KNES 315 Exam 1

components of a diarthrodial joint

-articular cartilage -articular capsule -synovial membrane -bursae -tendon sheaths

1. Ligaments are static stabilizers.

A. True B. False

True or False? A coach who dispenses medication could be held to the standard of care of a physician.

False

4 stages of overuse injuries

Stage 1: pain after activity only Stage 2: pain during activity but it doesn't restrict performance Stage 3: pain with activity but restricts performance Stage 4: pain even at rest

Aerobic

exercise with air -changes VO2 max -distance run

elastin

protein substance, adds elasticity

tendons

-Connect muscle to bone -collagen arranged unidirectionally (provides strength in the direction of muscle) -yield point 5-8%

skin

-Multidirectional arrangement of collagen to help resist forces from multiple directions -possibility of infection with open wounds

If a coach fails to receive informed consent from a participant and provides treatment for a sustained injury, the actions of the coach could result in A. gross negligence B. misfeasance C. malpractice D. battery

D

Acute injury vs. Chronic injury

-Acute injury: Single force Definitive moment of onset -Chronic injury (overuse injury): Repeated forces More problematic over time (gradual onset)

strain

-Muscle or tendon Key: magnitude of force & cross-sectional area -MOI: tension -Most common site: near the musculotendinous junction -1st degree: damage to muscle: few fibers are torn, function: mild, contraction: mild, stretching pain: yes -2nd degree: damage to muscle: nearly half are torn, function: moderate to severe, contraction: moderate to severe, stretching pain: yes -3rd degree: damage to muscle: all muscle fibers are torn (rupture), function: severe, contraction: none to mild, stretching pain: no

2. In a static stretch, the action of the _______ enables a safer, more effective stretch. A. Golgi tendon organs B. muscle spindles C. Ruffini's corpuscles D. Pacinian corpuscles

A

acute fracture

A break in a bone from a quick, one-time injury

1. In a ___________ fracture, the bone fragments into several pieces.

A. Comminuted B. Depressed C. Spiral D. Impacted

frontal plane

Divides the body into front and back portions.

True or False? An individual can be sued for negligence even if there was no harm. A breach of duty that could have resulted in harm, but didn't result in harm, is sufficient criteria for a negligence lawsuit.

False

Isokinetic training

Fixed speed/variable resistance --the speed is fixed (10 reps per minute) --the variable gives the same amount of resistance as it is given: 100% loading throughout ROM -Disadvantage --this equipment is very expensive --can only do concentric contractions

cortical bone

hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone; also called compact bone (low porosity)

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

Dynamic strength

strengthening involves an isotonic contraction -tension is produced by changing length

Frequency

the number of exercise sessions per day or week

articular capsule

-Cuff of fibrous tissue (Primarily bundles of collagen) -Hold bones together- capsule is static, some muscle fibers are connected to capsule

Osteoarthritis

-Degeneration of articular cartilage --Signs & Symptoms Pain Limited movement -no definitive cause; rather, several contributing factors (trauma, age)

anatomy of long bones

-Diaphysis (shaft) -Epiphysis (ends) -Metaphysis -Medullary cavity (hollow inside bone) -Endosteum -Periosteum (life of bone)

skin bruises

-blood under the skin, MOI: Compression -ice for management

1. A tendon begins to develop tears when it is stretched approximately ___% beyond normal length.

A. 2 to 5 B. 5 to 8 C. 8 to 10 10 to 13

1. In a second degree sprain, there will be NO pain with contraction, but there WILL BE pain with stretching.

A. True B. False

1. The _________________ principle states that the body responds to a given demand with a specific and predictable adaptation. A. overload B. individuality C. specificity D. progression

C

Mechanism of Injury (MOI)

Compression- direct force that crushes the tissue (compressing them) Tension- - forces go in opposing directions vertically (pulling apart) Shearing- · Shearing- forces go in opposing directions horizontally (twisting)

the mission of the National Athletic Trainers Association (NATA)

Enhance the quality of healthcare provided by certified athletic trainers and advance the athletic training profession

A team approach to the delivery of health care for participants in an interscholastic can provide an effective means for ensuring quality healthcare for the participants. However, it is not an effective method in providing health care services for physically active individuals participating in organized exercise programs. A. True B. False

F

11. True or False? A track athlete specializing in the marathon would be better served by a higher proportion of Type IIb fibers.

False

True or False? The coach of a high school tennis team is preparing assumption of risk forms for distribution. The coach decides to use the same form used by the football coach. However, given tennis is not a contact sport, he removes the sentence that indicates the potential for "catastrophic injury, including brain injury, paralysis, and even death." The decision to remove that statement was appropriate.

False

What are the responsibilities of a physical education teacher in reducing the incidence of injury during class?

Make sure the space and equipment is safe, actively supervise, be aware of student health, teach skills/ strategies and safety

Eccentric Contraction

Muscles developing tension while lengthening -slow controlled downward movement against gravity -may produce delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) 1 to 5 days following

Isometric Contraction

Muscles developing tension without movement

osteopenia

Reduced bone mineral density Predisposes individual to fracture Possible causes: Amenorrhea, hormonal factors, dietary insufficiencies

10. True or False? The stronger the muscle, the better the protection for the joint which it crosses.

True

Patient's responsibilities

Use reasonable care to protect their own health; work with healthcare professionals, adhere to the prescribed guidelines to physical activity, and in case of injury the individual should know how to get the help they need.

You are a fitness specialist at a commercial fitness facility. What instructions would you provide to your clients regarding their role in ensuring their appropriate and quality healthcare while at the site?

adhere to safety guidelines, report problems, help keep things clear/clean

Battery

any unpermitted or intentional contact with another individual without their consent

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

Anaerobic

exercise without air -sprint

cancellous bone

spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone (high porosity)

Muscular endurance

the ability of muscle tissue to exert repetitive tension over an extended period Basic application principles --- lower weight vs more reps

Risk management

the coaches, institutions, and facilities are responsible for providing an environment that makes activity as safe as possible and minimizing opportunities for participants to sustain injury

Liability

the state of being responsible for something, especially by law

the major performance domains of the athletic trainer; examples of each

-Prevention: encompasses a broad spectrum of knowledge and skills that address the risks associated with participation in sports and physical activities -Clinical Evaluation and Diagnosis: the responsibility of the athletic trainer in using standardized clinical practices to make decisions regarding the nature and severity of an injury or illness -Immediate Care: identifies the role of the athletic trainer subsequent to to determining the nature and extent of an injury or illness -Treatment, Rehabilitation, and Reconditioning: AT is responsible for the implementation of treatment, rehabilitation, and reconditioning programs appropriate to the diagnosis made during the evaluation and assessment phase -Organization and Administration: the responsibilities of the AT in developing and executing a series of plans, policies, and procedures to ensure responsive and efficient operation of the AT program -Professional Responsibility: focuses on the expectations of the AT relative to adhering to ethical, legal, and other professional standards

Proper technique

-Responsibilities of coach: --teach proper skill techniques and continually reinforce the use of proper techniques -Why age and developmentally appropriate? -- if a child learns something and practices it that way they will do it that way and if it's wrong they will hurt themselves but if its right they will be better -Why especially for youth and adolescents --it can increase injury

blisters

-fluid between epidermis & dermis -MOI: repeated shear in one or more directions -petroleum jelly for management

tendinitis

-inflammation of a tendon -MOI: is caused by overuse, or repetitive overstretch or overload -Pain exists throughout the length of the tendon and increases during palpation Swelling may be minor to major and thickening of the tendon may be present Crepitus may be present Pain occurs at the extremes of motion during passive ROM (PROM) And active ROM (AROM) Pain increases during stretching and resisted ROM, strength decreases with pain

in the absence of an athletic trainer, the responsibilities of a coach with regard to injury assessment and management

-injury prevention, onsite assessment, and management for injuries, including reducing the potential for further injury or harm

synovial membrane

-inner layer of articular capsule -produces synovial fluid- can change viscosity (thickness) (lubricate joint, reduce friction, nourish joint)

muscles

-movement & postural alignment -lots of blood supply -viscoelastic (can stretch and return) -irritability (able to respond to stimulus) -contractility (can develop tension

the purpose of the Board of Certification (for the athletic trainer)

-organization responsible for certifying AT

Overload

-physiologic improvement occur only when an individual physically demands more of the body than is normally required -stress to the body within tolerable limits the body will adapt and improve its function -Achieved by manipulating frequency, intensity, and duration in the exercise program --Frequency --Intensity --Duration

Collagen

-primary component of connective tissue -to resist tensile forces -wavy configuration

Intensity

-reflects both the caloric cost of the work and the specific energy system activated -the amount of work being done during an exercise -should be based on the component being developed, the current performance level, and desired goals

Cardiorespiratory endurance

-the ability to sustain prolonged exercise -can be aerobic or anaerobic depending on the energy system being utilized -VO2 max: measurement of an individual's maximal aerobic capacity -impacts fatigue -ACSM 3-5 days; 20-60 min; 50% or greater -detraining occurs within 1-2 weeks Physiological principles Box 3.3

Duration

-the length of a single exercise session (measured by minutes or reps) -several factors can influence differences, including age, gender, body type, heredity, lifestyle, fitness level, illness/chronic conditions, and previous experience

Protective equipment

-to disperse the force across a larger area -protect players from injury minimally Box 3.4 Legal issues -needs to be in good working condition and needs to fit properly or the coach can be sued

the responsibilities of the physical education teacher, an athletic coach, or a fitness professional (AKA the coach) with regard to injury prevention

-to ensure the safety of the participant, as well as to ensure their own protection in a potentially liable situation -recognize a potentially serious injury and be able to determine the immediate care that should be provided

Prior to the start of the season, the coach should do all of the following except: A. obtain informed consent to participate in the sport B. warn athletes of the risks of participation C. obtain informed consent for treatment D. obtain a waiver for liability related to injury

A

Standard of care A. requires an individual to use the knowledge, skills, and abilities that conform to the standard of care for their particular specialization B. refers to the ethical responsibilities that guide an individual's actions and promote standards of conduct C. is a legal obligation to protect individuals under one's care from unreasonable risks that could be harmful D. is the permission granted by the government for an individual to practice a profession

A

Which of the following are responsibilities of the coach relative to injury prevention? (Select all that apply.) A. Development and implementation of conditioning programs that are physiologically and developmentally appropriate B. Evaluation of the status of participants prior to permitting them to engage in activity C. Performing pre-participation physical examinations D. Applying appropriate tapings and wrappings on participants prior to activity.

A

Which of the following is an example of misfeasance? A. A personal trainer conducts a pre-activity screening, but fails to perform the screening consistent with professional guidelines B. A personal trainer suspects that a client has sustained a lower leg fracture due to the visible angulation of the involved bones. The trainer manages the injury by straightening the leg and immobilizing it in a splint. C. A personal trainer encourages a client to continue limited physical activity, knowing that a doctor has told the client to refrain from activity. D. A personal trainer fails to report that a piece of equipment is not safe and should be removed from use.

A

the definition of sports medicine

A broad and complex branch of healthcare, encompassing several disciplines -knowledge to prevent, recognize, assess, manage, and rehabilitate injuries or illnesses related to sports, exercises, or recreational activities

Tort

A civil wrong done to an individual, whereby the injured party seeks a remedy for damages suffered -Omission: Nonfeasance; occurs when an individual fails to perform a legal duty of care -Commission: Malfeasance; occurs when an individual commits an act that is not their responsibility to perform

In the absence of an athletic trainer, which of the following are responsibilities of the coach relative to injury assessment and management? (Select all that apply.) A. Assessment of the nature and severity of injury B. Determination of the appropriate course of action in managing the injury C. Implementation of the appropriate course of action D. Adhering to the standard of care of an athletic trainer

A, B, C

1. Which of the following statements is true? (Select all that apply.)

A. A tear of a ligament is referred to as a sprain. B. A muscle spasm is brought on by a biochemical imbalance, sometimes associated with muscle fatigue. elasticity C. Overuse injuries are more often attributed to intrinsic rather than extrinsic factors. The onset of bursitis can be acute or chronic.

1. An individual with a grade two strain of the quadriceps muscles would

A. Be able to walk without a limp B. Would be able to walk without a limp, but would NOT be able to run sprints C. Walk with a limp

1. When tissues sustain a force, what are the two primary factors that determine the occurrence of an injury? (Select the two BEST responses)

A. The magnitude of the force B. The direction of the force C. The material properties of the involved tissues D. The length of time the force is applied

1. Joint capsules are fluid filled sacs that serve to reduce friction in the tissues surrounding the joints.

A. True B. False

1. Movements in the sagittal plane include flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

A. True False

1. An injury that occurs when two bones that compromise a joint are forced beyond their normal limits resulting in a partial displacement is termed:

A. a sprain B. a subluxation C. a dislocation

1. A condition of reduced bone mineral density is referred to as

A. a stress reaction B. avulsion fracture C. osteopenia D. osteochondrosis

1. Which of the following is a correctly matched pair of terms? (Select all that apply)

A. adduction - movement toward from the midline of the body B. flexion - decreasing an angle C. extension - increasing an angle plantar flexion - movement of the forefoot toward the shin

1. The discoloration or swelling outside a joint in the surrounding soft tissue is termed:

A. bruising B. ecchymosis C. edema d. effusion

1. Bone is strongest is resisting ___________ and weakest in resisting _________.

A. compression / tension B. compression/ shear C. tension/ shear D. shear/ tension

1. The ability of a muscle to be stretched or increased in length is termed:

A. contractility B. elasticity C. plasticity D. extensibility

1. Which of the following is an example of a chronic injury?

A. glenohumeral dislocation B. iliac crest contusion C. ankle sprain Achilles tendinitis

1. An overuse injury classified as stage 2 is described as

A. pain after activity only B. pain during activity that does not restrict performance C. pain during activity, that restricts performance D. chronic, unremitting pain, even at rest

1. A common site for myositis ossificans is

A. the abdominal muscles B. the muscles of the forearm C. the quadriceps muscle group D. the hamstrings muscle group

1. The basis for rating the severity of a contusion is

A. the impairment of joint range of motion B. the extent of swelling and discoloration C. the extent of pain all of the above

1. The primary concern with a skin bruise is

A. to control superficial bleeding B. to decrease the risk of infection C. to prevent further irritation D. all of the above

4. Strength gains depend primarily on A. the specific training method B. intensity of the overload C. duration of the exercise session D. frequency of the exercise session

B

5. Which of the following statements is true? A. An exercise program can increase the number of muscles fibers. B. The strength of a skeletal muscle is determined by the cross sectional diameter of the muscle fibers. C. There are no gender difference with regard to the absolute strength of males and females D. Muscle atrophy is influenced by gender.

B

6. ____________________ refers to the ability to sustain prolonged exercise A. Anaerobic capacity B. Cardiovascular endurance C. Muscular endurance D. VO2 max

B

8. Which of the following is a true statement? A. VO2 max is not a genetic trait. B. The average individual has VO2 max range of 50-60 ml/kg/min. C. Elite runners typically have a VO2 max range of 40-50 ml/kg/min. D. An individual can reach the higher level of their VO2 max range through participation in an appropriate anaerobic training program.

B

If a coach diagnoses an injury, the coach has A. provided an appropriate professional standard of care B. performed their duty of care C. committed an action that could result in negligence D. committed a tort

B

Manufacturers of athletic equipment have a duty to provide equipment that will not cause injury when used for its intended purpose. This is termed: A. expressed warranty B. implied warranty C. strict liability D. product of safety standard

B

The focus of a preparticpation physical examination for a pubescent child should be A. identifying previously undiagnosed congenital abnormalities B. maturation and establishing good health practices C. performing a sport specific examination and reviewing the history of previous injuries D. individual physical needs with consideration for medications being taken and their possible side effects

B

Assumption of Risk/ Failure to Warn

- understanding and comprehending the nature of the risk is determined by the participant's age, experience, and knowledge of pertinent information about risk -Does completion of this form by athletes/ clients protect the coach/ exercise specialist from negligence? -no but a Exculpatory waiver does

force

-A push or a pull -Acceleration and Deformation (at point of contact) -Magnitude of force and Material properties of tissues involved -small load= elastic response -large load= plastic response -yield point (load sufficient enough to result in failure of the tissues)

ligaments

-Connect bone to bone -maintain anatomical integrity and structural alignment -collagen and elastin intermixed (contain elastin - more elastic than tendons) -fail in fast loading situations -limited blood supply

Dislocation/Subluxation

-Dislocations Displacement & no return; bones stay out of place -Subluxations Partial displacement & returns to normal -Signs & Symptoms Pain Swelling Deformity Loss of limb function

articular cartilage

-Ends of bones covered by hyaline cartilage... solid type of connective tissue -More resistant to deformation than fibrous connective tissue and more resilient than bone -No blood supply; nourished by synovial fluid

bursitis

-Fluid filled sac -acute or chronic -MOI: Compression -S&S Localized swelling Point tenderness Warm to touch

Warranty

-Implied: manufacturers have a duty of care to design, manufacture, and package equipments that will not cause injury to an individual when used as intended -Expressed: a written guarantee that the product is safe to use

Cramps/Spasms

-Involuntary contraction -Cramp: biochemical imbalance -Spasm: reflex reaction in response to trauma

contusion

-MOI: Compression -Deep and superficial -1st degree- Damage to tissue: superficial tissues are crushed, weakness: mild, if any, function: mild, rom: none -2nd degree- Damage to tissue: superficial and some tissue, weakness: mild to moderate, function: moderate, rom: decreased -3rd degree- Damage to tissue: tissues are crushed, weakness: moderate to severe, function: severe, rom: significantly decreased because of swelling

stress fracture

-MOI: Repeated lower magnitude forces -worse over time Begins- small disruption in the outer layers of cortical bone Ends- as complete cortical fracture with possible displacement -S&S Stage 1: pain after activity only Stage 2: pain during activity but it doesn't restrict performance Stage 3: pain with activity but restricts performance Stage 4: pain even at rest

sprain

-MOI: tension -compromises the stability of the joint -1st degree: damage to ligament: few fibers of ligament are torn, lof: mild, pain on con: none, pain with stretching: yes -2nd degree: damage to ligament: nearly half of fibers are torn, lof: moderate to severe, pain on con: none, pain with stretching: yes -3rd degree: damage to ligament: all fibers are torn, lof: severe, pain on con: none, pain with stretching: none Once a ligament is stretched beyond normal, it doesn't return to its normal length Swelling isn't an accurate indicator of the severity

3. Vigorous stretching of tissues should be avoided in each of the following conditions except A. After a recent fracture B. After prolonged immobilization C. With normal healthy tissues followed by a brief warm-up period D. With a bony block that limits motion

C

A wrong done by an individual whereby the injured party seeks a remedy for damages is called a(n): A. act of commission B. act of commission C. tort D. gross negligence

C

Which of the following associations establish the standards for professionalism, education, research, and practice settings for athletic trainers? A. American College of Sports Medicine B. American Athletic Trainers Association C. National Athletic Trainers Association D. National Athletic Trainers Association Board of Certification

C

Negligence

Can occur as a result of an action or lack of a professional who had a legal duty of care -Misfeasance: occurs when an individual commits an act that is their responsibility to perform, but uses the wrong procedure or performs the correct procedure in an improper manner -Malfeasance: Commission; occurs when an individual commits an act that is not their responsibility to perform -Nonfeasance: Omission; occurs when an individual fails to perform a legal duty of care -What conditions are necessary to prove negligence? --There was a duty of care owed to the injured person responsible for the injury --There was harm (pain and suffering, loss of wage, permanent disability) --The resulting harm was a direct cause of the breach of duty

Informed Consent

Implies that an injured party has been reasonably informed of the needed treatment for the services that a coach may need to perform, possible alternative treatments, and advantages and disadvantages of each course of action -Is this from only required in the treatment of minors? --No

Concentric Contraction

Muscles developing tension while shortening -work to accelerate a limb: gluteus max and quadriceps concentrically contract to accelerate the body upward from a crouching position

Should the terms "sports medicine" and athletic training" be used interchangeably?

No -sports medicine is a broad term that has many different healthcare professionals -AT is one of the healthcare professionals under this umbrella term

epiphyseal fractures

Normal Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type V Osteochondrosis Disruption of blood supply to epiphysis Idiopathic- not sure what it is Causing necrosis (tissue death) and possible deformity Example: Legg-Calve-Perthes disease Apophysitis- traction epiphysis Osteochondrosis of apophysis Idiopathic or traumatic avulsion fracture Example: Sever's disease Osgood-Schlatter disease

Standard of Care

Requires an individual to use the knowledge, skills, and abilities that conform to the standard of care for their particular specialization -in a liability case, standard of care is measured by what another minimally competent individual educated and participating in that profession would have done to protect an individual from harm or further harm

Why should the coach of a youth sports team complete a basic athletic training class and maintain current certification in emergency cardiac care (i.e., CPR and AED) and emergency first aid?

They should know what to do in case of injury because they are responsible for their athletes and are also first responders

Flexibility

Total range of motion (ROM) at a joint that occurs pain-free in each of the planes of motion -Ballistic (bouncing) vs static (stationary) -GTO (Golgi Tendon Organ) overrides impulses from the muscle spindles and GTO as proprioceptors --- safer, more effective stretch -Application principles: must be held for atleast 5-8 seconds for the Golgi tendon to activate -stetch should be held for 10-30 seconds -Box 3.1

12. True or False? Instruction of physical activity/ sport skills that is NOT physiologically and developmentally appropriate can increase the potential for injury

True

9. True or False? In performing a flexibility exercise the appropriate intensity is reached when a feeling of slight tension or burn is felt.

True

True or False? Comparative negligence refers to the relative degree of negligence on the part of the professional (defendant) and the participant (plaintiff), with damages awarded on a basis proportionate to each person's carelessness

True

Isotonic training

Variable speed/fixed resistance --variable speed: you determine how fast you go --fixed resistance: already determined (you put a pen at 50lbs) -Advantages --the amount of weight I can lift is the amount I can lift at the weakest point (it does not feel like I am lifting the same amount of weight the whole time)

Good Samaritan Laws

You are a part-time coach at a high school. Are you covered by Good Samaritan Laws (NO) -varies state to state -immunity generally applies when the emergency first aider: --acts during an emergency --acts in good faith to help victim --acts without expected compensation --is not guilty of any malicious misconduct or gross negligence toward the injury party

the advantage of a team approach to the delivery healthcare

a venue is in place for addressing an injury from different perspectives

7. Each of the following is a physiological benefit of cardiovascular endurance except for A. Increase in the size (i.e., volume and weight) of the heart B. Improved circulatory efficiency C. Reduced blood pressure resulting in a more efficient cardiovascular system D. Decrease in total cholesterol

all are correct

Why is the team approach to health care delivery preferable to a traditional doctor to patient approach to ensure quality healthcare for participants in sport and physical activity?

because injures can be better assessed, cared for, and prevented this also allows for quicker recoveries, recognition, and understanding

Duty of Care

encompasses a variety of responsibilities, such as teaching proper and appropriate techniques for an age group, providing appropriate supervision of activities, providing quality safety equipments, ensuring a safe participation environment, and taking proper actions when an injury is sustained -How do standard of care and duty of care differ? Duty of Care is preventive while Standard of Care is responsive

What strategies can be used by the coach/ physical educator/ personal trainer to reduce the likelihood of litigation?

enforce Standard of Care, Duty of Care, make sure everyone knows the assumption of risk, have athletes/parents sign exculpatory waivers, sign informed consent, ensure to extinguish foreseeable harm, make sure equipment is good for athletes, and talk to athletes to ensure they are not having pain

Foreseeability of Harm

exist when danger is apparent or should have been apparent, resulting in an unreasonably unsafe condition

Static strength

involves isometric contractions -tension is produced, but muscle does not change in length

Individuality

making exercise programs based on the persons needs and capabilities

SAID principle (Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands)

states that the body responds to a given demand with a specific and predictable adaptation; an exercise program must address the specific needs of the individual with regard to their fitness and skill goals as well as to the various body parts

Injury prevention is one of the major domains of the athletic trainer. A high school with an interscholastic athletic program cannot afford to hire an athletic trainer. What general strategies could the coaches at the school implement in an effort to reduce the incidence and severity of injury (i.e., injury prevention)?

teach skills and strategies, ensure safe environment, warn participants of potential dangers, actively supervise, recognize dangerous situations, understand legalities, and be comfortable with assessing injuries if needed

Muscular strength

the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to produce force in one maximal effort -influences the ability to execute normal activities of daily living and aids in reducing or preventing postural deformities Basic application principles --- higher weight vs less reps