KNES 315 Exam 1
Classification of Epiphiseal Injuries
-injuries to growth plate could result in alteration in normal growth -Acute injury -if you alter you growth plate there can be alterations in growth (epophisitis and osteochondrosis dont need to know)
5. The primary concern with a skin bruise is A. to control superficial bleeding B. to decrease the risk of infection C. to prevent further irritation D. all of the above
A
11. An individual with a grade two strain of the quadriceps muscles would A. Be able to walk without a limp B. Would be able to walk without a limp, but would NOT be able to run sprints C. Walk with a limp
B
13. Joint capsules are fluid filled sacs that serve to reduce friction in the tissues surrounding the joints. A. True B. False
B
17. An injury that occurs when two bones that compromise a joint are forced beyond their normal limits resulting in a partial displacement is termed: A. a sprain B. a subluxation C. a dislocation
B
Mechanism of injury
Compression Tension Shear Bending
Compression
Tissue is crushed
Assumption of Risk/ Failure to Warn
- understanding and comprehending the nature of the risk is determined by the participant's age, experience, and knowledge of pertinent information about risk -Does completion of this form by athletes/ clients protect the coach/ exercise specialist from negligence? -no but a Exculpatory waiver does
Warranty
-Implied: manufacturers have a duty of care to design, manufacture, and package equipments that will not cause injury to an individual when used as intended -Expressed: a written guarantee that the product is safe to use
Stress fracture
-MOI: repeated lower magnitude forces -worse over time -begins- small disruption in the outer layers of cortical bone -ends- as complete cortical fracture with possible displacement
Dislocations and Subluxations
-MOI: tension -Joint forced beyond normal limits -Dislocations: and NO return (needs to be manually put back in) -Subluxations: displacement and return to normal (partial or incomplete dislocation) -Signs and symptoms --pain --swelling --deformity --loss of limb function (susceptibility for chronic or recurrent dislocations) (most common sites for dislocations are the fingers and the glenohumeral)
the major performance domains of the athletic trainer; examples of each
-Prevention: encompasses a broad spectrum of knowledge and skills that address the risks associated with participation in sports and physical activities -Clinical Evaluation and Diagnosis: the responsibility of the athletic trainer in using standardized clinical practices to make decisions regarding the nature and severity of an injury or illness -Immediate Care: identifies the role of the athletic trainer subsequent to to determining the nature and extent of an injury or illness -Treatment, Rehabilitation, and Reconditioning: AT is responsible for the implementation of treatment, rehabilitation, and reconditioning programs appropriate to the diagnosis made during the evaluation and assessment phase -Organization and Administration: the responsibilities of the AT in developing and executing a series of plans, policies, and procedures to ensure responsive and efficient operation of the AT program -Professional Responsibility: focuses on the expectations of the AT relative to adhering to ethical, legal, and other professional standards
in the absence of an athletic trainer, the responsibilities of a coach with regard to injury assessment and management
-injury prevention, onsite assessment, and management for injuries, including reducing the potential for further injury or harm
Static
-ligament -does not contract to provide stabilization
Strain*
-muscle or tendon --Key: magnitude of force and cross-section area -MOI: tension **how to classify: Loss of function --first degree: mild --second degree: moderate --third degree: severe Pain on contraction --first degree: mild --second degree: moderate --third degree: non to mild Pain with stretching --first degree: yes --second degree: yes --third degree: no
Overload
-physiologic improvement occur only when an individual physically demands more of the body than is normally required -stress to the body within tolerable limits the body will adapt and improve its function -Achieved by manipulating frequency, intensity, and duration in the exercise program --Frequency --Intensity --Duration
Collagen
-primary component- connective tissue -protein substance- strong in resisting tensile forces -inelastic- (but has a wavy configuration that allows for some type of elastic type of deformation or stretch)
Elastin
-protein substance -elastic- has the ability to stretch
Osteopenia
-reduced bone mineral density -predisposes individual to fracture -possible causes: -amenorrhea, hormonal factors, dietary insufficiencies
Chronic Injury
-repeated forces -more problematic over time (gradual onset)
the responsibilities of the physical education teacher, an athletic coach, or a fitness professional (AKA the coach) with regard to injury prevention
-to ensure the safety of the participant, as well as to ensure their own protection in a potentially liable situation -recognize a potentially serious injury and be able to determine the immediate care that should be provided
14. Ligaments are static stabilizers. A. True B. False
A
15. Which of the following statements is true? (Select all that apply.) A. A tear of a ligament is referred to as a sprain. B. A muscle spasm is brought on by a biochemical imbalance, sometimes associated with muscle fatigue. elasticity C. Overuse injuries are more often attributed to intrinsic rather than extrinsic factors. D. The onset of bursitis can be acute or chronic.
A
16. In a second degree sprain, there will be NO pain with contraction, but there WILL BE pain with stretching. A. True B. False
A
18. In a ___________ fracture, the bone fragments into several pieces. A. Comminuted B. Depressed C. Spiral D. Impacted
A
2. In a static stretch, the action of the _______ enables a safer, more effective stretch. A. Golgi tendon organs B. muscle spindles C. Ruffini's corpuscles D. Pacinian corpuscles
A
4. The discoloration or swelling outside a joint in the surrounding soft tissue is termed: A. bruising B. ecchymosis C. edema D. effusion
A
8. The basis for rating the severity of a contusion is A. the impairment of joint range of motion B. the extent of swelling and discoloration C. the extent of pain D. all of the above
A
Prior to the start of the season, the coach should do all of the following except: A. obtain informed consent to participate in the sport B. warn athletes of the risks of participation C. obtain informed consent for treatment D. obtain a waiver for liability related to injury
A
Which of the following are responsibilities of the coach relative to injury prevention? (Select all that apply.) A. Development and implementation of conditioning programs that are physiologically and developmentally appropriate B. Evaluation of the status of participants prior to permitting them to engage in activity C. Performing pre-participation physical examinations D. Applying appropriate tapings and wrappings on participants prior to activity.
A
Which of the following is an example of misfeasance? A. A personal trainer conducts a pre-activity screening, but fails to perform the screening consistent with professional guidelines B. A personal trainer suspects that a client has sustained a lower leg fracture due to the visible angulation of the involved bones. The trainer manages the injury by straightening the leg and immobilizing it in a splint. C. A personal trainer encourages a client to continue limited physical activity, knowing that a doctor has told the client to refrain from activity. D. A personal trainer fails to report that a piece of equipment is not safe and should be removed from use.
A
3. When tissues sustain a force, what are the two primary factors that determine the occurrence of an injury? (Select the two BEST responses) A. The magnitude of the force B. The direction of the force C. The material properties of the involved tissues D. The length of time the force is applied
A and B
the definition of sports medicine
A broad and complex branch of healthcare, encompassing several disciplines -knowledge to prevent, recognize, assess, manage, and rehabilitate injuries or illnesses related to sports, exercises, or recreational activities
Tort
A civil wrong done to an individual, whereby the injured party seeks a remedy for damages suffered -Omission: Nonfeasance; occurs when an individual fails to perform a legal duty of care -Commission: Malfeasance; occurs when an individual commits an act that is not their responsibility to perform
In the absence of an athletic trainer, which of the following are responsibilities of the coach relative to injury assessment and management? (Select all that apply.) A. Assessment of the nature and severity of injury B. Determination of the appropriate course of action in managing the injury C. Implementation of the appropriate course of action D. Adhering to the standard of care of an athletic trainer
A, B, C
10. An overuse injury classified as stage 2 is described as A. pain after activity only B. pain during activity that does not restrict performance C. pain during activity, that restricts performance D. chronic, unremitting pain, even at rest
B
4. Strength gains depend primarily on A. the specific training method B. intensity of the overload C. duration of the exercise session D. frequency of the exercise session
B
5. Which of the following statements is true? A. An exercise program can increase the number of muscles fibers. B. The strength of a skeletal muscle is determined by the cross sectional diameter of the muscle fibers. C. There are no gender difference with regard to the absolute strength of males and females D. Muscle atrophy is influenced by gender.
B
6. A tendon begins to develop tears when it is stretched approximately ___% beyond normal length. A. 2 to 5 B. 5 to 8 C. 8 to 10 D. 10 to 13
B
Manufacturers of athletic equipment have a duty to provide equipment that will not cause injury when used for its intended purpose. This is termed: A. expressed warranty B. implied warranty C. strict liability D. product of safety standard
B
The focus of a preparticpation physical examination for a pubescent child should be A. identifying previously undiagnosed congenital abnormalities B. maturation and establishing good health practices C. performing a sport specific examination and reviewing the history of previous injuries D. individual physical needs with consideration for medications being taken and their possible side effects
B
2. Which of the following is a correctly matched pair of terms? (Select all that apply) A. adduction - movement toward from the midline of the body B. flexion - decreasing an angle C. extension - increasing an angle D. plantarflexion - movement of the forefoot toward the shin
B and C
1. The _________________ principle states that the body responds to a given demand with a specific and predictable adaptation. A. overload B. individuality C. specificity D. progression
C
20. A condition of reduced bone mineral density is referred to as A. a stress reaction B. avulsion fracture C. osteopenia D. osteochondrosis
C
3. Vigorous stretching of tissues should be avoided in each of the following conditions except A. After a recent fracture B. After prolonged immobilization C. With normal healthy tissues followed by a brief warm-up period D. With a bony block that limits motion
C
9. A common site for myositis ossificans is A. the abdominal muscles B. the muscles of the forearm C. the quadriceps muscle group D. the hamstrings muscle group
C
Negligence
Can occur as a result of an action or lack of a professional who had a legal duty of care -Misfeasance: occurs when an individual commits an act that is their responsibility to perform, but uses the wrong procedure or performs the correct procedure in an improper manner -Malfeasance: Commission; occurs when an individual commits an act that is not their responsibility to perform -Nonfeasance: Omission; occurs when an individual fails to perform a legal duty of care -What conditions are necessary to prove negligence? --There was a duty of care owed to the injured person responsible for the injury --There was harm (pain and suffering, loss of wage, permanent disability) --The resulting harm was a direct cause of the breach of duty
Articular capsule
Cuff of fibrous tissue -Primarily bundles of collagen Primary function: hold bones together Inner layer: synovial membrane produces synovial fluid
12. The ability of a muscle to be stretched or increased in length is termed: A. contractility B. elasticity C. plasticity D. extensibility
D
7. Which of the following is an example of a chronic injury? A. glenohumeral dislocation B. iliac crest contusion C. ankle sprain D. Achilles tendinitis
D
If a coach fails to receive informed consent from a participant and provides treatment for a sustained injury, the actions of the coach could result in A. gross negligence B. misfeasance C. malpractice D. battery
D
Osteoarthritis
Degeneration of articular cartilage in a joint Signs and Symptoms: -Pain -Limited Movement no definitive cause; rather, several contributing factors
**
Directional terms (refer to Table 4.1) Movement Terms (refer to Table 4.2 and Figure 4.2)
Fracture
Disruption in the continuity of bone sings and symptoms: -rapid swelling -ecchymosis: discoloration -deformity or shortening of the limb -precise point tenderness -grating or crepitus -guarding or disability
the mission of the National Athletic Trainers Association (NATA)
Enhance the quality of healthcare provided by certified athletic trainers and advance the athletic training profession
A team approach to the delivery of health care for participants in an interscholastic can provide an effective means for ensuring quality healthcare for the participants. However, it is not an effective method in providing health care services for physically active individuals participating in organized exercise programs. A. True B. False
F
Explain the stages of an overuse injury
Factors: -intrinsic (height) -extrinsic (workouts, the surface) Four stages: 1.) pain only after activity 2.) pain with activity but does not restrict performance 3.) pain during activity that does restrict performance 4.) constant unremitting pain
1. Movements in the sagittal plane include flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. A. True B. False
False
11. True or False? A track athlete specializing in the marathon would be better served by a higher proportion of Type IIb fibers.
False
True or False? A coach who dispenses medication could be held to the standard of care of a physician.
False
True or False? An individual can be sued for negligence even if there was no harm. A breach of duty that could have resulted in harm, but didn't result in harm, is sufficient criteria for a negligence lawsuit.
False
True or False? The coach of a high school tennis team is preparing assumption of risk forms for distribution. The coach decides to use the same form used by the football coach. However, given tennis is not a contact sport, he removes the sentence that indicates the potential for "catastrophic injury, including brain injury, paralysis, and even death." The decision to remove that statement was appropriate.
False
Isokinetic training
Fixed speed/variable resistance --the speed is fixed (10 reps per minute) --the variable gives the same amount of resistance as it is given: 100% loading throughout ROM -Disadvantage --this equipment is very expensive --can only do concentric contractions
Blister
Fluid between the epidermis and dermis -MOI: repeated shear in one or more directions
Bursa
Fluid filled sac located between tendon and bone, skin and bone, etc
Synovial Fluid
Functions: -Lubricate joint -Reduce friction -Nourish joint
Grades of Contusions
Grade 1: Mild -superficial tissues are crushed -can do everyday functions but nothing more Grade 2: Moderate -Superficial and some deep tissues are crushed -no sprints -may not be able to do everyday functions as easily -10 days-2 weeks Grade 3: Severe -Deep tissues are crushed -ROM is significantly decreased -3-4 weeks
Informed Consent
Implies that an injured party has been reasonably informed of the needed treatment for the services that a coach may need to perform, possible alternative treatments, and advantages and disadvantages of each course of action -Is this from only required in the treatment of minors? --No
Contusions
MOI: compression -Deep tissues are crushed **What to look for in Contusions: loss of function
Eccentric Contraction
Muscles developing tension while lengthening -slow controlled downward movement against gravity -may produce delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) 1 to 5 days following
Concentric Contraction
Muscles developing tension while shortening -work to accelerate a limb: gluteus max and quadriceps concentrically contract to accelerate the body upward from a crouching position
Isometric Contraction
Muscles developing tension without movement
Should the terms "sports medicine" and athletic training" be used interchangeably?
No -sports medicine is a broad term that has many different healthcare professionals -AT is one of the healthcare professionals under this umbrella term
Standard of Care
Requires an individual to use the knowledge, skills, and abilities that conform to the standard of care for their particular specialization -in a liability case, standard of care is measured by what another minimally competent individual educated and participating in that profession would have done to protect an individual from harm or further harm
Tendinitis and Tenosynovitis
Tendinitis -history of chronic onset -MOI: overuse -pain throughout the length of the tendon and increased palpation -swelling may be minor to major and thickening of the tendon may be present -Cepitus may be present (snap, crackle, and pop) -pain at extremes of motion during passive ROM and AROM -pain increases during stretching and resisting Tenosynovitis -most common in the calf **when something is inflamed it starts to lose collagen
Why should the coach of a youth sports team complete a basic athletic training class and maintain current certification in emergency cardiac care (i.e., CPR and AED) and emergency first aid?
They should know what to do in case of injury because they are responsible for their athletes and are also first responders
Shear
Tissue is pushed across the parallel fibers
Tension
Tissue is stretched -axial load in the direction opposite to that of compression
Flexibility
Total range of motion (ROM) at a joint that occurs pain-free in each of the planes of motion -Ballistic (bouncing) vs static (stationary) -GTO (Golgi Tendon Organ) overrides impulses from the muscle spindles and GTO as proprioceptors --- safer, more effective stretch -Application principles: must be held for atleast 5-8 seconds for the Golgi tendon to activate -stetch should be held for 10-30 seconds -Box 3.1
10. True or False? The stronger the muscle, the better the protection for the joint which it crosses.
True
12. True or False? Instruction of physical activity/ sport skills that is NOT physiologically and developmentally appropriate can increase the potential for injury
True
9. True or False? In performing a flexibility exercise the appropriate intensity is reached when a feeling of slight tension or burn is felt.
True
True or False? Comparative negligence refers to the relative degree of negligence on the part of the professional (defendant) and the participant (plaintiff), with damages awarded on a basis proportionate to each person's carelessness
True
Isotonic training
Variable speed/fixed resistance --variable speed: you determine how fast you go --fixed resistance: already determined (you put a pen at 50lbs) -Advantages --the amount of weight I can lift is the amount I can lift at the weakest point (it does not feel like I am lifting the same amount of weight the whole time)
the advantage of a team approach to the delivery healthcare
a venue is in place for addressing an injury from different perspectives
Myositis Ossificans
accumulation of minerals in muscle -muscle starts to grow bone, have to wait for the new bone to stop growing
You are a fitness specialist at a commercial fitness facility. What instructions would you provide to your clients regarding their role in ensuring their appropriate and quality healthcare while at the site?
adhere to safety guidelines, report problems, help keep things clear/clean
7. Each of the following is a physiological benefit of cardiovascular endurance except for A. Increase in the size (i.e., volume and weight) of the heart B. Improved circulatory efficiency C. Reduced blood pressure resulting in a more efficient cardiovascular system D. Decrease in total cholesterol
all are correct
Battery
any unpermitted or intentional contact with another individual without their consent
Why is the team approach to health care delivery preferable to a traditional doctor to patient approach to ensure quality healthcare for participants in sport and physical activity?
because injures can be better assessed, cared for, and prevented this also allows for quicker recoveries, recognition, and understanding
Skin Bruises
blood within skin MOI: Compression
Duty of Care
encompasses a variety of responsibilities, such as teaching proper and appropriate techniques for an age group, providing appropriate supervision of activities, providing quality safety equipments, ensuring a safe participation environment, and taking proper actions when an injury is sustained -How do standard of care and duty of care differ? Duty of Care is preventive while Standard of Care is responsive
Aerobic
exercise with air -changes VO2 max -distance run
Anaerobic
exercise without air -sprint
Static strength
involves isometric contractions -tension is produced, but muscle does not change in length
Bursitis
irritation of one or more bursae - Can be Acute or Chronic -MOI: Compression Signs and Symptoms: -localized swelling -point tenderness -warm to touch
Force
load, stress -small load= elastic response --return to form -large load= plastic response --deformation (don't function the same) -yield point=load exceeds ultimate failure point of tissue
Individuality
making exercise programs based on the persons needs and capabilities
Frontal plane
movement in this plane include abduction and adduction
Sagittal plane
movement in this plane include flexion and extension
Transverse plane
movements in this plane include include rotation
Myositis and Fasciitis
muscle inflammation
SAID principle (Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands)
states that the body responds to a given demand with a specific and predictable adaptation; an exercise program must address the specific needs of the individual with regard to their fitness and skill goals as well as to the various body parts
Dynamic strength
strengthening involves an isotonic contraction -tension is produced by changing length
Injury prevention is one of the major domains of the athletic trainer. A high school with an interscholastic athletic program cannot afford to hire an athletic trainer. What general strategies could the coaches at the school implement in an effort to reduce the incidence and severity of injury (i.e., injury prevention)?
teach skills and strategies, ensure safe environment, warn participants of potential dangers, actively supervise, recognize dangerous situations, understand legalities, and be comfortable with assessing injuries if needed
Muscular strength
the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to produce force in one maximal effort -influences the ability to execute normal activities of daily living and aids in reducing or preventing postural deformities Basic application principles --- higher weight vs less reps
Muscular endurance
the ability of muscle tissue to exert repetitive tension over an extended period Basic application principles --- lower weight vs more reps
Risk management
the coaches, institutions, and facilities are responsible for providing an environment that makes activity as safe as possible and minimizing opportunities for participants to sustain injury
Frequency
the number of exercise sessions per day or week
Liability
the state of being responsible for something, especially by law
Standard of care A. requires an individual to use the knowledge, skills, and abilities that conform to the standard of care for their particular specialization B. refers to the ethical responsibilities that guide an individual's actions and promote standards of conduct C. is a legal obligation to protect individuals under one's care from unreasonable risks that could be harmful D. is the permission granted by the government for an individual to practice a profession
A
6. ____________________ refers to the ability to sustain prolonged exercise A. Anaerobic capacity B. Cardiovascular endurance C. Muscular endurance D. VO2 max
B
8. Which of the following is a true statement? A. VO2 max is not a genetic trait. B. The average individual has VO2 max range of 50-60 ml/kg/min. C. Elite runners typically have a VO2 max range of 40-50 ml/kg/min. D. An individual can reach the higher level of their VO2 max range through participation in an appropriate anaerobic training program.
B
Diarthrodial joints
Freely movable joints -Joint capsule -Ligaments -Synovial membrane/ synovial fluid -Articular cartilage -Joint cavity Can you describe the function/ purpose of each component?
Foreseeability of Harm
exist when danger is apparent or should have been apparent, resulting in an unreasonably unsafe condition
Type of fracture dependent upon:
-force applied -health and maturity of the bone -MOI
Protective equipment
-to disperse the force across a larger area -protect players from injury minimally Box 3.4 Legal issues -needs to be in good working condition and needs to fit properly or the coach can be sued
If a coach diagnoses an injury, the coach has A. provided an appropriate professional standard of care B. performed their duty of care C. committed an action that could result in negligence D. committed a tort
B
Muscle Cramps and Spasms
-Involuntary muscle contraction -treatment of both: stretch it Cramp: -Biochemical imbalance (dehydration) associated with muscle fatigue -Painful -Types --Clonic-alternating contraction/relaxation --Tonic-constant -Spasm -Reflex response to trauma
Ligaments
-Bone to bone --intrinsic --extrinsic -Maintain anatomical integrity and structural alignment -Collagen and elastin intermixed ( contain elastin- more elastic than tendons) --viscoelastic --resists large tensile loads along the long axis if of the ligament and smaller loads from other directions - static stabilizers **once a ligament is stretch beyond normal it does not return to normal** -fail in fast loading situations -limited blood supply -has more elastin than a tendon
Proper technique
-Responsibilities of coach: --teach proper skill techniques and continually reinforce the use of proper techniques -Why age and developmentally appropriate? -- if a child learns something and practices it that way they will do it that way and if it's wrong they will hurt themselves but if its right they will be better -Why especially for youth and adolescents --it can increase injury
Articular cartilage
-covers the ends of the bone by hyaline cartilage... solid type of connective tissue -More resistant to deformation than fibrous connective tissue and more resilient than bone -No blood supply; nourished by synovial fluid
Intensity
-reflects both the caloric cost of the work and the specific energy system activated -the amount of work being done during an exercise -should be based on the component being developed, the current performance level, and desired goals
Acute Injury
-single force -definitive moment of onset
Joint Cavity
-space -permits movement -filled with synovial fluid
19. Bone is strongest in resisting ___________ and weakest in resisting _________. A. compression / tension B. compression/ shear C. tension/ shear D. shear/ tension
B
A wrong done by an individual whereby the injured party seeks a remedy for damages is called a(n): A. act of commission B. act of commission C. tort D. gross negligence
C
Which of the following associations establish the standards for professionalism, education, research, and practice settings for athletic trainers? A. American College of Sports Medicine B. American Athletic Trainers Association C. National Athletic Trainers Association D. National Athletic Trainers Association Board of Certification
C
Muscles
Function: Movement and posture alignment Anatomical Properties: -Viscoelastic --extensibility --elasticity -irritability -Contractility --Isometric --Concentric --Eccentric -Blood supply: Well supplied with blood vessels -Dynamic Stabilizers
tendons
Function: connects muscles to bone -Collagen arrangement: Dense connective tissue: parallel, unidirectional bundles of collagen and some elastin -resist high, unidirectional tension loads -2X as strong as the muscle it is connected to -Yield Point 5-8%
sprain
MOI: tension -Compromises the stability of the joint Loss of Function -First Degree: mild -Second Degree: moderate -Third Degree: moderate to severe Pain on contraction **ligaments don't contract**
What are the responsibilities of a physical education teacher in reducing the incidence of injury during class?
Make sure the space and equipment is safe, actively supervise, be aware of student health, teach skills/ strategies and safety
Patient's responsibilities
Use reasonable care to protect their own health; work with healthcare professionals, adhere to the prescribed guidelines to physical activity, and in case of injury the individual should know how to get the help they need.
Good Samaritan Laws
You are a part-time coach at a high school. Are you covered by Good Samaritan Laws (NO) -varies state to state -immunity generally applies when the emergency first aider: --acts during an emergency --acts in good faith to help victim --acts without expected compensation --is not guilty of any malicious misconduct or gross negligence toward the injury party
What strategies can be used by the coach/ physical educator/ personal trainer to reduce the likelihood of litigation?
enforce Standard of Care, Duty of Care, make sure everyone knows the assumption of risk, have athletes/parents sign exculpatory waivers, sign informed consent, ensure to extinguish foreseeable harm, make sure equipment is good for athletes, and talk to athletes to ensure they are not having pain
Dynamic
-muscles -in order to stabilize they have to contract
the purpose of the Board of Certification (for the athletic trainer)
-organization responsible for certifying AT
Cardiorespiratory endurance
-the ability to sustain prolonged exercise -can be aerobic or anaerobic depending on the energy system being utilized -VO2 max: measurement of an individual's maximal aerobic capacity -impacts fatigue -ACSM 3-5 days; 20-60 min; 50% or greater -detraining occurs within 1-2 weeks Physiological principles Box 3.3
Duration
-the length of a single exercise session (measured by minutes or reps) -several factors can influence differences, including age, gender, body type, heredity, lifestyle, fitness level, illness/chronic conditions, and previous experience