%
Consider the following scores: 2, 3, 3, 4. What is the standard deviation? Round to the nearest tenth.
7
The mean on a test is 200 and the variance was 400 points. What percentage of people scored less than 170? Round to the nearest whole number. a. 7 b. 13 c. 43 d. 87
7
The mean on a test was 200 and the standard deviation was 20 points. What percent of people scored less than 170? Round to the nearest whole number. a. 7 b. 13 c. 43 d. 87
7
What is the T score associated with the 97.5th percentile
70
For a 100-point test, the cutoff for an F is 60 points. With a mean of 74 and standard deviation of 10, how many students out of 100 would receive an F? a. less than 1 b. 8 c. 15 d. more than 20
8
Consider the following data: 8, 10, 12, 14, 7, 5, 9, 10. What is the variance? a. 2.8 b. 8.0 c. 9.0 d. 10.0
8.0
If IQ scores are normally distributed with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what percentage of the population has IQs between 85 and 130? a. 34.13 b. 68.26 c. 81.85 d. 95.44
81.85
what would the percentile of a z-score of +1.0 be? why?
84.13% use the 34.13% since it's +1.0 then add 50 because it's above the mean
11. Measurement is defined as the assignment of quantitative values to objects in order to describe them. a. true b. false
A
17. What comes to mind when you hear of criterion-referenced comparison? a. arbitrariness b. reliability c. maximum d. percentile e. prediction
A
24. What does making effective decisions depend on first? a. relevant information b. appropriate statistics c. all possible tests available d. all people involved
A
28. If you decide to get your master's degree in exercise science, you may be required to take the Graduate Record Exam. What is the purpose of this measurement? a. predicting future academic success b. selecting a course of study c. selecting an appropriate career track d. identifying academic weaknesses and selecting appropriate remedial action
A
30. A fitness instructor notifies a client that his percent body fat is above the recommended level for optimal health. Of what is this an example? a. evaluation b. measurement c. testing d. inferential statistics
A
38. Using HDL cholesterol levels to determine a person's future risk of cardiovascular disease is a form of prediction. a. true b. false
A
39. One possible goal of evaluation is to demonstrate with sound evidence the successful achievement of program objectives. a. true b. false
A
40. People in a fitness program benefit from the challenge and stimulation they get from an evaluation of their achievement. a. true b. false
A
8. What domain includes human traits such as feelings or emotions? a. affective b. cognitive c. motor d. mental
A
12. ___________ comes to mind when you think of a norm-referenced evaluation, and __________ comes to mind when you think of a criterion-referenced evaluation. a. Ratio; ordinal b. Percentile; passing c. Measurement; testing d. Large group; small group
B
16. Having to pass a swimming proficiency test before enrolling in an advanced swimming course is an example of what? a. norm-referenced standard b. criterion-referenced standard c. summative evaluation d. formative evaluation e. instructional objective
B
1. What is the ultimate goal of evaluation? a. assign grades to students b. profile students' weaknesses c. make intelligent decisions d. motivate students
C
13. Which of the following is typically of most interest to students? a. test b. measurement c. evaluation
C
50. If a college instructor alters the distribution of his students' midterm exam grades because the class did not do as well as last year's class, he is more concerned with ______________ standards than with _______________ standards. a. criterion-referenced; norm-referenced b. criterion-referenced; standardized-referenced c. norm-referenced; criterion-referenced d. norm-referenced; standardized-referenced
C
10. What is the least defensible reason for testing? a. providing the teacher with information b. assigning grades c. researching specific questions d. piloting test instruments
D
14. Which of the following best demonstrates the concept of a criterion-referenced standard? a. John's percent body fat is nearer the mean than Kevin's. b. Karen was able to achieve a VO2max of 65 ml · kg-1 · min-1 on the treadmill. c. Mark scored a 95% on the final examination. d. Mary could not swim well enough to enter intermediate swimming. e. Allison's score was 3 standard deviations above the mean.
D
15. Which of the following is an example of an evaluation? a. measuring James' long jump b. reporting group data to the school board c. giving a treadmill test instead of a 1.5-mile run test d. recommending that Lucy do more sit-ups e. using a specific tool to assess a particular skill or ability
D
21. What is the major difference between formative and summative evaluation? a. the time at which the measures are taken b. how long it takes to gather the information c. the type of information gathered d. the use of the information
D
25. What are the relationships among measurement, test, and evaluation? a. They have specific meanings and are unrelated to each other. b. They have similar meanings. c. They have no relation with each other. d. They have distinct meanings and are related to each other
D
3. For which domain has a taxonomy not been developed? a. affective b. cognitive c. psychomotor d. psychosocial
D
35. A graduate program requiring all exiting graduate students to take a comprehensive statistics examination is an example of which type of evaluation? a. affective b. psychomotor c. formative d. summative
D
36. What are the general purposes of measurement and evaluation? a. affective, cognitive, and psychomotor b. diagnosis, placement, and prediction c. motivation, achievement, and program evaluation d. b and c only e. a and c only
D
41. A physical education teacher decides to evaluate her current physical fitness training program. In evaluating her program, which of the following would be least relevant? a. comparing her students' test results with results from the entire school district b. comparing her students' test results with national norms c. gathering parental evaluations of their children's improvements d. gathering students' peer evaluation data
D
43. Which of the following represents the highest level of complexity in the cognitive domain? a. analysis b. application c. comprehension d. evaluation e. synthesis
D
44. Which of the following represents the lowest level of complexity in the affective domain? a. characterization b. commitment c. conceptualization d. awareness
D
49. A fitness professional should plan on conducting a ______________evaluation 6 months into an exercise program and then a ________________ evaluation at the end of the program. a. cognitive; formative b. cognitive; summative c. formative; cognitive d. formative; summative e. summative; formative
D
5. What comes to mind when you hear of norm-referenced comparison? a. arbitrariness b. criterion c. minimum d. percentile e. prediction
D
51. Assessment of achievement is a ________________ evaluation task that requires measurement and evaluation. a. criterion-referenced b. formative c. norm-referenced d. summative
D
7. Giving feedback throughout a gymnastics unit is what type of evaluation? a. continuous b. norm-referenced c. summative d. formative
D
9. Which objective of physical education is the most difficult to measure? a. fitness knowledge b. flexibility c. agility d. social
D
What is the appropriate procedure for weighting the score on the final examination to count twice as much as the midterm examination score?
Double the T score for the final and add this to the T score for the midterm.
19. With which type of measurement would you most likely encounter the word minimum? a. evaluation b. formative c. summative d. norm-referenced e. criterion-referenced
E
what is the IV and DV? Temperature causes a change in ice cream sales
IV: temperature DV: ice-cream sales
why is there randomization for external validity?
If a sample is not drawn randomly it may not represent the population or what was drawn
Who has developed a taxonomy for the psychomotor domain
Krathwohl
objective tests vs subjective tests?
MC and TF vs. essay and short answer
mean of t score? SD of t score?
Mean: always 50 standard deviation: always 10
This is most useful with CATEGORICAL data
Mode
. Which of the following measure represents the highest degree of relative performance? a. percentile of 90 b. T score of 72 c. raw score of 60 with mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10 d. z score of 1.5
T score of 72
what happens to the mean and the standard deviation of a set of scores if each score is increased by 10?
The mean changes and the standard deviation stays the same.
What is summation notation? a. a series of Greek symbols b. an extension of scales of measurement c. the software used within PASW to generate results d. a shorthand method of describing mathematical steps
a shorthand method of describing mathematical steps
act of assessing; -objectivity -reliability -relevance -validity
measurement
To boost their confidence, students should choose topics
about which they are passionate.
The best reason for using T scores with three skill items on a basketball test is to
add scores together
psychological or emotional attributes; How something affects them physiologically
affective
. The best way to choose a topic is to go through the process of
brainstorming.
if there is a ______________, that means the Independent variable does not predict the dependent variable
lack of fit
john scored at the 45th percentile on the course midterm. Which interpretation of his score is the best? a. 45% of the people tested exceeded his score b. John got 45% of the items correct. c. John had a better score than 45% of the people tested. d. More than one of these statements is an appropriate interpretation.
c. John had a better score than 45% of the people tested.
The variables age (in years), sport, and college major would be considered _______, _______, and _______, respectively. *a. continuous; nominal; nominal b. ordinal; nominal; ordinal c. continuous; nominal; continuous d. continuous; continuous; ordinal
continuous: nominal ; nominal
in a bell curve where are the mean, median and mode?
centered on the curve
. "Today's market offers several soy products that are high in protein and beneficial to our health" is a
central idea.
sum of random numbers becomes normally distributed as more and more of the random numbers are added together
central limit theorem
measuring the central area of the data set, where the scores tend to center
central tendency
Which of the following is not a PASW command that you can use to summarize your data? a. descriptives b. frequencies c. histograms d. cluster
cluster
Proportion of shared variance between two measures
coefficient of determination
knowledge-based info; some info you have to regurgitate back
cognitive
domains of human performance?
cognitive affective psychomotor
The variable weight (in kg) would be considered a. continuous b. interval c. ordinal d. nominal
continuous
The variables percent body fat (%), oxygen consumption (ml/kg/min), and weight (in pounds) would be considered _______, _______, and _______, respectively. a. nominal; nominal; nominal b. ordinal; nominal; ordinal c. continuous; nominal; continuous d. continuous; nominal; ordinal *e. continuous; continuous; continuou
continuous; continuous ; continuous
The variables time (in seconds), temperature (in degrees F), and triathlon event (swim, bike, run) would be considered _______, _______, and _______, respectively. a. nominal; nominal; nominal b. ordinal; nominal; ordinal c. continuous; continuous; nominal d. continuous; nominal; ordinal
continuous; continuous; nominal
The variables height (in inches), gender, and race would be considered _______, _______, and _______, respectively. a. nominal; nominal; nominal b. ordinal; nominal; ordinal *c. continuous; nominal; nominal d. continuous; nominal; ordinal
continuous; nominal ; nominal
(r)?
coorelation coefficient
statistical method to help measure correlations
corrleation coefficients
performance compared to a set or standard
criterion-referenced standards (EVAL)
how we describe different types of numbers -Mathematical summaries of performance -Performance characteristics -Characteristics of the distribution
descriptive statistics
a stress test is an example of what purpose of evaluation?
diagnosis
Which pair of scores represents the same level of measurement? a. football jersey numbers and height b. eye color and distance c. height and eye color d. distance and height
distance and height
questions to determine if s test was valid?
does it measure what it was supposed to? is it appropriate?
Who did best relative to his or her classmates? That is, who had the highest percentile? a. Timmy, whose percentile was 97% on a fitness test b. Jessica, who scored 45 correct on a test with 50 questions c. Shawn, whose z score was 0 on a written health test d. Allison, whose T score was 75 on a soccer test e. unable to determine from data given
e. unable to determine from data given
professor market the answer as wrong (even though it was right)
error
measures the merit (goodness) of how accurate a test or measurement is
evaluation
experimenters or testers anticipating that certain participants will perform better.
expectancy
loss of participants from comparison groups for nonrandom reasons
experimental mortality
what happens in the Rosenthal effect?
experimenters or testers anticipate (expect) that certain participants or groups will perform better than others.
generalizability of results
external validity
Measurement on the nominal scale is accurately described as quantitative measurement. a. true b. false
false
The first quartile corresponds to the 75th percentile value. a. true b. false
false
The larger the standard deviation, the more homogeneous the distribution. a. true b. false
false
peak/shape of the curve
kurtosis
The total area to the left of -1 standard deviation from the mean in a normal distribution represents approximately 84% of the total area of the curve. a. true b. false
false
what can affect the reliability?
fatigue practice participant variability time between testing circumstances surrounding the testing periods appropriate level of difficulty precession of instrument environmental conditions
example of an achievement purpose for evaluation?
finishing a marathon
A distribution of scores is best obtained with what PASW command? a. report b. means c. frequencies d. descriptives
frequencies
in a bell curve ______ declines in a predictable manner as scores deviate farther and farther from the curve
frequency
how many times we see a score over an over again
frequency distribution
To compare two sets of data, the most appropriate technique to use is the a. frequency distribution b. frequency polygon c. histogram d. cumulative frequency polygon
frequency polygon
The overarching goal of your speech is called the
general purpose.
Which of the following does not represent a nominal scale of measurement? a. gender b. race c. religion d. height
height
what we are getting from the sample is accurate to the population
high external validity
nothing else can explain it but the treatment you used; no extraneous variables affects the results
high internal validity
how do you find the range?
high score-low score 50-30= 20
The graphing technique that is most appropriate for depicting the shape of a single set of data is a a. frequency distribution b. frequency polygon c. histogram d. cumulative frequency polygon
histogram
on a positve graph where is the mean? median? mode?
mean: low median and mode: peak
Which of the following graphs is the best choice in determining the shape of a distribution? a. bar chart b. histogram c. pie chart d. frequency table
histogram
events occurring during the experiment that are not part of the treatment
history
threats to internal validity?
history maturation testing instrumentation statistical regression selection-maturation interaction selection bias experimental mortality expectancy
correlations explains what?
how two variables are related
A list of general words or phrases for speech topics is called an
idea bank.
independent variable vs. dependent variable?
independent: manipulated or controlled dependent: variable being tested or measured
test=
instrument/tool
changes in instrument calibration, including lack of agreement within and between observers
instrumentation
when a group is selected on some characteristic, the treatment may work only on groups possessing that characteristic
interaction of selection bias and the experimental treatment
results can be attributed to the treatments used in the study
internal validity
continuous variables typically a number line like a thermometer
interval
Who did best relative to his or her classmates? That is, who had the highest percentile? a. John, whose percentile was 97% on a fitness test b. Karen, who scored 45 correct on a test with 50 questions c. Mike, whose z score was 3.0 on a written health test d. Allison, whose T score was 75 on a soccer test e. It is impossible to determine from what is given.
it is impossible to determine from what is given
Why is the range not often used for statistical analysis? a. It is too large. b. It is the easiest measure to calculate. c. It is not very reliable. d. It takes too long to figure out.
it is not very reliable
what happens if you add all the residuals together?
it will equal zero
Which of the following tests will carry the greatest weight if you simply add the total number of correct items to obtain a total score for the course grade? a. items = 200; mean = 140; standard deviation = 10 b. items = 200; mean = 130; standard deviation = 20 c. items = 200; mean = 150; standard deviation = 30 d. items = 200; mean = 120; standard deviation = 40
items = 200; mean = 120; standard deviation = 40
measurement and evaluation in kinesiology
kinesmetrics
A distribution that has a large number of scores that cluster close to the mean with relatively few scores falling in either tail is said to be a. platykurtic b. mesokurtic c. leptokurtic d. heterogeneous
leptokurtic
not a lot of variation--> values are tightly clustered; more homogenous
leptokurtic
SD is a ____ measure of variability
linear
high internal validity=
low external validity
Descriptive statistics provide a. mathematical summaries of data b. inferences about population parameters c. generalizations about distributions d. predictions regarding future trends
mathematical summaries of data
best score or average score
mathematical summary
processes within the participants that operate as a result of time passing
maturation
Affected by the numerical value of EVERY score in the dataset
mean
The most stable measure of central tendency with interval data is the
mean
Three of the following four things have something in common. Which does not belong with the other three? a. mean b. range c. standard deviation d. variance
mean
When you sum all of the X values of interest and divide by the number of values that you summed, you have calculated a a. mean b. median c. mode d. variance
mean
Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for continuous scale measurements? a. mode b. median c. mean d. either the mode or the mean
mean
Which of the following is the arithmetic average? a. mean b. median c. mode d. variance
mean
most stable and reliable but it may not be representative of skewed data sets
mean
Which of the following statistics are most commonly reported in sport and exercise science research reports? a. mean: standard deviation b. median: standard deviation c. mean: range d. mode: range
mean : standard deviation
in a kurtosis graph all the values have the same what?
mean, median and mode
For a set of 5,000 scores, the mean is 98, the median is 110, and the mode is 120. Which of the following describes the distribution? a. homogeneous b. heterogeneous c. positively skewed d. negatively skewed
negatively skewed
How does one describe a distribution that has many more high scores than low scores? a. positively skewed b. negatively skewed c. normal d. rectangular
negatively skewed
With a mean of 12 and a median of 14, we can infer that the distribution is a. positively skewed b. negatively skewed c. normal d. rectangular
negatively skewed
Political party affiliation (Republican, Democrat) is an example of which measurement scale? a. nominal scale b. ordinal scale c. interval scale d. ratio scale
nominal
The numbers on the shirts of football referees represent what level of measurement? a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio
nominal
Which of the following measurement scales is related to naming or classifying?
nominal
gives name to a grouping categorical data (inclusive)
nominal
lassifying subjects as athletes or nonathletes, male or female, from New York or Hawaii, is an example of which measurement scale? a. nominal scale b. ordinal scale c. interval scale d. ratio scale
nominal
steps taken by men and women is an example of_____
nominal
hierarchial scales of measurement?
nominal ordinal interval ratio
parts of evaluation (4)
norm-referenced standards criterion-referenced standards formative summative
the value you get from the population; performance compared to others
norm-referenced standards (EVAL)
What is another name for the z score table? a. percentile table b. T-score table *c. normal curve table d. symmetrical table
normal curve table
the mean is affected by the ______________________ of every score in the data set
numerical value
Lining students up according to height without actually measuring height represents what level of measurement? a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio
ordinal
The level of measurement that, at best, can rank subjects is
ordinal
moderate vs. vigorous activity is an example of
ordinal
the variable BMI group (low, normal, high, very high) would be considered a. continuous b. interval c. ordinal d. nominal e. ratio
ordinal
when we are looking at numbers or information (ranking of gold, silver or bronze)
ordinal
Given that the mean is 80 and the standard deviation is 10, which of the following does not belong? a. z score = -1.21 b. T score = 37.9 c. raw score = 67.9 d. P = 38.69
p=38.69
what happens in the Hawthorne effect?
participants' performance can change when attention is paid to them.
a number that represents the percent of observations at or below a given score
percentile
Which of the following does not belong with the other two? a.Tscore=70 b.zscore=2.0 c. percentile = 95
percentile 95
z-scores can an give us __________ and _________ that fall under a certain area of the curve
percentiles and percent of observation
amount of variability in the data set
performance characteristics
a swim test to figure out what lane swimmer should be in is what purpose of evaluation?
placement
6 purposes of evaluation?
placement diagnosis prediction motivation achievement program evaluation
lots of variation--> values are widely scattered ; more heterogenous
platykuritc
positive(direct) vs. negative(indirect) relationship?
positive: x an y are increasing negative: x increases, y decreases
With a median of 12 and a mean of 14, we can infer that the distribution is a. positively skewed b. negatively skewed c. normal d. rectangular
positively skewed
Assess at beginning and at the end to see if the student has increased their activity is an example of what purpose of evaluation?
program evaluation
movement abilities
psychomotor
evaluation=
quality/merit
measurement=
quantifiable
What is the simplest measure of variability to calculate
range
Reaction-time tests are what level of measurement?
ratio
To make statements such as 8 units is twice as much as 4 units, what level of measurement is required? a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio
ratio
Which of the following allows for fractional comparison? a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio
ratio
Which of the following is the highest (most sophisticated) scale of measurement? a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio
ratio
Which of the following scales contain an absolute zero point?
ratio
continuous variables, zero has a meaning
ratio
steps per day is an example of
ratio
Oxygen uptake capacity measured in liters per minute is an example of which type of measurement? a. nominal scale measurement b. ordinal scale measurement c. interval scale measurement d. ratio scale measurement
ratio scale measurement
You want to make the norms as easy as possible for students, parents, administrators, and teachers to understand. How would you report your results?
raw scores and percentiles
Treatments that are effective in constrained situations (e.g., laboratories) may not be effective in less constrained settings (real world)
reactive effects of experimental arrangements
pretest may make participant more aware or sensitive to the upcoming treatment
reactive or interactive effects of testing
A distribution around a given mean and standard deviation that is mesokurtic with no skewness is said to be
regular, bell shaped , normal
a valid test must have a high degree of ______
reliability
a test can be _____ but not _______
reliable but not valid
a test is considered reproducible if?
repeated measures of the same trait are reproduced under the same conditions
Rosenthal effects vs. Hawthorne effects?
researcher bias vs. participant bias
each data point is a certain distance point away from the best fit
residual
gives us info about regressions and what were looking at overall
residual scores
choosing comparison groups in a nonrandom manner
selection bias
the passage of time affecting one group but not in other in nonequivalent designs
selection-maturation progress
estimating one variable(Y) from the other (X)? more than one x?
simple correlation; multiple correlation
predict the criterion, outcome, or dependent variable (Y) from a single predictor or independent variable X
simple linear prediction (regression)
if x and y are close to zero you can't do this type of equation
simple linear regression
If a distribution of test scores has an unusually high score in comparison to the other scores, what shape does it have? a. normal b. skewed left c. skewed right d. uniform
skewed right
Which words might be used to describe the shape of a distribution? a. skewness b. ICC c. variance d. range
skewness
symmetry of curve (leaning + or -)
skewness
shape of the distribution
skewness (-1 to +1)
the statistical term for the shape (or symmetry) of a distribution is __________ and the peakedness of a curve is referred to as _______. a. kurtosis; skewness *b. skewness; kurtosis c. kurtosis; normal d. normal; skewness 141
skewness; kurtosis
. "To inform museum visitors about the original river boats on the Mississippi River" is an example of a
specific purpose.
3 parts of reliability?
stability, dependability and precision
Which measure of variability is normally reported with the mean? a. range b. variance c. standard deviation d. correlation
standard deviation
you are discussing the heterogeneity of your tennis class results with one of your fellow teachers. Which of the following terms will you probably use in the discussion? a. standard deviation b. intervally scaled c. percentile d. grouped frequency distribution
standard deviation
A set of observations that have been standardized around a given M and SD
standard scores
the fact that groups selected based on extreme scores are not as extreme on subsequent testing
statistical regression
Which of the following represents the nominal scale of measurement? a. achievement on the SA T test b. student enrollment (ID) number c. percentage of body fat from skinfold calipers d. age of the students
student enrollment (ID) number
Which of the following represents the nominal scale of measurement? a. body fat b. test score c. student number d. vertical jump
student number
shows the end product -final evaluations at the end end of a training unit -ex. grades students earn at the end of a semester
summative (sum is when you add things and get the result) (EVAL)
how do you find the SD given the variance?
take the square root
-test or tool used to make a measurement -can be written, oral, physical, psychological, or mechanical (treadmill) -Cognitive- thinking, knowledge based -Psychomotor- skills involving movement of body -Affective- psychological and emotional
test
Given the following statistics, which test would contribute most to a composite score obtained by adding each student's four scores together? a. test A: M = 80; SD = 2 b.testB:M=70;SD=4 c.testC:M=60;SD=6 d.testD:M=50;SD=8
test D:M=50;SD8
The standard deviation is an indication of
the variability of a set of test scores around the mean
where are the mean, median and mode on a normal shaped graph?
they are all very close
Which of the following is a characteristic of ratio scale measures? a. They indicate rank-only order. b. They have absolute zero values. c. They have arbitrary zero values. d. They indicate only group membership.
they have absolute zero values
Which of the following is a characteristic of ordinal scale measures? a. They indicate rank order. b. They can express ratios. c. They have arbitrary zero values. d. They indicate only group membership.
they indicate rank order
Why are standard scores so important? a. They are related to the normal curve. b. Grades can be based on them. *c. They permit scores to be compared more appropriately. d. They are easier to interpret than percentiles. e. They reduce the variability in a distribution to 1 (for z scores) and 10 (for T scores).
they permit scores to be compared more appropriately
what do you need to take into consideration when determining if the assessment is feasible?
time setting training results equipment
The general purpose for a special occasion speech is
to accentuate.
You are the keynote speaker for the annual awards ceremony. The general purpose of your speech is likely
to accentuate.
what is the point of standard scores?
to have scores on the same scale so you can compare better
What is the ultimate goal of evaluation?
to make intelligent decisions
observed
total (combination of error and true)
Forced categories should not be created because of the potential loss of information. a. true b. false
true
The area to the left of 1 standard deviation from the mean in a normal distribution represents 84% of the total area of the curve. a. true b. false
true
content knowledge
true
3 types of variance
true error total
Total score variance minus error score variance leaves you with a. absolute score variance b. no variance c. true score variance d. observed variance
true score variance
validity= reliability= objectivity= feasibility=
truthfulness consistency equal among observers realistic
An effective central idea should: be a complete sentence, be written in statement form, focus on only one key idea, and _____
use clear and specific language
degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of test scores for proposed uses of tests.
validity
wihtout reliability one cannot have _____
validity
4 most important aspects of a test
validity reliability objectivity feasibility
what is standard deviation used to illustrate?
variability
Average of the squared deviations from the mean (hence, the term mean square) SD squared. SD=5 ____=25
variance
most stable measure of variability
variance
example of a motivational purpose for evaluation?
weight loss, good and bad exam grades
When are the mean, median, and mode identical? a. when the sample size is very large b. when all equal zero c. when the distribution is mesokurtic *d. when the distribution is symmetrical
when the distribution is symmetrical
if x and y are related can x predict y?
yes
what does it mean if you have a negative z-score?
you are below the mean
most fundamental standard score?
z-score
