KSU Mangt 420 Exam 4

Organizational commitment strengthens with:

1. Age 2. Years with the organization 3. Job security 4. Participation in decision making

The "Big Five" personality model

1. Agreeableness 2. Conscientiousness 3. Emotional Stability 4. Extraversion 5. Openness to new experiences

Three attribution factors:

1. Consensus- Is the extent to which others, in the same situation, behave the same. 2. Consistency- Is the extent to which a person similarly behaves in the same situation. 3. Distinctiveness- Is the extent to which a person behaves the same in other situations.

3 Major types of motivation theories:

1. Content theories of motivation- What motivates us 2. Process theories of motivation- Why and how motivation occurs 3. Reinforcement theory- How outcomes influence behaviors

Nonverbal communication

1. Definition- The communication exchange that does not use words or uses words to carry more meaning than the strict definition of the words themselves. 2. Elements- Images are the kinds of words people elect to use, settings, and body language, facial expression, & inflection of your voice. 3. Nonverbal communication is more important in some societies than in others.

3 Expectancy factors:

1. Effort to Performance Expectancy or Expectancy(E)- Is the probability that effort will lead to performance. 2. Performance to Outcome Expectancy or Instrumentality(I)- Is the perception that performance leads to an outcome. Outcome is the consequence or reward for performance. 3. Attractiveness or Valence(V)- Is how much a particular outcome/reward is valued.

Alderfer's ERG Theory

1. Existence needs- Material well-being and relates to Maslow's physiological and safety needs. 2. Relatedness needs- How one individual relates to his/her social environment and relates to Maslow's belongingness and external esteem needs. 3. Growth needs- Desire for personal growth and development and relates to Maslow's internal esteem and self-actualization needs.

Weaknesses of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

1. Five levels of need are not always present 2. Order is not always the same 3. Cultural differences

Reinforcement schedules

1. Fixed interval- Reinforcement applied at fixed time intervals, regardless of behavior. 2. Variable interval- Reinforcement applied at variable time intervals. 3. Fixed ratio- Reinforcement applied after a fixed number of behaviors, regardless of time. 4. Variable ratio- Reinforcement applied after a variable number of behaviors, regardless of time.

Informal communication in organizations

1. Grapevine- An informal communication network that can permeate an organization. Types of grapevines are: (The gossip chain- One person tells many and the cluster chain- Many people tell a few.)

Committed employees:

1. Have highly reliable habits 2. Plan a longer tenure with the organization 3. Muster more effort in performance

Barriers to communication

1. Individual barriers- Conflicting or inconsistent cues, credibility about the subject, reluctance to communicate, poor listening skills, & predispositions about the subject. 2. Organizational barriers- Semantics, status or power differences, different perceptions, noise, & overload.

Improving Communication Effectiveness

1. Individual skills- Encourage two-way communication, be aware of language and meaning, be sensitive to sender's and receiver's perspective & develop good listening skills. 2. Organizational skills- Follow up, regulate information flow, and understand the richness of media.

3 Basic forms of communication

1. Interpersonal communication (oral/verbal)- Between persons 2. Networks and Teams- Between people in work groups 3. Organizational communication- Between groups/units

Managerial roles

1. Interpersonal- Figurehead, leader, & liaison 2. Informational- Spokesperson, monitor, & disseminator 3. Decisional- Entrepreneur, disturbance-handler, & negotiator

Content Theories of Motivation

1. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs 2. Alderfer's ERG Theory 3. Herzberg's two-factor theory 4. McClelland's achievement, power, and affiliation needs

Designing Effective Reward Systems

1. Reward system must meet an individual's needs 2. Rewards should compare favorably with other organizations 3. Distribution must be perceived to be equitable 4. Reward system must recognize different needs 5. Merit system 6. Incentive system

Reasons for poor Person-job fit

1. Selection procedures are imperfect. 2. People and organizations change. 3. Individuals are unique (individual differences).

Organizational communication

1. Vertical Communication- Communication that flows up and down the organization, usually along formal reporting lines (Upward communication is most subject to distortion and includes downward communication.) 2. Horizontal/Lateral Communication- Communication that involves persons at the same level of the organization.

Process perspectives of Motivation

1. Vroom's Expectancy theory 2. Porter-Lawler Extension of Expectancy theory 3. Adam's Equity theory 4. Locke's Goal Setting theory

Reinforcement contingencies

1.Positive Reinforcement- Strengthens behavior by providing a desirable consequence. 2.Avoidance- Strengthens behavior by allowing escape from an undesirable consequence. 3.Punishment- Weakens behavior by providing an undesirable consequence. 4.Extinction- Weakens behavior by not providing a desirable consequence.

Attitudes

A predisposition to react in a certain way toward people and things in one's environment.

Which linguistic style was illustrated in the experiment where incoming college students had to predict their future grades (privately and publicly)?

Acting modest

Organizational commitment

An attitude that reflects an individual's identification with and attachment to an organization.

Which linguistic ritual was illustrated by the example of the practicing physician being told by her supervisor that she knew less than her peers?

Asking questions

Cognitive component of attitude

Attitude derived from perceived knowledge. Explains why we feel the way we feel.

Job satisfaction/dissatisfaction

Attitude that reflects the extent to which an individual is gratified or fulfilled by his/her work. There is a strong and positive relationship between satisfaction and low absenteeism and low turnover. High levels of job satisfaction DO NOT necessarily lead to high job performance!

Machiavellianism

Behavior directed at gaining power and controlling/manipulating the behavior of others.

Stereotyping

Categorizing or labeling on the basis of a single attribute.

Risk Propensity

Degree to which an individual is willing to take chances and make risky decisions.

Attribution theory

Describes how people try to explain the behavior of themselves and other people, while often making errors in the process.

Edwin Locke's Goal-Setting Theory

Employees will be motivated by goals that have 4 characteristics: 1. Difficulty- Extent to which a goal is challenging and requires effort. 2. Specificity- Clarity and precision of the goal. 3. Acceptance-Extent to which persons accept a goal as their own. 4. Commitment- Extent to which an individual is personally interested in reaching a goal.

Reinforcement Theory

Explains the role of rewards as they cause behavior to change or remain the same over time.

Self-esteem

Extent to which a person believes she/he is a worthwhile individual (more general than self-efficacy).

Authoritarianism

Extent to which an individual believes that power and status differences are appropriate.

Intelligence has been found to be highly correlated with machiavelianism.

False

Women are more aware than men of the negative aspect of asking questions because it may send an unintended signal about competence and power.

False

Women, in general, tend to be more machiavellian than men.

False

Affective component of attitude

Feelings and emotions. Explains how we feel.

Intentional component of attitude

How a person expects to behave in a given situation.

Locus of Control

Individual's belief about the extent to which their behavior affects what happens to them.

Equity theory

Individuals equate value of rewards to effort and compare it to other people.

Attribution

Is when we observe behavior and attribute a cause to it (external or internal).

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Mainly focuses on what factor or factors motivate people.

Expectancy theory

Motivation depends on how much we want something and how likely we are to get it. For motivated behavior to occur: 1. Effort-to-performance must be greater than zero. 2. Performance-to-outcome must be greater than zero. 3. Sum of valences must be greater than zero. 4. One or more valences may be negative.

Oral vs. Written communication

Oral communication (Advantages- Promotes feedback, is easy to use, little preparation required, & non-verbal communication. Disadvantages- May suffer inaccuracies, no permanent record, & noise may be a bigger problem) Written communication (Advantages- Tends to be more accurate and provides a record of the communication/verifiable. Disadvantages- Inhibits feedback and interchange & is more difficult and time consuming.)

Communication networks

Patterns through which members of a group or team communicate.

What does the title "The Power of Talk: Who Gets Heard and Why" mean?

People in powerful positions are likely to reward people with linguistic styles that are similar to their own.

External locus of control

People who attribute their success or failure to outside influences.

Internal locus of control

People who base their success on their own work and believe they control their life.

Self-Efficacy

Person's belief about his/her capability to perform a task.

Selective perception

Screening out information that causes discomfort or that contradicts our beliefs.

Person-Job fit

The extent to which contributions made by the individual match the inducements offered by the organization.

The Psychological contract

The overall set of expectations held by an individual with respect to what he/she will contribute to the organization and what the organization will provide in return.

Effective communication

The process of sending a message so that the message received is as close in meaning as possible to the message intended.

Communication

The process of transmitting information from one person to another.

Perception

The process through which people receive, organize and interpret information from the environment.

Personality

The relatively stable set of psychological and behavioral attributes that distinguish one person from another.

Motivation

The set of forces that cause people to behave in certain ways.

Generally speaking, younger people tend to be more machiavellian than older people.

True

Marital Status is not correlated with machiavellianism.

True

Men use talk to emphasize status whereas women use language to create a connection.

True

Women tend to apologize more freely than men as a ritualized means of expressing concern but it this might put them in a "one-down" position.

True

Which of the following linguistic rituals is more common with men but taken literally by women?

Verbal Opposition

When giving feedback, which gender tends to note weaknesses ONLY after citing strengths? In order words, who tends to mitigate criticism with praise during feedback sessions?

Women