l for 20191221

courteous

adjective [more courteous; most courteous] : very polite in a way that shows respect The clerks were helpful and courteous. a courteous manner — opposite discourteous cour·te·ous·ly adverb He answered my questions courteously. cour·te·ous·ness noun [noncount] I appreciated his courteousness.

far-reaching

adjective [more far-reaching; most far-reaching] : affecting many people or things : having a wide range or influence The court issued a far-reaching decision. The theory has far-reaching implications for the future of the planet.

Seriousness

noun [noncount] : the quality or state of being serious We were shocked by the seriousness of her illness. The child's seriousness was surprising. You have to consider the seriousness of the charges against you. She spoke with great seriousness. in all seriousness : in a serious way — used to stress that a statement, question, etc., is not a joke "I was the queen of England in a previous life," she said in all seriousness. In all seriousness, if he does propose, what will you say?

stimulant

noun stim·u·lant\ˈstim-yə-lənt\ 1 : an agent (such as a drug) that produces a temporary increase of the functional activity or efficiency of an organism or any of its parts 2 : stimulus 3 : an alcoholic beverage — not used technically stimulant adjective Examples The movie was a stimulant to discussion. the relaxed zoning regulations should serve as a stimulant for development in the area First known use: circa 1728 Synonyms: alcohol, aqua vitae, ardent spirits, booze, bottle, drink, firewater, grog, hooch, inebriant, intoxicant, John Barleycorn, juice, liquor, lush, moonshine, potable, rum, sauce, spirits, strong drink, tipple Antonyms: counterincentive, disincentive

scorn

scorn \ˈskoɚn\ noun [noncount] 1 : a feeling that someone or something is not worthy of any respect or approval I have nothing but scorn [=contempt] for people who are cruel to animals. They treated his suggestion with scorn. an expression full of scorn 2 : harsh criticism that shows a lack of respect or approval for someone or something Her political rivals have poured/heaped scorn on her ideas for improving the tax system. 2scorn verb [+ obj] 1 : to show that you think (someone or something) is not worthy of respect or approval : to feel or express scorn for (someone or something) He scorns anyone who earns less money than he does. Her actions were scorned by many people. They were scorned as fanatics. 2 formal : to refuse or reject (someone or something that you do not think is worthy of respect or approval) She scorned his invitation. — sometimes followed by to + verb He scorned to reply to their accusations. Other forms: scorns; scorned; scorn·ing

steer

verb 1 a : to control the direction in which something (such as a ship, car, or airplane) moves [+ obj] She steered the ship through the strait. He steered his car carefully into the parking space. He steered the wheelchair through the aisles. [no obj] Skillful navigators can steer by the positions of the stars. b [no obj] — used to describe how easy or difficult it is to steer a vehicle The car steers well. 2 [no obj] : to be moved or guided in a particular direction or along a particular course The car was steering right at us. The boat steered out to sea. 3 [+ obj] a : to direct or guide the movement or progress of (something) He tried to steer the conversation away from his recent problems. She skillfully steered the bill through the legislature. He steered the team to another championship last year. b : to cause (someone) to act in a particular way The high recent returns on stocks have steered many investors away from bonds. You should listen to me. I won't steer you wrong. [=I won't give you bad advice] Other forms: steers; steered; steer·ing steer clear US : to keep away from someone or something completely He's in a bad mood. You'd better steer clear [=avoid him] if you don't want trouble. — usually + of You'd better steer clear of him. I try to steer clear of the subject of politics when I talk to him. 2steer noun [count] : a male cow that has had its sex organs removed and is raised for meat Other forms: plural steers

Cocaine

noun [noncount] : a powerful drug that is used in medicine to stop pain or is taken illegally for pleasure —called also informal) coke

Particularly

par·tic·u·lar·ly \pɚˈtɪkjəlɚli\ adverb 1 : more than usually : very,extremely It has been a particularly [=especially] dry summer. Pay particularly close attention to the second paragraph. 2 — used to indicate someone or something that deserves special mention I liked all the food, particularly [=especially] the dessert. He's good at all his subjects and he's particularly good at math. I am particularly pleased that you agreed to take the job. The tools were useful, particularly the knife. [=the tools were useful, and the knife was the most useful of all; the knife, in particular, was useful] not particularly : only a little : not very or not very much He is not particularly good at math. I did not particularly like the movie. [=I only liked the movie a little] "Did you like the movie?" "No, not particularly."

Preside

verb [no obj] : to be in charge of something (such as a trial) Court is now in session, Justice Raul Fernandez presiding. — often + at She will preside as judge at the trial. Other forms: -sides; -sid·ed; -sid·ing preside over [phrasal verb] preside over (something) 1 : to be in charge of something (such as a meeting or organization) The vice president presided over the meeting. The Chief Justice presides over the Supreme Court. He has presided over the company for 15 years. 2 : to be in charge of a country, company, etc., during (a particular time or activity) She presided over a period of relative peace and prosperity. presiding adjective the presiding judge/officer

Hasty

adjective [also more hasty; most hasty] 1 a : done or made very quickly I made a hasty sketch of the scene. Seeing the dog, the cat made/beat a hasty retreat up a tree. b : done or made too quickly We don't want to make any hasty decisions. a hasty marriage 2 : acting too quickly : rash He later realized that he was too hasty in his decision to quit. Other forms: hast·i·er; -est hast·i·ly \ˈheɪstəli\ adverb She hastily gathered her things and left. a hastily made decision hast·i·ness noun [noncount] the hastiness [=haste] of his decision

conclusive

adjective [more conclusive; most conclusive] : showing that something is certainly true conclusive evidence/proof — opposite inconclusive con·clu·sive·ly adverb They proved conclusively that they can compete with the best teams. con·clu·sive·ness noun [noncount]

Controversial

adjective [more controversial; most controversial] : relating to or causing much discussion, disagreement, or argument : likely to produce controversy Abortion is a highly controversial subject/issue/topic. a decision that remains controversial He is a controversial author/director/figure. con·tro·ver·sial·ly adverb

Pervasive

adjective [more pervasive; most pervasive] : existing in every part of something : spreading to all parts of something a pervasive odor the pervasive nature of the problem television's pervasive influence on our culture per·va·sive·ly adverb per·va·sive·ness noun [noncount]

Plausible

adjective [more plausible; most plausible] : possibly true : believable or realistic a plausible [=possible] conclusion a plausible excuse I thought her explanation was perfectly/entirely/completely plausible. [=I believed her explanation] — opposite implausible plau·si·bil·i·ty \ˌplɑ:zəˈbɪləti\ noun [noncount] plau·si·bly \ˈplɑ:zəbli\ adverb She plausibly [=believably] argued that she was innocent. Any of those things could plausibly happen.

Superstitious

adjective [more superstitious; most superstitious] : of, relating to, or influenced by superstition superstitious practices/beliefs He's very superstitious and won't pitch without his lucky mitt. su·per·sti·tious·ly adverb

Vulnerable

adjective [more vulnerable; most vulnerable] 1 : easily hurt or harmed physically, mentally, or emotionally a vulnerable young woman He was very vulnerable after his divorce. — often + to The patient will be more/most vulnerable to infection immediately after surgery. 2 : open to attack, harm, or damage The troops were in a vulnerable position. The fort was undefended and vulnerable. — often + to Your computer is vulnerable to viruses. vul·ner·a·bil·i·ty \ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti\ noun plural -ties [count, noncount]

Irritating

adjective ir·ri·tat·ing\ˈir-ə-ˌtā-tiŋ\ : causing displeasure, anger, or annoyance an irritating noise/habit I felt more and more angry. There was something very irritating and aggressive in Summerlee's demeanour. — Arthur Conan Doyle ir·ri·tat·ing·ly\ˈir-ə-ˌtā-tiŋ-lē\ adverbThe computer was irritatingly slow. First known use: 1707 Synonyms: abrasive, aggravating, annoying, bothersome, carking, chafing, disturbing, exasperating, frustrating, galling, irksome, maddening, nettlesome, nettling, peeving, pesky, pestiferous, pestilent, pestilential, pesty, plaguey (also plaguy), rankling, rebarbative, riling, vexatious, vexing

Decisive

adjectivede·ci·sive\di-ˈsī-siv\ 1 : having the power or quality of deciding The council president cast the decisive vote. a decisive battle 2 : resolute, determined a decisive manner decisive leaders a decisive editor 3 : unmistakable, unquestionable a decisive superiority de·ci·sive·ly adverb de·ci·sive·ness noun Examples You must be decisive and persistent to succeed in this competitive field. I stood there wondering what to do, but my sister was more decisive and immediately went to the phone. The fight ended with a decisive blow. the decisive battle of the war The poverty of his childhood played a decisive role in his adult life. The meeting is seen as a decisive step toward a peace treaty.

executive

adjectiveex·ec·u·tive\ig-ˈze-k(y)ə-tiv\ 1 a : of or relating to the execution of the laws and the conduct of public and national affairs b : belonging to the branch of government that is charged with such powers as diplomatic representation, superintendence of the execution of the laws, and appointment of officials and that usually has some power over legislation (as through veto) — compare judicial, legislative 2 a : designed for or relating to execution or carrying into effect executive board b : having administrative or managerial responsibility executive director 3 : of or relating to an executive the executive offices Examples She has good executive skills. He has an executive position in the company. In the U.S., the President is the head of the executive branch of government. First known use: 1649 Synonyms: administrative, directorial, managerial, supervisory Antonyms: nonmanagerial, nonsupervisory 2executive noun 1 : the executive branch of a government; also : the person or persons who constitute the executive magistracy of a state 2 : a directing or controlling office of an organization 3 : one that exercises administrative or managerial control Examples The television network's executives decided not to air the controversial show. The President is the chief executive of the U.S. matters of policy controlled by the executive First known use: 1774 Synonyms: administrant, administrator, archon, director, exec, manager, superintendent, supervisor

Mechanistic

adjectivemech·a·nis·tic\ˌme-kə-ˈnis-tik\ 1 : mechanically determined 2 : of or relating to a mechanism or the doctrine of mechanism 3 : mechanical mech·a·nis·ti·cal·ly\-ti-k(ə-)lē\ adverb First known use: 1884

Psychoactive

adjectivepsy·cho·ac·tive\ˌsī-kō-ˈak-tiv\ : affecting the mind or behavior psychoactive drugs First known use: 1959

small-minded

adjectivesmall-mind·ed\ˈsmȯl-ˈmīn-dəd\ 1 : having narrow interests, sympathies, or outlook 2 : typical of a small-minded person : marked by pettiness, narrowness, or meanness small-minded conduct small-mind·ed·ly adverb small-mind·ed·ness noun First known use: 1811 Synonyms: illiberal, insular, Lilliputian, little, narrow, narrow-minded, parochial, petty, picayune, provincial, sectarian, small Antonyms: broad-minded, catholic, cosmopolitan, liberal, open, open-minded, receptive, tolerant

Likewise

adverb 1 : in the same way All of your classmates have begun their projects, and you should do likewise. [=you should also begin your project] 2 : in addition : also an acclaimed painter who is likewise a sculptor — often used to introduce a statement that adds to and is related to a previous statement They said that homelessness was increasing. Likewise, unemployment was up. 3 — used in informal speech to say that you share the feelings that someone else has just expressed "I'm pleased to meet you." "Likewise." [=I'm also pleased to meet you]

Hallucinations

hallucination nounhal·lu·ci·na·tion\hə-ˌlü-sə-ˈnā-shən\ 1 a : perception of objects with no reality usually arising from disorder of the nervous system or in response to drugs (such as LSD) was having hallucinations b : the object so perceived wasn't sure if the rain was real or a hallucination 2 : an unfounded or mistaken impression or notion : delusion Examples He could not tell if what he was seeing was real or if it was a hallucination. He has been having hallucinations due to the medication. Origin see hallucinate. First known use: 1629 Synonyms: chimera, conceit, daydream, delusion, dream, fancy, fantasy (also phantasy), figment, illusion, nonentity, phantasm (also fantasm), pipe dream, unreality, vision Antonyms: truth, verity

lump

lump \ˈlʌmp\ noun [count] 1 : a small piece or mass of something a lump of coal turning a lump of clay into a beautiful pot He likes two lumps [=cubes] of sugar with his coffee. 2 : an area of swelling or growth on your body a cancerous lump He got a lump on his head after bumping into the doorway. Other forms: plural lumps a lump in your throat : a tight feeling in your throat that you get when you are about to start crying or when you are trying not to cry The movie's final scene left me with a lump in my throat. = I got a lump in my throat when I watched the film's final scene. take your lumps or take a lot of lumps US informal : to be badly beaten or hurt He took a lot of lumps as a kid growing up in the city. — usually used figuratively Their first album took its lumps from the critics. [=it was harshly criticized] The team has taken its lumps [=it has lost many games] this year, but their play has improved recently. 2lump verb 1 [+ obj] : to put (people or things) together or in the same group He made the mistake of lumping all their ideas together as foolish. She often gets lumped in with other modern artists even though her work is different from theirs. 2 [no obj] : to form lumps : to become lumpy You'll need to stir the mixture constantly to keep it from lumping. Other forms: lumps; lumped; lump·ing lump it informal : to accept or allow something unpleasant or unwanted — usually used in the phrase like it or lump it Like it or lump it, the new law goes into effect today. [=it goes into effect whether you like it or not]

account

noun 1 a [count] : a record of money that has been paid and money that has been received : bill the difference between the debit and credit sides of an account — see also expense account b accounts [plural] : records of income and expenses We always keep very good accounts. an accounts department The company's accounts show a profit this year: our accounts receivable exceed our accounts payable. [=the money owed to us exceeds the money we owe] 2 [count] : an arrangement in which a bank keeps a record of the money that a person puts in and takes out of the bank We opened new accounts at a bank last week. I took out my money and closed my account. You can withdraw up to $1,000 a day from your account. Every week, she puts/deposits a part of her paycheck into a separate account. setting up a bank account My wife and I keep our money in a joint account. [=an account that both of us can use] — often used before another noun Please enter your name and account number. You can check your account balance [=the amount of money in your account] on the Internet. — see also checking account, savings account 3 [count] : a company's record of the products or services used by a customer and of the money that the customer owes or has paid to the company I don't have the money right now. Put it on my account. = Charge it to my account. If you return the clothes, the store will credit your account. [=you will not have to pay for the clothes] When do you intend to settle your account? [=pay what you owe] — see also charge account, credit account◇In figurative use, to settle an account or to settle accounts with someone is to do something that brings a final end to an argument, disagreement, etc. She's decided to settle accounts with her old political rivals. 4 [count] : a business arrangement in which a person or company regularly buys products or services from a particular company She makes sure that all of the company's accounts [=customers, clients] make the necessary payments. We just lost the Smith account. That company was one of our biggest/best accounts. She will be our account manager. [=the person who manages our account] 5 [count] : an arrangement in which a person uses the Internet or e-mail services of a particular company I use two separate e-mail accounts. 6 [count] : a description of an event or situation : a story or report about something personal/firsthand/eyewitness accounts from the war According to one account, the party was a complete disaster. — often + of She gave the police a full/complete/detailed account of what happened. We read an account of her trip to Paris. a written account of his long and successful career 7 [count] : a list or description of facts Our goal is to give an accurate account of the process. an account of how the system works The document is an account of the country's reasons for going to war. 8 [count] : a reason or explanation for an action You will be asked to give an account of your actions. [=to explain the reasons for your actions] He could give no account of what he did with the money. — often used in the formal phrase on that account I hope we won't lose our friendship on that account. [=for that reason] 9 [noncount] formal : value or importance — used in the phrases of no account and of little account He felt that his opinions were of no account to the others. [=he thought that the other people didn't care about his opinions] It's of little account what I may think about it. — see also no-account Other forms: plural -counts bring/call/hold (someone) to account : to require (someone) to explain and accept punishment or criticism for bad or wrong behavior He was called to account by his boss for failing to spot the mistake in the company's records. by/from all accounts : according to all of the different descriptions of something By all accounts, the band put on a great show. [=everyone says that the band put on a great show] She was, by all accounts, good at her job. They seemed, from all accounts, to have a happy marriage. by your own account : according to what you have said about your own life or experiences By her own account, that was the worst performance of her career. [=she said that was her worst performance] They had, by their own account, a wonderful time. give a good account of yourself : to perform well especially in a competition If I ever had to fight, I think I could give a good account of myself. on account of : because of : for the reason of The game was canceled on account of the rain. They were treated badly on account of their beliefs. On account of his bad behavior, he will not be allowed to play with the new toy. on no account or not on any account chiefly Brit : for no reason : under no circumstances — used to say that something will not or should not happen On no account should the children be left at home alone. They said that on no account would they leave before the end of the game. on someone's account : because of someone : in order to please someone Don't leave on our account. [=because of us] You didn't have to clean your room on my account. I don't care if your room is dirty. on your own account 1 : by yourself : on your own : without the help of others She bought the house entirely on her own account. He left the company and went into business on his own account. 2 : for your own sake : in order to make a situation good for yourself I'm doing it on my own account, not for anyone else. take (something) into account or take account of (something) : to think about (something) before doing something (such as making a decision) : consider Try to take our feelings into account. [=try to think about how we will feel] Other issues must be taken into account before a choice can be made. She did very well on the test when you take into account how little she studied. She takes no account of my feelings. [=she doesn't consider how I feel] The new health plan fails to take account of the fact that many people cannot pay for their medicine. turn (something) to (good) account formal : to gain or profit from (something) : to take advantage of (something) Is there a way to turn this situation to good account? 2account verb [+ obj] formal : to think of (someone or something) in a specified way — usually used as (be) accounted Their first project was accounted [=considered] a success. Other forms: -counts; -count·ed; -count·ing account for [phrasal verb] 1 account for (something) a : to give a reason or explanation for (something) Eventually, you will need to account for your actions/behavior. How do you account for [=explain] your success? ◇The informal saying there's no accounting for taste means that there is no way to understand why some people like something while other people do not. I don't see why they liked the movie, but there's no accounting for taste. b : to be the cause of (something) The disease accounted for over 10,000 deaths last year. These new features account for the computer's higher price. The disease cannot be accounted for [=explained] by genetics alone. There must be other causes as well. c : to make up or form (a part of something) Women account for [=constitute, compose] only 25 percent of our employees. d US : to think about (something) before doing something : to take (something) into consideration The researchers failed to account for the fact that most of the students were poor. 2 account for (someone or something) a : to show what happened to (someone or something) We have to account for the time [=to say how much time] we spend on each activity. I'll have to account for the money I spent. : to know the location of (someone or something) The government couldn't account for millions of dollars of the taxpayers' money. Is everyone accounted for? [=do we know where everyone is?] All present and accounted for. [=everyone who is supposed to be here is here] b : to destroy or kill (someone or something) Enemy fighters have accounted for most of our bombers, Sir. ; also chiefly Brit : to defeat or beat (someone or something) We accounted for [=dispatched] the challengers 3-2.

Arm

noun [count] 1 : either one of the two long body parts that join the top of your body at the shoulder and that end at the hand or wrist He has big, strong, muscular arms. She broke her left arm. = Her left arm was/got broken. He hurt his throwing/pitching arm [=the arm that he uses to throw/pitch a ball] in the last game. She put/threw her arms around him. [=she hugged him] She had a newspaper tucked under her arm. He was carrying a bag of groceries in each arm. He gave/offered his arm to her, and she took it. [=she held onto his arm] She grabbed my arm. = She grabbed me by the arm. He was standing there with his arms crossed/folded. She stood with her arms outstretched. = She stood with her arms wide open. She sat cradling the baby in her arms. I've known her since she was a babe in arms. [=a baby who is too young to walk and has to be held] He took her in/into his arms [=he embraced her] and kissed her passionately. She found him in the arms of [=being embraced by] another woman. He showed up at the party with a young woman on his arm. [=holding his arm] He took her (by the) arm and they walked in to dinner. — see picture at human 2 : the part of a piece of clothing (such as a shirt or coat) that covers the arm : sleeve The jacket's arms are too tight. = The jacket is too tight in the arms. 3 : a part of a piece of furniture (such as a chair or couch) that gives support for a person's arm the arm of the sofa — see also 1armchair 4 a : a long thin piece that is connected to the main part of a machine, structure, etc., and that looks or moves like a human arm the robot's mechanical arm the machine's robotic arm the arm of the record player b : a long and narrow area of water an arm of the sea 5 : the part of a group or organization that performs a specific job or function — usually singular the organization's political arm [=the part of the organization that deals with politics] It is the most powerful arm [=division] of the organization. the military arm of the government 6 US, sports : a person's ability to throw a ball — usually singular Their pitcher's got a great arm. a strong/weak arm Other forms: plural arms an arm and a leg informal : a very large amount of money It's a reliable car, and it doesn't cost an arm and a leg. [=it isn't too expensive] arm in arm : next to each other with the arm of one person linked at the elbow to the arm of another person an elderly couple walking down the street arm in arm a shot in the arm — see 1shot as long as someone's arm — see 1long at arm's length : from a distance that is the length of a person's arm It's best to view the painting at arm's length. holding a candle at arm's length ◇To keep someone or something at arm's length is to avoid being very close to or friendly with someone or something. Since going to college, he has kept his old friends at arm's length. They no longer trust her and are keeping her at arm's length. The government has kept the group at arm's length until now. chance your arm — see 2chance give your right arm — see 1give the long arm of the law : the ability of the police to find and catch people who commit crimes The long arm of the law finally caught up with him [=the police caught him] 30 years later. So far, she's been able to escape the long arm of the law. twist someone's arm — see 1twist with open arms : in a very kind and friendly way We were welcomed back with open arms. — compare 2arm 2arm noun 1 [count] : a gun or other weapon that is used especially in a war — usually plural The government was selling arms to other countries. the right of individuals to carry/bear arms [=firearms] — often used before another noun an arms agreement/deal arms shipments The United Nations lifted the arms embargo against the country. — see also arms race, firearm, small arms 2 arms [plural] : coat of arms the royal arms of Portugal Other forms: plural arms call to arms ◇A call to arms is a request or command to become ready to fight. The government issued a call to arms. The phrase is also used for something that tries to make people fight for a cause. Her book is a political call to arms. in arms ◇If someone is your brother/sister/comrade in arms, that person has helped you fight an enemy especially in a war. He and I were brothers in arms. [=we fought in a war together] lay down your arms : to put down your weapons and stop fighting The soldiers refused to lay down their arms. present arms military — used as a command to hold your rifle so that it points straight up in front of you as a sign of respect take up arms : to pick up weapons and become ready to fight They took up arms to defend their city. The rebels are taking up arms against their own government. under arms : serving in the military the number of Americans now under arms around the world up in arms : angry and ready to fight or argue Voters were up in arms over the new taxes. — compare 1arm 3arm verb 1 : to provide (yourself, a group, a country, etc.) with weapons especially in order to fight a war or battle [+ obj] They armed the men for battle. The group of fighters was armed by a foreign government. The two countries have been arming themselves for years, but now they have agreed to disarm. — often + with The government has armed its military with the best weapons. She armed herself with a kitchen knife. [no obj] arming for battle countries that are continuing to arm [=to produce and gather weapons] — opposite disarm; see also 1armed, unarmed 2 [+ obj] : to provide (someone) with a way of fighting, competing, or succeeding We armed ourselves with the tools we would need to survive in the forest. They arm people with accurate information. arming women with the right to vote 3 [+ obj] : to make (a bomb, weapon, etc.) ready for use Once the bomb has been armed, we have five minutes to escape. — opposite disarm Other forms: arms; armed; arm·ing

Resentment

noun [noncount] : a feeling of anger or displeasure about someone or something unfair She bore/felt/harbored bitter feelings of resentment toward her ex-husband. He's filled with resentment at/against his boss. He expressed his resentment of the new policies.

Leap

verb 1 a [no obj] : to jump from a surface The cat suddenly leaped into the air. Fish were leaping out of the water. He leaped off the bridge. The cat leapt down from (the top of) the table. The boys leaped over the stream. He made a leaping catch. [=he caught the ball as he jumped] b [+ obj] : to jump over (something) The horse leaped the stone wall. 2 [no obj] : to move quickly She leapt up [=she stood up quickly] and ran out the door. When the alarm went off, she leapt out of bed. The crowd leapt to its feet. [=stood up quickly in excitement] — often used figuratively The team leaped from last place to first place. The conversation leapt from politics to religion. When other people accused her of being lazy, he leaped to her defense. [=he quickly began to defend her] They leaped into action. [=acted immediately] 3 [no obj] : to suddenly increase by a large amount The price of gasoline leaped (by) 10 percent. Other forms: leaps; leaped \ˈli:pt, ˈlɛpt\ or leapt \ˈlɛpt, ˈli:pt\; leap·ing leap at [phrasal verb] leap at (something) : to eagerly take (a chance, opportunity, etc.) She leaped at [=jumped at] the chance/opportunity to show her boss what she could do. He leapt at the offer of a better job. leap off the page — see 1page leap out at [phrasal verb] leap out at (someone) 1 : to suddenly come at (someone) from a hiding place The hidden assailant leaped [=jumped] out at them. 2 : to immediately get the attention of (someone) The picture on the magazine's cover leaps out at you. leap to conclusions — see conclusion leap to mind — see 1mind look before you leap — see 1look your heart leaps — see heart leap·er \ˈli:pɚ\ noun plural -ers [count] 2leap noun 1 [count] a : a long or high jump She made a graceful leap into the air. He ran and took a flying leap over the stream. b : the distance that a person or animal jumps He won the high jump with a leap of six feet. 2 [count] : a great and sudden change, increase, or improvement She made the difficult leap [=transition] from college to the workplace. the leap from childhood to adulthood a leap [=jump] in the cost of automobiles She has shown great leaps in ability. Technology has taken a great leap forward. — see also quantum leap 3 [singular] : a serious attempt to do or understand something new an imaginative leap It required a leap of the imagination to picture how the project would look when it was completed. ◇A leap in the dark is something that is done without knowing anything about what the result might be. He had no experience, so starting his own business was a real leap in the dark. ◇A leap of faith is a decision to believe that something is true or possible even though other people may doubt it. He has taken/made a leap of faith in starting his own business. It takes/requires a leap of faith to believe that this project can succeed. Other forms: plural leaps by/in leaps and bounds : very quickly and greatly The company grew by leaps and bounds. Their knowledge has increased in leaps and bounds. take a flying leap US informal + impolite — used to tell someone who angers or annoys you to go away She told him to (go) take a flying leap. [=(Brit) take a running jump]

Envision

verb [+ obj] chiefly US : to think of (something that you believe might exist or happen in the future) : to picture (something) in your mind The inventor envisioned many uses for his creation. She envisioned a better life for herself. Other forms: -sions; -sioned; -sion·ing

Troupe

verb] a group of performers such as singers or dancers who work and travel together: She joined a dance troupe and travelled all over Europe. A troupe of dancers from Beijing is one of the leading attractions in the festival. ★ SMART thesaurus Actors and performers Foreign words and phrases used in English

stove

1 chiefly US : a flat piece of kitchen equipment for cooking that usually has four devices (called burners) which become hot when they are turned on and that often is attached to an oven Is the stove on/off? She put the pan on the stove over medium heat. I cooked the burgers on the stove. —called also Brit) cooker— compare cooktop; see also cookstove 2 : a device that burns fuel for heating or cooking a wood-burning/gas stove — see also potbellied stove 3 : an oven or furnace that is used for hardening, burning, or drying something (such as pottery) : kiln

wear out

1 wear (someone) out or wear out (someone) : to make (someone) tired All that work in the yard yesterday really wore me out. She was worn out [=exhausted] from exercising. 2 wear out or wear (something) out or wear out (something) : to become thinner, weaker, or no longer useful because of use or to cause (something) to become thinner, weaker, or no longer useful because of use The tires wore out after 60,000 miles. You'll wear out your shoes doing that. — often used as (be) worn out The tape is worn out. wear out your welcome — see 4welcome

wear-and-tear

: the loss, injury, or stress to which something is subjected by or in the course of use; especially : normal depreciation

Take hold of

B2 to start holding something or someone: He took hold of one end of the carpet and tugged. I just managed to grab hold of Lucy before she fell in the pool. ★ SMART thesaurus Having in your hands [C] in fighting sports, a position in which one person holds another person so that they cannot move part of their body ★ SMART thesaurus Wrestling Martial arts [C] a place to put the hands and feet, especially when climbing ★ SMART thesaurus Mountaineering and rock climbing

Danube

Danube geographical nameDan·ube\ˈdan-(ˌ)yüb\ variants: or German Donau\ˈdō-ˌnau̇\ or ancient Danubius\də-ˈnü-bē-əs, da-, -ˈnyü-\ or Ister\ˈi-stər\ river 1770 miles (2848 kilometers) long in central and southeastern Europe flowing southeast from southwestern Germany into the Black Sea in Romania, with the northernmost channel forming the boundary between Romania and Ukraine Da·nu·bi·an\da-ˈnyü-bē-ən\ adjective

Air

Extra Examples A2 travel in an aircraft: I don't travel much by air. an air crash/disaster air travel ★ SMART thesaurus Aviation See also: Travelling by aircraft Movement through the air A2 [U] the mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth and that we breathe: I went outside to get some fresh air. You should put some air in your tyres ‑ they look flat to me. ★ SMART thesaurus Specific chemicals, chemical compounds and gases See also: Substances and structures in the body Types of chemical the air B2 [S] Extra Examples the space above the ground, especially high above the ground: The air was filled with the scent of roses. Throw your gun down and put your hands in the air. The police fired into the air to clear the demonstrators from the streets. ★ SMART thesaurus The Earth and outer space ‑ general words Extra Examples C2 manner or appearance: She has an air of confidence about her. ★ SMART thesaurus Conditions and characteristics be on/off (the) air C1 If a programme or a person is on/off (the) air, they are/are not broadcasting on radio or television: The radio station is on air from 6 a.m. As soon as the war started, any broadcasts with a military theme were taken off the air. ★ SMART thesaurus Broadcasting in general a simple tune: Bach's Air on a G String ★ SMART thesaurus Musical pieces Verb Endings for air to make opinions or complaints known to other people: Putting a complaint in the suggestions box is one way of airing your grievances. He'll air his views on the war whether people want to listen or not. ★ SMART thesaurus Remarks and remarking See also: Expressing and asking opinions Controlling emotions Verb Endings for air to become dry and/or fresh, or to cause to become dry and/or fresh: My mother always airs the sheets before she makes the beds. Leave the windows open to let the room air a bit. ★ SMART thesaurus Cleaning and tidying places and things Verb Endings for air to broadcast something or be broadcast on radio or television: The game will be aired live on CBS at 7.00 tonight. The interview with the president will air tomorrow morning. ★ SMART thesaurus Broadcasting in general

Front

Noun 1 [count] : the forward part or surface of something : the part of something that is seen first — usually singular the front of a shirt the front of the house [=the part facing the street] The jacket zips down the front. [=has a zipper that goes from the collar to the waist to open and close it] There's a picture on the front of the box. [=on the part of the box that usually faces out and that you see first] — see also shop front, storefront 2 [count] : a place, position, or area that is most forward or is directly ahead — usually singular The teacher asked her to come (up) to the front of the classroom. She was sitting in the front of the bus. 3 [count] : the part of your body that faces forward and includes your face and chest — usually singular The baby rolled onto his front. 4 [count] : the part of a book, magazine, etc., that includes the first few pages — usually singular You'll find that information in the front of the book. 5 [singular] : a way of behaving that is meant to hide your true feelings, thoughts, etc. I can't believe that your anger was all just a front! [=that you were pretending to be angry] She put up a good/brave front, but I know she was very disappointed. [=she acted as if she was not disappointed] 6 [count] : someone or something that hides or protects an illegal activity The business is a front for organized crime. 7 [count] a : an area where military forces are fighting The general is sending more troops to the front. — see also home front b : an area or field of activity — usually singular We are making progress on the educational front. Not much has been happening on the political front. 8 [count] weather : the place where two large areas of air that are of different temperatures come together — see also cold front, warm front Other forms: plural fronts front to back of a piece of clothing : with the front where the back should be He accidentally put the sweater on front to back. [=back to front, backwards] in front 1 : in a forward position : in an area at the front of something There was room for one passenger in front, so the rest of us sat in back. 2 : in the leading position in a race or competition She's still in front, but the other runners are catching up to her. — often used after out She's still out in front. in front of 1 : directly before or ahead of (something or someone) A tree stood in front of the house. A deer ran (out) in front of the car. They are frightened of what lies in front of them. [=what is in the future] 2 : in the presence of (someone) We shouldn't argue in front of the children. out front 1 : in the area directly before or ahead of something (such as a building) There was a small statue on the lawn out front. 2 : in the audience There are about 20,000 screaming fans out front. united front : a group of people or organizations that join together to achieve a shared goal We've decided to present a united front against these proposals. up front 1 : in or at the most forward position They told us we could sit up front. 2 informal : before beginning to do something : in advance He'll do the work, but he insists on being paid up front. 3 informal : in a direct and honest way They told me up front that my chances of being selected weren't good. — see also up-front 2front adjective Usage: always used before a noun 1 : of or relating to the front : located at the front There's a small statue on the front lawn. He keeps his wallet in his front pocket. the front entrance/hall She likes to sit in the front [=first] row. = She likes front-row seats. the front door [=the door in the front of a building that is usually the main entrance] The story appeared on the front page [=the first page] of the newspaper. We checked into the hotel at the front desk. [=the desk in a building where visitors are greeted] There is a dent in the car's front end. [=the part of a vehicle that faces forward] 2 golf — used to refer to the first 9 holes of an 18-hole golf course He was two over par on the front nine. front and center US : in the most important position or area These issues are front and center in voters' minds. 3front verb 1 : to have the face or front toward (something) [+ obj] The house fronts Main Street. [no obj] The house fronts on/onto Main Street. 2 [+ obj] a : to be the leader or lead singer of (a musical group) He is now fronting a different band. b Brit : to host or present (a radio or TV program) He fronts a talk show. 3 [+ obj] US, informal : to give (someone) the money needed to do something (such as to start a business) The record company will front (them) the money to record the album. Other forms: fronts; front·ed; front·ing

Virtually

adverb : very nearly : almost entirely We spent virtually all day shopping. The stadium was virtually empty by the time the game ended. I remember virtually everything he said. That illness is virtually unknown in this area. She is virtually guaranteed to get the job. [=she almost certainly will get the job]

Crack

cracked \ˈkrækt\ adjective 1 : having a crack or many cracks : having a damaged surface but usually not broken into pieces a cracked windshield The vase is cracked but it can still hold water. 2 : having deep lines in the surface the cracked leather of the old chair His hands were sore and cracked from working long hours in the cold. Her lips are dried and cracked. 3 : broken into pieces cracked wheat/pepper/corn 4 not used before a noun informal : crazy Don't pay any attention to her. She's a little cracked.

Damn

damn \ˈdæm\ interjection informal + impolite — used to show that you are angry, annoyed, surprised, etc. Damn! That really hurt! Well, damn. Why didn't you say you wouldn't be able to come? Damn! I had no idea you were planning a party for me! 2damn verb [+ obj] 1 informal + impolite a — used to show that you are angry or annoyed at a person, thing, or situation Damn them! They've ruined everything! Damn this rain. We haven't had a nice day in weeks. Damn it! I forgot my keys! Damn it all! b — used to say in a forceful way that you do not care about something I'm going to do it, damn the consequences. = I'm going to do it, the consequences be damned. [=I'm going to do it despite the possible consequences] 2 : to send (someone) to hell as punishment after death — usually used as (be) damned He said that they would be damned (to hell) for all eternity. [=that God would force them to be in hell forever] — sometimes used figuratively She was damned [=(more commonly) doomed] by her own lack of foresight. 3 : to say or think bad things about (someone or something) : to strongly criticize (someone or something) He damned them for their stupidity. Other forms: damns; damned; damn·ing as near as damn it — see 1near damn with faint praise : to give praise without enthusiasm in a way that shows you really dislike someone or something I'll be damned informal + impolite 1 — used to show that you are very surprised about something Well I'll be damned! Our team actually won! — often + if I spent an hour putting the machine together and I'll be damned if it didn't fall apart as soon as I tried to use it. [=I was very surprised that it fell apart] — sometimes shortened to damned if I told them they wouldn't enjoy the trip but damned if they didn't come anyway. 2 — used to say that you cannot or will not do something ; + if I'll be damned if I can remember where I left my keys. [=I cannot remember where I left my keys] I'll be damned if I'm going to eat any more of that disgusting food. [=I will not eat any more of it] the damned : the people who have been sent to hell as punishment after their death the souls of the damned (you're) damned if you do and damned if you don't informal — used to say that you will be blamed or considered wrong no matter what you do damning adjective [more damning; most damning] A damning piece of evidence showed that he had been at the crime scene. 3damn noun [singular] informal + impolite : anything at all — usually used in negative statements This computer's not worth a damn. [=it has no value; it is worthless] His promises don't mean a damn. [=don't mean anything] — see also tinker's damn give a damn also care a damn : to care at all about someone or something — used in negative statements He doesn't give a damn what people think about him. Nobody gives a damn about us. I don't want to hear about her problems. I just don't give a damn. They don't seem to care a damn about their future. 4damn adjective Variants: also damned Usage: always used before a noun informal + impolite 1 — used to show that you are angry, annoyed, surprised, etc. Turn the damn TV off and listen to me! The damned car won't start again. That's none of your damn business. The damn thing never worked right. 2 — used to make a statement more forceful If you believe that, you're a damn/damned fool. It's a damn shame that she couldn't afford to go to college. She's a damned liar! There's not a damn thing you can do about it. [=you cannot do anything about it] — see also damnedest 5damn adverb Variants: also damned informal + impolite : very or extremely That was a damn good movie. You did a damned fine job on that project. You'd better make damn sure that it doesn't happen again. "You seem angry." "You're damn right I am! That's for damn sure!" Some people just talk too damn much. [=talk far too much] The idea's pretty damn smart, if you ask me. He damn near killed us! [=he almost killed us] You know damn well what happened. You damn well better finish the job. [=you must finish the job] He does whatever he damn/damned well pleases. [=he does whatever he wants to do] — see also damnedest

defective

de·fec·tive \dɪˈfɛktɪv\ adjective [more defective; most defective] : having a problem or fault that prevents something from working correctly : having a defect or flaw Our car had defective [=faulty] brakes, so we had them replaced. This computer is defective. I want my money back. defective products/merchandise The disease is caused by a defective gene.

Destruction

de·struc·tion \dɪˈstrʌkʃən\ noun [noncount] : the act or process of damaging something so badly that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired : the act or process of destroying something a scene of destruction War results in death and widespread destruction. We are trying to save the building from destruction. weapons of mass destruction [=weapons that can destroy entire buildings, cities, etc.] His phenomenal success carried within it the seeds of its own destruction. [=the thing that made him successful eventually caused him to fail] — often + of the destruction of documents/evidence The storm caused the destruction of many homes. — see also self-destruction

Disputable

dis·put·able \dɪˈspju:təbəl\ adjective [more disputable; most disputable] : not yet proved or shown to be true : likely to be questioned or doubted The source of the text is disputable. [=debatable] a disputable claim The conclusion was based on disputable [=questionable] evidence. — opposite indisputable dis·put·ably \dɪˈspju:təbli\ adverb a claim that is disputably correct

drive away

drive away [phrasal verb] drive (someone) away or drive away (someone) : to cause or force (someone) to leave especially by making a situation unpleasant or unattractive The store's high prices are driving away customers.

Flash in the pan

flash in the pan noun phrase 1 : a sudden spasmodic effort that accomplishes nothing 2 : one that appears promising but turns out to be disappointing or worthless Origin from the firing of the priming in the pan of a flintlock musket without discharging the piece. First known use: 1706

Hence

hence \ˈhɛns\ adverb formal 1 : for this reason He was a newcomer and hence [=consequently, therefore] had no close friends here. He knew he could not win the election—hence his decision to withdraw. The company lost a great deal of money. Hence, the CEO was asked to resign. 2 : later than the present time a week hence [=a week from now] What will life be like a century hence?

Stock

noun 1 : the supply of goods available for sale in a store [noncount] That camera is out of stock. Do you have any more light bulbs in stock? [singular] They carry a large/small stock of computer software. 2 : a supply of something that is available for use [count] We built up an ample stock of food before the storm. She always seems to have a fresh stock of funny jokes. [noncount] There was a decrease in available housing stock [=houses and apartments] last year. 3 : a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment [count] The value of his stocks has soared. Most of her money is invested in stocks. [noncount] Do you own any stock? She bought (some) stock in the company. — often used before another noun stock prices a stock certificate 4 [count] : the part of a gun that is held against your shoulder the stock of a rifle — see picture at gun 5 [noncount] : the country or group of people that a person comes from He is of Irish stock. [=his family comes originally from Ireland] 6 [noncount] : farm animals (such as cattle) from which meat, wool and other products are obtained : livestock 7 [noncount] : liquid in which meat, fish, or vegetables have been cooked and then removed and which is used to make soups, sauces, etc. The recipe calls for one cup of chicken/beef stock. 8 [noncount] US : confidence or faith in someone or something He placed/put a lot of stock in her ability to get the job done. [=he had a lot of trust in her ability to get the job done] I don't put much stock in the rumors. [=I don't think the rumors are believable; I doubt the rumors] 9 [noncount] — used to describe how popular or unpopular someone or something is at a particular time The mayor's stock with voters is high/low right now. [=the mayor is popular/unpopular with voters right now] 10 stocks [plural] : a wooden frame with holes in it for a person's feet, hands, or head that was used in the past as a form of punishment He was sent to the stocks. Other forms: plural stocks lock, stock, and barrel — see 1lock take stock : to carefully think about something in order to make a decision about what to do next We need to take stock and formulate a plan. — often + of We should take stock of our finances. 2stock verb [+ obj] 1 : to have a supply of (something) in a store for sale Our store stocks only the finest goods. Do you stock this item? 2 : to fill (something, such as a room or a building) with a supply of food, drinks, etc. The bar is stocked with beer, wine and liquor. a well-stocked kitchen They stocked the shelves in the store with a variety of imported foods. Other forms: stocks; stocked; stock·ing stock up [phrasal verb] : to get a large quantity of something so that you will have it for later use I need to head to the store to stock up. — often + on We made sure to stock up on food before the storm hit. 3stock adjective Usage: always used before a noun 1 a : regularly used or included with something : standard Here are the stock patterns you can choose from. b : commonly used and not original or interesting She gave a stock answer to the reporter's question. a dull narrative with stock characters 2 : usually available for sale in a store That item is a stock model. stock sizes

live off

live off [phrasal verb] live off (something or someone) : to use (someone or something) as a source of the money or other things you need to live He has been living off his inheritance. He has been living off his girlfriend. [=his girlfriend has been supporting him financially] farmers who live off the land

Issue

noun 1 [count] : something that people are talking about, thinking about, etc. : an important subject or topic She is concerned with a variety of social/moral/economic issues. Water purity is a public health issue. The President's speech addressed a number of important issues. campaign issues like education and defense The company insists that race was not an issue in its decision. [=that its decision was not related to race in any way] The issue is poverty, not race: to talk about race is simply to confuse the issue. The case involves some complicated legal issues. He should stop dodging/avoiding the issue and make a decision now. 2 [count] : the version of a newspaper, magazine, etc., that is published at a particular time There's an interesting article on page 12 of this issue. the most recent issue of the magazine/journal the current/latest issue The library has a large collection of back issues. [=magazines, newspapers, etc., published before the current issue] 3 [singular] : the act of officially making something available or giving something to people to be used : the act of issuing something Several senators are calling for the issue [=issuance] of new guidelines. a government-issue gun [=a gun that the government has officially given to someone] — see also standard-issue 4 issues [plural] : problems or concerns the health issues associated with aging Other forms: plural -sues at issue : being discussed or considered At issue is the city's budget plan for next year. What is at issue is not the candidate's private life but her politics. force the issue : to force someone to do something or to make a decision about something They would never have addressed the problem if that newspaper article hadn't forced the issue. Neither side is willing to force the issue. have issues informal 1 : to have problems that make you unhappy and difficult to deal with He seemed nice enough at first, but it turns out he has (a lot of) issues. She has serious anger issues. [=she often gets so angry that she is difficult to deal with] 2 : to have reasons for disliking someone or something : to disagree with or disapprove of someone or something — + with I have some issues with his behavior. make an issue of : to argue about (something) or insist that (something) be treated as an important problem I knew they'd made a mistake, but I was too tired to make an issue of it. They kept making an issue of his smoking. [=they continued to criticize him because he smokes cigarettes] take issue with : to disagree with (someone or something) She took issue with the conclusions reached by the study. I take issue with their whole approach to the problem. without issue law : without having children He died without issue. 2issue verb 1 [+ obj] a : to give (something) to someone in an official way The police have issued [=handed out] numerous tickets for speeding in recent days. : to give or supply (something) to (someone) The jail issued him an orange uniform. = (Brit) The jail issued him with an orange uniform. Each employee will be issued an identification card. b : to make (something) available to be sold or used The Post Office will issue a new first-class stamp. The company plans to raise money by issuing more stock. The bank will be issuing a new credit card. the bank's newly issued credit card 2 [+ obj] : to announce (something) in a public and official way The king issued a decree forbidding all protests. A severe storm warning has been issued. The police have issued a warrant for her arrest. issue a press release 3 [no obj] formal : to go, come, or flow out from some source A steady flow of lava issued from a crack in the rock. Other forms: -sues; -sued; -su·ing is·su·er noun plural -ers [count] credit card issuers = issuers of credit cards

Of late

recently

Reservoir

res·er·voir \ˈrɛzəˌvwɑɚ\ noun [count] 1 : a usually artificial lake that is used to store a large supply of water for use in people's homes, in businesses, etc. 2 : a place (such as a part of a machine) where a liquid is stored The pen has a large ink reservoir. the engine's oil reservoir 3 : an extra supply of something Colleges and universities provide reservoirs of talent for job recruiters. She found the reservoirs of energy she needed to finish the job. Other forms: plural -voirs

Gratification

sexual gratification Some people expect instant gratification (= to get what they want immediately). ★ SMART thesaurus Pleasure and happiness

Sink

sink \ˈsɪŋk\ verb 1 a [no obj] : to go down below the surface of water, mud, etc. The passengers were rescued from the boat before it sank. a sinking ship The rock sank to the bottom of the pool. My foot sank into the deep mud. She sank up to her knees in the snow. b [+ obj] : to cause (a ship or boat) to go down below the surface of water The torpedo sank the ship. 2 [no obj] : to move down to a lower position The sun sank behind the hills. He sank to his knees and prayed. [=he knelt down and prayed] She sank back into the cozy chair. 3 [no obj] : to become lower in amount, value, etc. : to decline or decrease The temperature sinks quickly after the sun sets. The lake's water level is slowly sinking. His strength is slowly sinking. The company's stock sank after it announced that profits were less than expected. The currency's value is sinking. 4 [+ obj] : to use force to cause (something) to go into the ground or another surface — often + into He sank [=drove] the fence posts into the ground. He sank the ax into the tree. The nail was sunk all the way into the wall. The cat sank its claws into my arm. 5 [no obj] a : to do something that is morally wrong How could you sink [=stoop] to cheating? I never thought he could sink so low. [=do something so wrong] b : to begin to feel sad, depressed, etc. She sank into a deep depression. Her heart sank [=she became very sad] at the thought of moving so far away. With a sinking heart [=with great sadness], she signed the papers to sell the house. She got that sinking feeling [=a feeling of dread or discouragement] as she viewed the storm damage. c : to go or change to a worse or less active state — often + into The patient sank into a coma. He's sinking fast and won't live much longer. 6 [no obj] of a person's voice : to become quieter Her voice sank to a whisper. [=she began to whisper] 7 a [no obj] : to become less successful : to move toward failure The company is sinking under the weight of heavy debt. [=the company is failing because it has too much debt] b [+ obj] : to cause (someone or something) to fail Bad weather sank their plans for a picnic. If we don't get that money soon, we'll be sunk. 8 [+ obj] : to make (a well, shaft, mine, etc.) by digging down into the earth The workers are sinking a well. 9 [+ obj] : to spend (a lot of money, work, time, etc.) on something — + in or into He sank [=invested] five million dollars in the new company. He keeps sinking money into that old car. She has sunk a lot of work into the project. 10 [+ obj] : to throw, hit, or roll (a ball) into a hole or basket He sank [=dropped, holed] the putt. In pool, you need to sink [=pocket] the eight ball to win. She sank the jump shot. 11 [+ obj] chiefly Brit, informal : to drink (something) completely They sank [=downed] one more pint before leaving. Other forms: sinks; sank \ˈsæŋk\ or sunk \ˈsʌŋk\; sunk ; sink·ing sink in [phrasal verb] : to become completely known, felt, or understood I had to tell him what to do over and over before it finally sank in. The fact that she's left me still hasn't really sunk in. sink like a stone : to sink very suddenly and quickly The ship hit an iceberg and sank like a stone. — often used figuratively His last movie sank like a stone. sink or swim ◇A situation in which you either sink or swim is one in which you must succeed by your own efforts or fail completely. They left me to sink or swim on my own. In this job, it's sink or swim. sink without a trace (US) or Brit sink without trace : to sink beneath the water to a place that cannot be seen or found The boat sank without a trace. — often used figuratively Her first album was a big success, but after that she sank without a trace. sink your teeth into — see tooth 2sink noun [count] : a wide bowl that has a faucet for water and a drain at the bottom and is usually positioned in a counter or on a pedestal a kitchen sink (chiefly US) a bathroom sink [=(chiefly Brit) washbasin] — see pictures at bathroom, kitchen Other forms: plural sinks

one-shot deal

something that happens only one time

prefrontal cortex

the gray matter of the anterior part of the frontal lobe that is highly developed in humans and plays a role in the regulation of complex cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning

part with

to give up possession or control of (something) He hated to part with that old car. parting with a large amount of money

Upend

up·end \ˌʌpˈɛnd\ verb [+ obj] 1 : to cause (something) to be upside down : to turn (something) over He upended the bicycle to fix its flat tire. I upended the bucket to use as a stool. The security inspector upended my bag and dumped everything out. 2 : to cause (someone) to fall down or be turned over A giant wave upended the surfers. The midfielder was upended before he got the ball. — sometimes used figuratively especially in U.S. English The new regulations could upend the entire industry. The team was upended [=defeated] in the second round of the play-offs. Other forms: -ends; -end·ed; -end·ing

Straight up

used to show that you are telling the truth: You're a really attractive woman, straight up! "You're not telling me she's 16! Straight up?" (= Are you telling the truth?) ★ SMART thesaurus Honesty, openness and sincerity

Restructure

verb. re·struc·ture\(ˌ)rē-ˈstrək-chər\ re·struc·tured re·struc·tur·ing re·struc·tures transitive verb : to change the makeup, organization, or pattern of intransitive verb : to restructure something Examples You should restructure this sentence to make its meaning clearer. The college is restructuring its Humanities Department. First known use: 1932

obliged

有義務的

Byproduct

Noun 1 : something produced in a usually industrial or biological process in addition to the principal product a chemical by-product of the oil-refining process 2 : a secondary and sometimes unexpected or unintended result The loss of jobs is an unfortunate by-product of technological advancements in the industry.

Reputation

Noun B2 the opinion that people in general have about someone or something, or how much respect or admiration someone or something receives, based on past behaviour or character: The company has a worldwide reputation for quality. She has the reputation of being a good doctor. His reputation was destroyed when he was caught stealing some money. The hotel has a bad/good reputation. He earned/established/gained/acquired a reputation as an entertaining speaker. ★ SMART thesaurus Reputation

Complimentary

PRAISING praising or expressing admiration for someone: The reviews of his latest film have been highly complimentary. She wasn't very complimentary about your performance, was she? Our guests said some very complimentary things about the meal I'd cooked. → Opposite uncomplimentary ★ SMART thesaurus Praising and applauding See also: Exaggerating and playing down

Conductor

PUBLIC TRANSPORT someone whose job is to sell tickets on a bus, train, or other public vehicle ★ SMART thesaurus Railway workers MUSIC B2 someone who directs the performance of musicians or a piece of music: The conductor raised his baton. a guest conductor ★ SMART thesaurus Musicians a substance that allows heat or electricity to go through it: Metal is a good conductor of heat. ★ SMART thesaurus Electrical components and circuitry TRAIN a railway official who travels on and is responsible for a train ★ SMART thesaurus Railway workers

extension

REACH Extra Examples B2 the fact of reaching, stretching, or continuing; the act of adding to something in order to make it bigger or longer: Martin Luther King, Jr, campaigned for the extension of civil rights to (= for them to include) black people. The extension (= increasing)of police powers in the province has been heavily criticized. His report contained serious criticisms of the finance director, and, by extension (= therefore), of the entire board of management. The article is an extension of (= takes further) the ideas Professor Fox developed in an earlier book. I've applied for an extension to my visa (= asked for it to last longer). They are hoping to get an extension of their loan (= to be given a longer period of time in which to pay it back). ★ SMART thesaurus Becoming bigger See also: Enlarging and inflating Augmenting and supplementing BUILDING a new part added to a house or other building: We're building an extension to/on our house. ★ SMART thesaurus Parts of buildings in general noun [C] PHONE B2 any of two or more phones in the same house that share the same number, or any of a number of phones connected to a switchboard in a large building such as an office: We have an extension in our bedroom. When you call, ask for extension 3276. ★ SMART thesaurus Telephone equipment noun [C] COMPUTER the last part of the name of a computer file, which comes after a (.), and shows what type of file it is ★ SMART thesaurus Computer concepts adjective MAINLY UK (US USUALLY extension) organized especially by a college or university, etc. for people who are not students there: extramural classes/courses ★ SMART thesaurus Classes, courses and coursework

Turbulent

SITUATION/TIME C2 involving a lot of sudden changes, arguments, or violence: a turbulent marriage This has been a turbulent week for the government. ★ SMART thesaurus Social order and disorder Changing frequently See also: Changing

Boot up

SPECIALIZED COMPUTER Verb Endings for boot When a computer boots (up), it becomes ready for use by getting the necessary information into its memory, and when you boot (up) a computer, you cause it to do this. ★ SMART thesaurus Computer concepts

Departed

[I] FORMAL Extra Examples Verb Endings for depart B1 to go away or leave, especially on a journey: The plane departs at 6 a.m. The train for London departs from platform 2. ★ SMART thesaurus Departing

Cloak

[noun] PIECE OF CLOTHING a loose outer piece of clothing without sleeves, that fastens at the neck, and is worn instead of a coat ★ SMART thesaurus Coats, jackets and cloaks HIDE something that hides, covers, or keeps something else secret: The restaurant he owned was just a cloak for (= hid) his drug‑dealing activities. They left the house under cloak of darkness. ★ SMART thesaurus Secrecy and privacy verb [T] Verb Endings for cloak to cover or hide something: He has always kept his love affairs cloaked in secrecy (= kept them secret). The river is often cloaked in mist in the early morning. ★ SMART thesaurus Hiding and disguising

Peculiar

adjective 1 : characteristic of only one person, group, or thing : distinctive ... a drowsy fervour of manner and tone which was quite peculiar to her. — Thomas Hardy 2 : different from the usual or normal: a : special, particular a matter of peculiar interest b : odd, curious It seems peculiar that she would leave town without telling anybody. c : eccentric, queer The play had a zany plot and very peculiar characters. pe·cu·liar·ly adverb noun : something exempt from ordinary jurisdiction; especially : a church or parish exempt from the jurisdiction of the ordinary in whose territory it lies

bilingual

adjective 1 : able to speak and understand two languages Several of the employees are bilingual. He is bilingual in English and Japanese. 2 : using or expressed in two languages a bilingual dictionary She grew up in a bilingual community. The town has an excellent bilingual education program. — compare monolingual, multilingual bilingual noun plural -guals [count] Several of the employees are bilinguals. bi·lin·gual·ism \baɪˈlɪŋgwəˌlɪzəm\ noun [noncount] She says her bilingualism [=her ability to speak two languages] has helped her in her career.

Supreme

adjective 1 : highest in rank or authority NATO's supreme commander She reigns supreme [=is the best] in the world of tennis. 2 : highest in degree or quality : greatest or highest possible The board has supreme authority over such issues. She has an air of supreme confidence about her. the supreme example of what not to do a problem of supreme importance It's a matter of supreme indifference to her. He made the supreme sacrifice [=he died] for his country. su·preme·ly adverb supremely [=extremely] confident/indifferent/imaginative supremely boring/unimportant

liable

adjective 1 : legally responsible for something If someone gets hurt on your property, you could be liable. The amusement park was held liable in the boy's death. [=a court of law ruled that the amusement park was responsible for the boy's death] — usually + for He is liable for his wife's debts. [=he is responsible for paying his wife's debts] They are liable for any damage. [=they will be required to pay for any damage] 2 [more liable; most liable] : likely to be affected or harmed by something — + to Her condition makes her liable to illness. liable to injury 3 [more liable; most liable] : likely to do something — + to You're liable to fall if you're not more careful. It's liable to rain before we're done. That guy's liable to say anything. [=he might say anything]

slacking

adjective 1 : not stretched or held in a tight position : loose slack rope His broken arm hung slack at his side. The rope suddenly went slack. Her jaw went slack [=fell open] in amazement. 2 : not busy : lacking the expected or desired activity The fall is our slack [=slow] season. a slack market 3 a : doing something poorly because you are not putting enough care or effort into it I've been a little slack [=careless] about taking my medication lately. b : done poorly and carelessly He accused the government of slack supervision of nuclear technology. slack·ly adverb Streamers hung slackly from the walls. slack·ness noun [noncount] the slackness of the rope His slackness at work has been noticed. 2slack noun 1 [noncount] : the part of a rope, chain, etc., that hangs loosely Take in/up the slack of the rope. — sometimes used figuratively to describe a part of something that is available but not used We left some slack in the budget so that we can hire more people if we have to. 2 slacks [plural] chiefly US : pants or trousers He was wearing a white shirt and (a pair of) cotton slacks. She wore dress slacks and a nice blouse. Other forms: plural slacks give/cut (someone) some slack informal : to treat (someone) in a less harsh or critical way Would you give/cut me some slack? I'm doing the best I can. pick/take up the slack : to provide or do something that is missing or not getting done When he didn't get the pay raise he was expecting, he had to take another job to pick up the slack. [=to make up for the money he was not making] The manager has to take up the slack when employees don't do their jobs correctly. 3slack verb [no obj] : to give little or no effort or attention to work They need to stop slacking and get down to work. Other forms: slacks; slacked; slack·ing slack off [phrasal verb] 1 : to do something with less effort or energy than you did it with before I was exercising regularly last summer, but I've been slacking off recently. 2 : to become less active, forceful, etc. Their business has been slacking off in recent months.

parternal

adjective 1 : of or relating to a father He did not neglect his paternal responsibilities after the divorce. He offered them some paternal [=fatherly] advice. 2 always used before a noun : related through the father his paternal grandparents [=the parents of his father] a paternal aunt/uncle — compare maternal pa·ter·nal·ly adverb He smiled at them paternally. paternally inherited genes

intellectual

adjective 1 : of or relating to the ability to think in a logical way a child's intellectual development/growth intellectual challenges intellectual activities/exercises 2 [more intellectual; most intellectual] a : involving serious study and thought the social and intellectual life of the campus the library's commitment to intellectual freedom [=freedom that allows people to think about or study what they want] b of a person : smart and enjoying serious study and thought a rather intellectual poet in·tel·lec·tu·al·ly \ˌɪntəˈlɛktʃəwəli\ adverb He has grown both emotionally and intellectually. 2intellectual noun [count] : a smart person who enjoys serious study and thought : an intellectual person He thinks that he's an intellectual, but he doesn't know what he's talking about. She's a hard worker but she's no great intellectual. a café where artists and intellectuals mingle Other forms: plural -als

domestic

adjective 1 : of, relating to, or made in your own country the domestic economy/market foreign and domestic affairs/policy international and domestic politics The company hopes to attract both foreign and domestic investors. The wine is domestic. domestic and imported cheeses The airline only offers domestic flights. [=flights to and from places within the country] — opposite foreign 2 always used before a noun : relating to or involving someone's home or family domestic happiness His domestic [=home] life was not very happy. domestic abuse/violence [=physical harm done to a member of a family or household by another member of the same family or household] 3 a always used before a noun : relating to the work (such as cooking and cleaning) that is done in a person's home domestic chores/duties/work/services/help a domestic worker/servant [=a worker/servant who is hired to work in someone's home] b [more domestic; most domestic] — used to describe a person who enjoys work and activities that are done at home I'm not a domestic person. She is not very domestic. c always used before a noun : used in the home domestic furniture/appliances 4 of an animal : living with people : bred or trained to need and accept the care of human beings : domesticated The wolf is related to the domestic dog. wild and domestic cats domestic animals/cattle do·mes·ti·cal·ly \dəˈmɛstɪkli\ adverb It is a domestically produced wine. Domestically, the economy is not doing well. 2domestic noun [count] 1 old-fashioned : a servant who is hired to work in someone's home : a domestic servant 2 Brit, informal : a fight between members of a family or household She got in a domestic with her husband. Other forms: plural -tics

Authentic

adjective 1 : real or genuine : not copied or false We saw authentic examples of ancient Roman sculpture. The document is authentic. Experts have confirmed that the signature on the letter is authentic. 2 : true and accurate The witness provided an authentic record/report/account of what actually took place. 3 [more authentic; most authentic] : made to be or look just like an original The actors were dressed in authentic medieval costumes. [=costumes that looked just like real medieval clothes] She prepared a very authentic Mexican meal. The building is an authentic reproduction of a colonial farmhouse. au·then·ti·cal·ly \əˈθɛntɪkli\ adverb authentically prepared Mexican food au·then·tic·i·ty \ˌɑ:ˌθɛnˈtɪsəti\ noun [noncount] We checked the authenticity of the signature.

Verbal

adjective 1 : relating to or consisting of words The job requires someone with strong verbal skills. [=someone who is good at writing and speaking] He scored well on the verbal section of the test. verbal communication She was a victim of verbal abuse. [=harsh and insulting language] 2 : spoken rather than written They had a verbal exchange. a verbal agreement to finish the work We gave only verbal instructions. 3 : relating to or formed from a verb a verbal adjective ver·bal·ly adverb She was verbally abused. They agreed verbally to the deal.

Slight

adjective 1 : very small in degree or amount slight adjustments/errors a slight odor/cold/fever There is a slight chance of rain. Her head is tilted at a slight angle in the picture. The medication didn't have the slightest effect. [=did not have any effect] If you have even the slightest doubt, then don't do it. There is not the slightest danger [=there is no danger] of that happening. 2 : thin and not very strong or muscular a slight woman Other forms: slight·er; -est not in the slightest : not at all : not in the least "Does it bother you?" "Not in the slightest." 2slight verb [+ obj] : to offend or insult (someone) : to treat (someone) with disrespect I'm sure he didn't mean to slight you. He was slighted by his colleagues. Other forms: slights; slight·ed; slight·ing slight noun plural slights [count] a deliberate slight The remark was not intended to be a slight on his character. slighting adjective He made slighting references to her book. a slighting remark

Conservative

adjective 1 [more conservative; most conservative] : believing in the value of established and traditional practices in politics and society : relating to or supporting political conservatism a conservative newspaper columnist conservative politicians/policies She is a liberal Democrat who married a conservative Republican. — compare 1liberal 2 Conservative : of or relating to the conservative party in countries like the United Kingdom and Canada Conservative voters/policies the Conservative candidate 3 [more conservative; most conservative] : not liking or accepting changes or new ideas He had some pretty conservative [=traditional, conventional] ideas about the way life should be. She's more conservative now than she was in college. 4 [more conservative; most conservative] — used to describe a guess, estimate, etc., that is probably lower than the actual amount will be He gave me a conservative estimate of how much repairs will cost. She predicts that the total cost will be around 500 dollars, and that's a conservative guess. [=the total cost will probably be higher than that] 5 [more conservative; most conservative] : traditional in taste, style, or manners Her taste in art is fairly conservative. He is a conservative dresser. a conservative suit 6 [more conservative; most conservative] : not willing to take risks a conservative investor 7 or Conservative : accepting and following many of the traditional beliefs and customs of a religion Conservative Judaism con·ser·va·tive·ly adverb The collection is conservatively valued at three million dollars. He dresses conservatively. 2conservative noun [count] 1 : a person who believes in the value of established and traditional practices in politics and society : a person who is politically conservative His message is being well received by conservatives. — compare 2liberal 2 Conservative : a member or supporter of a conservative political party in countries like the United Kingdom and Canada Other forms: plural -tives

dedicated

adjective 1 [more dedicated; most dedicated] : having very strong support for or loyalty to a person, group, cause, etc. the band's most dedicated [=devoted] fans They are a group of highly dedicated [=committed, enthusiastic] individuals. He is a dedicated teacher. = He is dedicated to the teaching profession. 2 always used before a noun technical : used only for one particular purpose We have a dedicated phone line for our computer. [=a phone line that we use only for our computer]

Dominant

adjective 1 [more dominant; most dominant] : more important, powerful, or successful than most or all others The university has/plays a dominant [=major] role in the local economy. Money is the dominant [=main] force in consumer societies. The company is now dominant in its market. What is the dominant [=major, predominant] theme of the play? It is the dominant culture/tribe in the region. She has a very dominant [=domineering] personality. the dominant female/male of the pack 2 : most common the dominant [=prevailing] language/religion of the country 3 biology : causing or relating to a characteristic or condition that a child will have if one of the child's parents has it dominant genes Brown hair is a dominant trait. = Brown hair is dominant. — opposite recessive dom·i·nance \ˈdɑ:mənəns\ noun [noncount] The companies are competing for dominance in the market. = The companies are competing for market dominance. military/political dominance [=predominance] male dominance [=the state of men or male animals having more power than women or female animals] the French language's dominance in the region = the regional dominance of the French language [singular] The company has established a dominance in the market. the team's dominance over its rivals a neighborhood with a dominance [=predominance] of older homes dom·i·nant·ly adverb The population is dominantly [=(more commonly) predominantly] Catholic. a dominantly inherited disease

dramatic

adjective 1 [more dramatic; most dramatic] a : sudden and extreme His parents noticed a dramatic change/improvement/difference in his behavior. There was a dramatic increase/decrease/rise/fall in prices. b : greatly affecting people's emotions the team's dramatic [=exciting] overtime victory The book tells the dramatic story of her battle with cancer. c : attracting attention : causing people to carefully listen, look, etc. She made a dramatic entrance wearing a bright red dress. There was a dramatic pause before his big announcement. The painter used dramatic colors/accents. d : often showing a lot of emotion : tending to behave and react in an exaggerated way Oh, you're fine—don't be so dramatic. [=melodramatic] 2 always used before a noun : of or relating to plays and the performance of plays They are members of the local dramatic society. dra·mat·i·cal·ly \drəˈmætɪkli\ adverb [more dramatically; most dramatically] His behavior has improved dramatically. [=very much] They called to us from shore, waving their arms dramatically. [=using large motions]

Dynamic

adjective 1 [more dynamic; most dynamic] a : always active or changing a dynamic city a dynamic relationship b : having or showing a lot of energy a dynamic [=enthusiastic] speaker an exciting and dynamic performance 2 technical : of or relating to energy, motion, or physical force the dynamic theory of heat dynamic and potential energy dy·nam·i·cal·ly \daɪˈnæmɪkli\ adverb The camera moves dynamically around the actors. 2dynamic noun 1 : the way that two or more people behave with each other because of a particular situation [singular] the dynamic between a doctor and a patient the teacher-student dynamic [plural] Group dynamics are important to consider. The dynamics of this class are different from those of other classes. 2 [count] : something that causes change or growth in something else Disease was a central dynamic in the decrease in population. a study on famine and population dynamics 3 dynamics [noncount] technical : the science that studies motion and the forces that cause or stop motion molecular/fluid dynamics 4 dynamics [plural] music : changes in how loudly a piece of music is played or sung Dynamics greatly affect the impact of the music. Other forms: plural -ics

formal

adjective 1 [more formal; most formal] : requiring or using serious and proper clothes and manners We attended a formal dinner. a formal occasion/event They are formal with people they don't know well. ; also : suitable for a formal occasion a formal dress wearing formal clothes — opposite informal 2 [more formal; most formal] of language : suitable for serious or official speech and writing He spoke to them in formal Spanish. a formal word — opposite informal 3 a : made or done in an official and usually public way He wrote up a formal statement of his political beliefs. She received formal recognition for her volunteer work. He has made a formal announcement of his candidacy. b : done in a proper way according to the law a formal contract They seem to be interested in buying the house, but they haven't yet made a formal offer. 4 : arranged in a very orderly and regular way a formal garden — opposite informal 5 [more formal; most formal] : showing great concern for behaving in a proper and serious way He has a very stiff and formal manner. 6 : received in a school His formal education ended when he dropped out of high school. He lacks formal schooling. 7 : relating to the form of something (such as a piece of writing) rather than the content the formal aspects of a poem for·mal·ly adverb dressed formally They behave very formally with people they don't know well. He formally announced his candidacy. 2formal noun [count] US : a social gathering (such as a dance) that requires formal dress and manners : a formal event Other forms: plural -mals

speculative

adjective 1 a : based on guesses or ideas about what might happen or be true rather than on facts His conclusions are highly/purely speculative. b : tending to think about what might happen or be true : tending to speculate a writer with a speculative mind c : showing curiosity or uncertainty She gave him a speculative glance. [=she looked at him in a way that showed she was thinking/wondering about him] 2 : involving financial risk : of or relating to financial activity that could result in either a large profit or a large loss a speculative boom in housing construction speculative deals spec·u·la·tive·ly adverb The question can only be answered speculatively. She eyed him speculatively.

Corporate

adjective 1 a : involving or associated with a corporation We have to change the corporate structure to survive. A bunch of corporate types in suits were sitting at the table in the conference room. corporate debt/bonds/taxes b : consisting of or including large corporations He is one of the most powerful men in corporate America. c often disapproving : produced by or associated with large corporations corporate rock music corporate art 2 : formed into a legal corporation The business is a corporate entity.

Liberal

adjective 1 a [more liberal; most liberal] : believing that government should be active in supporting social and political change : relating to or supporting political liberalism a leading liberal thinker liberal politicians/policies She is a liberal Democrat who married a conservative Republican. — compare 1conservative b Liberal Brit : of or belonging to the liberal political party in countries like Canada and the United Kingdom Liberal voters/policies 2 [more liberal; most liberal] : not opposed to new ideas or ways of behaving that are not traditional or widely accepted She has a liberal attitude toward sex. — compare 1conservative 3 [more liberal; most liberal] a : generous to others : giving time, money, etc., freely to other people — often + with She has always been liberal with her donations. b : very large in amount He made a very liberal donation to the museum. a cook who uses a liberal quantity of spices [=who uses a large amount of spices] 4 [more liberal; most liberal] : not strict or exact a fairly liberal [=loose] interpretation of the law 5 somewhat formal : involving or relating to studies that are intended to give you general knowledge rather than to develop specific skills : relating to the liberal arts He received a liberal education. lib·er·al·ly \ˈlɪbərəli, ˈlɪbrəli\ adverb The book is liberally sprinkled with humor. She gave liberally to the charity. 2liberal noun [count] 1 : a person who believes that government should be active in supporting social and political change : a person who is politically liberal a policy that is supported both by liberals and conservatives in Congress — compare 2conservative 2 Liberal Brit : a member or supporter of a liberal political party in countries like the United Kingdom and Canada Other forms: plural -als

Casualness

adjective 1 always used before a noun : happening by chance : not planned or expected a casual encounter on the sidewalk 2 [more casual; most casual] : designed for or permitting ordinary dress, behavior, etc. : not formal casual clothes a casual restaurant The atmosphere at the meeting was quite casual. ◇Casual days are days (such as casual Fridays ) when a company allows workers to dress in casual clothes. 3 [more casual; most casual] a : done without much thought, effort, or concern She takes a casual [=nonchalant] approach to her homework. He made a casual remark about her shoes. b : not involving a close or serious relationship casual sex They are only casual acquaintances. [=they know each other but not very well] c : having some interest but not a lot : not serious He's a casual sports fan. 4 : happening at certain times but not on a regular basis She found only casual work. ca·su·al·ly adverb I looked casually down at my watch. He was dressed casually in jeans and a sweatshirt. ca·su·al·ness noun [noncount]

Occupied

adjective 1 not used before a noun [more occupied; most occupied] somewhat formal : busy doing something The governor is occupied at the moment. May I take a message? She keeps herself occupied with volunteer work. 2 somewhat formal : being used by someone This chair is occupied [=(less formally) taken], but I believe those chairs are free/available. His free time is occupied with his wife and children. 3 : controlled by foreign soldiers or a foreign government We live in an occupied country. = Our country is occupied by a foreign government. an occupied territory

parallel

adjective 1 — used to describe lines, paths, etc., that are the same distance apart along their whole length and do not touch at any point parallel train tracks A square is made of two sets of parallel lines. The corn is planted in parallel rows. The lines are parallel to each other. The row of trees is parallel with the road. — compare perpendicular 2 : very similar and often happening at the same time the parallel careers of the two movie stars These two sentences are parallel in structure. Notice the parallel development/evolution of the two technologies. 3 computers : designed for a computer system in which very small pieces of information are sent over separate wires at the same time a parallel cable/connection/port/printer — compare 1serial 4 parallel adverb The sidewalk runs parallel to/with the street. 2parallel noun 1 a [count] : a way in which things are similar : a shared quality or characteristic These myths have some striking/obvious parallels with myths found in cultures around the world. There are many parallels between the stories. The essay draws parallels between the lives of the two presidents. [=describes ways in which the lives of the two presidents were similar] b [noncount] : something that is equal or similar — usually used in negative statements This period of growth has no parallel [=there has never been a similar period of growth] in the history of the region. a masterpiece without parallel [=better than all others] in the history of art As an insult, it was without parallel. [=worse or more effective than all others] 2 [count] : any one of the imaginary circles on the surface of the Earth that are parallel to the equator and that are shown as lines on maps Most of the United States is south of the 49th parallel. — compare meridian Other forms: plural -lels in parallel (with) : at the same time and in a way that is related or connected Prices are rising in parallel with increasing fuel costs. The two systems work in parallel. 3parallel verb [+ obj] 1 : to be similar or equal to (something) Their test results parallel our own. Nothing parallels that experience. [=that experience is unlike any other experience; it is unique] 2 : to happen at the same time as (something) and in a way that is related or connected Rising prices parallel increasing fuel costs. Spending is paralleled by an increase in the number of loans given. 3 : to be parallel to (something) : to go or extend in the same direction as (something) The highway parallels the river. Other forms: -lels; -leled; -lel·ing

Foremost

adjective : most important He is the foremost [=leading] authority/scholar on the American Civil War period. Safety is their foremost [=primary] concern. 2foremost adverb 1 : in the first or most important position The building's designers put safety foremost. [=(more commonly) first] 2 : at the most basic or important level Though he has many other interests, he is foremost [=primarily] an authority on the American Civil War period. first and foremost — see 2first

Unprecedented

adjective : not done or experienced before The team has enjoyed unprecedented success this year. This level of growth is unprecedented. An unprecedented number of students are taking the class.

numerical

adjective : of or relating to numbers or a system of numbers The files are organized according to a numerical system. a numerical code The files are in numerical order. nu·mer·i·cal·ly \nʊˈmerɪkli, Brit njʊˈmɛrɪkli\ adverb The files are organized numerically.

fruitless

adjective : producing no good results : not successful They made a fruitless attempt to find a solution. It would be fruitless to continue. a fruitless argument — compare fruitful fruit·less·ly adverb They argued fruitlessly. fruit·less·ness noun [noncount]

Legislative

adjective Usage: always used before a noun 1 : having the power to make laws the state legislative body/assembly [=the group in a state government that makes laws] the legislative branch of the government — compare executive, judicial 2 : relating to the making of laws She is interested in the legislative process. legislative power leg·is·la·tive·ly adverb

patent

adjective Usage: always used before a noun 1 \ˈpætn̩t, Brit ˈpeɪtn̩t\ : of, relating to, or concerned with patents a patent law/lawyer The company settled a patent dispute last year. the licensing of patent rights a patent application They were sued for patent infringement. a patent holder/owner 2 \ˈpeɪtn̩t\ formal : obvious or clear His explanation turned out to be a patent lie. She acted with patent disregard for the rules. pat·ent·ly adverb It is patently obvious that she is overqualified for the job. 2pat·ent \ˈpætn̩t, Brit ˈpeɪtn̩t\ noun : an official document that gives a person or company the right to be the only one that makes or sells a product for a certain period of time [count] — often + on The company holds the/a patent on the product. They want to take out a patent on [=obtain a patent for] the process. — often + for She applied for patents for several of her inventions. [noncount] The product is protected by patent. Other forms: plural -ents 3pat·ent \ˈpætn̩t, Brit ˈpeɪtn̩t\ verb [+ obj] : to get a patent for (something) They patented their invention. The product was patented by its inventor. a patented process/drug Other forms: -ents; -ent·ed; -ent·ing

mere

adjective Usage: always used before a noun 1 — used to say that something or someone is small, unimportant, etc. She was a mere child [=she was only a child] when her father died. His voice did not rise above a mere whisper. = His voice did not rise above the merest [=slightest] whisper. You can taste a mere hint of spice. = You can taste the merest hint of spice. The trip takes a mere two hours. [=the trip takes only two hours] You can own this car for a mere 20 dollars a week. These mysteries can't be solved by mere mortals like us. 2 — used to say that something small is important or has a big effect or influence The mere thought of going makes me nervous. The mere fact that he agreed to help us is a good sign. The mere/merest mention of his name makes her angry. He gets sick at the merest sight of blood. Other forms: mer·est

prehistoric

adjective Variants: also pre·his·tor·i·cal \ˌpri:hɪˈstorɪkəl\ 1 : of, relating to, or existing in the time before people could write prehistoric animals/remains prehistoric times 2 [more prehistoric; most prehistoric] informal + disapproving : very old or outdated His attitudes about women are downright prehistoric.

Phony

adjective Variants: or chiefly Brit pho·ney \ˈfoʊni\ informal 1 : not true, real, or genuine : intended to make someone think something that is not true He gave a phony name to the police. = The name he gave the police was phony. a phony [=(more commonly) counterfeit] $100 bill She's been talking in a phony [=fake] Irish accent all day. 2 of a person : not honest or sincere : saying things that are meant to deceive people phony politicians Other forms: pho·ni·er; -est pho·ni·ness noun [noncount] I recognized the phoniness of her accent. 2phony (US) noun Variants: or chiefly Brit phoney [count] informal 1 : a person who pretends to be someone else or to have feelings or abilities that he or she does not really have : a person who is not sincere According to him, politics is full of phonies. I don't think she ever meant to help us. What a phony! 2 : something that is not real or genuine The painting is a phony. [=fake] Other forms: plural pho·nies

Blunt

adjective [also more blunt; most blunt] 1 : having a thick edge or point : not sharp scissors with blunt [=rounded] ends He was hit over the head with a blunt instrument. [=an object without sharp edges or points] ◇Blunt trauma is a serious injury caused by being hit by something that does not have sharp edges. She suffered blunt trauma to the head. 2 : saying or expressing something in a very direct way that may upset some people blunt language a blunt statement To be perfectly blunt, I find her annoying. He was blunt about needing more privacy. Other forms: blunt·er; -est blunt·ly adverb She bluntly refused their offer. To put it bluntly, I think he's out of his mind. blunt·ness noun [noncount] He replied with characteristic bluntness. 2blunt verb [+ obj] : to make (something) less sharp a weapon blunted by use — often used figuratively The stress and fatigue had blunted [=weakened] his reflexes. They tried to blunt [=soften] their criticism by praising her energy and enthusiasm. Other forms: blunts; blunt·ed; blunt·ing

crude

adjective [also more crude; most crude] 1 : very simple and basic : made or done in a way that does not show a lot of skill crude tools a crude instrument/drawing They built a crude shelter out of branches. 2 : rude in a way that makes people uncomfortable; especially : talking about sexual matters in a rude way They tell a lot of crude [=vulgar] jokes. 3 : very simple and basic in a way that is true but not complete a crude summary of the country's history a crude theory a crude [=rough] estimate She first described the procedure in crude terms, and then went into more detail. Other forms: crud·er; crud·est crude·ly adverb a crudely drawn picture To put it crudely [=bluntly], I just don't like you. crude·ness noun [noncount] He doesn't appreciate the crudeness of their jokes. 2crude noun [noncount] : oil as it exists in the ground : petroleum that is not yet ready to be used as fuel —called also crude oil

Harsh

adjective [also more harsh; most harsh] 1 a : unpleasant and difficult to accept or experience The climate there is very harsh. We've had an extremely harsh winter. a harsh environment It's time for her to face the harsh realities of this situation. The accident serves as a harsh reminder of the importance of wearing a seat belt. b : having an unpleasant or harmful effect because of great strength or force : too intense or powerful harsh colors a harsh [=shrill] whistle/voice The lighting in the room was very harsh. harsh chemicals/detergents 2 a : severe or cruel : not kind harsh discipline a harsh disciplinarian The state has established harsh penalties for drug dealers. She has been criticized for her harsh treatment of his students. He was sentenced to a harsh prison term. b : very critical : strongly negative He had harsh words for his opponent. harsh language She has faced some extremely harsh criticism. He has been one of her harshest critics. Other forms: harsh·er; -est harsh·ly adverb [more harshly; most harshly] She promised to deal harshly with all criminals. He treats his students harshly. The room was harshly lit. harsh·ness noun [noncount]

nasty

adjective [also more nasty; most nasty] 1 : very unpleasant to see, smell, taste, etc. She has a nasty habit of biting her fingernails. The food looks nasty. The medicine left a nasty taste in my mouth. a nasty-tasting medicine 2 : indecent and offensive a violent movie with a lot of nasty [=bad, dirty] language 3 : unpleasant and unkind That was a nasty [=cruel, mean] trick! That nasty old man yelled at me just for stepping on his lawn! He sent a nasty letter/e-mail to the company. She's got quite a nasty temper/disposition. He said lots of downright nasty things about her. She called him a few nasty names and left. 4 : very bad or unpleasant nasty weather/storms It's rainy and nasty outside. I've got a really nasty problem. He's in for a nasty surprise when he gets home. He just went through a nasty divorce. a nasty legal battle Their relationship got/turned nasty soon after they were married. 5 : very serious or severe You've got a nasty cut on your head. a nasty wound : causing much damage She had a nasty fall on the ice. He took a nasty spill while riding his bike. Other forms: nas·ti·er; -est nas·ti·ly \ˈnæstəli, Brit ˈnɑ:stəli\ adverb He spoke nastily about his ex-girlfriend. nas·ti·ness \ˈnæstinəs, Brit ˈnɑ:stinəs\ noun [noncount]

biased

adjective [more biased; most biased] : having or showing a bias : having or showing an unfair tendency to believe that some people, ideas, etc., are better than others She is too biased to write about the case objectively. an extremely biased statement He is biased against women/minorities. The judges of the talent show were biased toward musical acts.

Bruising

adjective [more bruising; most bruising] : extremely rough or painful a bruising campaign battle a bruising fight x r

Combative

adjective [more combative; most combative] : having or showing a willingness to fight or argue a combative attitude/style When the police tried to arrest him, he became combative. com·bat·ive·ness noun [noncount] a lawyer known for his combativeness

Formidable

adjective [more formidable; most formidable] 1 : very powerful or strong : deserving serious attention and respect a formidable enemy/opponent/weapon 2 : very difficult to deal with The mountains were a formidable barrier. a formidable challenge/task 3 : large or impressive in size or amount He has mastered a formidable amount of material. for·mi·da·bly \ˈfoɚmədəbli, foɚˈmɪdəbli\ adverb a formidably long list

groundless

adjective [more groundless; most groundless] : not based on facts The charges against him were (completely) groundless. Doubts about how the new system would work proved (to be) groundless. groundless fears ground·less·ly adverb ground·less·ness noun [noncount] the groundlessness of their fears

hostile

adjective [more hostile; most hostile] 1 : of or relating to an enemy They were entering hostile territory. hostile [=enemy] troops 2 : not friendly : having or showing unfriendly feelings a hostile atmosphere/expression Her suggestions were given a hostile reception. hostile behavior an openly hostile critic It was a small town that was hostile to/toward outsiders. a hostile witness [=a witness in a legal case who supports the opposing side] 3 : unpleasant or harsh The camel is specially adapted to its hostile desert habitat. a hostile workplace 4 business : involving an attempt to buy a company from people who do not want to sell it a hostile takeover

Ineptly

adjective [more inept; most inept] 1 : lacking skill or ability an inept mechanic He was completely inept at sports. a socially inept teenager [=a teenager who is shy or awkward around other people] 2 : showing a lack of skill or ability : not done well inept planning He made an inept attempt to apologize. — compare inapt in·ept·ly adverb It was ineptly done. in·ept·ness noun [noncount] the ineptness of the coaching staff

Insightful

adjective [more insightful; most insightful] : having or showing a very clear understanding of something : having or showing insight Her analysis of the problem was very insightful. an insightful comment/remark insightful leaders in·sight·ful·ly adverb in·sight·ful·ness noun [noncount]

Intimate

adjective [more intimate; most intimate] 1 : having a very close relationship : very warm and friendly an intimate acquaintance They remained intimate friends throughout their lives. We have an intimate friendship with our neighbors. = We are on intimate terms with our neighbors. [=we are very close friends with our neighbors] 2 : very personal or private intimate thoughts/feelings intimate secrets sharing an intimate moment an intimate conversation (chiefly US) a store that sells intimate apparel [=women's underwear and clothes for sleeping] 3 : involving sex or sexual relations They are in an intimate and committed relationship. He denies that they were ever intimate. = He denies that he was ever intimate with her. [=that he ever had sexual relations with her] 4 of a place : private and pleasant in a way that allows people to feel relaxed and comfortable The room is small and intimate. an intimate nightclub 5 : very closely related or connected : very close There is an intimate connection/relationship between diet and health. 6 : very complete She has an intimate [=very detailed] knowledge of the company. The story is now known in intimate detail. an intimate understanding of the process in·ti·mate·ly adverb She is intimately associated/involved with the production. The problem is intimately connected with/to our culture. intimately familiar with the experience Diet and health are intimately [=very closely] related. Their careers are intimately linked. She knows the city intimately. [=very well] 2in·ti·mate \ˈɪntəmət\ noun [count] somewhat formal : a very close and trusted friend : an intimate friend His coworkers knew him as "Robert," but his intimates called him "Robbie." Other forms: plural -mates 3in·ti·mate \ˈɪntəˌmeɪt\ verb [+ obj] : to say or suggest (something) in an indirect way He intimated (to us) that we should plan to arrive early. Other forms: -mates; -mat·ed; -mat·ing in·ti·ma·tion \ˌɪntəˈmeɪʃən\ noun plural -tions [count] the earliest intimations [=hints] of spring Even at the beginning, there were intimations [=suggestions] that the project was in trouble. [noncount] He hasn't given any intimation of his plans.

intricate

adjective [more intricate; most intricate] : having many parts intricate machinery an intricate [=complex] design/pattern The movie has an intricate plot. in·tri·cate·ly adverb intricately woven fabric an intricately carved mantel

Miserable

adjective [more miserable; most miserable] 1 a : very unhappy He had a miserable childhood. My boss is making my life thoroughly/utterly miserable with her constant demands and criticism. He felt lonely and miserable after his divorce. b : very sick or unwell She drank too much and felt miserable [=wretched, rotten] the next day. 2 : very severe or unpleasant I've had a miserable cold for the past week. We've been having miserable weather. = The weather has been miserable. 3 : very poor in condition or quality He lived in a miserable little shack. miserable [=wretched] living conditions 4 always used before a noun : very bad He did a miserable job making the sign. [=he made the sign very poorly] The business was a miserable failure. Their trip turned out to be a miserable experience. She has a miserable temper. the miserable state of the economy 5 always used before a noun : deserving to be hated Their boss is a rotten, miserable tyrant. mis·er·a·bly \ˈmɪzərəbli\ adverb The business failed miserably. miserably poor/unhappy

noteworthy

adjective [more noteworthy; most noteworthy] : important or interesting enough to be noticed : deserving attention : notable He gave several noteworthy performances during his short career. Nothing noteworthy happened that evening. Her art is noteworthy for its great quality and beauty. a noteworthy feat/achievement note·wor·thi·ness \ˈnoʊtˌwɚðinəs\ noun [noncount]

obscure

adjective [more obscure; most obscure] 1 : not well-known : not known to most people obscure books/titles a little antique shop in an obscure [=out-of-the-way] corner of the city 2 a : difficult to understand : likely to be understood by only a few people The movie is full of obscure references that only pop culture enthusiasts will understand. b : difficult or impossible to know completely and with certainty The origins of the language are obscure. ob·scure·ly adverb an obscurely titled book Synonyms: obscure, vague, and ambiguous mean not clearly understandable. obscure often suggests a meaning that cannot be easily understood because it has not been clearly expressed or because special knowledge is needed. an obscure poem vague suggests something that cannot be described clearly. She felt a vague sense of obligation. It can also describe something that is difficult to understand because it is not specific. vague instructions ambiguous describes language that can be understood in more than one way. an ambiguous statement 2obscure verb [+ obj] 1 : to make (something) difficult to understand or know : to make (something) obscure The true history has been obscured by legends about what happened. They accused the company of trying to obscure the fact that the product poses a health risk. 2 : to hide or cover (something) : to be in front of (something) so that it cannot be seen Low clouds obscured the mountains. = The mountains were obscured by low clouds. Her view of the game was obscured [=blocked] by a post. Other forms: -scures; -scured; -scur·ing

Permissive

adjective [more permissive; most permissive] often disapproving : giving people a lot of freedom or too much freedom to do what they want to do permissive parents a permissive society Some states have more permissive laws than others. per·mis·sive·ness noun [noncount] He sometimes takes advantage of the permissiveness of his parents.

Persuasive

adjective [more persuasive; most persuasive] : able to cause people to do or believe something : able to persuade people We weren't shown any persuasive evidence that he had committed the crime. a very persuasive [=convincing] argument a persuasive salesman per·sua·sive·ly adverb She argues persuasively that the drug should be legal. per·sua·sive·ness noun [noncount]

pointed

adjective [more pointed; most pointed] 1 a : ending in a point a sharply pointed pencil the long pointed [=pointy] leaves of a willow tree pointed rocks He had a mustache and a short pointed beard. b : having a particular number of points — used in combination a six-pointed star 2 : clearly directed toward a particular person or group pointed remarks/criticism He made a pointed reference to his mother-in-law. 3 : very easy to see or notice She reacted to the news with pointed indifference. point·ed·ness noun [noncount] the pointedness of their remarks

Primitive

adjective [more primitive; most primitive] 1 : of, belonging to, or seeming to come from an early time in the very ancient past the time when primitive man first learned to use fire primitive animals/plants [=animals/plants that lived in ancient times or that have not changed much since ancient times] 2 : not having a written language, advanced technology, etc. primitive societies/cultures 3 : very simple and basic : made or done in a way that is not modern and that does not show much skill primitive [=crude] tools The technology they used was primitive and outdated. The camp had only a primitive outdoor toilet. 4 : coming from the part of a person that is wild or like an animal : not based on reason primitive instincts/feelings/fears prim·i·tive·ly adverb prim·i·tive·ness noun [noncount] 2primitive noun [count] formal 1 : an artist who makes art in a simple style that is childlike; also : the art made by such an artist The museum is known for its collection of American primitives. 2 old-fashioned : someone who belongs to a primitive society a Stone Age primitive Other forms: plural -tives

proficient

adjective [more proficient; most proficient] : good at doing something : skillful a proficient reader He has become very proficient at computer programming. She is proficient in two foreign languages. pro·fi·cien·cy \prəˈfɪʃənsi\ noun [noncount] a test in reading proficiency = a reading proficiency test [=a test to see how well you can read] He shows a high level of proficiency in Spanish.

Provocative

adjective [more provocative; most provocative] 1 : causing discussion, thought, argument, etc. a thoughtful and provocative book/essay/idea provocative comments It was one of his more provocative suggestions. an intentionally provocative style 2 : causing sexual feelings or excitement : sexy She was wearing a very provocative outfit. pro·voc·a·tive·ly adverb a provocatively thoughtful work She was dressed provocatively.

Radical

adjective [more radical; most radical] 1 a : very new and different from what is traditional or ordinary The computer has introduced radical innovations. radical ideas about education b : very basic and important There are some radical differences between the two proposals. The new president has made some radical changes to the company. radical reforms 2 : having extreme political or social views that are not shared by most people radical liberals/conservatives a radical wing of extremists 3 US slang, somewhat old-fashioned : very appealing or good The party was totally radical! [=cool] rad·i·cal·ly \ˈrædɪkli\ adverb She has proposed a radically different approach to the problem. The hurricane radically changed the landscape. radically new technology rad·i·cal·ness noun [noncount] 2radical noun [count] : a person who favors extreme changes in government : a person who has radical political opinions He was a radical when he was young, but now he's much more moderate. Other forms: plural -cals

relieved

adjective [more relieved; most relieved] : feeling relaxed and happy because something difficult or unpleasant has been stopped, avoided, or made easier : feeling relief I was relieved to hear that you're feeling better. He was greeted at the door by his much relieved mother.

Saturated

adjective [more saturated; most saturated] 1 : completely wet a saturated sponge/towel His shirt was saturated with sweat. 2 : completely filled with something the area's already saturated freeways — often + with Newspapers were saturated with stories about the election. The room was saturated with the smell of her perfume. 3 technical — used to describe a type of oil or fat that is found in foods such as meat and butter and that is bad for your health Saturated fats are not easily processed by the body. — compare unsaturated

straightforward

adjective [more straightforward; most straightforward] 1 : easy to do or understand : not complicated Using the computer program is fairly straightforward. The instructions are straightforward. 2 : honest and open He was very straightforward with us. She gave a straightforward account of what happened. straight·for·ward·ly adverb She spoke straightforwardly about what had happened. straight·for·ward·ness noun [noncount]

substaintial

adjective [more substantial; most substantial] 1 : large in amount, size, or number A substantial number of people commute to work each day. This will save us a substantial [=considerable] amount of money/time. Activities like that pose a substantial risk of injury. She purchased her tickets at a substantial discount. 2 : strongly made : sturdy a substantial house Only the buildings that were constructed of more substantial materials survived the earthquake. 3 of food : enough to satisfy hunger I was hoping that they would serve us something more substantial than wine and cheese. a substantial [=filling] meal

substantial

adjective [more substantial; most substantial] 1 : large in amount, size, or number A substantial number of people commute to work each day. This will save us a substantial [=considerable] amount of money/time. Activities like that pose a substantial risk of injury. She purchased her tickets at a substantial discount. 2 : strongly made : sturdy a substantial house Only the buildings that were constructed of more substantial materials survived the earthquake. 3 of food : enough to satisfy hunger I was hoping that they would serve us something more substantial than wine and cheese. a substantial [=filling] meal

susceptible

adjective [more susceptible; most susceptible] 1 : easily affected, influenced, or harmed by something The virus can infect susceptible individuals. — often + to He is very susceptible to colds. [=he catches colds easily] a surface highly susceptible to scratches He is susceptible to flattery. 2 formal : capable of being affected by a specified action or process — + of a contract that is susceptible of modification [=a contract that can be modified]

turbulent

adjective [more turbulent; most turbulent] 1 : moving in an irregular or violent way Turbulent waters caused the boat to capsize. 2 : full of confusion, violence, or disorder : not stable or steady The sixties were a turbulent period in American history. a turbulent relationship tur·bu·lent·ly adverb

undesirable

adjective [more undesirable; most undesirable] : bad, harmful, or unpleasant an undesirable behavior/habit The drug has some undesirable side effects. This may have undesirable consequences. : not worth having or getting : not desirable Frankly, it's an undesirable and unpleasant job. un·de·sir·abil·i·ty \ˌʌndɪˌzaɪrəˈbɪləti\ noun [noncount] un·de·sir·ably \ˌʌndɪˈzaɪrəbli\ adverb costs are undesirably high

Unpretentious

adjective [more unpretentious; most unpretentious] : not having or showing the unpleasant quality of people who want to be regarded as more impressive, successful, or important than they really are : not pretentious He's easygoing and unpretentious. a casual and unpretentious restaurant un·pre·ten·tious·ly adverb un·pre·ten·tious·ness noun [noncount] I found her unpretentiousness to be refreshing.

upset

adjective [more upset; most upset] 1 : angry or unhappy I was feeling upset by/about the whole experience. There's no point in getting all upset about it. I try not to let her make me upset. She was too upset to speak to him. I'm upset that you didn't call. I was so upset with him, I didn't call him for two weeks. 2 ◇If you have an upset stomach, you have an unpleasant feeling in your stomach because of illness or because of something you have eaten. I had an upset stomach after eating all those cookies. My stomach was upset and I felt like I might throw up. 2up·set \ˌʌpˈsɛt\ verb [+ obj] 1 : to make (someone) unhappy, worried, etc. That remark you made really upset me. Don't upset yourself over it. It upsets him that he can do nothing to help. A lot of people were upset by the court's decision. It upsets me to think I might never see him again. 2 : to cause an unpleasant feeling in (your stomach) Spicy food upsets my stomach. 3 : to cause (something) to be unable to continue in the expected way His sudden arrival upset [=disrupted] our plans. 4 : to defeat (someone who was expected to defeat you) The heavyweight challenger upset the reigning champion in the third round. She was upset in the primary. 5 : to cause (something) to fall He accidentally bumped the table and upset a lamp. Other forms: -sets; -set; -set·ting upset the apple cart informal : to do something that changes or spoils a plan, situation, system, etc. Let's not upset the apple cart by introducing new rules. upsetting adjective [more upsetting; most upsetting] It was a very upsetting situation. 3up·set \ˈʌpˌsɛt\ noun 1 [count] : an occurrence in which a game, contest, etc., is won by a person or team that was expected to lose In a major upset, he took the gold medal. Her victory in the election was a big upset. an upset victory 2 : an unpleasant feeling of illness in your stomach [noncount] Spicy foods can cause stomach upset. [count] a minor stomach upset 3 : a period of worry and unhappiness caused by something that has happened [count] An emotional upset can affect your physical health. [noncount] a period of emotional upset Other forms: plural -sets

Well-connected

adjective [more well-connected; most well-connected] : having important and powerful friends a well-connected lawyer

Sober

adjective [or more sober; most sober] 1 : not drunk I'm driving, so I have to stay sober tonight. She has been sober for three years. [=she stopped drinking alcohol three years ago] I haven't been drinking at all. I'm (as) sober as a judge. [=I'm completely sober] He claims that he was stone cold sober [=completely sober] when the accident happened. 2 : having or showing a very serious attitude or quality He is a sober, hardworking farmer. The story is a sober look at drug abuse. Illness is a sober reminder of our mortality. The article is a sober reflection on the state of our nation. 3 : plain in color a sober gray suit Other forms: so·ber·er; -est so·ber·ly adverb He talked soberly about his life. She was soberly dressed. 2sober verb [+ obj] : to make (someone) serious or thoughtful He returned home from the war, saddened and sobered by his experiences. Other forms: -bers; -bered; -ber·ing sober up [phrasal verb] sober up or sober (someone) up : to become sober or less drunk or to make (a drunk person) sober or less drunk You need to sober up before you go. I tried to sober her up. I have to sober myself up.

worthy

adjective [or more worthy; most worthy] 1 : good and deserving respect, praise, or attention Your donations will be going to a worthy cause. I consider him a worthy opponent. She is a worthy successor to the mayor. 2 : having enough good qualities to be considered important, useful, etc. — usually + of Your achievements are worthy of respect. [=your achievements deserve respect] The suggestion is worthy of consideration. Her latest book is worthy of mention. My girlfriend's parents felt that I wasn't worthy of her. [=felt that I was not good enough to be her boyfriend] — sometimes followed by to + verb The voters will decide if he is worthy to become governor. Other forms: wor·thi·er; -est worthy of : good enough to have been written, said, done, or created by (someone, especially someone famous) a symphony worthy of Mahler [=the kind of symphony that Mahler would write] — see also 1worthy 2 (above) wor·thi·ness \ˈwɚðinəs\ noun [noncount] He must prove his worthiness to lead the country. 2worthy noun [count] : an important or respected person — often used in a joking or disapproving way to refer to people who think of themselves as important The party was attended by the mayor and a large group of local worthies. Other forms: plural wor·thies

inherent

adjective formal : belonging to the basic nature of someone or something He has an inherent sense of fair play. She believes strongly in the inherent [=fundamental, natural] goodness of all people. — often + in She believes that goodness is inherent in all people. There are a number of problems inherent in the design/plan. in·her·ent·ly adverb Are people inherently good? There is nothing inherently illegal about what he did.

inexorable

adjective formal : not able to be stopped or changed an inexorable conclusion the inexorable rise of a political movement in·ex·o·ra·bi·li·ty \ɪnˌɛksərəˈbɪləti\ noun [noncount] in·ex·o·ra·bly \ɪnˈɛksərəbli\ adverb We are inexorably linked to the past. Will a break in negotiations lead inexorably to conflict?

alternative

adjective Extra Examples B2 (US ALSO alternate) An alternative plan or method is one that you can use if you do not want to use another one: The opposition parties have so far failed to set out an alternative strategy. An alternative venue for the concert is being sought. ★ SMART thesaurus Different and difference B2 describes things that are considered to be unusual and often have a small but enthusiastic group of people who support them: alternative comedy ★ SMART thesaurus Unique and unusual See also: Good, better and best in terms of quality noun [C] Collocations for alternative Extra Examples B2 something that is different from something else, especially from what is usual, and offering the possibility of choice: an alternative to coffee There must be an alternative to people sleeping on the streets. I'm afraid I have no alternative but to ask you to leave (= that is what I have to do). ★ SMART thesaurus Different and difference adjective [before noun] with first one thing, then another thing, and then the first thing again: a dessert with alternate layers of chocolate and cream ★ SMART thesaurus Simultaneous and consecutive See also: Order and sequence C1 If something happens on alternate days, it happens every second day: Private cars are banned from the city on alternate days. ★ SMART thesaurus Simultaneous and consecutive See also: Order and sequence US (UK alternative) An alternate plan or method is one that you can use if you do not want to use another one. ★ SMART thesaurus Changing See also: Adapting and modifying Adapting and attuning to something Changing frequently alternating UK US /ˈɒl.tə.neɪ.tɪŋ/ US /ˈɑːl.t̬ɚ.neɪ.t̬ɪŋ/ adjective alternating moods of anger and sadness ★ SMART thesaurus Changing See also: Adapting and modifying Adapting and attuning to something Changing frequently

Cautious

adjective Extra Examples B2 Someone who is cautious avoids risks: He's a cautious driver. ★ SMART thesaurus Cautious and vigilant See also: Paying attention and being careful B2 A cautious action is careful, well considered, and sometimes slow or uncertain: a cautious approach cautious criticism ★ SMART thesaurus Paying attention and being careful See also: Cautious and vigilant cautious optimism a feeling that there are some reasons to hope for a good result, even if you do not expect complete success or improvement ★ SMART thesaurus Hoping and hopefulness See also: Potential cautiously UK US /‑li/ adverb in a cautious way ★ SMART thesaurus Cautious and vigilant See also: Paying attention and being careful cautiousness UK US /‑nəs/ noun [U]

ambiguous

adjective Extra Examples C2 having or expressing more than one possible meaning, sometimes intentionally: His reply to my question was somewhat ambiguous. The wording of the agreement is ambiguous. The government has been ambiguous on this issue. ★ SMART thesaurus Difficult to understand See also: Complicated and difficult to do Puzzle and confuse ambiguously UK US /‑li/ adverb Some questions were badly or ambiguously worded. ★ SMART thesaurus Difficult to understand See also: Complicated and difficult to do Puzzle and confuse

aging

adjective relating to getting older: the ageing process ★ SMART thesaurus Physically and mentally mature and immature describes a person or thing that is getting old: an ageing Hollywood actor ageing computers/machinery ★ SMART thesaurus Describing people who are old See also: The elderly Old or old‑fashioned

Glamorous

adjective (MAINLY UK INFORMAL glam) attractive in an exciting and special way: a glamorous woman/outfit a glamorous job She was looking very glam. ★ SMART thesaurus Attractive See also: Sexual attraction Smart and elegant glamorously UK US /‑li/ adverb glamorousness UK US /‑nəs/ noun [U]

Steep

adjective NOT GRADUAL Word Builder for steep Extra Examples B1 (of a slope) rising or falling at a sharp angle: a steep slope It's a steep climb to the top of the mountain, but the view is worth it. The castle is set on a steep hill/hillside. ★ SMART thesaurus Slanting, sloping, leaning, tilting Hills and mountains C1 A steep rise or fall is one that goes very quickly from low to high or from high to low: There has been a steep increase/rise in prices. ★ SMART thesaurus Slanting, sloping, leaning, tilting steepness UK US /ˈstiːp.nəs/ noun [U] Word Builder for steep

devastating

adjectivedev·as·tat·ing\ˈde-və-ˌstā-tiŋ\ 1 : causing great damage or harm a devastating flood/earthquake a devastating injury A devastating coastal tsunami could also result from a severe displacement of the San Andreas Fault. — Gary Sandquist 2 : causing extreme emotional pain a devastating loss Even the most banal domestic melodramas, readers come to understand, are experienced as devastating tragedies by children living them for the first time. — Entertainment Weekly 3 : extremely effective or powerful a devastating satire He had a devastating wit and an utter contempt for shoddy work in physics. — Jeremy Bernstein devastatingly adverbSome people recover readily from the infection, but in others it becomes disseminated, spreading rapidly and devastatingly from lungs to bones, skin and nervous system — Lawrence Galton Postcards from the Edge is a devastatingly savvy, bitingly funny, yet sad movie based on Carrie Fisher's autobiographical novel about Hollywood. — Jeffrey Lyons ... is portrayed as a devastatingly effective power broker in the Senate. — Alan Brinkley

Illiquid

adjectiveil·liq·uid\(ˌ)i(l)-ˈlik-wəd\ 1 : not being cash or readily convertible into cash illiquid holdings 2 : deficient in liquid assets an illiquid bank il·li·quid·i·ty\(ˌ)i(l)-ˌli-ˈkwi-də-tē\ noun

Influentials

adjectivein·flu·en·tial\ˌin-(ˌ)flü-ˈen(t)-shəl\ : exerting or possessing influence in·flu·en·tial·ly\ˌin-(ˌ)flü-ˈen(t)-sh(ə-)lē\ adverb Examples His theories have become more influential in recent years. My parents have been the most influential people in my life. First known use: 1570 Synonyms: heavy, heavy-duty, important, mighty, potent, powerful, puissant, significant, strong Antonyms: helpless, impotent, insignificant, little, powerless, unimportant, weak 2influential noun : one who has great influence

liveliness

adjectivelive·ly\ˈlīv-lē\ live·li·er live·li·est 1 obsolete : living 2 : briskly alert and energetic : vigorous, animated a lively discussion lively children racing for home 3 : active, intense takes a lively interest in politics 4 : brilliant, fresh a lively wit 5 : imparting spirit or vivacity : stimulating many a peer of England brews livelier liquor than the Muse — A. E. Housman 6 : quick to rebound : resilient a lively ball 7 : responding readily to the helm a lively boat 8 : full of life, movement, or incident lively streets at carnival time live·li·ly\ˈlīv-lə-lē\ adverb live·li·ness\ˈlīv-lē-nəs\ noun lively adverb Examples a very lively writing style The book is lively and well written. They had a lively debate. A lively atmosphere keeps people coming back to the café.

Presidential

adjectivepres·i·den·tial\ˌpre-zə-ˈden(t)-shəl\ 1 a : of, relating to, or befitting a president or a president's authority presidential duties/responsibilities a presidential pardon a presidential manner/bearing the presidential library b : of or relating to the election of a president the presidential campaign a presidential convention c : performing functions delegated by or under the authority of a president a presidential committee a presidential agent 2 : of, based upon, or having the characteristics of presidential government a presidential system a presidential republic

astray

adverb 1 : off the right path or route — usually used with go They marked the trail so hikers wouldn't go astray. [=become lost] The rocket went astray after liftoff. The letter went astray. [=was lost] 2 : away from what is right, good, or desirable — usually used with go or lead Older students led him astray. [=made him behave badly] The writer goes (badly) astray [=stops being correct or reasonable] when she blames the current government for these problems.一 The President was led astray [=convinced to make a bad decision] by his advisers. Their plans have gone astray. [=have failed]

Overall

adverb 1 : with everyone or everything included He scored highest overall. She figured out what it would cost overall. [=altogether] 2 : as a whole : in general He made a few mistakes but did well overall. Overall, the project was successful. 2over·all \ˌoʊvɚˈɑ:l\ adjective Usage: always used before a noun 1 : including everyone or everything your overall score after two rounds What is the overall [=total] cost? 2 : viewed as a whole or in general His mistake didn't change my overall impression of him. Your overall health is sound. She likes the overall quality of the product. The scratch didn't affect the car's overall appearance. 3over·all\ˈoʊvɚˌɑ:l\ noun 1 overalls [plural] US : a pair of pants with an extra piece attached that covers the chest and has straps that go over the shoulders wearing (a pair of) overalls —called also Brit) dungarees — see color picture 2 [count] Brit : a loose coat that is worn over clothes so that they do not get dirty : smock 3 overalls [plural] Brit : a piece of clothing that is worn over other clothes to protect them The mechanic was dressed in (a pair of) overalls. [=(US) coveralls] Other forms: plural -alls

Headlong

adverb 1 : with the head leading : headfirst I dove headlong to the floor. 2 : without taking time to think about your actions — usually + into We rushed headlong into marriage. head·long \ˈhɛdˌlɑ:ŋ\ adjective always used before a noun a headlong dive We made a headlong rush for the door.

frankly

adverb : in an honest and direct way You can speak frankly to us. — often used to introduce a statement that tells your true opinion, reason, etc. Frankly, I think your essay needs more work. [=I am being honest when I tell you that your essay needs more work]

Farther

adverb : to or at a more distant place or time or a more advanced point : further drive farther north It's farther away than I'd thought. I tried to read the book, but I got no farther [=further] than the first chapter. You think I don't like you? Nothing could be farther from the truth. [=it is completely untrue that I don't like you; I like you very much] 2farther adjective Usage: always used before a noun : more distant : further the farther side of town

Relatively

adverb : when compared to others The car's price is relatively high/low. [=the car's price is fairly/somewhat high/low when compared to the price of other cars] We've had a relatively [=comparatively] warm/cool/dry spring. There were relatively few people [=a fairly small number of people] at the meeting last night. The house is relatively [=fairly] new. relatively speaking 1 : when compared to others that are similar The procedure was quick, relatively speaking. This is a pretty good college, relatively speaking. Relatively speaking, the movie wasn't bad. 2 — used to say that something is true or correct as a general statement even if it is not entirely true or correct The trip was, relatively speaking, a disaster.

Comparatively

adverb : when measured or judged against something else : in comparison with something else These prices are comparatively [=relatively] high. a comparatively [=relatively] small amount ◇The phrase comparatively speaking is used to suggest that what is being said involves a comparison to something else. Comparatively speaking, the movie wasn't bad. [=the movie was better than some other movie]i

notably

adverb [more notably; most notably] 1 : in a way that attracts or deserves attention Several senior executives were notably absent from the proceedings. The film's plot was notably lacking. 2 : especially or particularly Some patients, (most) notably the elderly and the very young, have greater risks.

read·i·ly

adverb [more readily; most readily] 1 : quickly and easily readily understandable/available simple instructions that anyone can readily understand 2 : in a way that shows you are willing to do something : without hesitation or complaint She readily [=willingly] admits that she is to blame. He readily agreed to help us.

hence

adverb formal 1 : for this reason He was a newcomer and hence [=consequently, therefore] had no close friends here. He knew he could not win the election—hence his decision to withdraw. The company lost a great deal of money. Hence, the CEO was asked to resign. 2 : later than the present time a week hence [=a week from now] What will life be like a century hence?

apparently

adverb — used to describe something that appears to be true based on what is known The window had apparently been forced open. We were surprised when their apparently [=seemingly, ostensibly] happy marriage ended after only two years. Apparently, he died of a heart attack. = He died of a heart attack, apparently. = He apparently died of a heart attack. [=it appears that a heart attack caused his death] "Did the bus leave without us?" "Apparently (so)." [=yes, that seems/appears to be the case] "Is the bus still here?" "Apparently not."

Hitherto

adverb FORMAL until now or until a particular time: Mira revealed hitherto unsuspected talents on the cricket pitch. ★ SMART thesaurus Until a particular moment

Baited

bait \ˈbeɪt\ noun : something (such as a piece of food) that is used to attract fish or animals so they can be caught [noncount] We always use live bait [=worms that are alive] when we fish. cheese used for/as bait in mousetraps Wait until the fish takes the bait. [count] a wide selection of lures and baits — often used figuratively using bargains as bait for shoppers [=using bargains to attract shoppers] The police waited for the bank robbers to take the bait. [=to be tricked into doing the thing that would cause them to be trapped or caught] (chiefly Brit) The interviewer kept asking the politician whether he was lying, and he rose to the bait by getting angry. Other forms: plural baits fish or cut bait — see 2fish 2bait verb [+ obj] 1 : to put a piece of food on (a hook) or in (a trap) in order to attract and catch fish or animals She baited the mousetraps with pieces of cheese. = She used cheese to bait the traps. baiting hooks with live worms a baited hook/trap 2 : to try to make (someone) angry by using criticism or insults The interviewer kept baiting the politician by asking him whether he was lying. — see also race-baiting 3 : to use dogs to make (an animal, such as a bear or bull) angry or afraid — used in combination bear-baiting bull-baiting Other forms: baits; bait·ed; bait·ing

component

com·po·nent \kəmˈpoʊnənt\ noun [count] : one of the parts of something (such as a system or mixture) : an important piece of something the components of an electric circuit He sells spare computer components. The interview is a key component in the hiring process. Hard work has been a major component of his success. Other forms: plural -nents 2component adjective Usage: always used before a noun : helping to make up the whole of something (such as a system or a mixture) : forming or being a part of something the component parts of a machine

inevitable

in·ev·i·ta·ble \ɪˈnɛvətəbəl\ adjective : sure to happen the inevitable result Some criticism was inevitable. [=unavoidable] the inevitable : something that is sure to happen They're just trying to delay/postpone the inevitable. in·ev·i·ta·bil·i·ty \ɪˌnɛvətəˈbɪləti\ noun [noncount] the inevitability of change in·ev·i·ta·bly \ɪˈnɛvətəbli\ adverb The changes inevitably resulted in criticism.

biomass

noun 1 : the amount of living matter (as in a unit area or volume of habitat) 2 : plant materials and animal waste used especially as a source of fuel

strain

noun 1 : a feeling of stress and worry that you have because you are trying to do too much, are dealing with a difficult problem, etc. [count] The work has been a strain on me. [=it has been stressful for me] The strain of working and going to school full-time was too much for her. He talked about the stresses and strains of owning a business. The long hours at work have put/placed a strain on me. She has been under a strain lately. [noncount] Help from other workers took some of the strain [=pressure] off me. She has been under (a lot of) strain lately. He is holding up under the strain. [=he is able to deal with the pressure] He cracked/collapsed/buckled under the strain. [=he was not able to deal with the pressure] 2 : something that is very difficult to deal with and that causes harm or trouble [count] There are strains [=problems] in their relationship. Being deeply in debt has been a strain [=burden] on our marriage. The disagreement has put/placed a strain on their friendship. Sending their children to college has put/placed a strain on their finances. [noncount] Being in debt has been a source of strain on our marriage. Their friendship is under strain. 3 : a force that pulls or stretches something : stress [count] The cable is designed to withstand strains of more than four tons. — usually singular The strain on the cables supporting the bridge is enormous. The cables could not take the strain of the extra weight. [noncount] If there is too much strain on the cables they will snap. Moving the piano will put/place too much strain on our back muscles. The cable broke under the strain. 4 : an injury to a body part or muscle that is caused by too much tension, effort, or use [count] a leg/muscle strain [noncount] Long hours of study can cause eye strain. Heavy lifting is a cause of muscle strain. Other forms: plural strains — compare 3strain 2strain verb 1 [+ obj] : to injure (a body part or muscle) by too much tension, use, or effort I strained my back trying to lift the couch. Too much computer work strains the eyes. He strained a muscle in his leg. — compare sprain 2 : to try very hard to do or get something [no obj] — often + for He was straining for air. [=he was struggling to breathe] — often followed by to + verb He strained to open the jar. She strained to sing the high notes. The people in the back of the room strained to hear the speaker. [+ obj] I strained my ears to hear [=I tried very hard to hear] what they were whispering. I strained my eyes [=I tried very hard to see] in the darkness. 3 a : to be pulled or stretched in a forceful way [no obj] His muscles strained under the heavy weight. [+ obj] People were straining their necks [=were lifting their heads as high as they could by stretching their necks] to see the fight. — sometimes used figuratively You are straining (the limits of) my patience with your nagging. b [no obj] : to pull hard on or push hard against something — + at or against The dog strained at its leash. His belly strained against the buttons of the shirt. — sometimes used figuratively The kids were straining at the leash to get going. [=were very eager to get going] 4 [+ obj] : to cause problems or trouble for (something) The disagreement strained their relationship. The rent has strained our finances. The company is financially strained. 5 [+ obj] : to separate a liquid from solid pieces by using a special device (called a strainer) He strained the pasta. = He strained the water from the pasta. She strained the gravy. = She strained the lumps out of the gravy. Other forms: strains; strained; strain·ing strain yourself 1 : to injure yourself by making your muscles do too much work Don't strain yourself trying to move the couch. 2 : to put a lot of physical or mental effort into doing something Don't strain yourself trying to think of the answer. I can tell you what it is. 3strain noun 1 [count] : a group of closely related plants or animals : variety — often + of a strong strain of wheat a new strain of bacteria This strain of mice is resistant to the disease. 2 [count] literary + somewhat old-fashioned : a usually bad quality that someone or something has — usually singular ; usually + of There is a strain of snobbery in her. There is a strain of madness in that family. 3 [singular] formal + literary : a small amount of something There was a strain [=touch, trace] of sadness in his voice. 4 [count] : a kind or sort of something — usually + of a different strain of philosophy a new strain of pop music 5 strains [plural] formal : the musical sounds of someone or something We relaxed to the strains of Chopin. the strains of a harp Other forms: plural strains — compare 1strain

Trial

noun 1 : a formal meeting in a court in which evidence about crimes, disagreements, etc., is presented to a judge and often a jury so that decisions can be made according to the law [count] civil/criminal trials a murder trial He did not get/have/receive a fair trial. a trial by jury = a jury trial He testified at the trial. [noncount] He testified at trial. She is awaiting trial on charges of assault. She will stand/face trial [=be tried] for murder. [=there will be a trial to decide if she is guilty of murder] He was arrested but not brought to trial. [=tried; there was never a trial to decide if he was guilty or innocent] The case never came to trial. [=there was never a trial to make a decision about the case] 2 [count] a : a test of the quality, value, or usefulness of something Early trials have shown that the treatment has some serious side effects. a clinical trial [=a test in which scientists study how a drug, medical device, etc., affects a group of people in order to see if it is safe and effective] b : a test of someone's ability to do something that is used to see if he or she should join a team, perform in a play, etc. the Olympic trials (Brit) He was cut from the team after the first trial. [=(US) tryout] 3 [count] a : something (such as a difficult situation or task) that shows how patient, strong, or trusting you are Recovering from her injury was a real trial of strength. b : something or someone that is difficult to deal with : an annoying or unpleasant thing or person I know I was a bit of a trial to my parents when I was a teenager. Cold winters can be a trial for older people. The book describes the trials and tribulations [=difficult experiences, problems, etc.] of the colony's earliest settlers. 4 [count] : an event at which animals compete and perform a horse/dog trial Other forms: plural -als on trial : in a situation in which evidence against you is presented in a court to a judge and often a jury to decide if you are guilty of a crime He is on trial [=being tried] for murder. She was on trial on charges of drug possession. = She went on trial for possession of drugs. — sometimes used figuratively The controversial case has put the entire health-care system on trial. [=has caused people to think about the health-care system in a critical way] trial and error : a process in which you find out the best way to solve a problem, do something, etc., by trying different ways until one is successful We often learn by/through trial and error. 2trial adjective Usage: always used before a noun : relating to or used in a test that is done for a period of time to see if something is worth buying, using, etc. trial use of the product If you choose to use the software beyond the 30-day free trial period, you are required to pay for it. I'm using the product on a trial basis. [=for a short period of time] 3trial verb [+ obj] Brit : to test the quality, value, or usefulness of (something) Companies are trialling the new accounting software. Other forms: -als; -alled; -al·ling

procedure

noun 1 : a series of actions that are done in a certain way or order : an established or accepted way of doing something [count] Installing a car battery is a simple procedure. What is the procedure for applying for a loan? New employees are taught the proper safety procedures. [noncount] We must follow proper court/legal/parliamentary procedure. An identity check is standard police procedure. 2 [count] : a medical treatment or operation the procedure for treating a burn surgical procedures The procedure will take two hours. Other forms: plural -dures pro·ce·dur·al \prəˈsi:ʤərəl\ adjective always used before a noun formal procedural steps Congress will vote on a procedural matter/bill.

Surgery

noun 1 : medical treatment in which a doctor cuts into someone's body in order to repair or remove damaged or diseased parts [noncount] He's a specialist in brain surgery. The doctor has recommended surgery. He has recently undergone surgery on his shoulder. The patient is still in surgery. [=still being operated on] The doctor has been in surgery [=performing an operation] for two hours. [count] (chiefly US) She is now recovering from her surgery. [=operation] a doctor who has performed many surgeries — see also plastic surgery 2 [noncount] chiefly US : the area in a hospital where surgery is performed The patient was taken directly to surgery. — compare operating room 3 [count] Brit : a place where a doctor or dentist treats people I was waiting in the doctor's surgery. [=(US) office] 4 [noncount] Brit : office hours 3 5 [count] Brit : a special period of time when people can visit a member of the British Parliament to ask questions Other forms: plural -ger·iesz

mania

noun 1 : mental illness in which a person becomes very emotional or excited [noncount] She would typically experience a period of mania and then suddenly become deeply depressed. [count] patients affected by manias 2 : extreme enthusiasm for something that is usually shared by many people [count] — usually singular The band was part of the early rock-and-roll mania. [=craze] The city's sports mania is very well-known. — often + for He had a mania for cleanliness. [noncount] The entire city has been gripped by baseball mania. Other forms: plural -nias

obligation

noun 1 : something that you must do because of a law, rule, promise, etc. [count] The firm must fulfill its obligations under the contract. = The firm must fulfill its contractual obligations. legal/financial/constitutional obligations Both landlord and tenant should know their rights and obligations. [=responsibilities] [noncount] You can try the machine for free without obligation. [=without being required to buy it or to do anything else] You are not under any obligation to stay. [=you are not required to stay] You're under no (legal) obligation to return the money. [=there is no law that requires you to return the money; you do not have to return the money] 2 : something that you must do because it is morally right [count] family/social obligations She believes that all people have a moral obligation to defend human rights. He argues that people in a community have certain obligations to each other. She failed to fulfill her obligations as a parent. [noncount] We visited them out of a sense of obligation. [=a feeling that it was the right thing to do] Other forms: plural -tions

sequence

noun 1 : the order in which things happen or should happen [count] a sequence of events [noncount] He listened to the telephone messages in sequence. After she dropped the photographs, they were out of sequence. [=not in order, out of order] 2 [count] : a group of things that come one after the other : series a sequence of numbers/thoughts/poems/photographs 3 [count] : a part of a movie, television show, etc., that deals with one subject, action, or idea a chase sequence in a spy movie I enjoyed the movie's opening sequence. Other forms: plural -quenc·es

Prospect

noun 1 : the possibility that something will happen in the future [singular] the frightening prospect of going to war She is excited by the prospect of returning to school. Bankruptcy is an unlikely prospect for the company. [noncount] There was no/little prospect that the two parties would reach an agreement anytime soon. 2 [count] : an opportunity for something to happen — usually plural He has few prospects for employment. She has a lot of business prospects. = She has a lot of prospects for doing business. 3 [count] : someone or something that is likely to succeed or to be chosen a young baseball player who's considered a top prospect We haven't decided which car to buy yet. We're still looking at a few prospects. 4 [count] formal : a wide view of an area from usually a high place — usually singular ; usually + of a wide prospect of the surrounding country Other forms: plural -pects in prospect formal : possible or likely to exist or happen in the future A great medical breakthrough is in prospect. [=expected in the future] 2pros·pect \ˈprɑ:ˌspɛkt, Brit prəˈspɛkt\ verb [no obj] : to search an area for gold, minerals, oil, etc. — often + for Men were prospecting for gold along the river. — sometimes used figuratively The team actively prospects for talented players. Other forms: -pects; -pect·ed; -pect·ing prospecting noun [noncount] oil prospecting pros·pec·tor \ˈprɑ:ˌspɛktɚ, Brit prəˈspɛktɚ\ noun plural -tors [count] a gold/oil prospector

sort

noun 1 [count] : a group of people or things that have some shared quality : a particular kind or type of person or thing animals of various sorts What sort of car do you drive? Is this some sort of a joke? [=is this a joke?] 2 [singular] : a person of a particular type He's not a bad sort. She's not the sort to complain. 3 [count] technical : the act of separating things and putting them in a particular order : the act of sorting things The program did a numeric sort of the data. Other forms: plural sorts all sorts of : a large number or variety of (things or people) : many The movie appeals to all sorts of people. They've been having all sorts of problems. [=they've been having a lot of problems] of sorts or of a sort : in some ways but not entirely or exactly It was a vacation of sorts. [=it was like a vacation in some ways, although it wasn't really a vacation] He's a poet of sorts. [=he writes some poetry but he is not really a poet] of the sort : like the person or thing mentioned "You said you didn't like him." "I said nothing of the sort." [=I didn't say that at all] I would like to go to a movie or a concert, or something of the sort. [=something like that] out of sorts 1 : somewhat angry or unhappy My boss is (feeling) out of sorts today. 2 : somewhat ill I don't know what's wrong with me, but I'm feeling a little out of sorts. sort of informal : to some small degree : slightly or somewhat I feel sort of foolish. I think he sort of likes me. You look sort of like my cousin. "Did you enjoy the movie?" "Sort of." The walls were (painted) sort of blue. = The walls were (painted in) sort of a blue color. 2sort verb [+ obj] 1 : to separate and put (people or things) in a particular order She started to sort the mail. They sorted the winners from the losers. The program can sort data alphabetically or numerically. — often + out He sorted out the socks by color. I finally sorted out the mess in the attic. 2 Brit, informal : to deal with (something or someone) in a successful way We need to get this problem sorted. [=sorted out] Other forms: sorts; sort·ed; sort·ing sort out [phrasal verb] 1 sort (something) out or sort out (something) a : to understand or find (something, such as a reason or a solution) by thinking I'm trying to sort out [=find out, figure out] a way to do it. b : to find an answer or solution for (something) He's still trying to sort out his problems. We need to get these problems sorted out as soon as possible. c ◇If something sorts itself out, it stops being a problem without anyone having to do anything. They decided to wait until things sorted themselves out. 2 sort (someone) out or sort out (someone) a : to solve the problems of (someone) They're still trying to sort their son out. [=trying to sort out their son's problems] I just need a little more time to sort myself out. b Brit, informal : to deal with (someone who is causing problems) in a forceful way I told my brother they were bullying me, and he promised to sort them out (for me). — see also 2sort 1 (above) sort through [phrasal verb] sort through (something) : to look at things and put them in a particular order especially while you are searching for something He sorted through the papers. sort·er noun plural -ers [count]

estimate

noun 1 [count] : a guess that you make based on the information you have about the size, amount, etc., of something According to government estimates, current oil reserves are 10 percent lower than they were a year ago. One conservative estimate is that he stole five million dollars. At a (very) rough estimate, the job will take three months. 2 [count] : a statement about how much a job will cost We solicited several estimates for the project. The contractor's estimate for the job seemed high. 3 : an opinion or judgment about how good or bad something is [singular] He has a high estimate [=opinion, estimation] of his own abilities. [noncount] The company's products are, by general estimate, poorly made. Other forms: plural -mates 2es·ti·mate \ˈɛstəˌmeɪt\ verb [+ obj] : to give or form a general idea about the value, size, or cost of (something) : to make an estimate of (something) They estimated the distance at/as about three miles. We need to estimate how much paint we'll need for the job. The cost of the project has been estimated at/as about 10 million dollars. He estimates that current oil reserves are 20 percent lower than they were a year ago. Damage from the hurricane is estimated (to be) in the billions of dollars. Other forms: -mates; -mat·ed; -mat·ing estimated adjective An estimated 50,000 people were in attendance. es·ti·ma·tor \ˈɛstəˌmeɪtɚ\ noun plural -tors [count]

rut

noun 1 [count] : a long, narrow mark made by the wheels of a vehicle passing over an area The truck left deep ruts in the muddy ground. 2 [singular] : a situation or way of behaving that does not change She was stuck in a rut at her old job, so she quit work and went back to school. It is easy to get into a rut if you're not careful. Other forms: plural ruts rut·ted \ˈrʌtəd\ adjective a rutted dirt road rut·ty \ˈrʌti\ adjective a rutty track/road — compare 2rut 2rut noun [noncount] : the time when male animals (such as deer) become sexually active Bucks will defend their territory during the rut. a stag in rut rut·ting \ˈrʌtɪŋ\ adjective a rutting elk/buck the rutting season — compare 1rut

Worm

noun 1 [count] : a long, thin animal that has a soft body with no legs or bones and that often lives in the ground I often see worms in the garden. We always used worms as bait for fishing. — see also earthworm 2 [count] : the young form of some insects that looks like a small worm — see also glowworm, silkworm 3 [count] informal + disapproving : a person who is not liked or respected : a very bad person I didn't think that she would go on a date with that worm. [=wretch] 4 worms [plural] : an infection or a disease caused by tiny worms that live inside the body of an animal or person The veterinarian told us that our dog has worms. — see also roundworm, tapeworm 5 [count] computers : a computer virus that causes damage to computers connected to each other by a network Other forms: plural worms can of worms — see 2can the early bird catches/gets the worm — see 2early the worm turns informal — used to talk about how a situation can suddenly change so that a person who has been weak, unlucky, unsuccessful, etc., can become strong, lucky, successful, etc. The worm turns quickly in the world of politics. Some investors believe that the worm has turned, and that the economy is getting better. worm·like \ˈwɚmˌlaɪk\ adjective [more wormlike; most wormlike] tiny wormlike creatures 2worm verb 1 always followed by an adverb or preposition : to move or proceed by twisting and turning [no obj] He slowly wormed through the crowd. [+ obj] He slowly wormed his way through the crowd. 2 [+ obj] : to give (an animal) medicine that destroys the small worms that live inside it and cause illness worm a puppy You should have the dog vaccinated and wormed. Other forms: worms; wormed; worm·ing worm into [phrasal verb] worm (your way or yourself) into (something) informal : to get (yourself) into (a desired position, situation, etc.) in a gradual and usually clever or dishonest way I wormed my way into a job at the theater. He somehow managed to worm himself back into her life. worm out of [phrasal verb] informal 1 worm (something) out of (someone) : to get (information) from (someone) by asking many questions, by using clever methods of persuasion, etc. We're still trying to worm it out of him. She finally wormed the truth out of him. [=she finally got him to tell her the truth] 2 worm out of (something) or worm (your way) out of (something) : to avoid doing (something) in usually a clever or dishonest way He always managed to worm his way out of doing the dishes.

board

noun 1 [count] : a long, thin, flat piece of wood They nailed some boards over the broken window. Cut the board lengthwise. 2 [count] a : a flat piece of material (such as wood or cardboard) that is used for a special purpose They covered the board in fabric and pinned some photographs to it. the board that is used to play games like chess and checkers b : bulletin board 1 I saw a notice on the board calling for volunteers. — see also message board c : a large, smooth surface for writing on Write the answers on the board. — see also blackboard, whiteboard 3 [count] a : a group of people who manage or direct a company or organization She sits on the bank's board of directors. = She's a board member at the bank. b : a group of people who have been chosen to learn information about something, to give advice, etc. a member of the advisory board = a board member She is on the town's planning/zoning board. an investigative board [=(more commonly) panel] The parole board has decided that the prisoner is not yet ready for release. — see also boardroom, school board 4 [noncount] : daily meals that you pay for when you are paying to stay at a hotel, school, etc. He's looking for a place that provides board and lodging in the city. (Brit) A week at the hotel with half board [=some meals] is of course less expensive than a week with full board. [=all meals] — see also room and board 5 [count] : circuit board 6 boards [plural] US : special tests that you take when you want to be accepted as a student at a college or medical school Did you pass the boards? 7 the boards US : the low wooden wall that surrounds the playing surface in ice hockey He crashed into the boards. Other forms: plural boards across the board : in a way that includes or affects everyone or everything We've been forced to cut spending across the board. — see also across-the-board go by the board or US go by the boards : to no longer be used or considered : to be discarded, rejected, or abandoned Many of his original theories have gone by the board in recent years as new evidence has accumulated. on board 1 : in or on a train, boat, etc. : aboard She got on board the train. The ship's passengers are all on board. Is all the equipment on board (the boat/train/bus/plane)? 2 : included among the group of people who support a particular goal, project, etc. They needed to get more senators on board for the bill to pass. sweep the board — see 1sweep take (something) on board Brit : to decide to accept or deal with (something, such as a suggestion or idea) You will be pleased to note that we have taken your suggestions on board in formulating the present policy. tread the boards — see 1tread 2board verb 1 a : to get into or onto (an airplane, a bus, a train, etc.) [+ obj] You must have a ticket in order to board the train. The pirates tried to board the ship, but we fought them off. [no obj] We're supposed to board at 10:15. Passengers may now board. b : to put or allow (someone) into or onto an airplane, a bus, a train, etc. [+ obj] We're now boarding all passengers. [no obj] The flight is about to begin boarding. Passengers should remain in the boarding area. 2 [+ obj] : to cover or close (something) with pieces of wood The caretaker boarded the window. — usually + up The caretaker boarded up the window. We decided to board up [=put boards over the windows and doors of] the old shed. 3 a [+ obj] : to provide (someone) with daily meals and a place to live in exchange for money They board guests during the summer season. b [no obj] : to pay for daily meals and a place to live Many students board at the college. — see also boardinghouse, boarding school Other forms: boards; board·ed; board·ing

Stake

noun 1 [count] : a pointed stick or post that is pushed into the ground especially to mark a place or to support something 2 the stake : a post that a person was tied to and burned on in the past as a form of punishment Joan of Arc was burned at the stake. 3 stakes [plural] : something (such as money) that you could win or lose in a game, contest, etc. a poker game with high stakes The stakes are too high/low/big. 4 [count] a : an interest or share in a business They have a stake in the company. [=they own part of the company] a majority stake b : an interest or degree of involvement in something We all have a stake in the health of our economy. [=the health of our economy affects us all] Other forms: plural stakes at stake : in a position to be lost or gained Millions of dollars are at stake in the battle over his inheritance. Thousands of jobs are at stake. Many lives are at stake. My reputation is at stake if this project fails. [=my reputation will be lost/damaged if this project fails] go to the stake for/over Brit : to defend (something or someone) even though your actions or statements may cause you trouble or harm She's willing to go to the stake for her beliefs. pull up stakes US informal : to leave your job or home Her career was going nowhere, so she decided it was time to pull up stakes. 2stake verb [+ obj] 1 : to risk the loss of (something, such as money) — usually + on She staked [=bet, wagered] all her money on the race. He staked [=risked] his reputation on the success of the new plan. The corporation staked billions of dollars on the deal. She staked everything on one last attempt. That's the man who robbed the bank. I would stake my life on it. [=I am absolutely sure] 2 : to support (something, such as a plant) with stakes She staked the tomatoes to keep them from falling over. Other forms: stakes; staked; stak·ing stake out [phrasal verb] stake (something) out or stake out (something) 1 : to mark the limits of (an area) with stakes stake out a mining area We staked out the area where the pool will be installed. 2 : to watch (a place) secretly especially because you are looking for illegal activity The police staked out the building until they caught the vandals. — see also stakeout 3 : to state (your opinion) in a very clear and definite way He staked out his position on this issue in a speech he gave last month. stake (out) a/your claim : to say or show that you believe you should have something or that you deserve something They staked their claim to the land. With her strong showing in the early rounds of the tournament, she has staked her claim to be considered one of the favorites.

Ornament

noun 1 [count] : a small, fancy object that is put on something else to make it more attractive She wore a hair ornament. (US) the hood ornament on a car [=a small metal figure on the front edge of a car's hood] Christmas ornaments [=small balls, figures, etc., that are hung on a Christmas tree for decoration] 2 [noncount] formal : a way to make something look more attractive and less plain A satin bow was used for ornament. [=decoration] The columns are there purely as ornament—they have no structural function. Other forms: plural -ments 2ornament verb [+ obj] formal : to make (something) more attractive by adding small objects to it : decorate flower patterns used to ornament boxes — usually used as (be) ornamented a dress ornamented with pearls elaborately/highly ornamented ceilings Other forms: -ments; -ment·ed; -ment·ing

mass

noun 1 [count] : a usually large amount of a substance that has no particular shape The slush froze into an icy mass. a cold air mass rock masses — often + of a mass of metal/clay/dough masses of floating ice — see also body mass index, critical mass, landmass 2 a [count] : a large number or amount of something The plant produces a (great/large/huge) mass of blossoms every spring. = The plant produces masses of blossoms every spring. a mass of data/information b [count] : a large number of people A great mass of voters turned out for the election. The team was greeted by a mass [=crowd] of fans. The war has forced masses of people to flee their homes. c masses [plural] Brit, informal : a large amount of something Don't worry: we've still got masses [=lots] of time. 3 the masses : the ordinary or common people His films are not intended to appeal to the masses. the needs of the masses a politician who is popular with the masses trying to reach the masses 4 [noncount] physics : the quantity of matter in something a star's mass Other forms: plural mass·es the mass of : the main part of (something) The mass of the iceberg [=the largest part of the iceberg] is below the surface of the water. His policies are supported by the (great/broad) mass of the people. [=by most of the people] 2mass verb : to form or gather into a large group [no obj] A large crowd of demonstrators massed outside the courthouse. Clouds were massing on the horizon. [+ obj] The generals massed their troops along the border. Other forms: masses; massed; mass·ing 3mass adjective Usage: always used before a noun : involving, affecting, or designed for many people mass demonstrations weapons of mass destruction mass murder a mass murderer mass hysteria Television is a mass medium. a mass market

cocktail

noun 1 [count] : an alcoholic drink that is a mixture of one or more liquors and other ingredients (such as fruit juice) We had cocktails before dinner. — often used before another noun a cocktail waiter/waitress/bar a cocktail glass A cocktail hour [=an hour when people drink cocktails] preceded the dinner. 2 [count] : a mixture of different things The disease is being treated with a cocktail of powerful drugs. a dangerous cocktail of chemicals — see also molotov cocktail 3 [count, noncount] : a small dish of a particular food that is served usually at the beginning or end of a meal a shrimp cocktail fruit cocktail Other forms: plural -tails

quarter

noun 1 [count] : one of four equal parts of something Cut the pie into quarters. A quarter [=fourth] of the class voted "no." 2 [count] : a unit of something (such as weight or length) that equals one fourth of some larger unit an inch and a quarter a quarter of a cup of sugar It happened three quarters of a century ago. [=75 years ago] 3 [count] : one of four divisions of an hour : a period of 15 minutes He was three quarters of an hour early. It is now (a) quarter to four. = (US) It is now (a) quarter of four. [=it is 15 minutes before four o'clock] The alarm went off at (a) quarter past six. = (US) The alarm went off at (a) quarter after six. [=15 minutes after six o'clock] 4 [count] : one of four divisions of a year : a period of three months The company's profits rose in the second quarter. (Brit) quarter day [=the first day of a financial quarter when payments are due] 5 [count] : one of four divisions of a school term usually lasting about 12 weeks She received her grades for the first quarter. — compare semester, term, trimester 6 [count] : one of the four equal parts of the playing time of a game (such as basketball or American football) There are two minutes left in the third quarter. The final quarter of the game was very exciting. 7 [count] : a coin of the United States and Canada that is worth 25 cents Do you have a quarter for the parking meter? ; also : the sum of 25 cents The candy costs a quarter. 8 [count] : a person or group of people or an area in which people live Concern has been expressed in many quarters. [=many people have expressed concern] The move was met with dismay in this quarter. My brother and I have not spoken in years so I expect no help from that quarter. [=I expect no help from my brother] Complaints came from all quarters. [=from many people or places] 9 [count] : a part or area of a city She lives in the historic quarter. [=district] 10 quarters [plural] : the place where someone lives Our living quarters were very comfortable. soldiers'/servants' quarters 11 [count] : one of the two times during a month when a quarter of the moon's surface can be seen The moon was in its/the first quarter. a quarter moon Other forms: plural -ters at/in close quarters : close together usually in a very small space The sailors were living in close quarters. We could observe the behavior of all the animals at close quarters. [=from a short distance] no quarter literary : no pity or mercy — used to say that an enemy, opponent, etc., is treated in a very harsh way The soldiers showed/gave no quarter to the enemy. They received no quarter or sympathy. 2quarter verb [+ obj] 1 : to divide or separate (something) into four parts The hunters quartered the deer. She quartered the potatoes. 2 : to provide (someone) with a place to stay for a usually short period of time : to provide living quarters for (someone) We were quartered in log cabins at the camp. Other forms: -ters; -tered; -ter·ing 3quarter adjective Usage: always used before a noun : equal or about nearly equal in size, value, amount, etc., to one fourth of something a quarter century ago a quarter acre of land They live less than a quarter mile from us.

Assumption

noun 1 [count] : something that is believed to be true or probably true but that is not known to be true : something that is assumed I made the assumption that he was coming, so I was surprised when he didn't show up. He will come home tomorrow. At least, that's my assumption. Many scientific assumptions about Mars were wrong. We are operating on/under/with the assumption that the loan will be approved. [=we are assuming that the loan will be approved; we are behaving as though we know that the loan will be approved] I'm telling you our arrival time on the assumption that you will check to see whether or not our flight is on time before you come to the airport. Her plan is based on the underlying assumption that the economy will improve in the near future. 2 [noncount] : the act of assuming something: such as a : the act of beginning a role, duty, etc. her assumption of the presidency b : the act of taking or beginning to have power, control, etc., in a job or situation the assumption of control/authority c : the act of accepting a responsibility, debt, etc. the buyer's assumption of debt Other forms: plural -tions

triviality

noun 1 [count] : something that is not important : trifle We shouldn't spend time on such trivialities. 2 [noncount] : the quality or state of being trivial the triviality of the problem Other forms: plural -ties

Remark

noun 1 [count] : something that someone says or writes to express an opinion or idea : comment I was offended by his remark. I've heard many disparaging remarks about him. an author known for making witty/clever remarks 2 [noncount] formal : the act of noticing or making a comment about something The incident passed without remark. 3 remarks [plural] : a short speech or a part of a speech opening/closing remarks Other forms: plural -marks Synonyms: remark, observation, and comment mean something that is said or written and that gives an opinion. remark often suggests a quick thought or an informal judgment. He made a casual remark about the food. observation often suggests an opinion expressed after looking closely at and thinking about something. She published her observations on whales after 10 years of study. comment often suggests a remark that is meant to explain or criticize. I asked her to give me her comments on the book when she finished it. 2remark verb : to make a statement about someone or something : to make a remark [+ obj] "It's so hot today," she remarked. He remarked [=commented] that the movie was disappointing. [no obj] — + on or upon The mayor remarked on/upon how quickly the construction of the new civic center was progressing. Other forms: -marks; -marked; -mark·ing

Concession

noun 1 [count] : the act of conceding something: such as a : the act of giving up something or doing something in order to reach agreement The company has been unwilling to make concessions (to the strikers) during negotiations. b : the act of admitting that you have been defeated in a contest We are waiting for his concession of the election. The candidate made an emotional concession speech when it was clear that he had lost. 2 [count] : something that you allow or do to end a conflict or reach an agreement The strikers have won/gained/secured some important/major concessions from the company. 3 [count] : something that is done because a particular situation makes it necessary or desirable — + to Her sensible shoes are a concession to comfort. [=she wears sensible shoes because they are comfortable] He takes afternoon naps now in/as a concession to his old age. 4 US a [count] : the right to sell something or do business on property that belongs to the government or to another company or person a mining concession b [count] : a small business or shop where things are sold in a public place (such as a sports stadium) He runs a concession that sells hot dogs and hamburgers at the ballpark. We got hot dogs at the concession stand. c concessions [plural] : things sold at a concession stand He has a license to sell concessions at the ballpark. 5 [count] Brit : a special lower price or rate tax concessions [=tax breaks] student concessions [=discounts] Other forms: plural -sions

frame

noun 1 [count] : the basic structure and shape of the body of a person or animal She had to extend every inch of her five-foot frame [=body] to reach the top shelf. her petite/slight/thin/wiry frame his large/lanky/lean frame 2 [count] : an arrangement of parts that support and form the basic shape of something the frame of a house a bicycle frame the car's steel frame 3 a [count] : an open structure that holds something (such as glass or a picture) a picture/window/door frame — see also cold frame b frames [plural] : the plastic or metal structure that holds the lenses of eyeglasses I need new frames for my glasses. 4 [count] a : one of the pictures in the series of pictures that make up a film The film runs at eight frames per second. — see also freeze-frame b : one of the drawings in the series of drawings that make up a comic strip 5 [count] computers : a section of a Web page that is like a small separate page : a section of a Web page that has its own scroll bar 6 [count] Brit : 1rack 6 Other forms: plural frames in the frame Brit informal : in the position of being considered for something a job candidate who is still in the frame out of the frame Brit informal : no longer in the position of being considered for something a job candidate who is out of the frame — see also time frame 2frame verb [+ obj] 1 a : to put (something) inside an open structure that holds it : to put (something) in a frame frame a picture a framed photograph paintings framed with/in wood steel-framed spectacles b : to be around the edge of (something) — usually used as (be) framed a house framed by a white picket fence The child's face was framed by brown curls. 2 : to produce (something written or spoken) It was the first state to frame a written constitution. : to express (a question, answer, etc.) in words She framed her questions carefully. He took the time to frame a thoughtful reply. 3 : to make (an innocent person) appear to be guilty of a crime She claims that she was framed. — see also frame-up Other forms: frames; framed; fram·ing fram·er noun plural -ers [count] a picture framer the framers of the U.S. Constitution [=the people who wrote the U.S. Constitution]

joint

noun 1 [count] a : a point where two bones meet in the body the elbow/knee/shoulder joint She's been having pain in her muscles and joints. b : a place where two things or parts are joined seal the joints of the pipes 2 [count] informal a : a particular place People were running all over the joint. [=everywhere] b : a cheap bar or club I can't believe we came to a (cheap) joint like this. c : an informal restaurant a hamburger/pizza joint 3 [count] informal : a marijuana cigarette smoking a joint 4 the joint US slang : prison five years in the joint 5 [count] chiefly Brit : a large piece of meat for roasting a joint of beef Other forms: plural joints out of joint 1 of a bone : not in the correct position : out of its socket His shoulder kept slipping out of joint. 2 informal : not in agreement or order My schedule has gotten a little out of joint [=disorganized] in the past few weeks. 3 informal ◇If you have your nose out of joint, you are angry or annoyed. We had to wait a while, but that wasn't any reason for him to get his nose out of joint. stink up the joint US informal : to perform or play very badly This year the team is really stinking up the joint. 2joint adjective Usage: always used before a noun 1 : combining the work of two or more people or groups of people It took a joint [=united] effort to get the job done. a joint session of (both houses of) Congress 2 : done by or involving two or more people a joint venture joint research filing a joint tax return They had a joint account at the bank. divorced parents who have joint custody of their child (Brit) They came in joint third. [=they both finished in third place] 3 : doing something together joint owners joint·ly adverb a study conducted jointly by scientists in two countries jointly owned property

Evaluate

noun 1 [count] a : a way of living or existing Happiness is the state or condition of being happy. We must keep our armed forces in a constant state of readiness. She meditates to achieve a higher state of being. b : the overall physical condition of something : the ability of something to be used, enjoyed, etc. The museum restored the painting to its original state. [=condition] The building is in such a sorry state that it's hardly worth fixing. The car is in a good/bad state of repair. [=the car is in good/bad condition] c : the things that affect the way you think or feel : your physical or mental condition her mental/emotional state By the time I arrived, he was in quite a state. [=he was very upset, worried, angry, etc.] — often + of They were in a state of shock/confusion. [=they were shocked/confused] I'm worried about the state of her health. The drug creates an altered state of consciousness. an unhappy state of mind She was in no (fit) state [=in no condition] to drive. [=she was too sick, drunk, etc., to drive] d : the things that affect the way something is or happens : the characteristics of a situation What is the company's financial state? [=condition] — often + of the current/present state of the economy Her life is in a state of complete chaos. The empire fell into a state of decline. The country is in a state of war. [=the country is at war] Tonight the President will give the State of the Union address. [=an annual speech given to the U.S. Congress by the President to report on the state of the country] — see also state-of-the-art, state of emergency at emergency 2 [count] : the fact of being a liquid, solid, or gas water in a gaseous state the solid and liquid states 3 [count] a : a politically organized group of people usually occupying a definite territory : nation African/Arabic states the member states of the United Nations Security Council — see also city-state, nation-state b : a particular kind of government or politically organized society — see also police state, slave state, welfare state 4 a [count] : a region of a country that is controlled by the country's central government but that has the authority to make its own laws about certain things the 50 states of the U.S. Chihuahua is a state in northern Mexico. Vermont was the only New England state to pass the law. the state legislature state and federal laws state lines/borders This matter falls under state jurisdiction. Today is a state holiday here. [=it is an official holiday in this state but not nationally] — often used in combination a state-run program state-funded scholarships This land is state-owned. — see also downstate, upstate b the States informal : the United States of America My cousin from England is coming to visit me in the States. The band plans to tour the States. 5 [noncount] : the government of a country matters of state [=government business] the separation of church and state a crown worn only on state occasions The President will make a state visit to China. the (U.S.) Department of State = the State Department [=the part of the U.S. government that is responsible for how the U.S. deals with other countries] — see also state's evidence Other forms: plural states lie in state ◇When the body of a famous leader (such as a former U.S. president or the pope) lies in state, it is displayed in a coffin in a public place so that people can view it and show respect. 2state verb [+ obj] 1 : to express (something) formally in speech or writing The lawyer will state the facts of the case. He stated his name in full. I was merely stating an opinion. "This is a difficult situation," he stated simply. Please state the purpose of your visit. I'd like to state for the record that I disagree with the board's decision. For the reasons stated above, I hereby withdraw from the competition. She accused me of stating the obvious. [=telling people things they already know] 2 : to give (specific information, instructions, rules, etc.) in writing The rules clearly state that you can only draw one card. — often used as (be) stated The rules of the contest are stated at the bottom of the page. You must comply with the terms as stated [=written, specified] in the contract. Other forms: states; stat·ed; stat·ing

Stating

noun 1 [count] a : a way of living or existing Happiness is the state or condition of being happy. We must keep our armed forces in a constant state of readiness. She meditates to achieve a higher state of being. b : the overall physical condition of something : the ability of something to be used, enjoyed, etc. The museum restored the painting to its original state. [=condition] The building is in such a sorry state that it's hardly worth fixing. The car is in a good/bad state of repair. [=the car is in good/bad condition] c : the things that affect the way you think or feel : your physical or mental condition her mental/emotional state By the time I arrived, he was in quite a state. [=he was very upset, worried, angry, etc.] — often + of They were in a state of shock/confusion. [=they were shocked/confused] I'm worried about the state of her health. The drug creates an altered state of consciousness. an unhappy state of mind She was in no (fit) state [=in no condition] to drive. [=she was too sick, drunk, etc., to drive] d : the things that affect the way something is or happens : the characteristics of a situation What is the company's financial state? [=condition] — often + of the current/present state of the economy Her life is in a state of complete chaos. The empire fell into a state of decline. The country is in a state of war. [=the country is at war] Tonight the President will give the State of the Union address. [=an annual speech given to the U.S. Congress by the President to report on the state of the country] — see also state-of-the-art, state of emergency at emergency 2 [count] : the fact of being a liquid, solid, or gas water in a gaseous state the solid and liquid states 3 [count] a : a politically organized group of people usually occupying a definite territory : nation African/Arabic states the member states of the United Nations Security Council — see also city-state, nation-state b : a particular kind of government or politically organized society — see also police state, slave state, welfare state 4 a [count] : a region of a country that is controlled by the country's central government but that has the authority to make its own laws about certain things the 50 states of the U.S. Chihuahua is a state in northern Mexico. Vermont was the only New England state to pass the law. the state legislature state and federal laws state lines/borders This matter falls under state jurisdiction. Today is a state holiday here. [=it is an official holiday in this state but not nationally] — often used in combination a state-run program state-funded scholarships This land is state-owned. — see also downstate, upstate b the States informal : the United States of America My cousin from England is coming to visit me in the States. The band plans to tour the States. 5 [noncount] : the government of a country matters of state [=government business] the separation of church and state a crown worn only on state occasions The President will make a state visit to China. the (U.S.) Department of State = the State Department [=the part of the U.S. government that is responsible for how the U.S. deals with other countries] — see also state's evidence Other forms: plural states lie in state ◇When the body of a famous leader (such as a former U.S. president or the pope) lies in state, it is displayed in a coffin in a public place so that people can view it and show respect. 2state verb [+ obj] 1 : to express (something) formally in speech or writing The lawyer will state the facts of the case. He stated his name in full. I was merely stating an opinion. "This is a difficult situation," he stated simply. Please state the purpose of your visit. I'd like to state for the record that I disagree with the board's decision. For the reasons stated above, I hereby withdraw from the competition. She accused me of stating the obvious. [=telling people things they already know] 2 : to give (specific information, instructions, rules, etc.) in writing The rules clearly state that you can only draw one card. — often used as (be) stated The rules of the contest are stated at the bottom of the page. You must comply with the terms as stated [=written, specified] in the contract. Other forms: states; stat·ed; stat·ing

emphasis

noun 1 [noncount] : a forceful quality in the way something is said or written You need to state your arguments with greater emphasis. [=state your arguments more forcefully] 2 [noncount] : added force that is given to a word or syllable when speaking The emphasis [=stress] in the word "happiness" is on the first syllable. 3 : special importance or attention given to something [noncount] — usually + on The emphasis in this drill is on using proper technique. She puts/places/lays (particular/special/great) emphasis on developing good study habits. [count] Our candidate's plan has a different emphasis. Other forms: plural -pha·ses \-fəˌsi:z\

Appeal

noun 1 [noncount] : a quality that causes people to like someone or something I can't understand the appeal of skydiving. [=I can't understand why some people like it] Music never held much appeal [=attraction] for him. Her jokes are quickly losing their appeal. The movie has great appeal to/for adults as well as children. [=adults and children like the movie] the wide/broad/mass/universal appeal of the artist's work — see also sex appeal 2 [count] a : a serious request for help, support, etc. They made a desperate appeal [=plea, entreaty] for help. His appeals to his father for money were ignored. The mayor made an appeal to the people of the city to stay calm. b : an attempt to make someone do or accept something as right or proper by saying things that are directed at a person's feelings, attitudes, etc. — + to The author makes an appeal to the reader's emotions. an appeal to reason an appeal to the intellect c : an organized effort to raise money We made a donation during the school's annual appeal. She helped to organize/launch an appeal on behalf of the homeless. 3 : a process in which a decision is studied and accepted or rejected by a higher court or by someone in authority [count] My lawyer said the court's decision wasn't correct and that we should file for an appeal. lodge an appeal [noncount] Her conviction was thrown out on appeal. [=a higher court decided that she should not have been convicted] The case is currently under appeal. [=the case is currently being reviewed by a higher court] — see also court of appeals Other forms: plural -peals 2appeal verb 1 [no obj] : to be liked by someone : to be pleasing or attractive to someone The movie appeals to adults as well as (to) children. [=adults and children like the movie] music that appeals to a wide variety of people The idea of going to college appealed to him greatly. [=the idea was very appealing to him] 2 [no obj] a : to ask for something (such as help or support) in a serious way The government appealed for calm. desperate people who are appealing for help The government appealed to the people to stay calm. b : to try to make someone do or accept something as right or proper by saying things that are directed at a person's feelings, attitudes, etc. — + to We got them to join by appealing to their sense of duty and honor. 3 : to make a formal request for a higher court or for someone in authority to review and change a decision [no obj] He appealed, arguing that there was not enough evidence to convict him. She lost the case and appealed the following month. (Brit) We plan to appeal against the court's decision. [+ obj] (US) We plan to appeal the court's decision. The ruling can be appealed within 30 days. (baseball) The runner was called out at home plate but the manager appealed the umpire's decision. Other forms: -peals; -pealed; -peal·ing

Hostility

noun 1 [noncount] : an unfriendly or hostile state, attitude, or action They were both glad to have gotten through the divorce proceedings without any visible signs of hostility. The townspeople showed open hostility to/toward outsiders. 2 hostilities [plural] formal : acts of fighting in a war Peace talks were stalled after recent hostilities. Both sides are calling for a cessation of hostilities. Other forms: plural -ties

regard

noun 1 [noncount] : care or concern for someone or something — often + for or to He has no regard for my feelings. [=he doesn't care at all about my feelings] She seems to have little regard for her health. Would you please show some regard for others? The company acted without regard for the safety of its workers. She was hired without regard to race, age, or gender. [=race, age, and gender did not influence the decision to hire her] The President acted with due regard to [=with the proper care for] the welfare of the nation. 2 : a feeling of respect and admiration for someone or something [singular] — often + for I have a great regard for his ability. The students have a high regard for their teacher. [=the students respect and admire their teacher very much] [noncount] She has won the regard [=esteem, respect] of the other scientists in her field. I have no/little regard for his opinions. His work is held in high regard. [=his work is greatly respected] 3 regards [plural] : friendly greetings Give/Send them my (warm/kind) regards. [=greet them for me; tell them I am thinking of them] — sometimes used to end a letter I look forward to seeing you soon. Regards, John. Other forms: plural -gards in that/this regard formal — used to refer to something just mentioned He is studying law and in that regard he is doing very well. [=he is doing well studying law] We will take care of supplying the food, so you have nothing to worry about in that regard. in/with regard to formal : relating to (something) This letter is in regard to your unpaid balance. [=this letter concerns your unpaid balance] I have a question with regard to [=concerning, regarding] your last statement. 2regard verb [+ obj] 1 : to think of (someone or something) in a particular way He is highly regarded by his coworkers. [=his coworkers have a very high opinion of him] — often + as She regards him as a friend. [=she considers him a friend] He regards himself as an expert. The book is widely regarded as his best. [=many people think the book is the best that he has ever written] 2 formal : to look at (someone or something) The police officer regarded the group of teenagers with suspicion. Other forms: -gards; -gard·ed; -gard·ing as regards formal : relating to (something) : in or with regard to (something) As regards [=regarding] your first question, we cannot assist you.

Outrage

noun 1 [noncount] : extreme anger : a strong feeling of unhappiness because of something bad, hurtful, or morally wrong Many people expressed outrage at the court's decision. Public outrage over the scandal was great. moral outrage 2 [count] : something that hurts people or is morally wrong The rule is an outrage against women. This is an outrage! I won't allow this kind of behavior to continue. Other forms: plural -rag·es 2outrage verb [+ obj] : to make (someone) very angry His comments outraged nearly everyone in the room. — often used as (be) outraged Many people were outraged at the court's decision. Parents were outraged by the teacher's actions. Other forms: -rages; -raged; -rag·ing

Misery

noun 1 [noncount] : extreme suffering or unhappiness The war brought misery to thousands of refugees. They were living in overcrowded slums in conditions of great misery. a source of human misery the joy and misery of life 2 a [count] : something that causes extreme suffering or unhappiness — usually plural He tends to exaggerate the miseries of his childhood. the joys and miseries of life b [singular] : a very unhappy or painful time or experience The last years of her life were a misery. My former boss made my life a misery. [=my former boss made my life miserable] ◇When an injured or sick animal is put out of its misery, it is killed so that it no longer has to suffer. This phrase is sometimes used to refer to people as well. patients who are in constant pain and want to be put out of their misery (humorous) I know you're all anxious to hear the results, so let me put you out of your misery. [=let me end your suffering by telling you the results] The champion finally put him out of his misery by knocking him out in the fifth round. [=the champion was beating him badly and finally ended the fight by knocking him out] 3 [singular] Brit, informal : an unhappy person who complains often or constantly : misery guts Stop being such a misery. Other forms: plural -er·ies

architecture

noun 1 [noncount] : the art or science of designing and creating buildings In college, he studied architecture. 2 [noncount] : a method or style of building The architecture of the building is modern. 3 [count] technical : the way in which the parts of a computer are organized different program architectures Other forms: plural -tures ar·chi·tec·tur·al \ˌɑɚkəˈtɛktʃərəl\ adjective architectural blueprints/designs/drawings/plans an architectural detail/element/feature/style ar·chi·tec·tur·al·ly adverb architecturally wonderful buildings

Circulation

noun 1 [noncount] a : the movement of blood through the body that is caused by the pumping action of the heart He has bad circulation in his legs. The drug improves blood circulation. b : movement of air, water, etc., through the different parts of something The attic has poor air circulation. the circulation of ocean waters Let's open the windows to get some circulation in here. 2 [noncount] : the act of passing something (such as money, information, etc.) from person to person or place to place This memo is not meant for circulation. : the state of being passed from person to person or place to place The coins have recently entered circulation. That rumor has been in circulation [=has been going around] for a long time. The magazine has been taken out of circulation. [=the magazine will no longer be made and sold] 3 [noncount] : the state of being actively involved in social activities (such as parties or dates) She's finally getting back in/into circulation after her divorce. [=she has started dating and going out again after her divorce] He'll be out of circulation [=unable to go out socially] for a while after the surgery. 4 [count] : the average number of copies of a newspaper, magazine, etc., that are sold over a particular period The newspaper has the largest circulation in the country. The magazine has a weekly circulation of about 70,000 subscribers nationwide. Other forms: plural -tions

leakage

noun 1 a : an occurrence in which something (such as a liquid or gas) passes through a hole in a surface [noncount] Some of the water was lost from the containers because of leakage. [=because it leaked out] [count] trying to prevent accidental leakages b [count] : the amount that is lost when something leaks Leakages of about 30 percent were reported. 2 : an occurrence in which secret information becomes known [noncount] taking steps to prevent leakage of confidential information [count] leakages of confidential information Other forms: plural -ag·es

shell

noun 1 a : the hard outer covering of an animal, insect, etc., that protects it [count] a turtle's shell the shell of a crab We collected shells at the beach. [noncount] jewelry made of shell — see also seashell, tortoiseshell b : the hard outer covering of an egg : eggshell [count] broken shells [noncount] a piece of shell c : the hard outer covering of a nut, fruit, or seed [count] a coconut shell [noncount] pieces of walnut shell 2 [count] US : something (such as pasta) that is shaped like a shell We're going to have stuffed shells for dinner. 3 [count] : the hard outer structure of a building, car, airplane, etc. — usually singular the shell of an unfinished house the shell of an airplane The building was just a bombed-out shell. 4 [count] chiefly US : a hard or crisp piece of bread, dough, etc., that is used to hold a filling a pastry/pie shell taco/tortilla shells 5 [count] a : a metal case that is filled with an explosive and that is shot from a cannon mortar shells b chiefly US : a metal tube that you put into a gun and that holds an explosive and a bullet : cartridge The police found several spent shells at the scene of the shooting. 6 a — used in phrases that describe becoming less shy and more willing to talk to other people Making new friends helped her come out of her shell. = Making new friends brought her out of her shell. b — used in phrases that describe becoming quieter, less active, etc. He lost confidence in himself and retreated/withdrew into his shell. Other forms: plural shells 2shell verb [+ obj] 1 : to remove the shell or outer covering of (something) shell peanuts/peas 2 : to shoot shells at (someone or something) using large guns They shelled the enemy troops. The town was shelled during the battle. 3 US, informal : to score heavily against (a pitcher) in baseball — usually used as (be) shelled He was shelled in the second inning. Other forms: shells; shelled; shell·ing shell out [phrasal verb] shell out or shell out (money) informal : to pay a large amount of money for something — usually + for I'm going to have to shell out for these shoes. He shelled out $400 for the tickets.

Term

noun 1 a [count] : a word or phrase that has an exact meaning "I had the feeling that I had been there before." "The term for that is 'déjà vu.'" That's an outdated term that no one uses anymore. scientific/technical terms b terms [plural] : the particular kinds of words used to describe someone or something He spoke about them in glowing terms. The law had been understood in broad terms. in economic terms He expressed his disapproval in no uncertain terms. [=in very strong and clear language] 2 [count] a : the length of time during which a person has an official or political office The governor will run for a second term. He is currently serving his third term in the U.S. Senate. She made many changes during her term of/in office. [=during the time when she was in office] He is in favor of term limits for members of Congress. [=he believes that members of Congress should only be allowed to serve for a specified number of terms] b : the length of time during which someone is in a prison, jail, etc. He was sentenced to a ten-year term in the state penitentiary. a long jail/prison term a term of imprisonment c : the length of time during which something (such as a contract) continues The term of the contract is 60 months. — see also long term, medium-term, short term 3 [count] : one of the parts of the school year His grades have improved since last term. English 122 is not offered this term. 4 terms [plural] : the conditions or rules that limit something (such as an agreement or a contract) : the things that must be agreed upon in order for something to happen or continue They would not agree to our terms. She objected to the terms of the contract. Early payment is not permitted under the terms of our agreement. 5 terms [plural] — used to describe the kind of relationship that people have with each other He was on good terms with his ex-wife. [=he and his ex-wife were friendly with each other] He left the team on bad terms. They are no longer on speaking terms. [=they are no longer speaking to each other] (Brit) He is on first-name terms with his staff. 6 [noncount] medical : the time at which a pregnancy of normal length ends She carried the baby to term. = She carried the baby full term. [=to the natural end of the pregnancy] Other forms: plural terms come to terms 1 : to reach an agreement The two sides have not been able to come to terms. — often + with The company has come to terms with the union. 2 : to learn how to accept or live with something that is difficult or painful — + with It took him a long time to come to terms with the end of his marriage. She has found it hard to come to terms with the demands of her job. contradiction in terms — see contradiction in terms of — used to indicate the specific thing that is being described, thought of, etc. The car is great in terms of gas mileage [=the car's gas mileage is great], but it's not very comfortable. He thinks of everything in terms of money. [=his judgments/opinions about everything are based on thoughts about money] on your (own) terms : according to your own wishes : in your own way She wants to succeed on her own terms. If I agree to help, it will only be on my terms. term of address — see 2address term of endearment — see endearment terms of reference Brit : a description of what must be dealt with and considered when something is being done, studied, etc. The terms of reference for the committee are narrow and specific. 2term verb [+ obj] : to give a particular name or description to (something) : to call (something) by a particular name or to describe (something) in a particular way They termed the structure a "double helix." The project was termed a success. Other forms: terms; termed; term·ing

Stress

noun 1 a [noncount] : a state of mental tension and worry caused by problems in your life, work, etc. She uses meditation as a way of reducing/relieving stress. Hormones are released into the body in response to emotional stress. He needs help with stress management. [=ways to deal with stress] b : something that causes strong feelings of worry or anxiety [noncount] I'm sorry for being grumpy. I've been under (a lot of) stress at work lately. [count] She is dealing with the stresses of working full-time and going to school. He talked about the stresses and strains of owning a business. 2 : physical force or pressure [noncount] Carrying a heavy backpack around all day puts a lot of stress on your shoulders and back. To reduce the amount of stress on your back, bend your knees when you lift something heavy. The ship's mast snapped under the stress of high winds. [count] measuring the effects of stresses on the material 3 [noncount] : special importance or attention that is given to something The teacher laid/put stress on [=emphasized] the need for good study habits. 4 : greater loudness or force given to a syllable of a word in speech or to a beat in music [noncount] Stress falls on the first syllable of the word "language." [count] Stresses fall on different beats in different parts of the song. The stress [=accent] is on the first syllable. Other forms: plural stress·es 2stress verb 1 [+ obj] : to give special attention to (something) The dentist repeatedly stressed [=emphasized] the importance of flossing regularly. The union stressed the need for stricter safety standards. The risks involved in the procedure should/must be stressed. 2 [+ obj] : to pronounce (a syllable or word) in a louder or more forceful way than other syllables or words Some people stress the second syllable of "harassment," while others stress the first. When she said, "We need lots of money," she stressed the word "lots." 3 US, informal : to feel very worried or anxious about something : to feel stress [no obj] It's not an important decision and it isn't worth stressing over. You don't need to stress [=stress out] about the exam. You'll do fine. [+ obj] Not having a clear plan was stressing me. [=stressing me out] Other forms: stresses; stressed; stress·ing stress out [phrasal verb] stress out or stress (someone) out or stress out (someone) informal : to feel very worried or anxious or to make (someone) feel very worried or anxious I hate being around her when she's stressing out. Work is stressing him out.

redundancy

noun 1 a [noncount] : the act of using a word, phrase, etc., that repeats something else and is therefore unnecessary Avoid redundancy in your writing. b [count] : a word, phrase, etc., that repeats something else and is therefore unnecessary : a redundant word, phrase, etc. Try to avoid using redundancies in your writing. 2 technical : a part in a machine, system, etc., that has the same function as another part and that exists so that the entire machine, system, etc., will not fail if the main part fails [count] The design incorporates several redundancies. [noncount] a system with a high level of redundancy 3 Brit a : the act of ending the employment of a worker or group of workers [count] compulsory/voluntary redundancies [=layoffs] [noncount] The restructuring is expected to result in the redundancy of several hundred workers. b [noncount] : the fact of being dismissed from a job because you are no longer needed The workers are now facing redundancy. Other forms: plural -cies

Affair

noun 1 affairs [plural] : work or activities done for a purpose : commercial, professional, public, or personal business The group conducts its affairs [=business] in private. We were told to arrange/settle our affairs. = We were told to put our affairs in order. handling/managing someone else's affairs They seem to be quite pleased with the current/present state of affairs. [=situation] She's the company's director of public affairs. [=the person who manages a company's relationship with the public] She's an expert in foreign affairs. [=events and activities that involve foreign countries] world/international affairs [=events and activities that involve different nations] After the war, the government focused on its own domestic affairs. They accused the U.S. of interfering in the internal affairs of other nations. 2 [count] : a matter that concerns or involves someone This has nothing to do with you. It's not your affair. [=business, concern] = It's none of your affair. [=business] How I choose to live is my affair, not yours. 3 [count] : a secret sexual relationship between two people : love affair adulterous/extramarital affairs between married men and single women — often used in the phrase have an affair She divorced her husband after she discovered that he was having an affair. — often + with She had an affair with a coworker. 4 [count] a : a social event or activity He wants to make their wedding day an affair to remember. [=a special event] a simple/elaborate affair We were invited to a black-tie affair [=a party in which men wear tuxedos and women wear fancy dresses] at the governor's mansion. b : an event or series of events that usually involves well-known people the famous hostage affair of the late 1970s The public has shown little interest in the whole affair. — often used with proper names the Iran-Contra affair [=scandal] 5 [count] informal : something made or produced : an object or thing The only bridge across the river was a flimsy affair of ropes and rotten wood. Other forms: plural -fairs

Content

noun 1 contents [plural] : the things that are in something He poured/dumped/emptied the contents of the package/box/drawer onto the floor. The bedroom's contents have all been packed. The brochure describes the contents of the museum. a summary of the book's contents ◇A table of contents is a list that is placed at the beginning of some books. It shows how the book is divided into sections and at which page each section begins. The stories included in the book can be found in the table of contents. 2 [noncount] : the ideas, facts, or images that are in a book, article, speech, movie, etc. In terms of content, the article is good, but it is written poorly. a summary of the book's content The children aren't allowed to watch movies with violent content. [=movies in which violent things happen] Some of the program's content may offend certain viewers. 3 [noncount] : the amount of something that is in something else This beer is low in alcohol content. [=does not have a lot of alcohol] the fat/fiber content of food Other forms: plural -tents — compare 4content 2con·tent \kənˈtɛnt\ adjective Usage: not used before a noun [more content; most content] : pleased and satisfied : not needing more The baby looks content in her crib. A fancy hotel is not necessary; I'd be content with a warm meal and a clean place to sleep. No, I don't want to play. I'm content to watch. Not content to stay at home, she set off to see the world at the age of 16. Polls show that voters are growing less and less content with the current administration. 3con·tent \kənˈtɛnt\ verb [+ obj] formal : to make (someone) pleased and satisfied : to make (someone) content The toys contented the children, at least for a little while. Other forms: -tents; -tent·ed; -tent·ing content yourself with : to be satisfied with (something that is less than or different from what you really want) : to accept (something) as being enough The rainy weather spoiled our plans for the beach, so we had to content ourselves with a relaxing day at home. 4con·tent \kənˈtɛnt\ noun [noncount] literary : a feeling of being pleased and satisfied : the state of being content He'd finished his dinner and now there was a look of perfect content [=(more commonly) contentment] on his face. to your heart's content — see heart — compare 1content

folk

noun 1 folks [plural] a chiefly US, informal : people in general Folks say that house is haunted. Some folks think the law should be changed. b — used to talk to a group of people in a friendly and informal way Do you folks need any help? That's all for today, folks—see you tomorrow! 2 or chiefly US folks [plural] informal : a certain kind of people a home for old folks He doesn't much care for city folk. [=people who live in a city] country folk the distinctive speech of folks from the South 3 folks [plural] chiefly US, informal : family members I'll be spending the holidays with my folks. ; especially : parents His folks gave him everything a kid could want. 4 [noncount] : folk music My favorite kind of music is folk. 2folk adjective Usage: always used before a noun : of or relating to the common people of a country or region folk customs folk art a folk dance a folk remedy

paralysis

noun 1 medical : a condition in which you are unable to move or feel all or part of your body [noncount] The disease causes paralysis. paralysis of the legs partial/temporary paralysis [singular] The disease causes a paralysis of the legs. 2 formal : a state of being unable to function, act, or move [noncount] The whole country is in a state of paralysis. They are trying to end the political paralysis that has been gripping the country. [singular] a paralysis of fear [=an inability to function, act, or move that is caused by fear]

initiative

noun 1 the initiative : the power or opportunity to do something before others do If you want to meet her, you're going to have to take the initiative and introduce yourself. The company has the opportunity to seize the initiative by getting its new products to the market before its competitors. By failing to get its products to the market on schedule, the company has lost the initiative (to its competitors). 2 [noncount] : the energy and desire that is needed to do something She has ability but lacks initiative. [=drive] ◇If you do something on your own initiative, you do it because you choose to, not because someone has told you to do it. I'm doing this on my own initiative. [=because I want to] ◇If you use your (own) initiative, you decide for yourself what to do instead of waiting to be told by someone else. You should use your own initiative to come up with a solution. 3 [count] : a plan or program that is intended to solve a problem The governor has proposed a new initiative to improve conditions in urban schools. anti-poverty initiatives Other forms: plural -tives

Scale

noun : a device that is used for weighing people or things [count] (US) a bathroom scale [plural] (Brit) He stepped onto the bathroom scales. — see picture at bathroom Other forms: plural scales tip the scales — see 1tip — compare 2scale, 4scale 2scale noun [count] : one of many small thin plates that cover the bodies of some animals (such as fish or snakes) Other forms: plural scales — compare 1scale, 4scale 3scale verb [+ obj] : to remove the scales from (a fish) You should scale, bone, and clean the fish before you cook it. Other forms: scales; scaled; scal·ing — compare 5scale 4scale noun 1 [count] : a series of musical notes that go up or down in pitch the C-minor scale a major scale 2 [count] : a line on a map or chart that shows a specific unit of measure (such as an inch) used to represent a larger unit (such as a mile) : the relationship between the distances on a map and the actual distances The map uses a scale of one centimeter for every 10 kilometers. 3 [count] : a range of numbers that is used to show the size, strength, or quality of something — usually singular On a scale of 1 to 10, I give the movie a 9. [=the movie was extremely good] On a scale of 1 to 5—1 being mild pain and 5 being extreme pain—tell me how much pain you are in. — see also richter scale 4 [count] : a range of levels of something from lowest to highest He is at the top of the pay scale for his position. Primates are high up on the evolutionary scale. — see also sliding scale 5 [noncount] — used to describe a model, drawing, etc., in which all of the parts of something relate to each other in the same way that they do in the larger form The model of the new city hall is to scale. [=the model shows exactly how the parts will relate to each other when it is built] The diagram was not drawn to scale. a scale model of a car 6 [singular] : the size or level of something especially in comparison to something else The company does things on a larger scale than most others. The mayor surveyed the full scale [=extent] of the damage. The war could impact the economy on a global scale. [=could impact the economy of the entire world] They exposed fraud on a grand scale. — see also full-scale, large-scale, small-scale 7 [noncount] technical : a hard substance that is formed in pipes or containers holding water 8 [noncount] Brit : a hard substance that forms on teeth : tartar buildup of plaque and scale on the teeth Other forms: plural scales — compare 1scale, 2scale 5scale verb [+ obj] : to climb to the top of (something) Hikers scaled the mountain. — sometimes used figuratively She scaled the heights of the publishing industry. [=she rose to a very high position in the publishing industry] Other forms: scales; scaled; scaling scale back/down [phrasal verb] scale back/down (something) or scale (something) back/down : to decrease the size, amount, or extent of (something) The committee scaled down the budget. The company has scaled back production. We scaled back our original plans. scale up [phrasal verb] scale up (something) or scale (something) up : to increase the size, amount, or extent of (something) The company hopes to scale up production soon. — compare 3scale

Dialect

noun : a form of a language that is spoken in a particular area and that uses some of its own words, grammar, and pronunciations [count] They speak a southern dialect of French. peasant/regional/local dialects [noncount] The author uses dialect in his writing. The play was hard to understand when the characters spoke in dialect. Other forms: plural -lects di·a·lec·tal \ˌdajəˈlɛktl̟\ adjective the many dialectal forms of English

protein

noun : a substance found in foods (such as meat, milk, eggs, and beans) that is an important part of the human diet [noncount] You need more protein in your diet. These foods are an excellent source of protein. [count] These foods have all of the essential proteins. Other forms: plural -teins

Simulation

noun : something that is made to look, feel, or behave like something else especially so that it can be studied or used to train people [count]— often + of a computer simulation of spaceflight simulations of body movements a simulation of the planet's surface [noncount] They use computer simulation to predict weather conditions. Other forms: plural -tions

alteration

noun : the act, process, or result of changing or altering something [noncount] the alteration of the pattern They did a good job on the dress alteration. [count] The addition of a glossary is the only significant alteration [=change, modification] to the book. He made alterations in/to his will. Other forms: plural -tions

Ideology

noun : the set of ideas and beliefs of a group or political party [count] progressive/liberal/conservative ideologies the ideology of a totalitarian/capitalist society [noncount] He says that the election is not about ideology. Other forms: plural -gies ideo·log·i·cal \ˌaɪdijəˈlɑ:ʤɪkəl\ adjective [more ideological; most ideological] The two groups divided along ideological lines. ideological conflicts ideo·log·i·cal·ly \ˌaɪdijəˈlɑ:ʤɪkli\ adverb

agency

noun [count] 1 : a business that provides a particular service an insurance/travel/employment agency a prominent ad agency 2 : a government department that is responsible for a particular activity, area, etc. federal law enforcement agencies the federal agency in charge of printing money various government agencies Other forms: plural -cies through the agency of formal : by using the help or services of (something or someone) The treaty was ratified through the agency of a neutral country.

Regulator

noun [count] 1 : a device for controlling the level or amount of something (such as speed or temperature) a pressure regulator 2 : an official who works for the part of the government that controls a public activity (such as banking or insurance) by making and enforcing rules federal/state regulators Other forms: plural -tors

Trap

noun [count] 1 : a device that is used for catching animals They set traps to catch the mice. a bear/lobster trap She has a mind like a steel trap. [=she remembers everything] — see also mousetrap 2 a : something that is used or done to stop or capture someone (such as a criminal) The police are laying/setting a trap to catch him. The soldiers had walked/stumbled into a trap. b : a situation in which someone is tricked into doing or saying something Credit card companies were accused of laying/setting traps for consumers. [=tricking consumers] — see also speed trap c : a bad position or situation from which it is difficult to escape a mental/theoretical trap Many new businesses fail because they try to expand too quickly, but we have so far managed to avoid that trap. They tended to view marriage as a trap. Don't fall into the trap of believing that technology can solve all our problems. — see also poverty trap 3 US, golf : sand trap 4 slang : mouth Can he keep his trap shut about it? [=can he be trusted not to tell anyone about it?] Shut your trap! I've heard enough! 5 US, technical : a bend in a pipe that contains water and that prevents gas from passing through the pipe a plumbing trap —called also Brit) U-bend— see picture at plumbing 6 : a light carriage that is usually pulled by one horse a horse and trap Other forms: plural traps spring a trap — see 2spring — see also booby trap, death trap, tourist trap 2trap verb [+ obj] 1 : to catch (an animal) in a trap trapping mice They trapped the bear and relocated it to another forest. 2 : to force (a person or animal) into a place or position from which escape is very difficult or impossible The police trapped [=cornered] the robber in an alley. 3 a : to cause (a person or animal) to be unable to move or escape from a dangerous place A tree fell in front of the door and trapped the people inside. — usually used as (be) trapped They were trapped and couldn't get out. She was trapped in the elevator for more than an hour. b : to force (someone) to stay in a bad or unpleasant situation — + in He felt trapped in his marriage. people trapped in low-paying jobs 4 : to fool or trick (someone) into doing or saying something The lawyer tried to trap the witness into admitting that she had lied. 5 : to stop (something) from escaping or being lost Greenhouse gases trap heat inside the Earth's atmosphere. 6 Brit : to cause (something, such as a part of your body) to become stuck and unable to move She trapped [=(US) caught, pinched] her finger in the door. 7 baseball : to catch (the ball) immediately after it bounces off the ground The outfielder trapped the ball. Other forms: traps; trapped; trap·ping

certificate

noun [count] 1 : a document that is official proof that something has happened — see also birth certificate, death certificate, marriage certificate 2 : a document that is official proof that you have finished school or a course of training She has a certificate in midwifery. He earned his teaching certificate last year. 3 : a document which shows that you own something a stock certificate — see also gift certificate Other forms: plural -cates

council

noun [count] 1 : a group of people who are chosen to make rules, laws, or decisions about something The city council is considering a ban on smoking in restaurants. the town/parish council a national security council a tribal council 2 : a group of people who provide advice or guidance on something the governor's council on physical fitness the king's council Note: Do not confuse council with counsel. Other forms: plural -cils 2council adjective Usage: always used before a noun 1 : of or relating to a council a council member/meeting 2 Brit : provided by a local government council for people to live in for low rent council estates/houses/flats

grave

noun [count] 1 : a hole in the ground for burying a dead body dig a grave The casket was lowered into the grave. He was buried in a shallow grave. We went to the cemetery to visit my aunt's grave. [=to visit the place where my aunt's body is buried] A headstone marks her son's grave. grave robbers [=people who dig up a buried body to steal the things that were buried with it] ◇When people think that a dead person would be very shocked or upset to see something that is happening now, they say that person is or must be turning/spinning in his/her grave or USturning over in his/her grave or USrolling (over) in his/her grave. The company founder must be turning in his grave because of the changes we've made. 2 — used to talk about death She took her secrets with her to the grave. [=she died without telling anyone her secrets] He believes that there is life beyond the grave. [=that there is life after death] A hard life drove him to an early grave. [=caused him to die when he was fairly young] She went to her grave [=she died] a lonely and bitter woman. Other forms: plural graves dig your own grave — see 1dig from (the) cradle to (the) grave — see 1cradle have one foot in the grave — see 1foot 2grave adjective [also more grave; most grave] 1 formal : very serious : requiring or causing serious thought or concern This violation of school rules is a grave matter. His carelessness could have grave consequences. They have placed themselves in grave danger. I have grave doubts about this plan. suffering from a grave illness 2 : serious and formal in appearance or manner The judge issued his ruling with a grave expression. 3 \ˈgrɑ:v\ of an accent mark : having the form ` The French word père is written with a grave accent over the first e. — compare acute 7 Other forms: grav·er; -est grave·ly adverb My mother is gravely [=seriously] ill. He shook his head gravely.

Lobby

noun [count] 1 : a large open area inside and near the entrance of a public building (such as a hotel or theater) a hotel lobby I'll meet you in the lobby after the show. 2 : an organized group of people who work together to influence government decisions that relate to a particular industry, issue, etc. the gun/tobacco lobby The proposed new law is supported/opposed by the oil lobby. Other forms: plural -bies 2lobby verb 1 : to try to influence government officials to make decisions for or against something [no obj] an organization that has been lobbying for reform of the tax laws The health-care industry has lobbied against the proposal. [+ obj] an organization that has been lobbying Congress for reform of the tax laws — often followed by to + verb They were lobbying Congress to reform the tax laws. 2 : to try to get something you want by talking to the people who make decisions [no obj] She has begun lobbying for an interview. [=trying to get an interview] a player who has lobbied hard to be included in the team's starting lineup [+ obj] I lobbied our company for a new computer. Other forms: -bies; -bied; -by·ing lob·by·ist \ˈlɑ:bijɪst\ noun plural -ists [count] She was hired as a lobbyist for an oil company.

lobby

noun [count] 1 : a large open area inside and near the entrance of a public building (such as a hotel or theater) a hotel lobby I'll meet you in the lobby after the show. 2 : an organized group of people who work together to influence government decisions that relate to a particular industry, issue, etc. the gun/tobacco lobby The proposed new law is supported/opposed by the oil lobby. Other forms: plural -bies 2lobby verb 1 : to try to influence government officials to make decisions for or against something [no obj] an organization that has been lobbying for reform of the tax laws The health-care industry has lobbied against the proposal. [+ obj] an organization that has been lobbying Congress for reform of the tax laws — often followed by to + verb They were lobbying Congress to reform the tax laws. 2 : to try to get something you want by talking to the people who make decisions [no obj] She has begun lobbying for an interview. [=trying to get an interview] a player who has lobbied hard to be included in the team's starting lineup [+ obj] I lobbied our company for a new computer. Other forms: -bies; -bied; -by·ing lob·by·ist \ˈlɑ:bijɪst\ noun plural -ists [count] She was hired as a lobbyist for an oil company.

limb

noun [count] 1 : a leg or arm Many soldiers died in the battle, and many lost limbs. an artificial limb a dog with an injured limb 2 : a large branch of a tree They tied a rope to one of the limbs of the maple tree. — see color picture Other forms: plural limbs out on a limb : in or into a risky or dangerous position or situation She went out on a limb to help you. [=she took a chance; she did something that meant she could be criticized or harmed in some way] If you try to oppose the boss yourself, you're likely to get caught out on a limb. risk life and limb — see 1life tear (someone) limb from limb : to attack or kill (someone) in a very violent way The angry mob would have torn him limb from limb if the police hadn't protected him. limbed \ˈlɪmd\ adjective — used in combination a strong-limbed young man [=a young man with strong arms and legs]

finding

noun [count] 1 : a legal decision : verdict The Supreme Court overturned the lower court's finding. 2 : the results of an investigation — usually plural He published his findings in a medical journal. Other forms: plural -ings

trigger

noun [count] 1 : a lever on a gun that you pull to fire the gun He pulled/squeezed the trigger. Police officers are trained to not be too quick on the trigger. [=eager to fire a gun] — see picture at gun 2 : something that causes something else to happen — often + for The faulty wire was the trigger for the explosion. Other forms: plural -gers 2trigger verb [+ obj] 1 a : to cause (something, such as an alarm) to start functioning Smoke triggered the fire alarm. b : to cause (a bomb) to explode The timer was set to trigger the bomb in exactly one hour. 2 : to cause (something) to start or happen His remarks triggered a public outcry. Certain foods trigger his headaches. The power outage was triggered by heavy rains. Other forms: -gers; -gered; -ger·ing

Column

noun [count] 1 : a long post made of steel, stone, etc., that is used as a support in a building a facade with marble columns 2 a : a group of printed or written items (such as numbers or words) shown one under the other down a page Add the first column of numbers. b : any one of two or more sections of print that appear next to each other on a page and are separated by a blank space or a line The article takes up three columns. The error appears at the bottom of the second column. — see picture at table 3 : an article in a newspaper or magazine that appears regularly and that is written by a particular writer or deals with a particular subject a sports/gossip column She writes a weekly column for the paper. — see also advice column 4 : something that is tall and thin in shape — often + of Columns of smoke rose from the chimneys. — see also steering column 5 : a long row of people or things — often + of a column of troops/cars Other forms: plural -umns

stripe

noun [count] 1 : a long, narrow line of color light gray stripes on a black background a zebra's stripes — see also pinstripe, stars and stripes 2 : a piece of material worn on the arm of a military uniform to show the rank of the person wearing the uniform He finally got his sergeant's stripes. 3 : a particular type of person or thing classes for artists of all stripes [=for all kinds of artists] activists of any/every stripe Other forms: plural stripes earn your stripes : to do something which shows that you deserve to be accepted and respected by the other people in a field or profession She has yet to earn her stripes as a reporter.

doormat

noun [count] 1 : a mat that you put on the floor or ground on one side of a door so that people can wipe the bottoms of their shoes on it 2 informal : someone who is treated badly by other people and does not complain She was tired of being a doormat and decided it was time to stand up for herself. Other forms: plural -mats

Commissioner

noun [count] 1 : a member of a commission : one of a group of people who have been given the official job of finding information about something or controlling something the city's library commissioners 2 : an official who is in charge of a government department or part of a government department the mental health commissioner the police commissioner 3 US : an official who is in charge of a major professional sport (such as baseball, football, or hockey) The baseball commissioner decided to suspend the players for 10 games. Other forms: plural -ers

fishery

noun [count] 1 : a part of the ocean where fish and other sea creatures are caught an oyster fishery a salmon fishery coastal fisheries 2 : a business that catches and sells fish small commercial fisheries Other forms: plural -er·ies

Stewards

noun [count] 1 : a person and especially a man whose job is to serve meals and take care of passengers on a train, airplane, or ship — compare flight attendant 2 a : someone who protects or is responsible for money, property, etc. the steward of their investments teaching our children to be good stewards of the land b : a person whose job is to manage the land and property of another person the steward of the estate —called also Brit) bailiff 3 chiefly Brit : someone who is in charge of a race, contest, or other public event The race stewards are reviewing the results. Other forms: plural -ards — see also shop steward, wine steward

Rival

noun [count] 1 : a person or thing that tries to defeat or be more successful than another The teams have been longtime rivals. The men are romantic rivals for her affection. her rival [=competitor, opponent] in the election the company's chief/main rival — often used before another noun a rival team/gang/candidate/company/school He told a rival version of the story. [=a version that disagrees with another version] 2 : something or someone that is as good or almost as good as another person or thing The company's paper is the rival of any in the world. [=it is as good as any paper in the world] The company's latest cell phone has no rival/rivals. [=the company's newest cell phone is much better than all others available] Other forms: plural -vals 2rival verb [+ obj] : to be as good or almost as good as (someone or something) The company manufactures paper that rivals the world's best. The new museum will rival the largest in the world. Other forms: rivals; US ri·valed or British ri·valled; US ri·val·ing or British ri·val·ling

peer

noun [count] 1 : a person who belongs to the same age group or social group as someone else his academic peers [=people in the same grade or level of school] He was respected and admired by his peers. teenagers spending time with their peer groups (chiefly US, law) You have the right to be tried by a jury of your peers. [=a jury whose members are from the same community as you] 2 : a member of the British nobility — see also life peer Other forms: plural peers 2peer verb Usage: always followed by an adverb or preposition [no obj] : to look closely or carefully especially because something or someone is difficult to see She peered into the dark closet looking for her missing shoe. He peered down the well. An animal peered out from the woods next to their camp. He peered over the fence. Other forms: peers; peered; peer·ing

Amateur

noun [count] 1 : a person who does something (such as a sport or hobby) for pleasure and not as a job She played soccer as an amateur before turning professional. These photos were taken by both amateurs and professionals. 2 : a person who does something poorly : a person who is not skillful at a job or other activity The people running that company are a bunch of amateurs. Only amateurs make this kind of mistake. He's a mere amateur when it comes to cooking. [=he doesn't know how to cook well] Other forms: plural -teurs amateur adjective always used before a noun amateur photographers/athletes an amateur competition [=a contest for amateurs] They competed at the amateur level. am·a·teur·ism \ˈæməˌtɚˌɪzəm\ noun [noncount] a strong supporter of amateurism in sports the amateurism [=the lack of skill] of her writing style

consultant

noun [count] 1 : a person who gives professional advice or services to companies for a fee an advertising/management consultant They've hired a computer consultant to assess how the company can upgrade its system. 2 Brit : a hospital doctor of the highest rank who is an expert in a particular area of medicine a cardiology consultant [=specialist] Other forms: plural -ants

Rebel

noun [count] 1 : a person who opposes or fights against a government The government captured six armed rebels. — often used before another noun a rebel army/leader rebel forces/groups the rebel movement 2 : a person who opposes a person or group in authority He was a rebel against the school administration. : a person who does not obey rules or accept normal standards of behavior, dress, etc. He is a typical teenage rebel. a fashion rebel Other forms: plural -els 2re·bel \rɪˈbɛl\ verb [no obj] 1 : to oppose or fight against a government When the government imposed more taxes, the people rebelled. The protesters are rebelling against the new tax law. 2 : to oppose a person or group in authority Children often rebel against their parents. : to refuse to obey rules or accept normal standards of behavior, dress, etc. He rebelled against the social conventions of his time. Other forms: -bels; -belled; -bel·ling

Linguist

noun [count] 1 : a person who speaks several languages 2 : a person who studies linguistics Other forms: plural -guists

Minister

noun [count] 1 : a person whose job involves leading church services, performing religious ceremonies (such as marriages), and providing spiritual or religious guidance to other people : a member of the clergy in some Protestant churches 2 : an official who heads a government department or a major section of a department in some countries (such as Britain) (Brit) the Minister of Defence [=(US) the Secretary of Defense] — see also prime minister 3 : a person who represents his or her own government while living in a foreign country Other forms: plural -ters 2minister verb Other forms: -ters; -tered; -ter·ing minister to [phrasal verb] minister to (someone or something) : to help or care for (someone or something) She devoted herself to ministering to the poor and sick. The nurse ministered to his wounds.

minister

noun [count] 1 : a person whose job involves leading church services, performing religious ceremonies (such as marriages), and providing spiritual or religious guidance to other people : a member of the clergy in some Protestant churches 2 : an official who heads a government department or a major section of a department in some countries (such as Britain) (Brit) the Minister of Defence [=(US) the Secretary of Defense] — see also prime minister 3 : a person who represents his or her own government while living in a foreign country Other forms: plural -ters 2minister verb Other forms: -ters; -tered; -ter·ing minister to [phrasal verb] minister to (someone or something) : to help or care for (someone or something) She devoted herself to ministering to the poor and sick. The nurse ministered to his wounds.

graveyard

noun [count] 1 : a place where people are buried : cemetery ◇Graveyard usually refers to a small cemetery, such as one that is next to a church. 2 : a place where old things are left or thrown away an automobile graveyard Other forms: plural -yards whistle past the graveyard — see 2whistle

Token

noun [count] 1 : a round piece of metal or plastic that is used instead of money in some machines : an object that looks like a coin and is used in place of a coin a bus/subway token 2 : something that is a symbol of a feeling, event, etc. — usually + of Consider this gift a token of my affection/gratitude. a token of our friendship 3 Brit : gift certificate a book/record/gift token Other forms: plural -kens by the same token : for the same reason : in the same way — used to introduce a statement that says something more and often something different about the same situation referred to by a previous statement The result was disappointing, but by the same token, it could have been much worse. 2token adjective Usage: always used before a noun disapproving 1 — used to describe something that is done with very little effort and only to give the appearance that an effort is being made The government has made only a token effort to end homelessness. token resistance a token gesture 2 : included in a group only to prevent criticism that people of a particular kind are being unfairly left out All the people who work there are men except for a couple of token women. The ad campaign features a few token minorities.

Harness

noun [count] 1 : a set of straps that are placed on an animal (such as a horse) so that it can pull something heavy 2 : a set of straps that are used to connect a person to something (such as a parachute or a seat) The pilot strapped himself into his harness before takeoff. a safety harness Other forms: plural -ness·es in harness Brit : working at a job : on duty I was back in harness on Monday, handling paperwork at my desk. 2harness verb [+ obj] 1 a : to put a harness on (an animal) harness the horses b : to attach (an animal) to something with a harness The horses were harnessed to the wagon. 2 : to use (something) for a particular purpose Engineers are finding new ways to harness the sun's energy to heat homes. The company is harnessing technology to provide better service to its customers. They harnessed the power of the waterfall to create electricity. harness anger to fight injustice 3 : to connect or join (things) together She harnessed several computers (together) to work as one large computer. Other forms: -nesses; -nessed; -ness·ing

indicator

noun [count] 1 : a sign that shows the condition or existence of something Economic indicators suggest that prices will go up. — often + of The size of the new building is an indicator of how much the company has grown. Her expression is usually a good/reliable indicator of how she's feeling. 2 a : a pointer or light that shows the state or condition of something a control panel with various indicator lights b : a device that shows a measurement : gauge an airspeed indicator c Brit : turn signal Other forms: plural -tors

rat

noun [count] 1 : a small animal that has a pointed nose and a long, thin tail a dirty old building infested by rats and mice a lab/laboratory rat [=a rat that is used by scientists for experiments] He came in from the rain looking like a drowned rat. [=looking very wet and miserable] — see picture at rodent 2 informal a : a person who is not loyal or who cannot be trusted I can't believe that rat turned us in to the police! b : a person who is bad or cruel No one understands why she's with a rat like him. 3 US, informal : a person who spends a lot of time in a specified place a mall rat Every night he goes to work out with the other gym rats. Other forms: plural rats smell a rat informal : to think or suspect that something is wrong about a situation She smelled a rat when her husband came home with lipstick on his collar. — see also pack rat, rugrat 2rat verb informal : to tell someone in authority (such as the police) about something wrong that someone has done : to betray someone [no obj] The teacher knows what we did, which means that somebody ratted. — often + on I am trying to find out who ratted on me. [+ obj] (US) — + out Someone ratted him out to the police. They accused him of ratting out his own brother. Other forms: rats; rat·ted; rat·ting

swab

noun [count] 1 : a small piece of soft material sometimes on the end of a small stick that is used for applying medicine, cleaning a wound, etc. Use a cotton swab dipped in alcohol to disinfect the area. 2 : a small amount of material taken with a swab as a sample from a person's body The doctor took a throat swab and sent it to the lab. Other forms: plural swabs 2swab verb [+ obj] 1 : to wipe or clean (something, such as a wound) with a swab The nurse swabbed the cut with a disinfectant. 2 : 2mop 1 sailors swabbing the decks Other forms: swabs; swabbed; swab·bing

lump

noun [count] 1 : a small piece or mass of something a lump of coal turning a lump of clay into a beautiful pot He likes two lumps [=cubes] of sugar with his coffee. 2 : an area of swelling or growth on your body a cancerous lump He got a lump on his head after bumping into the doorway. Other forms: plural lumps a lump in your throat : a tight feeling in your throat that you get when you are about to start crying or when you are trying not to cry The movie's final scene left me with a lump in my throat. = I got a lump in my throat when I watched the film's final scene. take your lumps or take a lot of lumps US informal : to be badly beaten or hurt He took a lot of lumps as a kid growing up in the city. — usually used figuratively Their first album took its lumps from the critics. [=it was harshly criticized] The team has taken its lumps [=it has lost many games] this year, but their play has improved recently. 2lump verb 1 [+ obj] : to put (people or things) together or in the same group He made the mistake of lumping all their ideas together as foolish. She often gets lumped in with other modern artists even though her work is different from theirs. 2 [no obj] : to form lumps : to become lumpy You'll need to stir the mixture constantly to keep it from lumping. Other forms: lumps; lumped; lump·ing lump it informal : to accept or allow something unpleasant or unwanted — usually used in the phrase like it or lump it Like it or lump it, the new law goes into effect today. [=it goes into effect whether you like it or not]

Chamber

noun [count] 1 : a small space inside something (such as a machine or your body) He put three bullets into the chamber of the gun. the chambers of the heart 2 : a usually large room where members of a government group (such as a legislature) have meetings We waited for the senator outside the Senate chamber. 3 : a group of people who form part of a government The U.S. legislature is separated into two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives. the upper and lower chambers of the British Parliament [=the House of Lords and the House of Commons] — see also chamber of commerce 4 : a room where a judge goes to do official business or to discuss cases with lawyers outside of the courtroom — usually plural the judge's chambers 5 formal + old-fashioned : a person's bedroom or other private room the queen's personal chambers a bridal chamber [=a bedroom used by two people who have just been married] the temple's inner chambers 6 : a room used for a special purpose the burial chambers inside an Egyptian pyramid a torture chamber — see also gas chamber Other forms: plural -bers cham·bered \ˈtʃeɪmbɚd\ adjective a six-chambered gun [=a gun with six chambers]

Knight

noun [count] 1 : a soldier in the past who had a high social rank and who fought while riding a horse and usually wearing armor 2 : a man who is given a special honor and the title of Sir by the king or queen of England He was made/dubbed a knight. 3 : a chess piece shaped like a horse's head — see picture at chess Other forms: plural knights knight in shining armor 1 : a man who behaves in a very brave way The firefighter who rescued us was our knight in shining armor. 2 : a man who is the perfect romantic partner for a woman She is still waiting for her knight in shining armor. knight·ly \ˈnaɪtli\ adjective [more knightly; most knightly] knightly adventures/quests — see also white knight 2knight verb [+ obj] : to give (a man) the rank of a knight He is to be knighted by the Queen for his career as an actor. Other forms: knights; knight·ed; knight·ing

Sermon

noun [count] 1 : a speech about a moral or religious subject that is usually given by a religious leader He preached/delivered/gave a sermon on the importance of kindness. 2 informal + usually disapproving : a serious talk about how someone should behave Dad gave me a sermon yesterday about doing my homework. Other forms: plural -mons.

tournament

noun [count] 1 : a sports competition or series of contests that involves many players or teams and that usually continues for at least several days a basketball/golf tournament She's an excellent tennis player who has won many tournaments. 2 : a contest of skill and courage between soldiers or knights in the Middle Ages Other forms: plural -ments0

asset

noun [count] 1 : a valuable person or thing Good looks can be an asset [=advantage] in an acting career. The state's natural assets include mountains and beautiful lakes. — often + to Good looks can be an asset to an actor. She is a great asset to the team. [=she's a valuable member of the team] 2 : something that is owned by a person, company, etc. — usually plural The company had to sell some of its assets to avoid bankruptcy. a bank with billions of dollars in assets business assets and liabilities They bought the company and stripped it of its assets. [=they sold the property owned by the company] Other forms: plural -sets

predators

noun [count] 1 : an animal that lives by killing and eating other animals : an animal that preys on other animals predators like bears and wolves The population of rabbits is controlled by natural predators. 2 : a person who looks for other people in order to use, control, or harm them in some way a sexual predator [=a person who commits sexual crimes against other people] a corporate predator acquiring business rivals Other forms: plural -tors

workstation

noun [count] 1 : an area that has the equipment needed for one person to do a particular job Employees should keep their workstations neat and organized. 2 : a computer that is connected to a computer network Other forms: plural -tions

Vacuum

noun [count] 1 : an empty space in which there is no air or other gas the vacuum of outer space : a space from which all or most of the air has been removed A pump was used to create a vacuum inside the bottle. a vacuum chamber 2 : vacuum cleaner 3 : a situation created when an important person or thing has gone and has not been replaced — usually singular Her death has caused/created/left a vacuum [=void] in our lives. A new leader is needed to fill the vacuum left by his retirement. Other forms: plural vac·u·ums in a vacuum : separated from outside events or influences The group was operating in a vacuum, cut off from the rest of the world. The city's riots did not happen in a vacuum. [=they were affected or caused by other events or influences] 2vacuum verb : to clean (something) with a vacuum cleaner [+ obj] I vacuumed [=(Brit) hoovered] the living room. — often + up Vacuum up the crumbs on the couch. [no obj] I just finished vacuuming. Other forms: vacuums; vac·u·umed; vac·u·uming

signal

noun [count] 1 : an event or act which shows that something exists or that gives information about something : sign The change in his behavior is clearly a signal [=indication] that there is a problem. He likes her but he is sending the wrong signals with his constant teasing. — often + of Inflammation is a signal of infection. 2 : something (such as a sound, a movement of part of the body, or an object) that gives information about something or that tells someone to do something Don't start until I give the signal. [=sign] The teacher gave us the signal to finish what we were working on and hand in our tests. The pilot sent out a distress signal [=a message that the airplane was in danger] before the plane crashed. They communicated with each other by using hand signals. [=movements of a person's hands that mean something] 3 : a piece of equipment with colored lights that is used on railways and roads to tell people when to go, to slow down, or to stop Faulty wiring in the train station caused a signal to malfunction. The traffic signal [=traffic light] was not working. 4 technical a : a message, sound, or image that is carried by waves of light or sound The video/TV signal is scrambled. Satellite dishes receive television signals. a digital signal The transmitter beams radio signals into space. b : a wave of light or sound that carries a message, sound, or image We'll need better equipment to generate a 50 Hz signal. Other forms: plural -nals busy signal — see 1busy mixed signals — see mixed 2signal verb 1 [+ obj] : to be a sign of (something) : to show the existence of (something) Robins signal the arrival of spring. The election results surely signal the start/beginning of a new era. He signaled [=showed, communicated] his irritation by sighing and rolling his eyes dramatically. Redness, swelling, and painful itching signal [=indicate] an infection. A lock on the suitcase might signal that there's something of value inside. 2 : to make a sound or motion that tells someone something [no obj] Did he signal before he made the left turn? They signaled at me to come over to their table. We signaled for help. [+ obj] He signaled us that it was time to begin the meeting. The umpire signaled a strike. Other forms: -nals; US -naled or British -nalled; US -nal·ing or British -nal·ling 3signal adjective Usage: always used before a noun formal : very important or great : significant Is he worthy of such a signal honor? The bill's passage was a signal [=notable] victory for environmentalists. sig·nal·ly \ˈsɪgnəli\ adverb The mayor has signally failed to do what he promised to do.

organism

noun [count] 1 : an individual living thing a microscopic organism A human being is a complex organism. — see also microorganism 2 : a system with many parts that depend on each other and work together — usually singular He thinks of the city as a complex social/political/economic organism. Other forms: plural -isms

quirk

noun [count] 1 : an unusual habit or way of behaving Everyone has their little quirks. 2 : something strange that happens by chance Their meeting was a (strange) quirk of fate/nature. Other forms: plural quirks

ovary

noun [count] 1 : one of usually two organs in women and female animals that produce eggs and female hormones 2 : the part of a flower where seeds are formed — see picture at flower Other forms: plural -ries

Supplement

noun [count] 1 : something that is added to something else in order to make it complete dietary/vitamin supplements 2 : an extra part that is added to a book or newspaper an advertising/literary supplement the supplement to the encyclopedia 3 Brit : an amount of money that must be paid in addition to the regular price First-class accommodation is available for a supplement. Other forms: plural -ments 2sup·ple·ment \ˈsʌpləˌmɛnt\ verb [+ obj] : to add something to (something) in order to make it complete He sells his paintings to supplement his income. = He supplements his income by selling his paintings. She began supplementing her diet with vitamins. Other forms: -ments; -ment·ed; -ment·ing sup·ple·men·ta·tion \ˌsʌpləˌmɛnˈteɪʃən\ noun [noncount]

Pool

noun [count] 1 : swimming pool She dove into the pool. an indoor pool Is it an aboveground pool or an inground pool? 2 a : a small area of water tide pools on the beach — see also wading pool b : a small amount of liquid or light that is on a surface — often + of They found a pool [=puddle] of blood on the floor. They stood in a pool of light. — sometimes used figuratively Her eyes were pools of blue. Other forms: plural pools — compare 3pool 2pool verb [no obj] : to form a pool or puddle Water pooled on the floor. Other forms: pools; pooled; pool·ing — compare 4pool 3pool noun 1 [count] : the money that is bet by people on an event (such as a sports game) He won the weekly football pool. The pool was split among three people. 2 [noncount] : a game played on a long table in which players use a long stick and a white ball to hit 15 colored balls into one of six pockets around the table He enjoys playing/shooting pool. a pool table a pool cue —called also pocket billiards— compare billiards, snooker 3 [count] : an amount of money that has been collected from many people for some purpose They each put $20 into the pool. an investment pool 4 [count] : a supply of things or people that are available for use The team has a pool of talent waiting in the minor leagues. a pool of jurors We dipped into our pool of resources. — see also gene pool, motor pool 5 [count] : a group of people who do the same job or activity together The President answered questions from journalists in the press pool. the secretarial pool — see also car pool Other forms: plural pools — compare 1pool 4pool verb [+ obj] : to combine (something) to form a supply which can be used by a group of people We pooled our money together and rented a car. We can do more when we pool our ideas and resources. Other forms: pools; pooled; pool·ing — compare 2pool

About-face

noun [count] 1 : the act of turning to face in the opposite direction The soldiers were ordered to do an about-face. 2 : a complete change of attitude or opinion — usually singular After saying that he didn't want the job, he did an about-face and accepted the offer. Other forms: plural -fac·es

Elite

noun [count] 1 : the people who have the most wealth and status in a society : the most successful or powerful group of people — usually singular a store that caters to the (social) elite the intellectual/political/academic elite ◇Elite can be used with either a singular or, more commonly, a plural verb. The country's elite is/are opposed to the new ruler. 2 US : a person who is a member of an elite : a successful and powerful person — usually plural Many business elites oppose the new policy. Other forms: plural elites elite adjective always used before a noun [more elite; most elite] elite members of the division an elite corps/club/university

elite

noun [count] 1 : the people who have the most wealth and status in a society : the most successful or powerful group of people — usually singular a store that caters to the (social) elite the intellectual/political/academic elite ◇Elite can be used with either a singular or, more commonly, a plural verb. The country's elite is/are opposed to the new ruler. 2 US : a person who is a member of an elite : a successful and powerful person — usually plural Many business elites oppose the new policy. Other forms: plural elites elite adjective always used before a noun [more elite; most elite] elite members of the division an elite corps/club/university

curb

noun [count] 1 US curb or Brit kerb : a short border along the edge of a street that is usually made of stone or concrete We sat on the curb eating our ice cream. — see picture at street 2 : something that controls or limits something else — usually plural Many companies are protesting the new price/trade curbs. [=(more commonly) checks, restrictions] — often + on government policies that are designed to put a curb on spending [=to limit/reduce spending] Other forms: plural curbs 2curb verb [+ obj] : to control or limit (something) The legislation is intended to curb price and wage increases. pills designed to curb your appetite Other forms: curbs; curbed; curb·ing

panel

noun [count] 1 a : a group of people who answer questions, give advice or opinions about something, or take part in a discussion for an audience The university is hosting a panel on free speech. Tonight's show features a panel of famous chefs. Three of the members on the panel are doctors. a panel discussion on (the topic of) education b : a group of people with special knowledge, skill, or experience who give advice or make decisions The advisory panel has recommended that the drug be approved. A panel of judges selected the book for this year's award. c US : a group of people who are chosen to be jurors : jury —called also jury panel 2 a : one of the flat pieces that make up a door, wall, or ceiling The room was visible through the door's glass panel. One of the ceiling panels needs to be replaced. b : a piece of cloth that makes up part of something sewn together Each of the skirt's five panels is a different color. Sew the two panels together to form a tablecloth. c : a piece of metal or plastic that forms part of the outside surface of a vehicle Aside from a dent in one of the side panels the car is in good shape. 3 : a flat surface where the controls of a vehicle, machine, etc., are located the control panel The last number you called is listed on the phone's display panel. — see also instrument panel Other forms: plural -els — see also solar panel 2panel verb [+ obj] : to cover (a wall, ceiling, etc.) with flat pieces of wood, glass, etc. We paneled the living room with oak. The walls were paneled in oak. Other forms: -els; US -eled or British -elled; US -el·ing or British -el·ling paneled adjective The bedroom had dark paneled walls and large windows. a heavy paneled door

Beam

noun [count] 1 a : a line of light coming from a source (such as the sun or a headlight) a bright beam of light We saw the beams from their flashlights. a laser beam — see also high beam, low beam, sunbeam b : a line of energy, particles, etc., that cannot be seen a beam of electrons X-ray beams 2 : a long and heavy piece of wood or metal that is used as a support in a building or ship the building's steel support beams wood ceiling beams — see also balance beam Other forms: plural beams off beam Brit informal : incorrect or mistaken My guess was way off beam. [=(US) off base] on the beam informal : exactly correct His description of the problem was right on the beam. [=(more commonly) on the mark] beamed adjective The living room has a beamed ceiling. [=a ceiling that is supported with wood or metal beams] 2beam verb 1 a [no obj] : to smile happily She beamed as she told us the good news. They stood beaming with satisfaction. b [+ obj] : to say (something) while smiling happily "We're getting married!" he beamed. 2 : to send out beams of light or energy [no obj] Sunlight was beaming [=shining] through the window. [+ obj] The sun beamed its light through the window. 3 [+ obj] : to send out (information, television signals, etc.) through wires or the air Pictures of the distant planet were beamed back to the Earth. 4 [+ obj] in stories : to send (someone) to another place instantly by using a special machine The space explorers were beamed onto the surface of the planet. Other forms: beams; beamed; beam·ing

sphere

noun [count] 1 a : a round object : globe a glass sphere b geometry : a three-dimensional shape that looks like a ball All points on a sphere are the same distance from the center. — see picture at geometry 2 somewhat formal : an area of influence or activity Women at that time were confined to the domestic sphere. They recognize that jobs in the public/private sphere are valuable. The region has moved back and forth between Spanish and Portuguese spheres of influence. [=has been under the control or influence of Spain and Portugal at different times] Other forms: plural spheres

figure

noun [count] 1 a : a symbol that represents a number : digit He has a six-figure salary. [=he has a salary of at least $100,000] b : a value that is expressed in numbers Are you sure of your figures? I came up with a very different figure. No precise/exact/official figures are available yet. The company had yearly sales figures of half a million units. ◇If you have a good head for figures, you are good at making calculations with numbers. If you have no head for figures, you are bad at making calculations with numbers. She has a good head for figures, so I'm not surprised that she became an accountant. 2 a : a person or animal that can be seen only as a shape or outline We could barely make out some figures moving in the mist. b : the shape or form of a person's body the human figure the male/female figure ◇Figure in this sense usually refers to women rather than men. She has a very shapely figure. [=body] a full figure a slim, youthful figure She likes to wear clothes that show off her figure. c ◇The phrases a fine figure of a man and (less commonly) a fine figure of a woman describe someone who is tall and has a strong and well-formed body. The football coach is a fine figure of a man. 3 : a drawing, sculpture, etc., that represents the form of a person or animal The vase is decorated with figures of birds and fish. The walls of the cave are covered with drawings of human and animal figures. a male/female figure a collection of bronze/carved figures a cardboard figure a cartoon figure — see also stick figure 4 : a person who has a specified status or who is regarded in a specified way a noted/familiar/popular/prominent sports figure He began by writing letters to well-known figures in journalism. a mysterious/shadowy figure She's a key figure in the organization. He has become a figure of contempt. [=someone who is regarded with contempt] a figure of fun/ridicule [=someone who is laughed at or ridiculed] a figure of authority = an authority figure [=a person who has authority over other people] — see also action figure, father figure, mother figure 5 a : a diagram or picture Turn your attention to the figure on page 15. — abbr. fig. b mathematics : a combination of points, lines, or surfaces in geometry A circle is a closed plane figure. geometric figures Other forms: plural -ures 2figure verb 1 [+ obj] : to expect or think (something) I figured (that) they would lose. [=I expected them to lose] I figured [=thought] he'd get tired of it in a few days. The media figured that she would be the appointee. = The media figured her to be the appointee. "They lost." "I figured as much." (US) He figured [=expected] to lose money in the deal. 2 US, informal a [+ obj] : to understand or find (something, such as a reason) by thinking Their reasons for doing this are hard to figure. [=figure out] I've finally figured [=figured out] a way to manage my time better. We've got to figure [=find] a way out of this mess. b [no obj] : to appear likely to do something She figures to finish by noon. He doesn't figure to win. [=he probably won't win] 3 [no obj] : to be or appear important : to have an important part in something The debate over tax rates figured prominently in the last election. 4 [+ obj] : to calculate (an amount, cost, etc.) He figured the cost at about $10,000. The cost in dollars is easily figured. 5 [no obj] chiefly US, informal : to seem reasonable, normal, or expected His explanation just doesn't figure. [=add up, make sense] It figures [=it is not surprising] that he would be late today. "He's late." "Well, it figures." That figures. [=that doesn't surprise me] Other forms: -ures; -ured; -ur·ing figure in [phrasal verb] 1 figure (something) in or figure in (something) US : to include (something) while making calculations When they were preparing a budget, they forgot to figure in [=factor in] occasional travel expenses. 2 figure in (something) : to be involved in (something, such as an activity) persons who figured in the robbery figure into [phrasal verb] figure into (something) US : to be included as a part of (something) Age may figure into the equation. figure on [phrasal verb] figure on (something) US, informal 1 : to expect to get or have (something) They weren't figuring on the extra income. 2 : to plan to do (something) I figure on going [=I plan to go] downtown later today. figure out [phrasal verb] 1 figure out (something) or figure (something) out a : to understand or find (something, such as a reason or a solution) by thinking I'm trying to figure out a way to do it. He claims he has it all figured out. I finally figured it out. I can't figure out why he does these crazy things. b : to find an answer or solution for (something, such as a problem) figure out [=solve] a math problem 2 figure (someone) out or figure out (someone) : to understand the behavior of (someone) He does these crazy things, and I just can't figure him out. go figure US informal — used to say that something is surprising or hard to understand After losing their first six games, they won the next ten. Go figure.

Colony

noun [count] 1 a : an area that is controlled by or belongs to a country and is usually far away from it Massachusetts was one of the original 13 British colonies that later became the United States. a former French colony in Africa b : a group of people sent by a country to live in such a colony a colony of settlers 2 : a group of plants or animals living or growing in one place an ant colony a colony of bacteria 3 : a group of people who are similar in some way and who live in a certain area an artist colony a leper colony ; also : the land or buildings used by such a group Other forms: plural -nies

field

noun [count] 1 a : an open area of land without trees or buildings He gazed out across the fields. a grassy/muddy field green fields an open field — see also ice field b : an area of land that has a special use farm fields a field of wheat = a wheat field cotton/tobacco fields — see color picture; see also oil field 2 : an area of work, study, etc. She hopes to find work in the health field. She is a pioneer/leader in the field of genetic research. a lawyer who is eminent in his field working in his chosen field fields of learning/interest/study a fascinating field of endeavor 3 a : an area of land that is used for sports football/athletic/baseball/soccer fields a ball field The home team took the field. [=ran out onto the field to begin play] Spectators are not allowed on the field of play. [=playing field] The team has been tough to beat on its home field. [=its own field where it plays in front of its fans] ◇In a baseball or cricket game, when one team is batting the other team is in the field.— see also center field, field event, left field, playing field, right field, track and field b ◇In basketball a shot taken from the field is a shot taken during ordinary play rather than a free throw. They shot well from the field but they missed too many free throws. 4 : the area where work is done away from a laboratory, office, etc. archaeologists/salesmen working in the field — often used before another noun She will be doing field research in South America. field studies The product has been tested under field conditions of actual use. field workers — see also field-test, fieldwork 5 : the group of people, horses, teams, etc., that are in a race or other competition a race with a large field of runners The presidential election has attracted a large field of candidates. She was leading/trailing the field by a wide margin. — often used figuratively The company is working hard to stay/keep ahead of the field. [=to continue to be more successful than its competitors] 6 : a place where battles and other military activities happen the field of battle soldiers in the field — see also battlefield, landing field, minefield 7 : a region or space in which an effect or force (such as gravity, electricity, or magnetism) exists an electric/magnetic field 8 : an area in which a particular type of information is placed You must complete all fields before submitting the form. (computers) The database is separated into several different fields. 9 : field of vision Nothing moved within his visual field. — see also field of view Other forms: plural fields play the field — see 1play 2field verb [+ obj] 1 baseball or cricket : to catch or stop and throw a ball The shortstop fielded the ground ball. a fielding error ; also : to play (a position) on a baseball team a shortstop who fields his position flawlessly 2 a : to deal with or respond to (something, such as a telephone call or a request) Last week she fielded two offers on her house. His secretary will field requests for more information. b : to give an answer to (a question) The senator fielded the reporters' questions. 3 : to put (a team, army, etc.) into the field to compete or fight They expect to field a strong team this year. the greatest fighting force that any nation has ever fielded Other forms: fields; field·ed; field·ing

Stem

noun [count] 1 a : the main long and thin part of a plant that rises above the soil and supports the leaves and flowers He cut the plant off at the base of the stem. — see color picture b : the long, thin part of a fruit, leaf, flower, etc., that connects it to its plant Hold the cherry by the stem. 2 : a long and thin part: such as a : the long, thin piece that supports the bowl of a wine glass b : the long, thin part of a tobacco pipe 3 grammar : the main part of a word that does not change when endings are added to it The stem of "winded" is "wind." Other forms: plural stems from stem to stern : from one end of a ship or boat to the other We scrubbed her down from stem to stern. [=we cleaned the entire ship/boat] — often used figuratively We cleaned the house from stem to stern. stem·less \ˈstɛmləs\ adjective stemless cherries 2stem verb [+ obj] : to remove the stem from (a fruit, leaf, flower, etc.) She stemmed and quartered the figs. The strawberries need to be stemmed. Other forms: stems; stemmed; stem·ming stem from [phrasal verb] stem from (something or someone) : to be caused by (something or someone) : to come from (something or someone) Most of her health problems stem from an accident she had when she was younger. His love of the outdoors stems from his father. — compare 3stem 3stem verb [+ obj] : to stop the progress or spread of (something) efforts to stem the dramatic decline of an endangered species The doctor stemmed the flow of blood by applying pressure to the wound. Voters hope that the proposition will stem the tide of illegal immigration. Other forms: stems; stemmed; stem·ming — compare 2stem

Temp

noun [count] 1 chiefly US, informal : temperature What's the temp outside? Is he running a temp? = Does he have a temp? 2 : someone who works at a place for a limited and usually short period of time : a temporary worker We had to hire a temp to fill in for her. Other forms: plural temps 2temp verb [no obj] : to work as a temporary worker I temped [=worked as a temp] in a doctor's office for a couple of months. Other forms: temps; temped; temp·ing

vessels

noun [count] 1 formal : a ship or large boat a fishing/sailing vessel 2 technical : a vein or artery that carries blood through the body : blood vessel 3 somewhat old-fashioned : a hollow container for holding liquids a drinking vessel Other forms: plural -sels

Clause

noun [count] 1 grammar : a part of a sentence that has its own subject and verb The sentence "When it rained they went inside" consists of two clauses: "when it rained" and "they went inside." 2 : a separate part of a legal document a clause in a will/contract — see also grandfather clause Other forms: plural claus·es

Epidemic

noun [count] 1 medical : an occurrence in which a disease spreads very quickly and affects a large number of people a flu epidemic the AIDS epidemic 2 : a sudden quickly spreading occurrence of something harmful or unwanted a crime epidemic an epidemic of bankruptcies Other forms: plural -ics epidemic adjective an epidemic disease The violence has now reached epidemic proportions.

phenomena

noun [count] 1 plural -e·na \-ənə\ : something (such as an interesting fact or event) that can be observed and studied and that typically is unusual or difficult to understand or explain fully natural phenomena like lightning and earthquakes the phenomenon of love 2 plural -e·nons : someone or something that is very impressive or popular especially because of an unusual ability or quality the greatest literary phenomenon of the decade He's a football/baseball phenomenon. The movie eventually became a cultural phenomenon.

Depressants

noun [count] : a chemical substance (such as a drug) that makes a body's systems less active alcohol and other depressants — see also antidepressant Other forms: plural -sants depressant adjective the depressant effects of alcohol

manufacturers

noun [count] : a company that makes a product Follow the instructions recommended by the manufacturer. They are one of the country's leading manufacturers of children's clothing. car manufacturers Other forms: plural -ers

Thermostat

noun [count] : a device that automatically adjusts the temperature in a room to a desired level I set the thermostat to 68 degrees. ; also : a similar device used for adjusting the temperature of a machine or system Other forms: plural -stats

flagstone

noun [count] : a hard, flat piece of stone that is used for making paths a walkway paved with flagstones — often used before another noun a flagstone path Other forms: plural -stones

corporation

noun [count] : a large business or organization that under the law has the rights and duties of an individual and follows a specific purpose He works as a consultant for/to several large corporations. a community development corporation Other forms: plural -tions

sandal

noun [count] : a shoe with a bottom part that is held in place with straps around the foot and sometimes the ankle a pair of sandals I'm missing a sandal. — see picture at shoe Other forms: plural -dals

Anecdotal

noun [count] : a short story about an interesting or funny event or occurrence He told us all sorts of humorous anecdotes about his childhood. Other forms: plural -dotes an·ec·dot·al \ˌænɪkˈdoʊtl̟\ adjective [more anecdotal; most anecdotal] I enjoyed the book's anecdotal style. His conclusions are not supported by data; they are based only on anecdotal evidence. [=evidence in the form of stories that people tell about what has happened to them] an·ec·dot·al·ly adverb Anecdotally, doctors report an increase in the disease.

Cricket

noun [count] : a small black insect that jumps high and that makes loud, high-pitched noises — see color picture Other forms: plural -ets — compare 2cricket 2cricket noun [noncount] : a game played on a large field by two teams of 11 players who try to score runs by hitting a small ball with a bat and then running between two sets of wooden sticks — often used before another noun a cricket match — see pictures at ball, bat, glove not cricket Brit old-fashioned : not fair, polite, or proper You can't keep ignoring her. It just isn't cricket. — compare 1cricket

Filing

noun [count] : a small piece that is removed when something is smoothed or rubbed with a file — usually plural iron filings Other forms: plural -ings — compare 2filing 2filing noun 1 [count] : the act of giving an official form or document to someone in authority in order to begin a legal process Filings for bankruptcy are declining. 2 [noncount] : the job or activity of storing documents in a file She does all the typing and filing in our office. — sometimes used before another noun a filing clerk Other forms: plural -ings — compare 1filing

manifesto

noun [count] : a written statement that describes the policies, goals, and opinions of a person or group The group's manifesto focused on helping the poor and stopping violence. a political party's manifesto Other forms: plural -tos or -toes

Pension

noun [count] : an amount of money that a company or the government pays to a person who is old or sick and no longer works Her pension arrives in the mail every month. collect/receive a pension retired people living on/off their pensions a job with pension benefits [=a job that pays a pension after a number of years of employment] a pension fund [=money that a company invests in order to earn money to pay pensions] Other forms: plural -sions 2pension verb Other forms: -sions; -sioned; -sion·ing pension off [phrasal verb] pension (someone) off or pension off (someone) chiefly Brit : to allow or force (an employee) to leave a job and accept a pension She was pensioned off after 35 years with the company. [=she was forced to retire after 35 years with the company]

concept

noun [count] : an idea of what something is or how it works She is familiar with basic concepts of psychology. not a new concept a concept borrowed from computer programming She seems to be a little unclear on the concept of good manners. [=she seems not to understand what good manners are] Other forms: plural -cepts 2concept adjective Usage: always used before a noun 1 : organized around a main idea or theme a concept album [=a collection of songs about a specific theme or story] 2 : created to show an idea a concept car [=a car built to test or show a new design]

Connotation

noun [count] : an idea or quality that a word makes you think about in addition to its meaning a word with negative/positive connotations For many people, the word "fat" has negative connotations. The word "childlike" has connotations of innocence. — compare denotation Other forms: plural -tions

preface

noun [count] : an introduction to a book or speech The book's preface was written by the author. Other forms: plural -ac·es 2preface verb [+ obj] : to introduce (a piece of writing, a speech, a remark, etc.) by writing or saying something Each chapter in the book is prefaced by a suitable quotation. [=there is a suitable quotation at the beginning of each chapter] — often + with She prefaces the book with a short account of what influenced her to write it. He prefaced his remarks with a short biographical sketch. Other forms: -aces; -aced; -ac·ing

implement

noun [count] : an object used to do work : tool farming implements stone implements used in prehistoric times a sharp-edged implement used to chop wood Other forms: plural -ments Synonyms: implement, tool, instrument, and utensil mean a device used for doing work. implement is a general word and may refer to anything that is needed to complete a task. gardening implements such as rakes and hoes tool is also a general word but may suggest a device that is designed for a specific job and that requires some skill to be used properly. carpenter's tools instrument suggests a device that can be used for very precise work. surgical instruments utensil suggests a fairly simple device used for jobs in a person's house. kitchen utensils 2im·ple·ment \ˈɪmpləˌmɛnt\ verb [+ obj] : to begin to do or use (something, such as a plan) : to make (something) active or effective The government implemented [=carried out] a series of reforms. I wondered how I might best implement his plan. Due to high costs, the program was never fully implemented. Other forms: -ments; -ment·ed; -ment·ing im·ple·men·ta·tion \ˌɪmpləmənˈteɪʃən\ noun [noncount] implementation of the plan

fume

noun [count] : smoke or gas that smells unpleasant — usually plural automobile exhaust fumes Other forms: plural fumes 2fume verb 1 a [no obj] : to show or feel anger She's still fuming about/over/at not being invited to the party. We sat there waiting for him, fuming with anger at the delay. b [+ obj] : to say (something) in an angry way "They made these changes without even asking our opinion," one employee fumed. 2 : to produce or give off (smoke, fumes, etc.) [+ obj] The volcano was fuming thick black smoke. [no obj] The volcano was fuming. Other forms: fumes; fumed; fum·ing

counterpart

noun [count] : someone or something that has the same job or purpose as another The secretary of defense met with his counterparts in Asia to discuss the nuclear crisis. Metal tools replaced their stone counterparts many, many years ago. the lead actress and her male counterpart Other forms: plural -parts

chromosome

noun [count] : the part of a cell that contains the genes which control how an animal or plant grows and what it becomes Other forms: plural -somes chro·mo·som·al \ˌkroʊməˈsoʊməl\ adjective a test to detect chromosomal abnormalities

Attorney

noun [count] chiefly US : lawyer — see also district attorney, power of attorney, state attorney Other forms: plural -neys

disjunction

noun [count] formal : a lack of connection between things that are related or should be connected — often + between It is difficult to reconcile the disjunction between what he says and what he does. Other forms: plural -tions

nutrient

noun [count] technical : a substance that plants, animals, and people need to live and grow Fruits and vegetables have important nutrients. The soil is low in nutrients. You need more nutrients in your diet. Other forms: plural -ents nutrient adjective always used before a noun the nutrient composition of different foods The disease is caused by nutrient deficiencies.

Anticipation

noun [noncount] 1 : a feeling of excitement about something that is going to happen She had a feeling of great anticipation before her graduation ceremony. He looked forward to the party with anticipation. The actor's fans were trembling with/in anticipation [=excitement] when his limousine drove up. 2 : the act of preparing for something They hired extra police officers in anticipation of a big crowd [=because they expected a big crowd] at the concert. an·tic·i·pa·to·ry \ænˈtɪsəpəˌtori, Brit ænˌtɪsəˈpeɪtri, ænˈtɪsəpətri\ adjective, formal the anticipatory excitement before a baseball play-off game The town took anticipatory measures to prevent a flood.

equipment

noun [noncount] 1 : supplies or tools needed for a special purpose sports/stereo/laboratory equipment The photographer came early to set up his equipment. I'm looking for a hobby that doesn't require a lot of fancy equipment. an expensive piece of medical equipment 2 : the act of equipping someone or something Not enough funds were provided for the equipment of the troops.

infancy

noun [noncount] 1 : the first part of a child's life : the time in your life when you are a baby She was often sick during her infancy. a skill developed in infancy 2 : a beginning : an early stage of development She has been a member of the church since its infancy. when the Internet was still in its infancy [=very new]

bedrock

noun [noncount] 1 : the solid rock that lies under the surface of the ground They dug down for 10 feet before they hit bedrock. 2 : a strong idea, principle, or fact that supports something His religious beliefs are/form the bedrock on which his life is based. — often used before another noun bedrock beliefs/values

nonsense

noun [noncount] 1 : words or ideas that are foolish or untrue I don't know why you believe that nonsense about certain numbers being unlucky. The stories she told about him are sheer/utter/complete/absolute nonsense. [=the stories are completely false] He says he was attacked by a frog? Nonsense. [=I do not believe that he was attacked by a frog] She thinks that astrology is nonsense. The rumors are a lot of nonsense. [=they are not true] Don't listen to him. He's talking nonsense. 2 : behavior that is silly, annoying, or unkind He was not in the mood to put up with any nonsense from his little brother. If they start pushing each other or some such nonsense, send them to their rooms. She doesn't take any nonsense from anyone. — see also no-nonsense 3 : language that has no meaning Many of the words in the poem are nonsense. I understood so few of the words they were using that the conversation sounded like nonsense to me. — often used before another noun When he didn't know the words, he sang along using nonsense syllables. Her stories are full of nonsense words that kids have fun trying to say. nonsense verse/poems/rhyme [=silly poetry that often uses words that are not real words] make (a) nonsense of Brit : to cause (something) to no longer be effective : to take away the value or usefulness of (something) The lack of guards makes a nonsense of the security checkpoint.

Heroin

noun [noncount] : a powerful illegal drug that is made from morphine

combat

noun [noncount] : active fighting especially in a war troops ready for combat Some of these soldiers have never seen combat. He was killed in combat. armed/unarmed combat — often used before another noun combat operations/missions combat boots a combat zone 2com·bat \kəmˈbæt\ verb [+ obj] 1 : to try to stop (something) from happening or getting worse The drug helps combat infection. She dedicated her life to combating poverty. Exercise can help combat the effects of stress. The mayor pledged to combat crime. 2 formal : to fight against (someone) : to engage in combat against (an enemy) They have been combating the rebels for months. Other forms: -bats; -bat·ed also -bat·ted; -bat·ing also -bat·ting

Righteous

noun [noncount] : anger caused by something that is unfair or wrong The decision to close the factory has aroused the indignation of the townspeople. He adopted a tone of moral/righteous indignation.

stamina

noun [noncount] : great physical or mental strength that allows you to continue doing something for a long time Do you have the/enough stamina to finish the job?

emergence

noun [noncount] : the act of becoming known or coming into view : the act of emerging his surprising emergence [=arrival, appearance] as a leader the emergence of the Internet as an important means of communication the economy's emergence from a recession

Spontaneity

noun [noncount] : the quality or state of being spontaneous the spontaneity of their behavior She liked his spontaneity.

Genetics

noun [noncount] : the scientific study of how genes control the characteristics of plants and animals

Newsprint

noun [noncount] : the thin paper that is used for newspapers

nightfall

noun [noncount] : the time of day when the sky gets dark : the time when night begins When nightfall came, we were still waiting for the electricity to come back on. We should be back by/before nightfall. [=dark]

Intellectual property

noun [noncount] law : something (such as an idea, invention, or process) that comes from a person's mind Any song that you write is your intellectual property. the protection of intellectual property rights [=the rights of a person who has thought of or invented something that other people want to use, profit from, etc.]

Arthritis

noun [noncount] medical : a disease that causes the joints of the body to become swollen and painful — see also rheumatoid arthritis ar·thrit·ic \ɑɚˈθrɪtɪk\ adjective [more arthritic; most arthritic] painful arthritic fingers/joints arthritic symptoms arthritic noun plural -ics [count] medicines used for treating arthritics [=people who have arthritis]

Neurology

noun [noncount] medical : the scientific study of the nervous system and the diseases that affect it neu·ro·log·i·cal \ˌnurəˈlɑ:ʤɪkəl, Brit ˌnjʊrəˈlɒʤɪkəl\ or chiefly US neu·ro·log·ic \ˌnɚrəˈlɑ:ʤɪk, Brit ˌnjʊrəˈlɒʤɪk\ adjective a neurological disorder neu·rol·o·gist \nʊˈrɑ:ləʤɪst, Brit njʊˈrɒləʤɪst\ noun plural -gists [count]

townsfolk

noun [plural] : the people who live in a town : townspeople

clientele

noun [singular] : the group of people who are regular customers at a particular business The restaurant generally attracts an older clientele. the boutique's wealthy clientele

Revenue

noun finance 1 : money that is made by or paid to a business or an organization [noncount] The factory lost revenue because of the strike by the workers. The company receives millions of dollars in advertising revenue. [=money paid by advertisers] The firm is looking for another source of revenue. [plural] advertising and sales revenues 2 : money that is collected for public use by a government through taxes [noncount] Government officials have reported a decrease in revenue. [plural] state and federal tax revenues — see also inland revenue, internal revenue service Other forms: plural -nues

Discourse

noun formal 1 [noncount] : the use of words to exchange thoughts and ideas It's a word that doesn't have much use in ordinary discourse. [=conversation] He likes to engage in lively discourse with his visitors. public/political discourse 2 [count] : a long talk or piece of writing about a subject She delivered an entertaining discourse on the current state of the film industry. Other forms: plural -cours·es 2dis·course \dɪˈskoɚs\ verb [no obj] formal : to talk about something especially for a long time She could discourse for hours on/about almost any subject. Other forms: -cours·es; -coursed; -cours·ing

Schism

noun formal : a division among the members of a group that occurs because they disagree on something [count] a schism between leading members of the party The controversy created a schism [=rift] in the group. [noncount] The church was divided by schism. Other forms: plural schisms schis·mat·ic \ˌsɪzˈmætɪk, ˌskɪzˈmætɪk\ adjective schismatic groups

behalf

noun on behalf of someone or on someone's behalf 1 : as a representative of someone The teacher accepted the award on behalf of the whole class. She's been elected to go before the town council on behalf of the county's farmers. 2 or US in behalf of someone or in someone's behalf : for the benefit of someone : in support of someone She spoke in behalf of the other candidate. They're willing to do anything on their child's behalf. He argued before the court on her behalf. 3 : because of someone Don't get up on my behal f.

affiliation

noun the rest : the part that is left when other people or things are gone, used, etc. You bring these bags in, and I'll bring the rest. [=the remainder] Thanks for your help. I can handle the rest. Linda, Joan, Donna, and the rest — often + of He would regret that decision for the rest of his life. She went shopping and spent the rest of her money on dinner. We finished the rest of the cake. He worked in the morning and relaxed (for) the rest of the day. — compare 2rest 2rest noun 1 : a period of time in which you relax, sleep, or do nothing after you have been active or doing work [noncount] a day of rest I was ordered to get some rest. None of us had/got much rest last night. [count] — usually singular I need a rest. [=break] The coach canceled practice to give his team a rest. a 10-minute rest period — see also bed rest 2 [noncount] : a state in which there is no motion an object in a state of rest 3 [count] : an object that is designed to support or hold something a knife/spoon rest the violin's chin rest — see also armrest, footrest, headrest 4 [count] a : a period of silence between musical notes b : a symbol in music that shows a period of silence between notes Other forms: plural rests at rest 1 : not moving The object is at rest. [=motionless] 2 : no longer living : dead After years of suffering, she is finally at rest. 3 : in a relaxed and comfortable state You can set/put your mind at rest. [=you can relax and stop worrying] come to rest : to stop moving The ball came to rest against the curb. Her eyes came to rest on a mysterious man. [=she stopped looking around and looked at the mysterious man] give it a rest informal — used to tell someone to stop talking about something Oh, give it a rest! I don't want to hear it. give (something) a rest informal : to stop doing or using (something) Hey, give the TV remote a rest and go outside to play! lay (someone) to rest : to bury (someone who has died) — usually used as (be) laid to rest She was laid to rest in the church's graveyard. lay/put to rest (something) or lay/put (something) to rest : to make someone stop thinking about or believing (something) by showing it is not true I want to lay/put to rest any lingering doubts about my decision. — compare 1rest 3rest verb 1 [no obj] : to stop doing work or an activity We will not rest until we discover the truth. : to spend time relaxing, sleeping, or doing nothing after you have been active or doing work The workers were resting in the shade. They expect to rest [=relax] while on vacation. He is resting comfortably after his ordeal. She went to her room to rest for a while. 2 [+ obj] a : to give rest to (someone) The coach canceled practice to rest his team. May God rest her soul. [=I pray that God will give her soul peace now that she has died] b : to stop using (something) so that it can become strong again He rested his horse before continuing the journey. You should rest your eyes after all that reading. The pitcher needs to rest his arm. 3 always followed by an adverb or preposition a [no obj] : to sit or lie on something The spoon was resting in the cup. The house rests on a concrete foundation. — often used figuratively The real authority rests with the committee. The blame rests (solely) on/with me. [=I am to blame; I am responsible for what happened] b [+ obj] : to place (something) on or against something else He rested his hand on her shoulder. She rested her bike against a tree. He rested his chin in his hands. Don't rest your elbows on the table. 4 [no obj] : to lie in a grave after death My grandfather rests [=is buried] next to my grandmother. May she rest in peace. [=may she have peace in her death] 5 : to stop presenting evidence in a legal case [no obj] The defense rests, Your Honor. [+ obj] The defense rested its case. — see also I rest my case at 1case Other forms: rests; rest·ed; rest·ing let (something) rest : to stop mentioning or talking about (something) You just won't let this rest, will you? They told them their decision, but he won't let the matter rest. rest easy : to stop worrying about something : to not worry about something I can rest easy knowing that he will be in charge. rest on/upon [phrasal verb] 1 rest on/upon (someone or something) a : to depend or rely on (someone or something) All our hopes rested on one man. b : to stop moving and look at (someone or something) His eyes/gaze rested on the letter. 2 rest on/upon (something) : to be based on (something) His theory rested upon two important pieces of evidence. rest on your laurels — see laurel rest with [phrasal verb] rest with (someone or something) : to be the responsibility of (someone or something) The final decision rests with you.

rest

noun the rest : the part that is left when other people or things are gone, used, etc. You bring these bags in, and I'll bring the rest. [=the remainder] Thanks for your help. I can handle the rest. Linda, Joan, Donna, and the rest — often + of He would regret that decision for the rest of his life. She went shopping and spent the rest of her money on dinner. We finished the rest of the cake. He worked in the morning and relaxed (for) the rest of the day. — compare 2rest 2rest noun 1 : a period of time in which you relax, sleep, or do nothing after you have been active or doing work [noncount] a day of rest I was ordered to get some rest. None of us had/got much rest last night. [count] — usually singular I need a rest. [=break] The coach canceled practice to give his team a rest. a 10-minute rest period — see also bed rest 2 [noncount] : a state in which there is no motion an object in a state of rest 3 [count] : an object that is designed to support or hold something a knife/spoon rest the violin's chin rest — see also armrest, footrest, headrest 4 [count] a : a period of silence between musical notes b : a symbol in music that shows a period of silence between notes Other forms: plural rests at rest 1 : not moving The object is at rest. [=motionless] 2 : no longer living : dead After years of suffering, she is finally at rest. 3 : in a relaxed and comfortable state You can set/put your mind at rest. [=you can relax and stop worrying] come to rest : to stop moving The ball came to rest against the curb. Her eyes came to rest on a mysterious man. [=she stopped looking around and looked at the mysterious man] give it a rest informal — used to tell someone to stop talking about something Oh, give it a rest! I don't want to hear it. give (something) a rest informal : to stop doing or using (something) Hey, give the TV remote a rest and go outside to play! lay (someone) to rest : to bury (someone who has died) — usually used as (be) laid to rest She was laid to rest in the church's graveyard. lay/put to rest (something) or lay/put (something) to rest : to make someone stop thinking about or believing (something) by showing it is not true I want to lay/put to rest any lingering doubts about my decision. — compare 1rest 3rest verb 1 [no obj] : to stop doing work or an activity We will not rest until we discover the truth. : to spend time relaxing, sleeping, or doing nothing after you have been active or doing work The workers were resting in the shade. They expect to rest [=relax] while on vacation. He is resting comfortably after his ordeal. She went to her room to rest for a while. 2 [+ obj] a : to give rest to (someone) The coach canceled practice to rest his team. May God rest her soul. [=I pray that God will give her soul peace now that she has died] b : to stop using (something) so that it can become strong again He rested his horse before continuing the journey. You should rest your eyes after all that reading. The pitcher needs to rest his arm. 3 always followed by an adverb or preposition a [no obj] : to sit or lie on something The spoon was resting in the cup. The house rests on a concrete foundation. — often used figuratively The real authority rests with the committee. The blame rests (solely) on/with me. [=I am to blame; I am responsible for what happened] b [+ obj] : to place (something) on or against something else He rested his hand on her shoulder. She rested her bike against a tree. He rested his chin in his hands. Don't rest your elbows on the table. 4 [no obj] : to lie in a grave after death My grandfather rests [=is buried] next to my grandmother. May she rest in peace. [=may she have peace in her death] 5 : to stop presenting evidence in a legal case [no obj] The defense rests, Your Honor. [+ obj] The defense rested its case. — see also I rest my case at 1case Other forms: rests; rest·ed; rest·ing let (something) rest : to stop mentioning or talking about (something) You just won't let this rest, will you? They told them their decision, but he won't let the matter rest. rest easy : to stop worrying about something : to not worry about something I can rest easy knowing that he will be in charge. rest on/upon [phrasal verb] 1 rest on/upon (someone or something) a : to depend or rely on (someone or something) All our hopes rested on one man. b : to stop moving and look at (someone or something) His eyes/gaze rested on the letter. 2 rest on/upon (something) : to be based on (something) His theory rested upon two important pieces of evidence. rest on your laurels — see laurel rest with [phrasal verb] rest with (someone or something) : to be the responsibility of (someone or something) The final decision rests with you.

Response

noun Word Builder for respond Collocations for response Extra Examples B2 [C or U] an answer or reaction: Responses to our advertisement have been disappointing. Her proposals met with an enthusiastic response. I looked in her face for some response, but she just stared at me blankly. Management have granted a ten percent pay rise in response to union pressure. ★ SMART thesaurus Answering and responding Reacting and responding [C] any of the parts sung or said, in some religious ceremonies, by the people in answer to the parts said or sung by the priest ★ SMART thesaurus Religious ceremonies and prayers

Succession

noun Word Builder for succeed [S] a number of similar events or people that happen, exist, etc. after each other: A succession of scandals and revelations has undermined the government over the past year. Life was just an endless succession of parties and dinners. ★ SMART thesaurus Order and sequence See also: Simultaneous and consecutive in succession happening one after another: She had her first three children in rapid succession. This is the seventh year in succession that they've won the cup. ★ SMART thesaurus Order and sequence See also: Simultaneous and consecutive [U] a process in which someone automatically takes an official position or job after someone else: Divorce would not prevent the Prince of Wales's succession to the throne. Who comes after the vice‑president in the presidential line of succession? ★ SMART thesaurus Replacing and exchanging

Aspiration

noun HOPE Extra Examples C2 [C usually plural, U] something that you hope to achieve: I've never had any political aspirations. It's a story about the lives and aspirations of poor Irish immigrants. ★ SMART thesaurus Goals and purposes Breathing and stopping breathing noun PHONETICS [U] the noise that is made when air escapes after a plosive consonant sound: In English, aspiration is an important feature in whether we hear a sound as /p/ or /b/ at the beginning of a word.

Folk

noun PEOPLE Extra Examples B2 [plural] (MAINLY US folks) people, especially those of a particular group or type: old folk Ordinary folk can't afford cars like that. ★ SMART thesaurus People in general folks [plural] [as form of address] INFORMAL used when speaking informally to a group of people: All right, folks, dinner's ready! ★ SMART thesaurus People in general B2 MAINLY US someone's parents: I'm going home to see my folks. ★ SMART thesaurus Parents and children

Misinterpretation

noun [C or U] C2 The minister's statement is unclear and open to misinterpretation (= could easily be misinterpreted). ★ SMART thesaurus Misunderstanding

Turnover

noun [C or U] BUSINESS Extra Examples C1 the amount of business that a company does in a period of time: Large supermarkets have high turnovers (= their goods sell very quickly). The business has an annual turnover of £50,000. ★ SMART thesaurus Profits and losses noun [S or U] EMPLOYEES Extra Examples C2 the rate at which employees leave a company and are replaced by new people: The large number of temporary contracts resulted in a high turnover of staff. US They've had a lot of turnover at the factory recently. ★ SMART thesaurus Retiring and resigning from work noun [C] CAKE a small cake made from a folded piece of pastry with fruit inside: an apple turnover ★ SMART thesaurus Pastry and pies

legislature

noun [C, + sing/pl verb] FORMAL the group of people in a country or part of a country who have the power to make and change laws ★ SMART thesaurus Legislation and law‑making

Corporation

noun [C, + sing/pl verb] MAINLY UK LOCAL GOVERNMENT the organization in a particular town or city that is responsible for services such as cleaning roads: a municipal corporation ★ SMART thesaurus Local government and politics BUSINESS Extra Examples B2 a large company or group of companies that is controlled together as a single organization: a multinational corporation the British Broadcasting Corporation She didn't want to work for a big corporation where everything was so impersonal. ★ SMART thesaurus Businesses and enterprises

Curve

noun [C] Extra Examples B2 a line that bends continuously and has no straight parts: a curve in the road the curve of a graph ★ SMART thesaurus Bends, loops and curves verb [I] Verb Endings for curve to form a curve, or move in the shape of a curve: The road curves round to the left. ★ SMART thesaurus Bending, twisting and curving curved UK US /kɜːvd/ US /kɝːvd/ adjective a curved surface ★ SMART thesaurus Properties of circles and curves

Deputy

noun [C] Extra Examples C1 a person who is given the power to do something instead of another person, or the person whose rank is immediately below that of the leader of an organization: I'd like you to meet Ann Gregory, my deputy. I'm acting as deputy while the boss is away. She's deputy (head) of a large North London school. the deputy chairperson/manager/sheriff ★ SMART thesaurus People in charge of or controlling other people See also: Bosses, managers and directors

Hijacked

noun [C] Extra Examples C1 a planned group of especially political, business, or military activities that are intended to achieve a particular aim: The protests were part of their campaign against the proposed building development in the area. This is the latest act of terrorism in a long‑standing and bloody campaign of violence. The endless public appearances are an inevitable part of an election campaign. She's the campaign organizer for the Labour Party. The government have just launched (= begun) their annual Christmas campaign to stop drunken driving. a controversial new advertising campaign ★ SMART thesaurus Plans and arrangements C1 a group of connected actions or movements that forms part of a war: a bombing campaign ★ SMART thesaurus War verb [I] Extra Examples Verb Endings for campaign C1 to organize a series of activities to try to achieve something: [+ to infinitive] They've been campaigning for years to get him out of prison. He's spending a lot of his time at the moment campaigning for/on behalf of the Conservative Party. They're busy campaigning against the building of a new motorway near here. ★ SMART thesaurus Managing and organizing

Commodities

noun [C] C1 a substance or product that can be traded, bought, or sold: The country's most valuable commodities include tin and diamonds. the international commodities market ★ SMART thesaurus Products and producers See also: Buying and selling in general a valuable quality: If you're going into teaching, energy is a necessary commodity. ★ SMART thesaurus Useful or advantageous

Trope

noun [C] SPECIALIZED something such as an idea, phrase, or image that is often used in a particular artist's work, in a particular type of art, etc.: Human‑like robots are a classic trope of science fiction.

Pronouncement

noun [C] FORMAL an official announcement: The treasurer has been taking a more optimistic view of economic recovery in his recent public pronouncements. ★ SMART thesaurus Announcing, informing and stating

Stakeholders

noun [C] SHARE a person or group of people who own a share in a business ★ SMART thesaurus Financial investments and the stock market a person such as an employee, customer, or citizen who is involved with an organization, society, etc. and therefore has responsibilities towards it and an interest in its success ★ SMART thesaurus Supporters, members and defenders See also: Believers and non‑believers noun [C] RISK a person who is in charge of the prize money given by people betting on the result of a game or competition and who gives it to the winner ★ SMART thesaurus Gambling and bookmaking See also: Taking risks

disgrace

noun [U] Extra Examples B2 embarrassment and the loss of other people's respect, or behaviour that causes this: They were sent home in disgrace. He brought disgrace on the whole team by falsifying the results. ★ SMART thesaurus Humiliating and degrading be a disgrace B2 to be a very bad situation: Three families living in one room ‑ it's a disgrace! [+ that] It's a disgrace that the government spends so much on guns and so little on education. ★ SMART thesaurus Morally wrong and evil See also: Dishonest be a disgrace to sb/sth C2 to be so bad or unacceptable that you make people lose respect for the group or activity you are connected to: You're a disgrace (to the family) ‑ what a way to behave! ★ SMART thesaurus Morally wrong and evil See also: Dishonest verb [T] Verb Endings for disgrace to make people stop respecting you or your family, team, etc. by doing something very bad: You have disgraced us all with your behaviour. ★ SMART thesaurus Humiliating and degrading disgraced UK US /‑ˈɡreɪst/ adjective a disgraced politician ★ SMART thesaurus Humiliating and degrading

infancy

noun [U] C2 the time when someone is a baby or a very young child: Her youngest child died in infancy. ★ SMART thesaurus Stages of life Children and babies be in its infancy C2 to be very new and still developing: The system is still in its infancy. ★ SMART thesaurus New See also: Modern and fashionable

Procreation

noun [U] Some people believe that sex should only be for the purpose of procreation. ★ SMART thesaurus Animal reproduction

Self-deception

noun [U] the act of hiding the truth from yourself: His claim to be an important and unjustly neglected painter is sheer self‑deception ‑ he's no good at all. ★ SMART thesaurus Not believing

Clinic

nounclin·ic\ˈkli-nik\ 1 : a class of medical instruction in which patients are examined and discussed 2 : a group meeting devoted to the analysis and solution of concrete problems or to the acquiring of specific skills or knowledge writing clinics golf clinics 3 a : a facility (as of a hospital) for diagnosis and treatment of outpatients b : a group practice in which several physicians work cooperatively 4 : a facility that offers professional services or consultation usually at discounted rates a legal clinic 5 : an exemplary display or performance put on a clinic in the tournament Examples The clinic is offering free screening for diabetes. He checked into a drug rehab clinic. The hospital is holding a pain clinic on Tuesday night for anyone interested in learning how to deal with chronic pain. A local club is giving a fishing clinic on Saturday.

Humanities

nounhu·man·i·ty\hyü-ˈma-nə-tē\ plural hu·man·i·ties 1 : compassionate, sympathetic, or generous behavior or disposition : the quality or state of being humane bespeaking humanity for the enemy in the midst of a bloody struggle — C. G. Bowers 2 a : the quality or state of being human joined together by their common humanity b hu·man·i·ties plural : human attributes or qualities his work has the ripeness of the 18th century, and its rough humanities — Pamela H. Johnson 3humanities plural : the branches of learning (such as philosophy, arts, or languages) that investigate human constructs (see 2construct) and concerns as opposed to natural processes (as in physics or chemistry) and social relations (as in anthropology or economics) 4 : the totality of human beings : the human race : humankind a fierce compassion for the woes of humanity — Maurice Bowra Examples We appealed to his sense of humanity. These discoveries will be of benefit to all humanity. She was cut off from the rest of humanity. the college of arts and humanities He's taking courses in both the sciences and the humanities. Origin see 1human. First known use: 14th century Synonyms: bigheartedness, charity, commiseration, compassion, feeling, good-heartedness, heart, kindheartedness, kindliness, kindness, largeheartedness, mercy, pity, ruth, softheartedness, sympathy, warmheartedness Antonyms: coldheartedness, hard-heartedness, inhumanity, inhumanness, mercilessness, pitilessness

Smallpox

nounsmall·pox\ˈsmȯl-ˌpäks\ : an acute contagious febrile disease of humans that is caused by a poxvirus (species Variola virus of the genus Orthopoxvirus), is characterized by a skin eruption with pustules, sloughing, and scar formation, and is believed to have been eradicated globally by widespread vaccination —called also variola

Precise

pre·cise \prɪˈsaɪs\ adjective 1 a [more precise; most precise] : very accurate and exact Be sure to take precise measurements before you cut the cloth. The dating of very old materials has become more precise with new instruments. a precise definition The word has a very precise meaning. Can you find a more precise term than "good" to describe the movie? Could you be a little more precise about what happened? b always used before a noun — used to refer to an exact and particular time, location, etc. She quietly closed the door to the baby's room, and at just that precise moment the phone began to ring. 2 [more precise; most precise] : very careful and exact about the details of something She is very precise in her work. to be precise — used to indicate that a statement is accurate and specific one night in early summer—June 22, to be precise pre·cise·ly adverb It is precisely [=exactly] two o'clock. He knows precisely how much money he has. "Do you mean that the system is outdated?" "Precisely." = "Yes, that's precisely what I mean." The king was popular precisely because he was so kind and generous. I have a doctor's appointment this afternoon, or, more precisely, at two o'clock this afternoon. pre·cise·ness noun [noncount] the preciseness of the measurements She does her work with preciseness. [=precision]

Fetch

verb 1 : to go after and bring back (someone or something) [+ obj] Wait here while I fetch [=get] the doctor. Please fetch me a drink. = Please fetch a drink for me. If you throw the ball the dog will fetch it. [no obj] Hunting dogs are trained to fetch. 2 [+ obj] : to be sold for (an amount of money) This table should fetch quite a bit at auction. The house fetched more than we expected. Other forms: fetch·es; fetched; fetch·ing fetch and carry : to do the kind of jobs that servants do for someone I won't fetch and carry for you all day. fetch up [phrasal verb] chiefly Brit informal : to reach or come to a place, condition, or situation that was not planned or expected She traveled throughout Europe and eventually fetched up [=ended up] in Italy.

conceive

verb 1 : to think of or create (something) in the mind [+ obj] conceive an idea a writer who has conceived [=imagined] an entire world of amazing creatures When the writer conceived this role, he had a specific actor in mind to play the part. The system was conceived [=invented] by a Swedish engineer. As conceived by the committee, the bill did not raise taxes. [no obj] — + of They conceived of [=thought of, regarded] her as a genius. I can't conceive of [=imagine] a reason for not supporting this policy. 2 : to become pregnant [no obj] a woman who has been unable to conceive [+ obj] a woman who has been unable to conceive a child Other forms: -ceives; -ceived; -ceiv·ing

Grieve

verb 1 [+ obj] : to cause (someone) to feel sad or unhappy It grieves me to see my brother struggling like this. Her decision to live overseas grieved her mother. 2 : to feel or show grief or sadness [no obj] People need time to grieve after the death of a family member. The children are still grieving for their mother. = The children are grieving over their mother's death. a grieving widow [+ obj] The children are still grieving the death of their mother. Other forms: grieves; grieved; griev·ing

share

verb 1 [+ obj] : to have or use (something) with others We share a house/car (together). — often + with I share an office with two other people. 2 [+ obj] of two or more people : to divide (something) into parts and each take or use a part They shared the last cookie. We shared the money equally. 3 : to let someone else have or use a part of (something that belongs to you) [+ obj] The children need to learn to share their toys. — often + with He doesn't share his toys with other kids. Share the cookies with your sister. [no obj] The children need to learn to share (with each other). 4 : to have (something that someone or something else also has) : to have (something) in common [+ obj] We share an interest in baseball. [=we are both interested in baseball] The two countries share a border. I know you're worried about the schedule, but I don't share your concerns. [=I don't have the same concerns that you have; I am not worried about the schedule] — often + with I share these concerns with others in the group. [no obj] — + in I don't share in your concerns about the schedule. 5 : to tell someone about (your feelings, opinions, thoughts, etc.) [+ obj] Please share any ideas that you may have. — often + with Would you like to share your feelings with the group? Thanks for sharing that (with me). [no obj] Thanks for sharing. 6 : to have equal responsibility for or involvement in (something) [+ obj] I share the blame for what happened. [no obj] — + in We all share in the responsibility for this tragedy. The whole family shares in the household chores. Other forms: shares; shared; shar·ing share out [phrasal verb] share out (something) or share (something) out chiefly Brit : to divide (something) into parts and give the parts to different people In her will, she shared out her property to her nephews and nieces. — see also share-out shar·er noun plural -ers [count] 2share noun 1 [singular] : a part of something that has been divided into parts and given to different people I deserve a share in the winnings. — often + of I sold my share [=portion] of the business. I got my share of the profits. — see also lion's share, time-share 2 [count] : any of the equal parts into which the ownership of a property or business is divided 100 shares of stock — see also market share 3 [singular] : the amount of something that someone owes or deserves or is responsible for — often + of Everybody should have to pay their share [=portion] of the dinner bill. Everyone must accept their share of the blame. I've done my (fair) share of the work. Other forms: plural shares a share of the pie — see pie

foster

verb 1 [+ obj] : to help (something) grow or develop We are trying to foster [=encourage, promote] a sense of community. Such conditions foster the spread of the disease. 2 : to provide the care that a parent usually gives to a child : to be or become the foster parent of a child [+ obj] Would you consider fostering a child? [no obj] (chiefly Brit) Would you consider fostering? Other forms: -ters; -tered; -ter·ing 2foster adjective Usage: always used before a noun — used to describe a situation in which for a period of time a child lives with and is cared for by people who are not the child's parents They are foster parents to three foster children. She's in foster care. = She's in a foster home. [=she is living in a home with and being taken care of by foster parents]

Assimilate

verb 1 [+ obj] : to learn (something) so that it is fully understood and can be used Children need to assimilate new ideas/concepts. There was a lot of information/material to assimilate at school. 2 a [+ obj] : to cause (a person or group) to become part of a different society, country, etc. Schools were used to assimilate the children of immigrants. She was thoroughly/completely assimilated to/into her new country. [=she had completely adapted to her new country] b [no obj] : to adopt the ways of another culture : to fully become part of a different society, country, etc. They found it hard to assimilate to/into American society. 3 [+ obj] : to adopt (something) as part of a larger thing The language is constantly assimilating new words. [=making new words part of itself; the language is constantly getting new words] Many of these religious traditions have been assimilated into the culture. Other forms: -lates; -lat·ed; -lat·ing as·sim·i·la·tion \əˌsɪməˈleɪʃən\ noun [noncount] a child's assimilation of concepts/ideas/information Her assimilation into American society was complete.

Conduct

verb 1 [+ obj] : to plan and do (something, such as an activity) The police are conducting an investigation into last week's robbery. scientists conducting research/experiments I like the way the company conducts business. The magazine conducted a survey. Who will be conducting the meeting? The committee is expected to conduct hearings in May. 2 : to direct the performance of (musicians or singers) [+ obj] He conducts the choir with great skill and emotion. conducting the music of Mozart [no obj] She conducts extremely well. 3 always followed by a preposition or adverb [+ obj] formal : to guide or lead (someone) through or around a place Our guide slowly conducted us through the museum. Our guide conducted us along the path. 4 [+ obj] technical : to allow (heat or electricity) to move from one place to another Metals conduct electricity well. Other forms: -ducts; -duct·ed; -duct·ing conduct yourself : to behave especially in a public or formal situation The way you conduct yourself in an interview often determines whether or not you get the job. She conducted herself as a professional and earned the respect of her coworkers. I don't approve of the way he conducts himself. 2con·duct \ˈkɑ:nˌdʌkt\ noun [noncount] somewhat formal 1 : the way that a person behaves in a particular place or situation A panel investigated her conduct and she was subsequently fired. His personal conduct reflected poorly on the company. [=he behaved in a way that made the company look bad] professional/sexual conduct 2 : the way that something is managed or directed — + of Laws and regulations control the conduct [=management] of business and trade.

threaten

verb 1 [+ obj] : to say that you will harm someone or do something unpleasant or unwanted especially in order to make someone do what you want The mugger threatened him with a gun. He threatened to tell their boss. = He threatened that he would tell their boss. She threatened to quit if they didn't give her a raise, but no one believed her. He tried to get what he wanted by threatening people (with violence). The workers have threatened to strike if their demands are not met. = The workers have threatened a strike if their demands are not met. The kidnapper threatened to kill her. = The kidnapper threatened her life. 2 a : to be something that is likely to cause harm to (someone or something) : to be a threat to (someone or something) [+ obj] Civil war has been threatening the country for years. a marriage threatened by financial problems Overfishing threatens the survival of certain fish species. She felt (emotionally) threatened by his friendships with female coworkers. [no obj] Disaster threatens. b — used to say that something bad or harmful appears likely or possible [+ obj] The clouds were threatening rain. [=the clouds made it appear that it was likely to rain] The latest news threatens trouble for the economy. [no obj] It looks like it's threatening to rain. [=it looks like it may rain] Other forms: -ens; -ened; -en·ing threat·en·ing \ˈθrɛtn̩ɪŋ\ adjective [more threatening; most threatening] a threatening comment threatening clouds I find your competitiveness a little threatening. threat·en·ing·ly \ˈθrɛtn̩ɪŋli\ adverb The sky darkened threateningly.

Indicate

verb 1 [+ obj] : to show (something) Our records indicate a depth of 3,000 feet here. Studies indicate (that) this chemical could cause cancer. The map indicates where the treasure is buried. : to show that (something) exists or is true There is nothing to indicate that the two events are connected. The size of his offer indicates that he is eager to buy the house. His hot forehead indicates a fever. = His hot forehead indicates that he has a fever. 2 [+ obj] : to direct attention to (someone or something) usually by pointing The general used a long ruler to indicate on the map exactly where the troops would land. We asked how to get to the rear entrance, and he indicated a path leading around the right side of the building. 3 [+ obj] : to show or suggest that (something) is needed — usually used as (be) indicated Further testing is indicated. [=is called for; is necessary] He feels that a different approach is indicated. 4 [+ obj] : to represent or be a symbol of (something or someone) A pronoun used as a direct object indicates the person or thing receiving the action. The markers indicate a distance of 50 yards. A new paragraph indicates a change in topic. In "my mother's coat," the apostrophe and "s" indicate possession. 5 [+ obj] : to say or express (something) briefly They have indicated their willingness/desire to cooperate. She indicated [=wrote, said] in her letter that she's planning to arrive next week. He nodded his head to indicate his approval. = He indicated his approval with a nod of his head. 6 [no obj] Brit : to make a signal which shows that you are going to turn when you are driving a vehicle You forgot to indicate [=(US) signal] before you made your turn. Other forms: -cates; -cat·ed; -cat·ing

Derive

verb 1 [+ obj] : to take or get (something) from (something else) The river derives its name from a Native American tribe. She derived [=received, took] great satisfaction from their friendship. — often used as (be) derived Many English words are derived from French. Petroleum is derived from coal tar and used to make gasoline. 2 [no obj] : to have something as a source : to come from something Much of the book's appeal derives from the personality of its central character. Other forms: -rives; -rived; -riv·ing de·riv·able \dɪˈraɪvəbəl\ adjective a substance derivable from coal tar

associate

verb 1 [+ obj] : to think of one person or thing when you think of another person or thing — usually + with I associate flowers with spring. She will always associate that place with her youth. People associate the company with televisions but it also makes computers. ◇When one thing is associated with another, they happen together or are related or connected in some way. There are several dangers/risks associated with [=connected with] that approach. plants associated with the desert He has symptoms associated with lung disease. There are health problems that are often associated with poverty. 2 : to be together with another person or group as friends, partners, etc. [no obj] She associates with [=is friends with] some pretty strange people. They denied associating with terrorists. [=they denied being involved with terrorists] [+ obj] He was associated [=connected, identified] with a group of radicals in the government. I no longer wish to be associated with people like him. She associates herself with some pretty strange people. ◇If you associate yourself with something, such as a political movement, you show or say that you support and agree with it. He was reluctant to associate himself with the government's position. Other forms: -ates; -at·ed; -at·ing 2as·so·ci·ate \əˈsoʊʃijət\ noun [count] 1 : a person who you work with or spend time with business associates [=colleagues] Her associates respected her for her hard work. He is a known associate of criminals. [=he is known to associate with criminals; people know that he works with or spends time with criminals] 2 : a member of a group or organization who is at a level that is below the highest level She started as an associate at the law firm. — sometimes used in the names of companies He works for Jones and Associates, a consulting firm in Santa Fe. Other forms: plural -ates 3as·so·ci·ate \əˈsoʊʃijət\ adjective Usage: always used before a noun : having a rank or position that is below the highest level in a group, organization, etc. He's an associate member of the club but he hopes to become a full member soon. She was promoted from assistant editor to associate editor and may soon be promoted to senior editor.

Toss

verb 1 [+ obj] : to throw (something) with a quick, light motion I tossed the ball to him. = I tossed him the ball. She tossed the ball high in/into the air. She tossed the paper at/into the recycling bin. He tossed his dirty socks onto the floor. 2 [+ obj] : to move or lift (something, such as a part of your body) quickly or suddenly He tossed his head back. She tossed her hair and smiled. 3 : to move (something) back and forth or up and down [+ obj] Waves tossed the ship about. [no obj] The ship tossed on the waves. 4 [+ obj] : to stir or mix (something) lightly Gently toss the salad. Toss the vegetables with olive oil. 5 : to cause (something) to turn over by throwing it into the air [+ obj] toss a coin toss [=flip] a pancake [no obj] "Who's going to put out the trash?" "Let's toss for it." [=let's toss a coin to decide] Other forms: toss·es; tossed; toss·ing toss and turn : to move about and turn over in bed because you are unable to sleep She was tossing and turning all night. toss back [phrasal verb] toss back (something) or toss (something) back informal : to drink (something) quickly He tossed back a shot of whiskey. toss in [phrasal verb] toss in (something) or toss (something) in : to add (something) to what you are selling without asking for more money I'll even toss in [=throw in] an upgrade for free. toss off [phrasal verb] 1 toss (something) off or toss off (something) informal a : to produce (something) quickly and without much effort He tossed off a few lines of poetry. b : to drink (something) quickly He tossed off a shot of whiskey. 2 toss (someone) off Brit, informal + impolite : masturbate toss out [phrasal verb] US 1 toss (something) out or toss out (something) a : to put (something that is no longer useful or wanted) in a trash can, garbage can, etc. : to throw (something) out It's time to toss out those bananas. Did you toss the newspapers out already? b : to refuse to accept or consider (something) His testimony was tossed out by the judge. c : to mention (something) as a possible thing to be done, thought about, etc. : suggest She tossed out a couple of ideas for improving the company's Web site. 2 toss (someone) out or toss out (someone) : to force (someone) to leave a place They tossed him out [=threw him out] of the bar after he started a fight. toss your hat in/into the ring — see hat 2toss noun [count] 1 : the act of throwing or tossing something with a quick, light motion a bouquet toss He gave the salad a quick toss. [=he tossed the salad] — see also ring toss 2 : the act of throwing a coin up into the air in order to make a decision about something based on which side of the coin is shown after it lands They decided what to do by a coin toss. the toss of a coin She won the toss. 3 : the act of moving your head suddenly upward and backward She threw her hair back with a toss of her head. Other forms: plural tosses argue the toss chiefly Brit informal : to argue or disagree about something that is not important, that cannot be changed, etc. not give a toss Brit informal : to not care at all about something He doesn't give a toss about our problems.

gather

verb 1 [+ obj] a : to bring (things or people) together into a group The children gathered their toys (together) and put them away. Give me just a minute to gather my things and then we can leave. The coach gathered her players together. She gathered her hair into a ponytail. b : to choose and collect (things) We gathered (up) wood for the fire. The child was gathering flowers to give to his mother. She has been gathering poems (together) for/into a collection. c : to get or take (things) from different people or places and bring them together The police are continuing to gather evidence relating to the crime. Volunteers have been gathering contributions for the new library. 2 [no obj] : to come together to form a group A crowd began to gather on the sidewalk. The players gathered together to hear the coach's game plan. — often + around or round Everyone gathered around him as he began to speak. He asked us to gather round. 3 [+ obj] : to get more of (something, such as speed) gradually The bicyclists gathered speed as they went downhill. The campaign has begun to gather momentum/strength. [=has begun to be more popular and effective] — see also gathering dust at 1dust 4 [no obj] : to increase in amount or strength Clouds had begun to gather overhead. We hurried home in the gathering darkness. the gathering storm the gathering [=worsening] crisis 5 [+ obj] a : to prepare yourself to use (your courage, strength, etc.) in order to do something difficult He gathered his courage and finally spoke up. Despite her injury, she gathered her strength and was able to finish the race. b : to prepare (yourself, your thoughts, etc.) before doing something difficult He paused to gather himself before stepping out onto the stage. I barely had time to gather my thoughts/wits before replying. 6 not used in progressive tenses [+ obj] : to believe that something is probably true because of what you have heard or learned I gather (from her comments) that she's read a great deal about this topic. = From what I (can) gather, she's read a great deal about this topic. "She's read a great deal about this topic." "So I gather!" 7 [+ obj] : to pull (someone or something) close to your body He gathered the child (up) in his arms. She gathered her cloak around her before stepping outside. 8 [+ obj] sewing : to pull (cloth) along a line of stitches to form folds I gathered the fabric to make small pleats. Other forms: -ers; -ered; -er·ing gath·er·er \ˈgæðɚrɚ\ noun plural -ers [count] a gatherer of data/information hunters and gatherers [=people who gather food] 2gather noun [count] : a fold formed when cloth is pulled together — usually plural a shirt with gathers at the shoulders Other forms: plural -ers

enlist

verb 1 [+ obj] a : to get the support and help of (someone or something) They're enlisting volunteers for an experiment. We enlisted all available resources. b : to get (help, support, sympathy, etc.) from someone I enlisted the help of our neighbors. We enlisted the services of a professional. 2 a [+ obj] : to sign up (a person) for duty in the army, navy, etc. They enlisted several new recruits. b [no obj] : to become a member of the army, navy, etc. After graduating, I enlisted in the navy. 3 [no obj] : to become involved with a large group of people in a cause, movement, etc. He enlisted in the cause of world peace. Other forms: -lists; -list·ed; -list·ing en·list·ee \ɪnˌlɪsˈti:, ɪnˈlɪsti\ noun plural -ees [count] Army enlistees en·list·ment \ɪnˈlɪstmənt\ noun plural -ments [count] Enlistments in the armed forces have increased this year. [noncount] Military enlistment is voluntary.

Save

verb 1 [+ obj] a : to keep (someone or something) safe : to stop (someone or something) from dying or being hurt, damaged, or lost He risked his life to save his friend (from drowning). The organization is dedicated to saving [=protecting] endangered animals. We need to save the rain forests (from destruction). He grabbed her arm to save her from falling. [=to stop/prevent her from falling so that she would not be hurt] The doctors managed to save the soldier's wounded leg. [=to keep the leg from having to be cut off] b : to stop (something) from ending or failing : to make (something that is in danger of failing) successful He is trying to save his marriage by going to counseling for his drug addiction. The new CEO saved the company (from bankruptcy). She saved a tense situation by staying calm. 2 : to keep (something) from being lost or wasted [+ obj] This new plan will help us save time. = The new plan will save us some time. Thinner computer monitors save space. [no obj] — + on A more efficient furnace will save on energy. 3 a : to keep money instead of spending it : to put money away especially in a bank so that you will have it in the future [no obj] She would rather save than spend. He has been saving (up) for a new car. [+ obj] Save a little money for later. She saves part of her pay every week. I saved $20,000 for a down payment on the house. b : to spend less money [no obj] Buy now and save! — often + on Save on everything in the store! He saved on [=spent less money for] his car insurance by switching to a different insurance company. [+ obj] She saved $15 at the grocery store by using coupons. — often + on We're trying to save money on our electric bill. 4 [+ obj] a : to keep (something) available for use in the future Be sure to save some cookies for your sister. You need to save (up) your energy for tomorrow. He saves his best jacket for special occasions. [=he only wears his best jacket on special occasions] The runners saved their energy for the last lap. = The runners saved themselves for the last lap. b : to keep (something) for someone to use or have She saved a seat for her friend. Please save the next dance for me. = Please save me the next dance. [=please don't plan to dance the next dance with anyone but me] 5 [+ obj] : to make (something) unnecessary Check that you have everything before you leave. It will save your having to go back again. The shortcut saves an hour's driving. 6 [+ obj] : to keep (someone) from doing something Thanks for sending out that package. It saved me a trip to the post office. I'll make the appointment for you to save you the trouble/bother. [=so that you don't have to do it yourself] — often + from You should cut up the vegetables to save you from doing it later when the guests are here. 7 [+ obj] : to collect or keep (something) She saved all his letters. 8 : to store (data) in a computer or on a storage device (such as a CD) so that it can be used later [+ obj] You should save your work on/to a disk. save a file [no obj] Don't forget to save before you close the file. 9 [+ obj] sports a : to stop (an opponent's shot) from scoring a goal He saved the penalty kick/shot. b : to keep (a game) from being lost to an opponent The relief pitcher saved the game. 10 in Christianity : to protect or free (someone) from sin or evil [+ obj] He believes that Jesus Christ will save him. [no obj] Jesus saves. Other forms: saves; saved; sav·ing a penny saved (is a penny earned) — see penny save face — see 1face save someone's bacon/hide/neck/skin informal : to save someone : to help someone get out of a dangerous or difficult situation You really saved my bacon by helping out yesterday. He doesn't care what happens to us. All he's worried about is saving his own skin/neck. [=saving himself] save someone's life 1 or save a life : to stop (someone) from dying or being killed : to rescue (someone) who is in terrible danger She thanked the firefighters who saved her life. [=rescued her] a surgical procedure that has saved the lives of thousands of people The use of seat belts can save lives. If you donate blood, you might save a life. 2 informal : to help (someone) in an important way — often used to thank someone who helped you Thanks for covering for me. You really saved my life. save the day : to make a bad situation end successfully Just when things looked hopeless, my brother came along and saved the day. save your breath — see breath to save your life informal ◇If you cannot do something to save your life, you are completely unable to do it. She can't sing to save her life. [=she is a very bad singer] 2save noun [count] 1 : a play that stops an opponent from scoring a goal The goalie made a spectacular save. 2 baseball, of a relief pitcher : the act of keeping a team's lead when replacing another pitcher at the end of a game He leads the league in saves. Other forms: plural saves 3save preposition formal : other than : but or except We had no hope save one. save for : not including (someone or something) : except for (someone or something) The park was deserted save for a few joggers. 4save conjunction formal : except Little is known about his early years save that he left home when he was very young.

Demonstrate

verb 1 [+ obj] a : to prove (something) by showing examples of it : to show evidence of (something) Each student must demonstrate mastery of the subject matter in order to pass the class. Employees must demonstrate competence in certain skills before they can work independently. The medication will not be marketed until it is demonstrated to be safe. b : to prove (something) by being an example of it : to be evidence of (something) The town's crowded classrooms demonstrate [=point to] the need for more schools in the area. The latest test results clearly demonstrate that the vaccine works. The group's failed efforts demonstrate how difficult it is to convince people to change their habits. 2 [+ obj] : to show (a quality, feeling, etc.) clearly to other people They have demonstrated a willingness to negotiate. 3 [+ obj] : to show or explain how something is used or done : to show or explain the function or use of (something) Several people will be demonstrating traditional farming techniques. The instructor demonstrated the correct procedure for pruning a tree. Would you mind demonstrating how the machine works? 4 [no obj] : to take part in an event in which people gather together in order to show that they support or oppose something or someone A large crowd was demonstrating [=protesting] downtown. Protesters demonstrated against the war. Other forms: -strates; -strat·ed; -strat·ing

deteriorate

verb 1 [no obj] : to become worse as time passes The weather gradually deteriorated [=worsened] as the day went on. Her health continues to deteriorate. [=decline] efforts to save a deteriorating rain forest The disagreement deteriorated into a fight. [=the disagreement got worse and eventually became a fight] 2 [+ obj] : to make (something) worse Exposure to rain and sun will gradually deteriorate the paint. Other forms: -rates; -rat·ed; -rat·ing deteriorated adjective a deteriorated [=run-down, dilapidated] building a badly deteriorated part of the city

Approve

verb 1 [no obj] : to believe that something or someone is good or acceptable I don't care if all the other parents are letting their kids do it; I still don't approve. — often + of I still don't approve of it. I don't approve of the way he treats his wife. = I don't approve of him treating his wife the way he does. — opposite disapprove 2 [+ obj] : to officially accept (an idea, action, plan, etc.) The state has approved the building plans, so work on the new school can begin immediately. Your supervisor must approve the report before it can be sent. — often used as (be) approved The drug is expected to be approved as a treatment for cancer by the end of the year. Your application has been approved. Other forms: -proves; -proved; -prov·ing

moan

verb 1 [no obj] : to make a long, low sound because of pain, unhappiness, or physical pleasure The wounded soldier moaned in/with pain. The crowd moaned [=groaned] as the other team scored another goal. He moaned with pleasure as she rubbed his back. 2 a [no obj] : to express unhappiness about something : complain We were all moaning about the cold, rainy weather. He's always moaning about his salary. The children were moaning and groaning all morning, but their mother would not let them go outside. I'm tired of all his moaning and groaning about his salary. b [+ obj] : to say (something) in a way that shows pain or unhappiness "But I don't want to go," moaned the boy. "Oh, my stomach hurts," she moaned. = She moaned that her stomach hurt. 3 [no obj] : to make a long, low sound The wind moaned in the trees. Other forms: moans; moaned; moan·ing moan·er \ˈmoʊnɚ\ noun plural -ers [count] He dismisses his critics as a bunch of moaners. [=people who are always unhappy or complaining about something] 2moan noun [count] 1 : a long, low sound that someone makes because of pain, unhappiness, or physical pleasure She let out a long, deep moan. a moan of despair/pleasure a low/feeble/weak moan 2 : a long, low sound the moan of the wind the moan of the car's engine 3 Brit, informal : a complaint about something He's always having a moan [=complaining] about his job. Other forms: plural moans

escape

verb 1 [no obj] a : to get away from a place (such as a prison) where you are being held or kept The prisoner escaped (from jail). an escaped convict [=a convict who has escaped from prison] b : to get away from a dangerous place or situation The boat sank but the crew escaped (unharmed). They managed to escape from the burning building. 2 : to get away from something that is difficult or unpleasant [+ obj] He needed a vacation to escape the routine of daily life. She moved to the city to escape the memory of her mother's death. trying to help people to escape poverty [no obj] trying to help people to escape from poverty This vacation will give us a chance to escape (from the routine of daily life). escape from reality 3 : to avoid something : to not experience something (such as disease or injury) [+ obj] He succeeded in escaping punishment for many years. A few passengers somehow escaped injury. escaped being injured She barely/narrowly escaped death/disaster when her car slid off the road. Many cases of fraud escape detection. [=are not detected] [no obj] Several passengers escaped without injury. She narrowly escaped with her life. [=she narrowly avoided death] 4 [+ obj] : to fail to be remembered or noticed by (someone) His name escapes me. [=I can't remember his name] Nothing escapes her. = Nothing escapes her notice. 5 [no obj] : to come out from somewhere A bit of light escaped through the cracks. : to leak out Gas is escaping from the tank. 6 literary : to come out or be spoken without being intended [+ obj] A sigh of relief escaped her. [=she sighed in relief without realizing that she was doing it] [no obj] A sigh escaped from her lips. Other forms: -capes; -caped; -cap·ing escape the ax — see 1ax there is no escaping — used to say that something is certainly true, real, etc., and cannot be avoided or denied There's no escaping the conclusion [=it is necessary to conclude] that he lied about his involvement. There's no escaping the fact that this system needs to be replaced. 2escape noun 1 [count] : an act of escaping from a place, situation, etc. The prisoners attempted a daring escape. He celebrated his escape from his boring job with a long vacation. He made his escape. = He made good his escape. [=he succeeded in escaping] She had a lucky escape when she wasn't injured in the accident. She managed to avoid serious injury, but it was a narrow escape. 2 [count] : a way of escaping from a place, situation, etc. The door was locked; there was no escape. Gardening offered an escape from her busy life. — see also fire escape 3 : an occurrence in which an amount of liquid or gas passes out through a hole or crack in a container [count] an accidental escape of poisonous gases [noncount] trying to prevent further escape of liquid Other forms: plural -capes

recruit

verb 1 a : to find suitable people and get them to join a company, an organization, the armed forces, etc. [+ obj] He was recruited by the army after high school. Public schools are recruiting new teachers. College football coaches spend a lot of time recruiting high school athletes. [no obj] College football coaches spend a lot of time recruiting. Some parents don't think the military should be recruiting from high schools. b [+ obj] : to form or build (a group, team, army, etc.) by getting people to join We recruited a crew of volunteers to help us. recruit a regiment recruit an army 2 [+ obj] : to persuade (someone) to join you in some activity or to help you I recruited my brother to drive us to the concert. She recruited four friends to distribute food to the homeless with her. Other forms: -cruits; -cruit·ed; -cruit·ing re·cruit·er noun plural -ers [count] an army recruiter re·cruit·ment \rɪˈkru:tmənt\ noun [noncount] recruitment of college graduates 2recruit noun [count] 1 : a person who has recently joined the armed forces army recruits 2 : a person who has recently joined a company, organization, etc. the newest recruit on the team She's one of the department's new recruits. Other forms: plural -cruits

Inflate

verb 1 a [+ obj] : to add air or gas to (something, such as a tire or a balloon) and make it larger We used a pump to inflate the raft. inflate [=blow up] a balloon b [no obj] : to become larger by being filled with air or gas The balloon slowly inflated. — opposite deflate 2 [+ obj] a : to think or say that (something) is larger or more important than it really is His memoirs inflate [=exaggerate] his contributions to the war effort. b : to cause (a person's ego, reputation, etc.) to become too large or great All the publicity was inflating his ego. [=was making him too proud and conceited] 3 : to increase prices, costs, etc., in a way that is not normal or expected [+ obj] Economists warn that rapid economic growth could inflate prices. Increased competition has inflated salaries among professional athletes. [no obj] Rapid economic growth may cause prices to inflate. Other forms: -flates; -flat·ed; -flat·ing in·flat·able \ɪnˈfleɪtəbəl\ adjective an inflatable raft

Cater

verb : to provide food and drinks at a party, meeting, etc., especially as a job [no obj] The restaurant caters for parties/banquets/receptions. [+ obj] A local restaurant catered the banquet/meal/reception. The awards ceremony will be a catered event/affair. Other forms: -ters; -tered; -ter·ing cater to (chiefly US) or chiefly Brit cater for [phrasal verb] cater to/for (someone or something) : to provide what is wanted or needed by (someone or something) The inn caters exclusively to foreign tourists. The library caters to [=serves] scientists. That store caters to middle-class taste. The hotel caters to your every need. [=the hotel provides everything that you need] (disapproving) As a child he was spoiled by parents who catered to his every need. ca·ter·er \ˈkeɪtɚrɚ\ noun plural -ers [count] a successful cook and caterer The party was serviced by the best caterer in the area. catering noun [noncount] Who did the catering for the party? She runs a catering business.

Democratize

verb Variants: also Brit de·moc·ra·tise \dɪˈmɑ:krəˌtaɪz\ 1 : to make (a country or organization) more democratic [+ obj] Community leaders have had some success in democratizing the organization. [no obj] There is internal pressure on the government to democratize. 2 [+ obj] formal : to make (something) available to all people : to make it possible for all people to understand (something) The magazine's goal is to democratize art. an effort to democratize politics Other forms: -tiz·es; -tized; -tiz·ing de·moc·ra·ti·za·tion also Brit de·moc·ra·ti·sa·tion \dɪˌmɑ:krətəˈzeɪʃən, Brit dɪˌmɒkrəˌtaɪˈzeɪʃən\ noun [noncount]

monopolize

verb Variants: also Brit mo·nop·o·lise \məˈnɑ:pəˌlaɪz\ [+ obj] : to take over and control (something or someone) completely He's always monopolizing the conversation. The company has monopolized the market for computer operating systems. The demands of the job have been monopolizing my time. [=using up all my time] : to use (something) in a way that prevents others from using it One group monopolized the camping area, taking almost all of the campsites. Other forms: -liz·es; -lized; -liz·ing mo·nop·o·list \məˈnɑ:pəlɪst\ noun plural -lists [count] a powerful monopolist [=a person or company that has or controls a monopoly] mo·nop·o·li·za·tion also Brit mo·nop·o·li·sa·tion \məˌnɑ:pələˈzeɪʃən, Brit məˌnɒpəˌlaɪˈzeɪʃən\ noun [noncount]

endeavor

verb Variants: or Brit en·deav·our \ɪnˈdɛvɚ\ [+ obj] formal : to seriously or continually try to do (something) The school endeavors to teach students to be good citizens. They endeavored to create a government that truly serves its people. synonyms see 1attempt Other forms: -ors; -ored; -or·ing 2endeavor (US) noun Variants: or Brit endeavour formal : a serious effort or attempt [count] His endeavors have gone unrewarded. He failed despite his best endeavors. [=efforts] She is involved in several artistic endeavors. [noncount] Technology is the fastest-changing area/field of human endeavor. Other forms: plural -ors

paralyze

verb Variants: or Brit par·a·lyse \ˈperəˌlaɪz\ [+ obj] 1 : to make (a person or animal) unable to move or feel all or part of the body The snake's venom paralyzed the mouse. The accident paralyzed him from the neck down. [=the accident caused him to lose the ability to move or feel his body below his neck] 2 : to make (someone or something) unable to function, act, or move The air strikes have paralyzed the city's transportation system. The company was paralyzed by debt. Other forms: -lyz·es; -lyzed; -lyz·ing paralyzed adjective The accident left him paralyzed from the neck down. I was practically paralyzed with fear/embarrassment. [=unable to function, act, or move because I was so afraid/embarrassed] paralyzing adjective the snake's paralyzing venom a paralyzing feartj

tolerate

verb [+ obj] 1 : to allow (something that is bad, unpleasant, etc.) to exist, happen, or be done Our teacher will not tolerate bad grammar. Racist or sexist behavior will not be tolerated. I can't tolerate that noise. The government cannot tolerate lawlessness. How can you tolerate such laziness? 2 : to experience (something harmful or unpleasant) without being harmed These plants tolerate drought well. 3 : to accept the feelings, behavior, or beliefs of (someone) I don't like my boss, but I tolerate him. Other forms: -ates; -at·ed; -ating tol·er·a·tion \ˌtɑ:ləˈreɪʃən\ noun [noncount] religious toleration

Elude

verb [+ obj] 1 : to avoid or escape (someone or something) by being quick, skillful, or clever The killer was able to elude the police. The killer has eluded capture. (American football) The running back eluded five tacklers. 2 a : to fail to be understood or remembered by (someone) The cause of the disease continues to elude researchers. The name of the author eludes me for the moment. [=I don't remember the name of the author] b : to fail to be achieved by (someone) Victory has eluded us. [=we have been unable to achieve victory] c ◇When something eludes detection/discovery, people try to find it but are unable to. The cause of the disease has eluded detection/discovery. Note: Do not confuse elude with allude. Other forms: eludes; elud·ed; elud·ing

dismiss

verb [+ obj] 1 : to decide not to think about or consider (something or someone) We dismissed his accusations. We can't completely dismiss [=discount] the possibility that she's right. I don't think we should dismiss the matter lightly. — often + as His idea was dismissed as impractical. For a long time they dismissed her as a silly old woman. 2 : to send (someone) away : to cause or allow (someone) to leave The students were dismissed early because of the snowstorm. Class is dismissed. [=the class is over and students are free to leave] 3 : to officially make (someone) leave a job : to end the employment or service of (someone) He was dismissed [=fired] from his job. Several employees were recently dismissed. 4 law : to officially end or stop (something, such as a legal case) The judge dismissed the case/suit. All charges were dismissed. [=dropped] Other forms: -miss·es; -missed; -mis·sing dis·miss·al \dɪsˈmɪsəl\ noun plural -als [count] I was surprised by his dismissal of the idea. A small group is protesting the dismissals of several employees. the dismissal of the lawsuit [noncount] He still hopes to win his claim for unfair dismissal.

Define

verb [+ obj] 1 : to explain the meaning of (a word, phrase, etc.) How would you define (the word) "grotesque"? a term that is difficult to define 2 : to show or describe (someone or something) clearly and completely The government study seeks to define urban poverty. Her book aims to define acceptable social behavior. He was defined by his passions. [=his passions showed what kind of person he was] She believes that success should be defined in terms of health and happiness. Tigers are broadly/loosely defined [=described very generally] as large cats. He narrowly defines [=describes very specifically] a hero as someone who has earned a medal in battle. 3 : to show the shape, outline, or edge of (something) very clearly That fence defines the far edge of the property. Other forms: -fines; -fined; -fin·ing de·fin·able \dɪˈfaɪnəbəl\ adjective [more definable; most definable] an easily definable word definable risk factors defined adjective [more defined; most defined] a clearly defined neighborhood Her cheekbones are well-defined. defining adjective always used before a noun That was the campaign's defining moment. [=the moment that showed very clearly what kind of campaign it was]

Encompass

verb [+ obj] 1 : to include (something) as a part My interests encompass [=cover, include] a broad range of topics. The district encompasses most of the downtown area. — see also all-encompassing 2 : to cover or surround (an area) A thick fog encompassed [=enveloped] the city. a neighborhood encompassed by a highway Other forms: -pass·es; -passed; -pass·ing

boost

verb [+ obj] 1 : to increase the force, power, or amount of (something) The farm has boosted [=increased] wheat production by 25 percent. boost [=raise] prices The article discusses a number of ways people can boost [=strengthen] their immune systems. The company needs to find ways to boost [=improve] morale. 2 : to push or shove (something or someone) up from below She boosted the boy onto his father's shoulders. — sometimes used figuratively His work on the high-profile lawsuit has boosted him into the political arena. Other forms: boosts; boost·ed; boost·ing 2boost noun [count] 1 : an increase in amount a boost in wheat production a boost in sales Exercise can sometimes provide a boost of energy. After layoffs at the company, employees needed a boost in morale. 2 : help or encouragement One company's innovation has proven to be a boost to the entire industry. 3 : a push upward Give the boy a boost onto the stage, will you? Other forms: plural boosts

mock

verb [+ obj] 1 : to laugh at or make fun of (someone or something) especially by copying an action or a way of behaving or speaking The boys mocked him for showing fear. They mocked his cries for help. [=they imitated his cries for help in an exaggerated way that was meant to ridicule him] Other children would mock her accent. [=would make fun of the way she spoke by copying it in an exaggerated way] 2 : to criticize and laugh at (someone or something) for being bad, worthless, or unimportant He mocks art only because he doesn't understand it. They continue to mock the idea of a new government. We are being mocked for our religious beliefs. You can mock me as much as you like, but I'm going to do it anyway. Other forms: mocks; mocked; mock·ing mock·er \ˈmɑ:kɚ\ noun plural -ers [count] mockers of poetry mocking adjective [more mocking; most mocking] mocking words a mocking crowd mock·ing·ly \ˈmɑ:kɪŋli\ adverb They laughed at him mockingly. 2mock adjective Usage: always used before a noun 1 : not based on real or honest feelings "I'd love to go," he said with a mock [=feigned, fake] smile. We stared at him in mock surprise. mock anger 2 : done or performed to look like the real thing Two boys started a mock [=simulated] fight in the hallway. Every summer, our history club performs mock battles to relive our country's greatest war. a mock trial [=a fake legal trial used for education and practice] a mock election 3mock noun [count] Brit : an exam that does not count and that is done to practice for a real exam : a mock exam — usually plural He did so well on the mocks that I'm sure he'll pass the real ones. Other forms: plural mocks

Elevate

verb [+ obj] 1 : to lift (something) up The doctor told her to elevate [=raise] her leg. 2 : to increase the level of (something) : to make (something) higher exercises that elevate the heart rate 3 : to raise (someone) to a higher rank or level He was elevated to (the position of) chairman. = He was elevated to the chairmanship. 4 somewhat formal : to improve the mind or mood of (someone) A great book can both elevate and entertain its readers. A great book can elevate the human spirit. It was an elevating [=uplifting] experience. Other forms: -vates; -vat·ed; -vat·ing elevate something to an art (form) — see art

constrain

verb [+ obj] 1 : to limit or restrict (something or someone) She believes that too much instruction constrains [=limits] an artist's creativity. People with criminal backgrounds are legally constrained [=restricted] from working for some government agencies. — often used as (be) constrained We were constrained [=limited] by the short amount of time we had. Teenagers often feel constrained [=limited] by rules. 2 formal : to use pressure to force (someone) to do something — usually used as (be) constrained She felt constrained [=(more commonly) felt compelled] to apologize for the harm she'd done. Other forms: -strains; -strained; -strain·ing

examine

verb [+ obj] 1 : to look at (something) closely and carefully in order to learn more about it, to find problems, etc. An accountant has been hired to examine the company's books. We need to examine [=consider] this question more carefully. The police examined the evidence carefully. 2 : to test or look carefully at (something or someone) for signs of illness or injury You should have your eyes examined. He was examined by several doctors, who found nothing wrong with him. the examining room [=a room in a doctor's office where the doctor examines patients] 3 law : to question (someone) closely examine a witness — see also cross-examine Other forms: -ines; -ined; -in·ing ex·am·in·er noun plural -ers [count] photo examiners — see also medical examiner

imitate

verb [+ obj] 1 : to make or do something the same way as (something else) Their competitors soon imitated [=copied] the idea. Her style has been imitated by many other writers. 2 a : to do the same thing as (someone) She's always imitating [=copying] her older sister. b : to copy (someone's or something's behavior, sound, appearance, etc.) He's very good at imitating his father's voice. She can imitate the calls of many different birds. Other forms: -tates; -tat·ed; -tat·ing im·i·ta·tor \ˈɪməˌteɪtɚ\ noun plural -tors [count] His style of directing has spawned/inspired a number of imitators.

withstand

verb [+ obj] 1 : to not be harmed or affected by (something) cookware that can withstand high temperatures I couldn't withstand the rigors of army life. 2 : to deal with (something, such as an attack or criticism) successfully They withstood attacks from many critics. Other forms: -stands; -stood \-ˈstʊd\; -stand·ing

Eliminate

verb [+ obj] 1 : to remove (something that is not wanted or needed) : to get rid of (something) Doctors seek to eliminate the causes of the epidemic. The body naturally eliminates waste products. The company plans to eliminate more than 2,000 jobs in the coming year. The regime has ruthlessly eliminated [=killed] the leaders of the opposition. She's trying to eliminate fatty foods from her diet. 2 : to defeat and remove (a team, player, etc.) from a competition — often used as (be/get) eliminated The team was eliminated in the first round of the play-offs. Other forms: -nates; -nat·ed; -nat·ing

extract

verb [+ obj] 1 : to remove (something) by pulling it out or cutting it out He extracted a credit card from his wallet. I had to have a tooth extracted. The tumor was surgically extracted. 2 a : to get (information, a response, etc.) from someone who does not want to give it We finally extracted a confession from him. extract a promise b : to get (something, such as information) from something Investigators were able to extract useful information from the company's financial records. They are hoping to extract new insights from the test results. 3 : to get (a substance) from something by the use of a machine or chemicals The machines extract the juice from the apples. oil extracted from sunflower seeds venom extracted from poisonous snakes 4 : to choose and take out (parts of a written work) for a separate use He extracted [=excerpted] a few lines from a favorite poem for use in his speech. Other forms: -tracts; -tract·ed; -tract·ing extract yourself : to remove yourself from a difficult situation He has been unable to extract himself from his legal difficulties. ex·tract·able \ɪkˈstræktəbəl\ adjective ex·trac·tor \ɪkˈstræktɚ\ noun plural -tors [count] a tooth extractor a juice extractor 2ex·tract \ˈɛkˌstrækt\ noun 1 : a substance that you get from something by using a machine or chemicals [noncount] The recipe calls for a tablespoon of vanilla extract. [count] herbal extracts 2 [count] : a short piece of writing that is taken from a longer work (such as a book) The anthology includes extracts [=excerpts] from the works of several well-known authors. Other forms: plural -tracts

Uphold

verb [+ obj] 1 : to support or defend (something, such as a law) He took an oath to uphold the Constitution. They have a responsibility to uphold the law. 2 : to judge (a legal decision) to be correct : to decide not to change (a verdict) The Court of Appeals upheld his conviction. Other forms: -holds; -held \-ˈhɛld\; -hold·ing up·hold·er noun plural -ers [count] upholders of democracy

anticipate

verb [+ obj] 1 : to think of (something that will or might happen in the future) : expect The cost turned out to be higher than anticipated. They do not anticipate [=foresee] any major problems during construction. The hotel anticipated my every need. [=I didn't have to ask for anything because they already provided it] The author anticipated objections to his theory. The organizers of the fair anticipate a large crowd. I did not anticipate having to pay for your ticket. The boxer tried to anticipate [=predict] his opponent's next move. 2 : to expect or look ahead to (something) with pleasure : to look forward to (something) He eagerly anticipated her arrival. 3 formal : to do something before someone else His use of composition anticipated later Renaissance paintings. = He anticipated later Renaissance painters in his use of composition.

anticipate

verb [+ obj] 1 : to think of (something that will or might happen in the future) : expect The cost turned out to be higher than anticipated. They do not anticipate [=foresee] any major problems during construction. The hotel anticipated my every need. [=I didn't have to ask for anything because they already provided it] The author anticipated objections to his theory. The organizers of the fair anticipate a large crowd. I did not anticipate having to pay for your ticket. The boxer tried to anticipate [=predict] his opponent's next move. 2 : to expect or look ahead to (something) with pleasure : to look forward to (something) He eagerly anticipated her arrival. 3 formal : to do something before someone else His use of composition anticipated later Renaissance paintings. = He anticipated later Renaissance painters in his use of composition. Other forms: -pates; -pat·ed; -pat·ing

discard

verb [+ obj] 1 : to throw (something) away because it is useless or unwanted Remove and discard the stems. a pile of discarded tires — often used figuratively Many of his original theories have been discarded [=rejected] in recent years. 2 : to remove (a playing card) from your hand in a card game She discarded the six of hearts. Other forms: -cards; -card·ed; -card·ing

exert

verb [+ obj] 1 : to use (strength, ability, etc.) He had to exert all of his strength to move the stone. She hasn't been reluctant to exert [=exercise] her authority. 2 : to cause (force, effort, etc.) to have an effect or to be felt The company exerted [=put] pressure on local politicians. He exerts a lot of influence on the other members of the committee. the force exerted by the machine Other forms: -erts; -ert·ed; -ert·ing exert yourself : to make an effort to do something Don't exert yourself too much. She's always willing to exert herself to help other people.

Grant

verb [+ obj] 1 a : to agree to do, give, or allow (something asked for or hoped for) The mayor refused to grant my request for an interview. The court granted the motion for a new trial. She granted me an interview. [=she agreed to let me interview her] She rarely grants interviews. [=she rarely agrees to be interviewed] I cannot grant you that wish. b : to give (something) legally or formally The government has agreed to grant the refugees asylum. = The government has agreed to grant asylum to the refugees. We haven't yet been granted access to the archive. The country was granted independence in 1950. The judge granted custody of the children to their mother. — see also grant bail at 1bail 2 : to admit (something) although it does not agree with or support your opinion I grant that he's a talented writer, but I just don't find his books very interesting. The house is not in perfect condition, I grant you [=I admit that the house is not in perfect condition], but it's still a great deal. The house is not perfect, I grant you that. — often used in the form granted or granting to introduce a clause Granted that she's been under a lot of stress lately, her behavior is still surprising. [=I admit that she has been under a lot of stress lately, but I am still surprised by her behavior] Even granting that you may be right [=even if you are right], I still think we need to consider other solutions. — often used in the form granted as an adverb Granted, the house is not in perfect condition, but it's still a great deal. "The house is not in very good condition." "Granted [=I admit that what you say is true]—but it's still a great deal." Other forms: grants; grant·ed; grant·ing take for granted 1 take (something) for granted : to believe or assume that (something) is true or probably true without knowing that it is true We took our invitation to the party for granted. = We took it for granted that we'd be invited to the party. [=we assumed we'd be invited and did not think about the possibility that we wouldn't be] 2 take (someone or something) for granted : to fail to properly notice or appreciate (someone or something that is helpful or important to you) We often take our freedom for granted. Being apart from my family for so long has made me realize that I've been taking them for granted. I'm tired of being taken for granted. 2grant noun [count] 1 : an amount of money that is given to someone by a government, a company, etc., to be used for a particular purpose (such as scientific research) Her study is being funded by a federal grant. a research grant They wrote a grant proposal to get funding for the project. 2 : an area of land that is given to someone by a government a land grant Other forms: plural grants

Establish

verb [+ obj] 1 a : to cause (someone or something) to be widely known and accepted establish a claim The film established her as a star. She established a reputation as a hard worker. The word is now established as part of the English language. The company has established itself as a leader in the industry. b : to put (someone or something) in a position, role, etc., that will last for a long time As a young doctor he worked hard to establish himself in the community. They want to establish their children in the family business. 2 a : to begin or create (something that is meant to last for a long time) establish [=found] a school The city was established [=founded] in the 18th century. b : to succeed in making or creating (something) He was never able to establish [=build, forge] a close relationship with his son. She established a system of tracking expenses more accurately. We need to establish [=set] more realistic goals for ourselves. The two countries established a mutual trade agreement. 3 a : to make the truth or existence of (something) clear or certain : to show that (something) is true or real He was unable to establish [=prove] his innocence. Research has established [=demonstrated, shown] that he played an important role in the negotiations. establishing a link between diet and cancer b : to find out (something) Investigators are trying to establish if/whether anyone knew about these problems before the accident. I was unable to establish why these changes were made. Other forms: -lish·es; -lished; -lish·ing

Reveal

verb [+ obj] 1 a : to make (something) known She would not reveal the secret. The test revealed the true cause of death. It was revealed that they stole over $1 million. They revealed the plans for the new building. — opposite conceal b : to show or prove that (someone or something) is a particular type of person or thing — often + to be The book reveals him to be an expert at chess. Analysis reveals the substance to be mostly carbon. — often + as She revealed the reporter as a liar. 2 : to show (something) plainly or clearly : to make (something that was hidden) able to be seen The expression on his face revealed how he felt. The curtain was lifted to reveal the grand prize. Pulling up the carpeting revealed the home's beautiful hardwood floors. — opposite conceal Other forms: -veals; -vealed; -veal·ing

reveal

verb [+ obj] 1 a : to make (something) known She would not reveal the secret. The test revealed the true cause of death. It was revealed that they stole over $1 million. They revealed the plans for the new building. — opposite conceal b : to show or prove that (someone or something) is a particular type of person or thing — often + to be The book reveals him to be an expert at chess. Analysis reveals the substance to be mostly carbon. — often + as She revealed the reporter as a liar. 2 : to show (something) plainly or clearly : to make (something that was hidden) able to be seen The expression on his face revealed how he felt. The curtain was lifted to reveal the grand prize. Pulling up the carpeting revealed the home's beautiful hardwood floors. — opposite conceal Other forms: -veals; -vealed; -veal·ing

Manipulate

verb [+ obj] 1 a : to move or control (something) with your hands or by using a machine manipulate a pencil The baby is learning to manipulate blocks. manipulate a computer mouse The mechanical arms are manipulated by a computer. b medical : to move (muscles and bones) with your hands as a form of treatment The doctor manipulated my back/spine. 2 : to use or change (numbers, information, etc.) in a skillful way or for a particular purpose The program was designed to organize and manipulate large amounts of data. He's always been good at manipulating numbers in his head. As part of the experiment, students manipulated light and temperature to see how it affected the plants. 3 usually disapproving a : to deal with or control (someone or something) in a clever and usually unfair or selfish way She knows how to manipulate her parents to get what she wants. He felt that he had been manipulated by the people he trusted most. The editorial was a blatant attempt to manipulate public opinion. b : to change (something) in an unfair or selfish way He's accused of trying to manipulate the price of the stock. The company manipulated its accounts to exaggerate its profits. Other forms: -lates; -lat·ed; -lat·ing ma·nip·u·la·tion \məˌnɪpjəˈleɪʃən\ noun plural -tions [count] price manipulations [noncount] trying to control the election through blatant manipulation of public opinion her shameless manipulation of her parents

Confront

verb [+ obj] 1 a : to oppose or challenge (someone) especially in a direct and forceful way They confronted the invaders at the shore. — often used as (be) confronted He was confronted by a security guard when he tried to leave the store. The mayor was confronted by a group of angry protesters. b : to directly question the action or authority of (someone) She confronted him about his smoking. No one was willing to confront [=challenge] the company president on that point. 2 a : to deal with (something, such as a problem or danger) Firemen regularly confront danger. They confronted [=(more commonly) encountered] many obstacles along the way. ; especially : to deal with (something) in an honest and direct way The country is reluctant to confront its violent past. The treatment center helps people confront [=face] their addictions. confront an illness It's better to confront [=address] a problem than to avoid it. b : to force (someone) to see or deal with (something, such as a problem) in a direct way The photographs confront the viewer with images of desperate poverty. I confronted her with the evidence. — often used as (be) confronted The country again finds itself confronted by water shortages. They were confronted with many problems during the project. c : to be a problem for (someone or something) We know of the financial problems confronting [=facing] local schools. Other forms: -fronts; -front·ed; -front·ing

contradict

verb [+ obj] 1 a : to say the opposite of (something that someone else has said) : to deny the truth of (something) contradict a rumor He contradicted the charges of his critics. b : to deny or disagree with what is being said by (someone) My sister doesn't like being contradicted. 2 : to not agree with (something) in a way that shows or suggests that it is false, wrong, etc. She has made statements that contradict each other. [=statements that do not agree and that cannot both be true] The evidence contradicts his testimony. [=the evidence does not support or agree with his testimony] The mayor's actions in office contradicted the promises he made during the campaign. Other forms: -dicts; -dict·ed; -dict·ing contradict yourself : to say or do something that is opposite or very different in meaning to something else that you said or did earlier The witness contradicted herself when she insisted she could identify the thief even though she had said that the night was too foggy to see clearly.

suspect

verb [+ obj] 1 a : to think that (someone) is possibly guilty of a crime or of doing something wrong He's suspected in four burglaries. — often + of The police suspect him of murder. No one suspects you of cheating. b : to think that (something) is possibly the cause of something bad — usually + of The pesticide is suspected of causing cancer. c : to think that (a crime) has possibly been committed The police do not suspect murder in this case. The fire chief suspects arson. 2 : to think that (something, especially something bad) possibly exists, is true, will happen, etc. We suspected a trap. I suspect it will rain. Call the doctor immediately if you suspect you've been infected. The latest research confirms what scientists have long suspected. I suspect she's not who she says she is. "We haven't done our homework." "I suspected as much." 3 : to have feelings of doubt about (something) : to be suspicious about (something) I suspected his motives in giving me the money. I have reason to suspect her sincerity when she makes promises like that. Other forms: -pects; -pect·ed; -pect·ing suspected \səˈspɛktəd\ adjective always used before a noun a suspected arsonist The pesticide is a suspected carcinogen. a suspected case of smallpox 2sus·pect \ˈsʌˌspɛkt\ noun [count] 1 : a person who is believed to be possibly guilty of committing a crime a murder suspect One suspect has been arrested. She is a possible/prime suspect in connection with the kidnapping. 2 : a thing that is thought of as a possible cause of something bad The prime suspect for the food poisoning is the potato salad. Other forms: plural -pects the usual suspects : the usual people or things that are suspected or thought of in a particular situation — often used humorously The breakfast menu had all the usual suspects [=the usual things]—eggs, pancakes, waffles, and French toast. 3sus·pect \ˈsʌˌspɛkt\ adjective [more suspect; most suspect] : not able to be trusted : causing feelings of doubt or suspicion The suspect [=suspicious] vehicle was reported to the police. The witness's claim was suspect. [=dubious, questionable] The room had a suspect odor.

Induce

verb [+ obj] 1 somewhat formal : to cause (someone or something) to do something The advertisement is meant to induce people to eat more fruit. No one knows what induced him to leave. 2 : to cause (something) to happen or exist medication to induce vomiting Her illness was induced by overwork. drug-induced sleep a stress-induced illness 3 medical : to give (a pregnant woman) special medicine in order to make her give birth The mother was induced. : to cause (labor or birth) to begin by giving special drugs to a pregnant woman They will induce labor to avoid complications. Other forms: -duc·es; -duced; -duc·ing in·duc·er noun plural -ers [count] technical He uses the herb as a sleep inducer.

Tempt

verb [+ obj] : to cause (someone) to do or want to do something even though it may be wrong, bad, or unwise The smell of the pie tempted me, but I resisted. [=I wanted some pie but did not eat any] He tempted [=enticed] me with the offer of more money. — often + into The smell of the pie tempted me into having a piece. [=it caused me to eat a piece of pie] The saleswoman tried to tempt us into buying a more expensive model. — often followed by to + verb The saleswoman tried to tempt us to buy a more expensive model. — often used as (be) tempted "Would you like some more pie?" "I'm tempted, but no thank you." Students may be tempted to cheat on the test. [=they may consider cheating on the test] I was sorely tempted to say [=I very much wanted to say] something rude to her, but I didn't. She was tempted to quit and find a new job. I'm tempted [=I'm inclined] to say yes, but I'm not completely sure. Other forms: tempts; tempt·ed; tempt·ing tempt fate : to do something that is very risky or dangerous He felt it would be tempting fate if he invested all his money in one company. Race car drivers tempt fate every time they race.

Chop

verb [+ obj] : to cut (something) into pieces by hitting it with the sharp edge of an ax, knife, etc. She's in the kitchen chopping vegetables. They chopped wood for the fireplace. — often used figuratively They intend to chop [=lower] prices for the sale. Our budget was chopped [=cut] in half. [=it is now half of what it was] Other forms: chops; chopped; chop·ping chop and change Brit informal : to keep changing your mind, your way of doing something, etc. You have to make a decision and stick with it. You can't chop and change all the time. chop down [phrasal verb] chop (something) down or chop down (something) : to cut (a tree, bush, etc.) at the bottom so that it falls to the ground He chopped the tree down. She chopped down some thick grape vines. chop off [phrasal verb] chop (something) off or chop off (something) : to remove (something) by cutting She'd had her ponytail chopped off. He used his knife to chop off a hunk of bread. chop up [phrasal verb] chop (something) up or chop up (something) : to cut (something) into small pieces She chopped up the nuts and added them to the cookie dough. chopped adjective two cups of chopped onions 2chop noun [count] 1 : a small piece of meat that usually includes a bone from an animal's side lamb/pork chops 2 a : the act of hitting something with the sharp edge of an ax, knife, etc. He cut off the branch with a single chop. b : the act of hitting someone or something with the side of your hand He broke the boards with a karate chop. Other forms: plural chops for the chop Brit informal — used to say that someone is going to lose a job or that something is being stopped or canceled More than 100 jobs are for the chop. [=are going/likely to be eliminated] social programs that are for the chop [=(US) on the chopping block] get the chop Brit informal : to lose your job The employees with less experience got the chop. [=were fired; got the ax] give (someone) the chop Brit informal : to take someone's job away His boss gave him the chop. [=his boss fired him; his boss gave him the ax]

Allocate

verb [+ obj] : to divide and give out (something) for a special reason or to particular people, companies, etc. allocate funds among charities Money from the sale of the house was allocated to each of the children. We need to determine the best way to allocate our resources. Have enough funds been allocated to finance the project? Other forms: -cates; -cat·ed; -cat·ing al·lo·ca·tion \ˌæləˈkeɪʃən\ noun plural -tions [noncount] the allocation of funds asset allocation [count] asset allocations

Dedicate

verb [+ obj] : to officially make (something) a place for honoring or remembering a person, event, etc. The new park was dedicated today. — often + to The memorial is dedicated to all the soldiers who died in the war. Other forms: -cates; -cat·ed; -cat·ing dedicate to [phrasal verb] 1 dedicate (something) to (something) : to decide that (something) will be used for (a special purpose) : to use (time, money, energy, attention, etc.) for (something) She dedicates 10 percent of each paycheck to her savings. He dedicated [=devoted] his life/time to helping the poor. = He dedicated himself to helping the poor. [=he used his time, energy, etc., to help the poor] After graduating from college, he dedicated himself to his career. 2 dedicate (something) to (someone) : to say that (a book, song, etc.) was written or is being performed to honor or express affection for (someone) She dedicated her first novel to her father. I would like to dedicate this next song to my mother.

Upholster

verb [+ obj] : to put a covering of cloth, leather, etc., on (a piece of furniture, such as a couch or chair) The couch was upholstered with a bright, floral fabric. Other forms: -sters; -stered; -ster·ing up·hol·stered adjective an upholstered chair up·hol·ster·er \ˌʌpˈhoʊlstɚrɚ\ noun plural -ers [count] We took the chair to an upholsterer to have it re-covered.

Overstate

verb [+ obj] : to say that (something) is larger or greater than it really is The company overstated revenue [=the company reported more revenue than it actually earned] for the past year. It would be overstating the case to say that it was a matter of life or death. It would be difficult to overstate the damage done by the storm. [=the storm did a great amount of damage] The importance of tomorrow's test cannot be overstated. [=tomorrow's test is very important] Other forms: -states; -stat·ed; -stat·ing over·state·ment \ˌoʊvɚˈsteɪtmənt\ noun plural -ments [count] an overstatement of profits It's not an overstatement to say that he'll eat anything. [noncount] He is often given to overstatement.

hamper

verb [+ obj] : to slow the movement, progress, or action of (someone or something) Bad weather could hamper our search efforts. = Bad weather could hamper us in our search efforts. The project was hampered by budget restraints. Construction is hampering traffic on the highway. Other forms: -pers; -pered; -per·ing 2hamper noun [count] : a large basket usually with a cover: such as a : a basket for food a picnic hamper b US : a basket for holding dirty clothes until they can be washed a clothes hamper — see picture at bathroom Other forms: plural -pers

attempt

verb [+ obj] : to try to do (something) : to try to accomplish or complete (something) They've attempted a climb up Mount Everest once before. She attempted suicide early in their marriage. — often followed by to + verb Do not attempt to repair the equipment without the proper tools. The book attempts to prove that they were not guilty. Other forms: -tempts; -tempt·ed; -tempt·ing attempted adjective an attempted robbery/murder/suicide Synonyms: attempt, try, endeavor, and strive mean to make an effort to do or accomplish something. attempt is a basic word that sometimes stresses the beginning of this kind of effort. He will attempt to photograph the rare bird. try is very close to attempt but often stresses effort that is made to test or prove something. The team is trying to determine which fuel is less efficient overall. endeavor is a more formal word that usually suggests a serious and continuing effort. As a teacher, he endeavors to inspire a love of learning in his students. strive suggests effort made over a long period of time in order to accomplish something difficult. Despite setbacks, we must continue to strive for peace. 2attempt noun [count] 1 : an act of trying to do something In an attempt [=effort] to raise money, the school will begin charging admission to school concerts. She failed her driving test on the first attempt but she succeeded on her second attempt. We both made an attempt [=tried] to be friendly despite recent arguments. He made no attempt to apologize. [=he did not try to apologize] It was a successful attempt at climbing Mount Everest. = It was a successful attempt on Mount Everest. ◇Attempt often suggests that the effort made was unsuccessful. a suicide attempt an assassination attempt 2 : something that results from trying to do something Her attempt at a home-cooked meal consisted of frozen fish sticks and a can of soup. Other forms: plural -tempts an attempt on someone's life : an act of trying to kill someone : a usually unsuccessful effort to kill someone Police report that there has been an attempt on the actor's life. Someone made an attempt on her life. [=someone tried to kill her]

deplete

verb [+ obj] : to use most or all of (something important) : to greatly reduce the amount of (something) Activities such as logging and mining deplete our natural resources. We completely depleted our life savings when we bought our new house. — often used as (be) depleted The soil has been depleted by years of drought. lakes and rivers that are depleted of fish depleted soil the country's badly depleted resources Other forms: -pletes; -plet·ed; -plet·ing de·ple·tion \dɪˈpli:ʃən\ noun plural -tions [count] a depletion of the water supply [noncount] the depletion of the ozone layer = ozone depletion

perpetuate

verb [+ obj] formal : to cause (something that should be stopped, such as a mistaken idea or a bad situation) to continue He perpetuates the myth that his house is haunted. Fears about an epidemic are being perpetuated by the media. Other forms: -ates; -at·ed; -at·ing per·pet·u·a·tion \pɚˌpɛtʃəˈweɪʃən\ noun [noncount] The perpetuation of these lies will not help our cause.

deride

verb [+ obj] formal : to talk or write about (someone or something) in a very critical or insulting way : to say that (someone or something) is ridiculous or has no value politicians attempting to win votes by deriding [=belittling] their opponents — often + as One critic derides the book as dull and predictable. — often used as (be) derided For years women were derided as the weaker sex. Other forms: -rides; -rid·ed; -rid·ing

Seek

verb [+ obj] somewhat formal 1 : to search for (someone or something) : to try to find (someone or something) He is seeking employment. [=he is looking for a job] The office is seeking a salesperson. The prince is seeking a wife. Snakes seek the sun to warm their bodies. thrill-seeking travelers [=travelers who want to have very exciting/thrilling experiences] 2 : to ask for (help, advice, etc.) You should visit your doctor and seek his advice. You should seek medical help immediately if you experience any chest pain or shortness of breath. The church is seeking donations/volunteers. 3 a : to try to get or achieve (something) He sought revenge for his son's murder. During the war, she sought asylum in Spain. They sought refuge in Canada. The company is seeking new ways to improve service. The mayor is seeking reelection. She seeks perfection in her work. attention-seeking behavior Immigrants come to America to seek their fortune. [=to try to become rich] They are seeking compensation/damages [=they are trying to get money] for their loss. b : to make an attempt to do something Doctors have been seeking [=trying] to find a cure. The builders sought to make the bridge stronger. Other forms: seeks; sought \ˈsɑ:t\; seek·ing seek out [phrasal verb] seek (someone or something) out or seek out (someone or something) : to search for and find (someone or something) His parents sought out the best doctors in the field. White blood cells seek out and destroy infections. seek·er noun plural -ers [count] seekers of perfection job/thrill/pleasure/autograph seekers — see also heat-seeking

Vanish

verb [no obj] 1 : to disappear entirely without a clear explanation My keys mysteriously vanished. The missing girl vanished without a trace a year ago. The papers seem to have vanished into thin air. 2 : to stop existing Dinosaurs vanished from the face of the earth millions of years ago. The practice has all but vanished. [=the practice is very rare now] Other forms: -ish·es; -ished; -ish·ing

collaborate

verb [no obj] 1 : to work with another person or group in order to achieve or do something The two companies agreed to collaborate. — often + on or in They collaborated on a book about dogs. The pair collaborated with each other on the film. Several doctors collaborated in the project. — sometimes followed by to + verb They collaborated to write a book. 2 disapproving : to give help to an enemy who has invaded your country during a war He was suspected of collaborating with the occupying army. Other forms: -rates; -rat·ed; -rat·ing col·lab·o·ra·tion \kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃən\ noun plural -tions [count] The book is the product of a collaboration between two writers. = The book is a collaboration between two writers. an artistic collaboration [noncount] The writers worked in collaboration to produce the book. He worked in close collaboration with French scientists. He was accused of collaboration with the enemy.

aspire

verb [no obj] : to want to have or achieve something (such as a particular career or level of success) — often + to Both young men aspire to careers in medicine. [=both young men want to have careers in medicine] She aspires to a more active role in her government. people who aspire to home ownership [=people who want to own their own homes] — often followed by to + verb He says he never aspired to become famous. little girls who aspire to play professional basketball Other forms: -pires; -pired; -pir·ing aspiring adjective an aspiring actor [=a person who wants to be an actor] an aspiring young writer

Spell

verb chiefly US 1 a : to say, write, or print the letters of (a word or name) [+ obj] How do you spell your last name? You spelled "catastrophe" wrong. "Foggy" is spelled with two g's. — sometimes + out Please spell out your full name. [no obj] He doesn't spell very well. b [+ obj] — used to indicate the letters that form a particular word S-O-N spells "son." 2 [+ obj] : to have or lead to (a particular result or effect) Her boss's resignation spelled the end to her troubles. [=her troubles ended when her boss resigned] The amount of planning you do could spell [=mean] the difference between success and failure. Their carelessness could spell trouble/disaster for all of us. Other forms: spells; spelled or chiefly British spelt \ˈspɛlt\; spell·ing spell out [phrasal verb] spell (something) out or spell out (something) 1 : to explain the details of (something) clearly The contract spelled out the terms of his employment. She didn't get the hint, so he had to spell it out for her. 2 : to write out (something) in complete words instead of using a number, an abbreviation, etc. When addressing the invitations, spell out "street," "road," etc. On this line you need to spell out the dollar amount. — see also 1spell 1 (above) — compare 3spell 2spell noun 1 [count] a : a group of secret words that are believed to have magic power He said a magic spell of protection. b : magic that is performed by saying a group of secret words In the story, the witch casts a spell on/over the children. Drinking the potion will break the spell. [=end the magic] She felt like she was under a spell. [=affected by magic] 2 [singular] : a quality that attracts or influences someone or something in a powerful or seemingly magical way The sound of the phone ringing broke the spell of the music. Many people think she has fallen under his spell, but I think she knows what she's doing. Other forms: plural spells — compare 4spell 3spell verb [+ obj] chiefly US : to take the place of (another person who has been working or doing something for a period of time) : to take over for (someone) When they're taking care of their grandson, they spell [=relieve] each other throughout the day. Other forms: spells; spelled; spell·ing — compare 1spell 4spell noun [count] 1 : a short period of time usually marked by a particular activity or condition a dizzy/fainting spell I'm tired and need to sit down for a spell. It looks like we're in for a spell of rainy weather. The flowers died during a dry/cold spell. [=a period of dry/cold weather] 2 : a period spent doing a job or duty After a spell as an editor she went back to teaching. Other forms: plural spells — compare 2spell

Adjoin

verb of a building, room, area of land, etc. : to be next to or joined with something [+ obj] Her office adjoins the library. The two rooms adjoin each other. [no obj] The two rooms adjoin. Other forms: -joins; -joined; -join·ing adjoining adjective We reserved adjoining rooms at the hotel.

compensate

verb somewhat formal 1 [no obj] : to provide something good as a balance against something bad or undesirable : to make up for some defect or weakness His enthusiasm compensates for his lack of skill. The price of the item has been reduced to compensate for a defect. 2 [+ obj] : to give money or something else of value to (someone) in return for something (such as work) or as payment for something lost, damaged, etc. compensate workers for their labor She was not compensated for the damage done to her car.

Substitute

verb Extra Examples Verb Endings for substitute B2 [T] to use something or someone instead of another thing or person: You can substitute oil for butter in this recipe. Dayton was substituted for Williams in the second half of the match. ★ SMART thesaurus Replacing and exchanging substitute for sth to perform the same job as another thing or to take its place: Gas‑fired power stations will substitute for less efficient coal‑fired equipment. ★ SMART thesaurus Replacing and exchanging Extra Examples B2 a thing or person that is used instead of another thing or person: Tofu can be used as a meat substitute in vegetarian recipes. Vitamins should not be used as a substitute for a healthy diet. ★ SMART thesaurus Replacing and exchanging (INFORMAL sub) in sports, a player who is used for part of a game instead of another player: Johnson came on as a substitute towards the end of the match. The manager brought on (US ALSO sent in) another substitute in the final minutes of the game. ★ SMART thesaurus Replacing and exchanging Competitors and participants in sports and games there is no substitute for sth nothing is as good as the stated thing: You can work from plans of a garden, but there's no substitute for visiting the site yourself. ★ SMART thesaurus Replacing and exchanging (ALSO substitute teacher, INFORMAL sub) US FOR supply teacher ★ SMART thesaurus Teachers

Cloud

verb Verb Endings for cloud [I or T] If something transparent clouds, or if something clouds it, it becomes difficult to see through. ★ SMART thesaurus Clouds, dew, fog and steam C2 [T] to make someone confused, or make something more difficult to understand: When it came to explaining the lipstick on his collar, he found that drink had clouded (= confused) his memory. ★ SMART thesaurus Puzzle and confuse See also: Difficult to understand

Poach

verb TAKE Verb Endings for poach [I or T] to catch and kill animals without permission on someone else's land: The farmer claimed that he shot the men because they were poaching on his land. ★ SMART thesaurus Stealing Hunting [T] to take and use for yourself unfairly or dishonestly something, usually an idea, that belongs to someone else: Jeff always poaches my ideas, and then pretends that they're his own. ★ SMART thesaurus Stealing [T] DISAPPROVING to persuade someone who works for someone else to come and work for you: They were furious when one of their best managers was poached by another company. ★ SMART thesaurus Recruiting staff, applying for and accepting jobs

fade

verb [I or T] B2 to (cause to) lose colour, brightness, or strength gradually: If you hang your clothes out in the bright sun, they will fade. My suntan is already fading. They arrived home just as the light was fading (= as it was going dark). The sun had faded the blue walls. ★ SMART thesaurus Pale and colourless and causing colour to fade

Recruiters

verb [T] Extra Examples Verb Endings for recruit C1 to persuade someone to work for a company or become a new member of an organization, especially the army: Charities such as Oxfam are always trying to recruit volunteers to help in their work. Even young boys are now being recruited into the army. an army recruiting centre/officer ★ SMART thesaurus Recruiting staff, applying for and accepting jobs Joining or leaving the army noun [C] C2 a new member of an organization, especially the army: Raw recruits (= completely new soldiers) were trained for six months and then sent to the war front. ★ SMART thesaurus Supporters, members and defenders See also: Believers and non‑believers Soldiers and people who fight in wars

Dampen

verb [T] (ALSO damp) MAKE WET Verb Endings for dampen to make something slightly wet: Rain had dampened the tent so we left it to dry in the afternoon sun. ★ SMART thesaurus Wet weather and wetness verb [T] FEELINGS Verb Endings for dampen to make feelings, especially of excitement or enjoyment, less strong: Nothing you can say will dampen her enthusiasm. I didn't want to dampen his spirits. ★ SMART thesaurus Becoming and making less strong

Provoke

verb [T] CAUSE REACTION Verb Endings for provoke C2 to cause a reaction, especially a negative one: The prospect of increased prices has already provoked an outcry. Test results provoked worries that the reactor could overheat. ★ SMART thesaurus verb [T] MAKE ANGRY Verb Endings for provoke C2 to make or try to make a person or an animal angry: It was a vicious‑looking dog and I didn't want to provoke it. He was clearly trying to get at me but I refused to be provoked. I was provoked into the argument. ★ SMART thesaurus Causing feelings of anger and displeasure

Poached

verb [T] COOK Verb Endings for poach to cook something such as a fish, or an egg with its shell removed, by putting it in gently boiling water or other liquid: We had poached eggs for breakfast. Do you like pears poached in red wine? ★ SMART thesaurus Preparing food using heat See also: Preparing food

Consume

verb [T] USE RESOURCE Extra Examples Verb Endings for consume C1 to use fuel, energy, or time, especially in large amounts: Our high living standards cause our present population to consume 25 percent of the world's oil. ★ SMART thesaurus Using and misusing B2 FORMAL to eat or drink, especially a lot of something: He consumes vast quantities of chips with every meal. ★ SMART thesaurus Eating See also: Biting, chewing and swallowing Drinking verb [T] DESTROY Verb Endings for consume If a fire consumes something, it destroys it completely. ★ SMART thesaurus Burning, burnt and on fire Destroying and demolishing See also: Damaging and spoiling be consumed by/with sth C2 to have so much of a feeling that it affects everything you do: He was consumed with jealousy. As a teenager, I was consumed by passion for the boy next door. ★ SMART thesaurus Experiencing and suffering

exploit

verb [T] USE WELL Extra Examples Verb Endings for exploit B2 to use something for advantage: We need to make sure that we exploit our resources as fully as possible. ★ SMART thesaurus Using and misusing verb [T] USE UNFAIRLY Extra Examples Verb Endings for exploit B2 to use someone or something unfairly for your own advantage: Laws exist to stop companies exploiting their employees. ★ SMART thesaurus Treating people or animals badly See also: Insults and abuse Unkind, cruel and unfeeling Violent or aggressive noun [C usually plural] something unusual, brave, or funny that someone has done: She was telling me about her exploits while travelling around Africa. ★ SMART thesaurus Acting and acts See also: Dealing with things or people

dispute

verb dis·pute\di-ˈspyüt\ dis·put·ed dis·put·ing intransitive verb : to engage in argument : debate; especially : to argue irritably or with irritating persistence transitive verb 1 a : to make the subject of verbal controversy or disputation Legislators hotly disputed the bill. b : to call into question or cast doubt upon Her honesty was never disputed. The witness disputed the defendant's claim. 2 a : to struggle against : oppose disputed the advance of the invaders b : to contend over disputing ownership of the land dis·put·able\di-ˈspyü-tə-bəl, ˈdis-pyə-\ adjective dis·put·ably\-blē\ adverb dis·put·er noun Examples You can dispute your bill if you believe it is inaccurate. These estimates are hotly disputed by scientists. No one ever disputed that it was the right decision. The source of the text has been disputed for centuries. a part of the city where two drug gangs are disputing territory Origin Middle English, from Anglo-French desputer, from Latin disputare to discuss, from dis- + putare to think. First known use: 13th century Synonyms: altercate, argue, argufy, bicker, brabble, brawl, controvert, fall out, fight, hassle, jar, quarrel, quibble, row, scrap, spat, squabble, tiff, wrangle Antonyms: accept, believe, embrace, swallow 2dispute noundis·pute\di-ˈspyüt\ 1 a : verbal controversy : debate a dispute about what to do with the surplus a landlord-tenant dispute legal disputes The matter is still in dispute. b : quarrel Police were called to a domestic dispute. 2 obsolete : physical combat Examples They could not settle their dispute. There is a labor dispute between workers and management. The two farmers are involved in a land dispute. Origin see 1dispute. First known use: 1555 Synonyms: altercation, argle-bargle, argument, argy-bargy, battle royal, bicker, brawl, contretemps, controversy, cross fire, disagreement, donnybrook, falling-out, fight, hassle, imbroglio, kickup, misunderstanding, quarrel, rhubarb, row, scrap, set-to, spat, squabble, tiff, wrangle Antonyms: accord, agreement, consensus, harmony, unanimity

underlying

adjective 1 — used to identify the idea, cause, problem, etc., that forms the basis of something The argument relies on the underlying assumption that all criminals are dangerous. an underlying cause of the accident They're dealing with the symptoms but they haven't done anything about the underlying problem/disease. 2 : lying under or below something the ocean and the underlying rock

Moral

adjective 1 always used before a noun a : concerning or relating to what is right and wrong in human behavior The church takes a strong stand on a number of moral [=ethical] issues. The author avoids making moral judgments. moral arguments Each story teaches an important moral lesson. b : based on what you think is right and good He felt that he had a moral obligation/responsibility/duty to help the poor. He's a man with strong moral convictions. [=a man who believes strongly that some things are right and others are wrong] We're confident she has the moral fiber/fortitude to make the right decision. 2 a [more moral; most moral] : considered right and good by most people : agreeing with a standard of right behavior moral conduct Their behavior was not moral. a moral young man [=a young man who tries to behave in a moral way] — compare amoral, immoral b : able to choose between right and wrong behavior Animals are not moral creatures and are not responsible for their actions. moral authority ◇A person, group, or organization that has moral authority is trusted to do what is right. The scandal has undermined the government's moral authority. moral support ◇Someone who gives you moral support helps you by supporting or encouraging you rather than by giving you money or practical help. She counted on her sisters for moral support. moral victory ◇If you achieve a moral victory you do not win anything but you achieve something that is important and good. Although they lost, the minority claimed the vote as a moral victory since they had won the support of so many former opponents. 2moral noun 1 [count] : a lesson that is learned from a story or an experience The moral of the story is to be satisfied with what you have. the movie's moral The moral here is: pay attention to the warning lights in your car. 2 morals [plural] : proper ideas and beliefs about how to behave in a way that is considered right and good by most people No one questions her morals. [=no one doubts that she is a good person who tries to behave in a moral way] Socrates was accused of corrupting the morals of the youth of Athens. He has no morals. [=he is not a good or honest person] The author points to recent cases of fraud as evidence of the lack of morals in the business world. a person with/of loose morals [=a person whose behavior and especially whose sexual behavior is considered morally wrong by some people] Other forms: plural -als

Mere

adjective Usage: always used before a noun 1 — used to say that something or someone is small, unimportant, etc. She was a mere child [=she was only a child] when her father died. His voice did not rise above a mere whisper. = His voice did not rise above the merest [=slightest] whisper. You can taste a mere hint of spice. = You can taste the merest hint of spice. The trip takes a mere two hours. [=the trip takes only two hours] You can own this car for a mere 20 dollars a week. These mysteries can't be solved by mere mortals like us. 2 — used to say that something small is important or has a big effect or influence The mere thought of going makes me nervous. The mere fact that he agreed to help us is a good sign. The mere/merest mention of his name makes her angry. He gets sick at the merest sight of blood. Other forms: mer·est

Contention

contention nouncon·ten·tion\kən-ˈten(t)-shən\ 1 : a point advanced or maintained in a debate or argument It is his contention that allowing a casino to be built would not be in the best interests of the city. 2 : an act or instance of contending He has taken himself out of contention for the directorship. 3 : rivalry, competition Examples That has been a source of contention for years. He is in contention for the Olympic medal. Origin Middle English contencioun, from Anglo-French cuntenciun, from Latin contention-, contentio, from contendere. First known use: 14th century Synonyms: ball game, battle, combat, competition, conflict, confrontation, contest, dogfight, duel, face-off, grapple, match, rivalry, strife, struggle, sweepstakes (also sweep-stake), tug-of-war, war, warfare

Perception

noun 1 a [count] : the way you think about or understand someone or something — often + of People's perceptions of this town have changed radically. the public/public's perception of nuclear power — see also self-perception b [noncount] somewhat formal : the ability to understand or notice something easily She shows remarkable perception. 2 [noncount] somewhat formal : the way that you notice or understand something using one of your senses visual/spatial perception — see also depth perception, extrasensory perception Other forms: plural -tions

anecdote

noun [count] : a short story about an interesting or funny event or occurrence He told us all sorts of humorous anecdotes about his childhood. Other forms: plural -dotes an·ec·dot·al \ˌænɪkˈdoʊtl̟\ adjective [more anecdotal; most anecdotal] I enjoyed the book's anecdotal style. His conclusions are not supported by data; they are based only on anecdotal evidence. [=evidence in the form of stories that people tell about what has happened to them] an·ec·dot·al·ly adverb Anecdotally, doctors report an increase in the disease.

diagnose

verb [+ obj] 1 a : to recognize (a disease, illness, etc.) by examining someone The test is used to help in diagnosing heart disease. Thousands of new cases have been diagnosed in the past year. The doctor was unable to diagnose the skin condition. — often + as The tumor was diagnosed as benign. Her illness was incorrectly diagnosed as a bacterial infection. b : to recognize a disease, illness, etc., in (someone) a new doctor with little experience diagnosing patients She was diagnosed as having cancer. = She was diagnosed with cancer. 2 : to find the cause of (a problem) The mechanic was unable to diagnose the problem. — often + as The mechanic diagnosed the problem as a faulty spark plug. Other forms: -nos·es; -nosed; -nos·ing

Authority

noun 1 [noncount] : the power to give orders or make decisions : the power or right to direct or control someone or something Only department managers have the authority [=right, power] to change the schedule. Does he have the authority to do this? = (US) Does he have authority to do this? This office has authority over personnel matters. [=this office has the power to make decisions about personnel matters] You don't have authority over me. [=you don't have the power to give me orders] The boss is not popular but his authority is unquestioned. "Who gave him the authority to do this?" "He didn't do it on his own authority [=he didn't do it on his own]; he was acting under the authority of the company president." [=the company president gave him the power to do it] No one in authority objected to the plan. = No one in a position of authority objected to the plan. [=no one with official power to make important decisions objected to the plan] a figure of authority = an authority figure [=a person who has authority over other people] synonyms see 1power 2 [noncount] a : the confident quality of someone who knows a lot about something or who is respected or obeyed by other people She has an air of authority. She spoke with authority [=authoritatively] about the history of the building. b : a quality that makes something seem true or real His sincerity added much more authority [=credibility] to the story. Her southern accent lent authority to her performance. His opinions lacked authority. 3 authorities [plural] : people who have power to make decisions and enforce rules and laws We reported the incident to hospital authorities. Local authorities are investigating the accident. — often used with the He complained to the authorities [=the police] about the disturbance. 4 [count] : a person who is an expert on a subject — usually + on He is an authority on local history. [=he knows a lot about local history] 5 [count] : a government organization that has control of a specified activity or area She is the director of the city's housing authority. Other forms: plural -ties have it on good/excellent authority ◇If you have it on good/excellent authority that something is true, you have been told that it is true by someone you trust and believe. I have it on good authority that she is writing a novel.

Manufacturing

noun [noncount] : the industry or business of making products especially with machines in factories Manufacturing is central to the economy of the country. They've created new jobs in manufacturing.

certicate

nouncer·tif·i·cate\(ˌ)sər-ˈti-fi-kət\ 1 : a document containing a certified statement especially as to the truth of something; specifically : a document certifying that one has fulfilled the requirements of and may practice in a field 2 : something serving the same end as a certificate 3 : a document evidencing ownership or debt a stock certificate Examples She has a certificate in midwifery. He earned his teaching certificate last year. Origin Middle English certificat, from Medieval Latin certificatum, from Late Latin, neuter of certificatus, past participle of certificare to certify. First known use: 15th century Synonyms: certification, document, instrument 2certificate verbcer·tif·i·cate\(ˌ)sər-ˈti-fə-ˌkāt\ cer·tif·i·cat·ed cer·tif·i·cat·ing transitive verb : to testify to or authorize by a certificate; especially : certify cer·tif·i·ca·to·ry\(ˌ)sər-ˈti-fi-kə-ˌtȯr-ē\ adjective First known use: 1818

cement

1cement nounce·ment\si-ˈment\ 1 a : concrete b : a powder of alumina, silica, lime, iron oxide, and magnesium oxide burned together in a kiln and finely pulverized and used as an ingredient of mortar and concrete; also : any mixture used for a similar purpose 2 : a binding element or agency: such as a : a substance to make objects adhere to each other b : something serving to unite firmly justice is the cement that holds a political community together — R. M. Hutchins 3 : cementum 4 : a plastic composition made especially of zinc or silica for filling dental cavities 5 : the fine-grained groundmass or glass of a porphyry Examples There is a layer of cement under the bricks. what kind of cement works best on glass and pottery? Origin Middle English sement, from Anglo-French ciment, from Latin caementum stone chips used in making mortar, from caedere to cut. First known use: 14th century Synonyms: bond, cord, knot, ligature, link, tie 2cement verb ce·ment·ed ce·ment·ing ce·ments transitive verb 1 : to unite or make firm by or as if by cement Pebbles were cemented together by clay. has cemented his role as a leader on the team — T. W. Smith 2 : to overlay with concrete cemented the cellar floor intransitive verb : to become cemented ce·ment·er noun Examples A win would cement her reputation as a strong competitor. First known use: 14th century

Flap

1flap noun\ˈflap\ 1 : a stroke with something broad : slap 2 obsolete : something broad and flat used for striking 3 : something that is broad, limber, or flat and usually thin and that hangs loose or projects freely: such as a : a piece on a garment that hangs free b : a part of a book jacket that folds under the book's cover c : a piece of tissue partly severed from its place of origin for use in surgical grafting d : an extended part forming the closure (as of an envelope or carton) 4 : the motion of something broad and limber (such as a sail or wing) 5 : a movable auxiliary airfoil usually attached to an airplane wing's trailing edge to increase lift or drag — see airplane 6 a : a state of excitement or agitation : tizzy, uproar b : something that generates an uproar 7 : a consonant (such as the sound \d\ in ladder and \t\ in latter) characterized by a single rapid contact of the tongue or lower lip against another point in the mouth —called also tap Examples She opened the tent flap and crawled outside. the inside flap of a book's cover a loose flap of skin Origin Middle English flappe. First known use: 14th century Synonyms: agitation, deliriousness, delirium, distraction, fever, feverishness, frenzy, furor, furore, fury, hysteria, rage, rampage, uproar 2flap verb flapped flap·ping transitive verb 1 : to beat with or as if with a flap 2 : to toss sharply : fling 3 : to move or cause to move in flaps intransitive verb 1 : to sway loosely usually with a noise of striking and especially when moved by wind 2 a : to beat or pulsate wings or something suggesting wings b : to progress by flapping c : to flutter ineffectively 3 : to talk foolishly and persistently Examples The breeze flapped the sails. The flag flapped in the breeze. The bird's wings were flapping. First known use: 14th century Synonyms: beat, flail, flop, flutter, whip

Various

1various adjectivevar·i·ous\ˈver-ē-əs\ 1 : of an indefinite number greater than one stop at various towns 2 : individual, separate rate increases granted in the various states 3 a : of differing kinds : multifarious b : dissimilar in nature or form : unlike 4 : varicolored birds of various plumage 5 : having a number of different aspects or characteristics a various place 6 archaic : variable, inconstant var·i·ous·ness noun Examples He has lived in places as various as New York and Beijing. for their various and bizarrely shaped plumage, males of the bird of paradise species have few rivals Origin Middle English, from Latin varius "having contrasting colors, of different kinds, changeable" (of uncertain origin) + Middle English -ous, -os -ous. First known use: 15th century Synonyms: chromatic, colored, colorful, kaleidoscopic, motley, multicolored, multihued, polychromatic, polychrome, prismatic, rainbow, varicolored, varied, variegated Antonyms: colorless, monochromatic, monochromic, monotone, self-colored, solid 2various pronoun, plural in construction : an indefinite number of separate individuals greater than one have read various of her essays First known use: 1877

Neutral

adjective 1 [more neutral; most neutral] a : not supporting either side of an argument, fight, war, etc. neutral countries He remained/stayed neutral while his brothers argued. b : not supporting one political view over another She tries to be a fair and neutral journalist. a neutral magazine 2 : not connected with either side involved in a war, contest, etc. The battle took place in neutral waters. The duel will be held on neutral ground. neutral territory 3 [more neutral; most neutral] : not expressing strong opinions or feelings The report was written in neutral language. "Why did you do that?" he asked in a neutral tone of voice. 4 : not bright or strong in color : able to go easily with other colors They decorated the room in neutral tones/colors. a neutral gray neutral fabrics 5 technical : neither an acid nor a base a neutral compound a chemical with a neutral pH 6 technical : not having an electrical charge a neutral molecule neu·tral·ly adverb The judge must try to view the dispute neutrally. neutrally charged atoms 2neutral noun 1 [count] : a color that is not bright or strong : a neutral color — usually plural She painted the room in neutrals. 2 [noncount] : the position of the gears in a car, truck, etc., when they do not touch each other and power from the engine does not move the wheels He put/left the car in neutral. 3 [count] : a person, country, etc., that does not support either side of an argument, fight, war, etc. Their sister remained a neutral in the dispute. The two countries were neutrals while their neighbors were at war. Other forms: plural -trals

weary

adjective [also more weary; most weary] 1 : lacking strength, energy, or freshness because of a need for rest or sleep : tired I need to rest my weary eyes. The miners were weary after a long shift. 2 : bored or annoyed by something because you have seen it, heard it, done it, etc., many times or for a long time She was weary from years of housework. a weary sigh [=a sigh that shows that someone is weary] — often + of I'm weary of fighting. Let's try to get along. a professor who had grown weary of academia and wanted to try something different — sometimes used in combination winter-weary travelers — see also world-weary 3 literary : causing you to feel tired the long, weary [=tiring] journey home Other forms: wear·i·er; -est wea·ri·ly \ˈwirəli\ adverb They trudged wearily down the trail. "It's almost over," she said wearily. wea·ri·ness \ˈwirinəs\ noun [noncount] His weariness showed in his face. 2weary verb [+ obj] somewhat formal : to make (someone) very tired The work wearies me sometimes. Other forms: -ries; -ried; -ry·ing weary of [phrasal verb] weary of (something) : to become bored by (something) : to stop being interested in (something) She realized that she had wearied of [=tired of] the city. He quickly wearied of answering their questions. wearying adjective [more wearying; most wearying] a wearying [=tiring] climb up the mountain wea·ry·ing·ly adverb

bitter

adjective [more bitter; most bitter] ◇The form bitterer is almost never used to mean "more bitter," but the form bitterest is commonly used to mean "most bitter." 1 : having a strong and often unpleasant flavor that is the opposite of sweet Cocoa beans have a bitter flavor. The medicine had a bitter aftertaste. 2 : causing painful emotions bitter disappointments a bitter defeat : felt or experienced in a strong and unpleasant way We were struck by the bitter irony of the situation. ◇A bitter pill or a bitter pill to swallow is something that is difficult or painful to accept. The defeat was a bitter pill for the team to swallow. 3 : angry and unhappy because of unfair treatment His betrayal had made her bitter. She was still bitter toward her ex-husband. He's the bitterest man I know. 4 : feeling or showing a lot of hatred or anger bitter enemies a bitter argument a bitter reply 5 : very cold a bitter wind bitter cold to/until the bitter end : until the end of something that may be very bad, unpleasant, etc. I knew she would stand by me to the bitter end. He vowed that he would keep fighting until the bitter end. bit·ter·ly adverb We were bitterly disappointed. He complained bitterly about the crowds. bitterly cold bit·ter·ness noun [noncount] 2bitter noun 1 bit*ters [plural] : a bitter alcoholic liquid that is used especially in mixed drinks The cocktail recipe called for a dash of bitters. 2 Brit : a type of beer that has a slightly bitter flavor [noncount] a pint of bitter [count] a good selection of bitters Other forms: plural -ters

haunting

adjective [more haunting; most haunting] : sad or beautiful in a way that is difficult to forget The old prison camp is a haunting reminder of the country's dark past. the haunting sounds of the violin the haunting beauty of her voice haunt·ing·ly adverb her hauntingly beautiful voice

Spiritual

adjective [more spiritual; most spiritual] 1 : of or relating to a person's spirit Doctors must consider the emotional and spiritual needs of their patients. I'm working on my spiritual growth/development. [=the growth of my mind and spirit] 2 : of or relating to religion or religious beliefs I regularly consult our pastor about spiritual matters. an influential spiritual leader 3 : having similar values and ideas : related or joined in spirit The Romantic composers saw Beethoven as a spiritual ancestor. France will always be the spiritual home of wine lovers. spir·i·tu·al·ly adverb She was physically and spiritually exhausted. a spiritually uplifting performance 2spiritual noun [count] : a religious folk song that was sung originally by African-Americans in the southern U.S. The congregation sang hymns and spirituals. Other forms: plural -als

Blackened

adjective black·ened\ˈbla-kənd\ : coated with a mixture of spices (such as garlic powder and cayenne pepper) and fried over extremely high heat Examples the church's blackened ceiling is the result of centuries of candle smoke First known use: 1979 Synonyms: bedraggled, befouled, begrimed, bemired, besmirched, black, cruddy, dingy, dirty, draggled, dusty, filthy, foul, grimy, grotty, grubby, grungy, mucky, muddy, nasty, smudged, smutty, soiled, sordid, stained, sullied, unclean, uncleanly Antonyms: clean, cleanly, immaculate, spick-and-span (or spic-and-span), spotless, stainless, ultraclean, unsoiled, unstained, unsullied

Dull

adjective\ˈdəl\ 1 : tedious, uninteresting dull lectures 2 : lacking sharpness of edge or point a dull knife 3 a : not resonant or ringing a dull booming sound b : lacking in force, intensity, or sharpness a dull ache 4 : lacking brilliance or luster a dull finish 5 : cloudy dull weather 6 of a color : low in saturation (see saturation) and low in lightness a dull green 7 : mentally slow : stupid 8 a : slow in perception or sensibility : insensible somewhat dull of hearing dull to what went on about her — Willa Cather b : lacking zest (see zest) or vivacity : listless a dull performance 9 : slow in action : sluggish dull markets dull·ness or less commonly dulness\ˈdəl-nəs\ noun dul·ly\ˈdə(l)-lē\ adverb Examples the dull roar of the crowd the dull knife just bounced off the skin of the tomato without cutting it Origin Middle English dul; akin to Old English dol foolish, Old Irish dall blind. First known use: 13th century Synonyms: airheaded, birdbrained, bonehead, boneheaded, brain-dead, brainless, bubbleheaded, chuckleheaded, dense, dim, dim-witted, doltish, dopey (also dopy), dorky, dumb, dunderheaded, empty-headed, fatuous, gormless, half-witted, knuckleheaded, lamebrain (or lamebrained), lunkheaded, mindless, oafish, obtuse, opaque, pinheaded, senseless, simple, slow, slow-witted, soft, softheaded, stupid, thick, thick-witted, thickheaded, unintelligent, unsmart, vacuous, weak-minded, witless Antonyms: blaring, blasting, booming, clamorous, clangorous, deafening, earsplitting, loud, overloud, piercing, plangent, resounding, ringing, roaring, sonorous, stentorian, thundering, thunderous 2dull verb dulled dull·ing dulls transitive verb : to make dull dull a knife's edge intransitive verb : to become dull The blade dulled with use. Examples Fog dulled the morning sunlight. Special earplugs dulled the sound of the chain saw. His hair dulled as he aged. The dog's eyes dulled as he got sick. She takes medicine to dull the pain. Fear dulled his need for adventure. The knife was dulled from use. The blade should be replaced as soon as it dulls. Origin see 1dull. First known use: 13th century Synonyms: blanch, bleach, blench, decolorize, fade, pale, snow, wash out, whiten Antonyms: darken, deepen, embrown

double-digit

adjectivedou·ble-dig·it\ˌdə-bəl-ˈdi-jət\ : amounting to 10 percent or more double-digit inflation double-digit price increases First known use: 1959

Fatal

adjectivefa·tal\ˈfā-tᵊl\ 1 obsolete : fated 2 : fateful a fatal hour 3 a : of or relating to fate ... this science sets a fatal necessity on things ... — H. O. Taylor b : resembling fate in proceeding according to a fixed sequence c : determining one's fate the fatal flaw in this dazzling woman: a total lack of taste — Marya Mannes 4 a : causing death a fatal crash a fatal disease a fatal wound b : bringing ruin a fatal attraction to gambling c : causing failure a fatal design flaw Lack of sufficient support was fatal to his campaign. Examples a disease that is often fatal a chemical that can be fatal to birds She made a fatal mistake. Origin Middle English, from Latin fatalis, from fatum fate. First known use: 14th century Synonyms: baleful, deadly, deathly, fell, killer, lethal, mortal, murderous, pestilent, terminal, vital Antonyms: healthful, healthy, nonfatal, nonlethal, wholesome

resident

adjectiveres·i·dent\ˈre-zə-dənt\ 1 a : living in a place for some length of time : residing b : serving in a regular or full-time capacity the resident engineer for a highway department; also : being in residence 2 : present, inherent 3 : not migratory resident species Examples Several tribes are resident in this part of the country. Origin Middle English, from Anglo-French, from Latin resident-, residens, present participle of residēre. First known use: 14th century 2resident noun 1 : one who resides in a place 2 : a diplomatic agent residing at a foreign court or seat of government; especially : one exercising authority in a protected state as representative of the protecting power 3 : a physician serving a residency First known use: 15th century Synonyms: denizen, dweller, habitant, inhabitant, inhabiter, occupant, resider, tenant Antonyms: transient

Assert

as·sert \əˈsɚt\ verb [+ obj] 1 : to state (something) in a strong and definite way "Poverty is the city's most serious problem," the authors assert. = The authors assert that poverty is the city's most serious problem. He asserted that there were spies in the government. Despite the evidence against him, he has continued to assert his innocence. [=has continued to say that he is innocent] 2 : to demand that other people accept or respect (something) She asserted her independence from her parents by getting her own apartment. The boss was reluctant to assert his authority over his employees. Other forms: -serts; -sert·ed; -sert·ing assert yourself 1 of a person : to speak or act in a strong and definite way If you want people to listen to your opinions, you'll need to learn how to assert yourself. The coach wants the players to assert themselves [=play more aggressively] on the field. 2 of a thing : to become apparent : to start to be clearly seen or known Doubts about the value of the work began to assert themselves. as·ser·tion \əˈsɚʃən\ noun plural -tions [count] I don't always agree with his assertions [=his strong statements] about politics. an assertion of innocence [noncount] Getting her own apartment was the first step in the assertion of her independence. Synonyms: assert, declare, affirm, and avow mean to say something in a way that shows you feel strongly about it, usually when you expect someone to disagree or challenge you. assert suggests that you are confident about what you are saying and that you do not need proof or evidence. The group asserts that the smoking ban will negatively affect restaurant and bar owners. declare is used when you are saying something in a public or open way. She has declared her support for the candidate. affirm is a formal word which suggests that you believe something because of evidence, experience, or faith. He again affirmed his belief in the existence of an afterlife. avow is also formal and emphasizes that you are being honest or sincere. Both avowed that they had nothing to do with the crime.1

Consciousness

consciousness nouncon·scious·ness\ˈkän(t)-shəs-nəs\ 1 a : the quality or state of being aware especially of something within oneself b : the state or fact of being conscious of an external object, state, or fact c : awareness; especially : concern for some social or political cause The organization aims to raise the political consciousness of teenagers. 2 : the state of being characterized by sensation, emotion, volition, and thought : mind 3 : the totality of conscious states of an individual 4 : the normal state of conscious life regained consciousness 5 : the upper level of mental life of which the person is aware as contrasted with unconscious processes Examples The medication caused her to enter an altered state of consciousness. The events have become part of the national consciousness. He hopes that he can raise public consciousness of the disease. Origin see 1conscious. First known use: 1605 Synonyms: advertence, advertency, attention, awareness, cognizance, ear, eye, heed, knowledge, mindfulness, note, notice, observance, observation

Conventional

con·ven·tion·al \kənˈvɛnʃənl̟\ adjective 1 always used before a noun a : used and accepted by most people : usual or traditional The number sign is the conventional symbol for labeling something measured in pounds. Today, many patients seek healing through both alternative medicine and conventional medicine. [=the usual methods of healing or treating disease that are taught in Western medical schools] b : of a kind that has been around for a long time and is considered to be usual or typical While microwaves heat up food more quickly, most food tastes better when it is cooked in a conventional oven. 2 [more conventional; most conventional] : common and ordinary : not unusual Most of her books are conventional detective stories. His views on dating are more conventional than those of some of his friends. 3 always used before a noun : not nuclear conventional weapons conventional forces/warfare/war con·ven·tion·al·i·ty \kənˌvɛnʃəˈnæləti\ noun [noncount] The conventionality of his views on economics surprised us. con·ven·tion·al·ly adverb He's not conventionally attractive, but he has an interesting face that is not at all unpleasant to look at.

Lag

lag \ˈlæg\ verb [no obj] 1 a : to move more slowly than others : to fail to walk or move as quickly as others — usually + behind One of the hikers kept lagging behind the rest of the group. We had to stop and wait because someone was lagging behind. b : to be in a position that is behind others — usually + behind a politician who is lagging behind [=trailing] in the election campaign The company has lagged behind its competitors in developing new products. 2 : to happen or develop more slowly than expected or wanted — usually + behind Production has continued to lag (far/well/way) behind schedule/demand. Other forms: lags; lagged; lag·ging — compare 3lag 2lag noun [singular] : a space of time between two events There is a lag of a day or two between the time you deposit a check and the time the funds are available for withdrawal. There is a slight lag between the time when the camera's shutter is pressed and the actual taking of the picture. Work on the project has resumed after a lag of several months. —called also time lag— see also jet lag Other forms: plural lags 3lag verb [+ obj] Brit : to cover (something, such as a pipe) with a special material (called lagging) that keeps it from losing or gaining heat Be sure to lag [=insulate] the pipe to prevent heat loss. Other forms: lags; lagged; lagging — compare 1lag

retreat

noun 1 : movement by soldiers away from an enemy because the enemy is winning or has won a battle [noncount] The forces are now in (full) retreat. [count] The army passed through the town on/during its retreat (from the battlefield). He sounded/signaled the retreat. [=made the signal telling soldiers to begin a retreat] 2 [count, noncount] : movement away from a place or situation especially because it is dangerous, unpleasant, etc. Some of her friends were surprised by her retreat from public life following her defeat in the election. He made/beat a hasty retreat [=he left quickly] when he realized he had entered the wrong office. 3 [count] : the act of changing your opinion or position on something because it is unpopular — usually singular The mayor was forced to make a retreat from his earlier position. 4 : the act or process of moving away [count] — usually singular Scientists continue to measure the slow retreat of the glacier. the retreat of the floodwaters [noncount] Studies show the glaciers are in retreat. — sometimes used figuratively Her political influence has been in retreat since the scandal. 5 a [count] : a place that is quiet and private She went to her mountain retreat for a quiet weekend. an idyllic/island/isolated retreat b : a trip to a place where you can quietly pray, think, study, etc. [count] We went on a corporate/spiritual retreat. The church offers retreats several times a year. [noncount] She went on retreat for several weeks last year. Other forms: plural -treats 2retreat verb [no obj] 1 : to move back to get away from danger, attack, etc. When the enemy attacked, our troops were forced to retreat. They retreated behind trees for safety. 2 : to move or go away from a place or situation especially because it is dangerous, unpleasant, etc. He quickly retreated from the room. After her defeat, she retreated from politics. 3 : to change your opinion or statement about something because it is unpopular — usually + from The mayor was forced to retreat from his original position. 4 : to move backward As the temperatures warm, the glaciers begin to retreat. The floodwaters are retreating. 5 : to go to a place that is quiet and private They retreated into the next room to talk privately. Other forms: -treats; -treat·ed; -treat·ing

Scope

noun 1 : the area that is included in or dealt with by something [noncount] The essay is sweeping/comprehensive in scope. [=the essay includes information, ideas, etc., about many topics] The law is of limited scope. [=the law applies only to a few situations, people, etc.] I was impressed by the size and scope of the book. That problem is somewhat beyond the scope of this discussion. We want to widen the scope of the study. [singular] This study has a wider/broader scope than previous studies on the subject have had. 2 [noncount] : space or opportunity for action, thought, etc. A bigger budget will allow more scope [=room] for innovation. The work has been good, but there's still some scope for improvement. — compare 2scope 2scope noun [count] chiefly US : an instrument (such as a telescope or microscope) that is used to look at things We looked through the scope at the moon. the scope of a rifle Other forms: plural scopes — compare 1scope 3scope verb Other forms: scopes; scoped; scop·ing scope out [phrasal verb] scope (someone or something) out or scope out (someone or something) US, informal : to look at (someone or something) especially in order to get information They scoped out [=checked out] the area before setting up the tent. Players were scoping out the competition. He wants to scope out [=consider, examine] all of the possibilities before deciding what to do.

Tolerance

noun 1 : willingness to accept feelings, habits, or beliefs that are different from your own [noncount] religious tolerance [singular] a tolerance for/of other lifestyles — see also zero tolerance 2 : the ability to accept, experience, or survive something harmful or unpleasant [count] The plants have a high/low tolerance for/of heat. [noncount] I don't have much tolerance for cold weather. [=I dislike cold weather; cold weather makes me uncomfortable] I have no tolerance for such behavior. [=I cannot accept/tolerate such behavior] 3 medical : your body's ability to become adjusted to something (such as a drug) so that its effects are experienced less strongly [count] Some patients gradually develop a tolerance for the drug and need to be given a larger dose. [noncount] Some patients develop greater tolerance for the drug's effects.

Convention

noun 1 [count] : a large meeting of people who come to a place for usually several days to talk about their shared work or other interests or to make decisions as a group We go to the weeklong annual teachers' convention every summer. He bought some new books at the science fiction convention. a constitutional convention [=a meeting in which political leaders create a constitution] The Democratic National Convention will meet next week to announce their party's candidate for president. The conference was held at the new convention center. [=a building or set of buildings designed to hold many people and meetings] 2 : a custom or a way of acting or doing things that is widely accepted and followed [count] It's important to follow the conventions of punctuation in a paper for school. They say school is just as important for teaching children social codes and conventions as for teaching math. Many sports shows have recently adopted the conventions of the talk show. [noncount] a poet who rebels against literary convention The award that by convention should have gone to the student with the highest grade went instead to the teacher's favorite. a director who has always defied convention [=done unexpected or unusual things] in his movies As a matter of convention, the oldest members speak first. 3 [count] : a traditional or common style often used in literature, theater, or art to create a particular effect artistic conventions The director's use of the usual romantic conventions made the film boring and predictable. His latest novel uses the conventions of early 19th-century literature. 4 [count] formal : a formal agreement between two groups (such as countries or political organizations) an international convention banning the spread of nuclear weapons the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Other forms: plural -tions

Revival

noun 1 [count] : a period in which something becomes popular again after a long period of time a jazz revival a revival of biographical writing a revival in Gothic architecture Fashions from the 1970s are enjoying a revival. 2 : the growth of something or an increase in the activity of something after a long period of no growth or activity [count] — usually singular After four slow years, our business is seeing a revival. the recent revival of interest in mythology [noncount] The city is showing signs of revival. 3 [count] : the showing of a play, a movie, etc., to the public usually many years after it was last shown : a new production of an old show There are three musical revivals on Broadway this season. The opera company is staging a revival of Verdi's Don Carlos. 4 [count] US, religion : revival meeting Other forms: plural -als

Implication

noun 1 [count] : a possible future effect or result — usually plural We must consider the long-term implications of the new trade policies. [=we must consider the effect the policies may have in the future] The closing of the factory has economic implications for the entire community. [=the closing will affect the economy of the entire community] He needs to be aware of the political implications of his decision. 2 : something that is suggested without being said directly : something that is implied [count] I'm offended by his implication that women can't be good at mathematics. I resent that/your implication! [noncount] He condemned the court and, by implication, the entire legal system. 3 [noncount] : the fact or state of being involved in or connected to something (such as a crime) : the fact or state of being implicated in something He was shocked by the implication of his partner in the theft. Other forms: plural -tions

implication

noun 1 [count] : a possible future effect or result — usually plural We must consider the long-term implications of the new trade policies. [=we must consider the effect the policies may have in the future] The closing of the factory has economic implications for the entire community. [=the closing will affect the economy of the entire community] He needs to be aware of the political implications of his decision. 2 : something that is suggested without being said directly : something that is implied [count] I'm offended by his implication that women can't be good at mathematics. I resent that/your implication! [noncount] He condemned the court and, by implication, the entire legal system. 3 [noncount] : the fact or state of being involved in or connected to something (such as a crime) : the fact or state of being implicated in something He was shocked by the implication of his partner in the theft. Other forms: plural -tions

Nerves

noun 1 [count] : one of the many thin parts that control movement and feeling by carrying messages between the brain and other parts of the body The optic nerve in the eye allows you to see. a condition affecting the nerves in her arm 2 [noncount] : courage that allows you to do something that is dangerous, difficult, or frightening It takes a lot of nerve to start a new career. He found/summoned the nerve to stand up to his boss. I was going to ask her to the dance, but I lost my nerve. 3 [singular, noncount] : the rude attitude of someone who says or does things that make other people angry or upset You have a lot of nerve to talk to me that way. I can't believe she had the nerve to call me a liar. "After making the mess, he didn't even offer to help clean it up." "What (a) nerve!" 4 nerves [plural] : feelings of being worried or nervous The groom was overcome by nerves before his wedding. The singer still suffers from nerves before a performance. Her nerves were on edge [=she was nervous] before her exam. I need a drink to steady/calm my nerves. [=relax] Other forms: plural nerves a bag/bundle of nerves informal : an extremely nervous person He was a bundle of nerves before his speech. get on someone's nerves : to become extremely annoying to someone That car alarm is getting on my nerves. hit/strike/touch a nerve : to make someone feel angry, upset, embarrassed, etc. Something she said to him must have hit/struck/touched a nerve. I've never seen him so angry. His controversial column might have hit a (raw/sensitive) nerve with some readers. nerves of steel : an impressive ability to remain calm in dangerous or difficult situations It takes nerves of steel to work in such a high-pressure job. war of nerves : a situation in which people do or say things to make other people feel afraid or nervous about what will happen The company and the union are engaged in a war of nerves, with each side threatening the other.

withdrawal

noun 1 [count] a : an act of moving something away or taking something away The general authorized the withdrawal of troops from the fields. a withdrawal of support b : an act of ending your involvement in something He announced his withdrawal from the campaign. [=announced that he would no longer be involved in the campaign] 2 : the act of taking money out of a bank account [count] a withdrawal of $3,000 She made a withdrawal from her checking/savings account. [noncount] The bank charges you for the premature withdrawal of funds. [=for taking out money before you are supposed to] — opposite deposit 3 [noncount] a : the act or process of stopping the use of an addictive drug He underwent rehab to help him through his withdrawal from heroin. b : the physical and mental problems that occur for a period of time after a person stops using an addictive drug She experienced symptoms of nicotine withdrawal after she quit smoking. Other forms: plural -als

Suspicion

noun 1 [noncount] : a feeling that someone is possibly guilty of a crime or of doing something wrong Her strange behavior has aroused suspicion. [=has made people think that she is doing something wrong] He is under suspicion of [=suspected of] selling illegal drugs. He was arrested on suspicion of robbery. [=he was arrested because the police suspect that he committed a robbery] They are not above/beyond suspicion. [=they are not considered to be obviously or certainly innocent and unable to be suspected] 2 [count] : a feeling that something bad is likely or true There has long been a suspicion that the painting is a fake. There was not the slightest suspicion of a trap. [=no one suspected a trap] I thought the water might be making us sick, and my suspicions were confirmed by the lab tests. The note aroused her suspicions that he was having an affair. I have a sneaking suspicion that those cookies aren't really homemade. 3 : a feeling of doubt [noncount] The new policies are regarded by many with suspicion. His story has raised some suspicion. [count] I have my suspicions about his motives. 4 [singular] : a very small amount of something : trace a suspicion of garlic Other forms: plural -cions the finger of suspicion — see 1finger

Coverage

noun 1 [noncount] : the activity of reporting about an event or subject in newspapers, on television news programs, etc. The issue is not getting much coverage in the mainstream press. There was massive/extensive TV coverage of the funeral. The network will have live coverage of the game. [=it will broadcast the game as it is happening] 2 [noncount] : discussion of a subject in a book, class, etc. For more complete coverage of this issue, see Chapter Six. The book gives full coverage to the history of the word. 3 US a [noncount] : the financial protection that is provided by an insurance policy She has no insurance coverage. [=she does not have insurance] affordable health/medical coverage [=insurance that will pay for medical care; health insurance] My health insurance company has denied coverage for the treatment. [=it will not pay the cost of the treatment] b [count] : something that an insurance company will pay for : something that is covered by an insurance policy Fire/liability insurance coverages varied. optional/additional coverages 4 chiefly US, sports : the act of guarding an opponent as part of your team's effort to prevent the other team from scoring : the act of covering an opponent [noncount] He was responsible for coverage of the tight end. [count] The team uses a variety of defensive coverages. 5 [noncount] — used to describe how much of an area or surface is covered by something Heavy cloud coverage is expected over the lake. uniform paint coverage There is no cell phone coverage in this valley. [=cell phone service is not available] Other forms: plural -ag·es

Tide

noun 1 a [count] : the regular upward and downward movement of the level of the ocean that is caused by the pull of the Sun and the Moon on the Earth a chart of the tides Is the tide coming in or going out? = Is the tide rising or falling? — see also ebb tide, flood tide, high tide, low tide, riptide b [singular] : the flow of the ocean's water as the tide rises or falls The boat got swept away in/by the tide. 2 [singular] : the way in which something is changing or developing We tried to gauge the tide of public opinion. [=to find out how public opinion was changing] the tide of history The team was on a losing streak, but then the tide turned [=their luck changed] and they went on to win the championship. 3 [singular] : something that increases over time — + of The government is dealing with a rising/swelling/growing tide of criticism over its foreign policy. They are concerned about the rising tide of crime [=the increasing amount of crime] in the city. We have to do something to stem the tide of violence. [=to stop the violence from continuing and increasing] Other forms: plural tides go/swim with/against the tide ◇If you go/swim with/against the tide, you think or behave in a way that agrees/disagrees with how most other people think or behave. Politically, she tends to go against the tide on her college campus. [=she tends to have different political opinions than most people on her college campus] 2tide verb Other forms: tides; tid·ed; tid·ing tide over [phrasal verb] tide (someone) over : to give (someone) what is needed to get through a short period of time My parents lent us some money to tide us over for a while. He had a snack to tide himself over until dinner.

claw

noun [count] 1 : a sharp curved part on the toe of an animal (such as a cat or bird) The eagle was carrying a mouse in its sharp claws. the bear's claws — often used figuratively They've only been dating for a few months and already she's got her claws into him! [=she already has control over him] (chiefly Brit) The press has been getting its claws into him. [=has been attacking/criticizing him] They're still trying to get their claws on her money. [=to get her money] 2 : a body part of an animal (such as a lobster or crab) that is used for gripping and holding things 3 : a part on a tool or machine that is used for gripping, digging, etc. The excavating machine's claw dug into the earth. the claw of a hammer — see picture at carpentry Other forms: plural claws clawed \ˈklɑ:d\ adjective a clawed foot — see also bear claw 2claw verb : to scratch, grip, or dig with claws or fingers [no obj] — usually + at The cat claws at the door when she wants to go outside. The dog was clawing at the dirt. She desperately clawed at her attacker's face. [+ obj] How can we stop the cat from clawing the drapes/curtains? The dog clawed a hole in the carpet. She tried to claw his face with her fingernails. Other forms: claws; clawed; claw·ing claw back [phrasal verb] claw (something) back or claw back (something) chiefly Brit : to get back (something, such as money or business) by acting in a forceful way or by doing something that requires a lot of effort With budget cuts looming, the government is trying to claw back some of the money it promised to state agencies. claw your way : to move ahead slowly by grabbing onto things The climbers clawed their way up the steep terrain. — often used figuratively The company is clawing its way out of bankruptcy. He clawed his way to the top of his profession.

Impulse

noun [count] 1 : a sudden strong desire to do something He has to learn to control his impulses. a natural/creative/sudden impulse a generous impulse — often followed by to + verb He had to resist the impulse [=urge] to shout. My first/initial impulse was to say no. ◇To do something on (an) impulse or on a sudden impulse is to do it suddenly and without thinking about it first. He bought a new camera on impulse. She quit her job on a sudden impulse. An impulse buy/purchase is something that is bought on impulse and that usually is not really needed. The camera was an impulse buy. Impulse buying is the act or practice of buying things on impulse. Shopping with a credit card can lead to impulse buying. 2 technical : a small amount of energy that moves from one area to another an electrical impulse a nerve impulse [=a wave of electrical energy that is carried through the nerves to the brain] Other forms: plural -puls·es

Haste

noun [noncount] : speed of motion or action : quickness or eagerness that can result in mistakes The application had been approved with undue haste. — often used with in He left in haste [=hurriedly, in a hurry], so I didn't get a chance to talk to him. She sent the letter in haste and later regretted it. In their haste to leave for the airport, they forgot their passports. haste makes waste US — used to say that doing something too quickly causes mistakes that result in time, effort, materials, etc., being wasted make haste old-fashioned : to move, act, or go quickly : hurry "You will be too late, if you do not make haste." — Jane Austen, Persuasion (1817)

utopia

noun uto·pia\yu̇-ˈtō-pē-ə\ 1often capitalized : a place of ideal perfection especially in laws, government, and social conditions 2 : an impractical scheme for social improvement 3 : an imaginary and indefinitely remote place Examples The town's founders wanted to create a Christian utopia. It's a nice place to live, but it's no Utopia. Origin Utopia, imaginary and ideal country in Utopia (1516) by Sir Thomas More, from Greek ou not, no + topos place. First known use: 1533 Synonyms: Camelot, Cockaigne, Eden, Elysium, empyrean, fantasyland, heaven, lotusland, never-never land, New Jerusalem, nirvana, paradise, promised land, Shangri-la, Zion (also Sion) Antonyms: anti-utopia, dystopia, hell

Panel

nounpan·el\ˈpa-nᵊl\ 1 a (1) : a schedule containing names of persons summoned as jurors (2) : the group of persons so summoned summoned a panel of 40 citizens for jury duty (3) : jury The 12-person panel arrived at a guilty verdict. b (1) : a group of persons selected for some service (such as investigation or arbitration) a panel of experts a government advisory panel (2) : a group of persons who discuss before an audience a topic of public interest The panel agreed to accept questions following the discussion.; also : panel discussion (3) : a group of entertainers or guests engaged as players in a quiz or guessing game on a radio or television program The quiz show included a panel of three players. 2 : a separate or distinct part of a surface: such as a : a fence section : hurdle b (1) : a thin usually rectangular board set in a frame (as in a door) (2) : a usually sunken or raised section of a surface set off by a margin (3) : a flat usually rectangular piece of construction material (such as plywood or precast masonry) made to form part of a surface c : a vertical section of fabric (such as a gore) d : comic strip; also : a frame of a comic strip The comic strip was composed of four panels. 3 : a thin flat piece of wood on which a picture is painted; also : a painting on such a surface 4 a : a section of a switchboard (as for circuit breakers or for a telephone exchange) ... he entered the basement to work on the electrical panel and circuits ... — Thomas J. Nardi b : a usually vertical mount for controls or dials (as of instruments of measurement) Most microwave ovens have a control panel with numbers from 0 to 9. Examples The university is hosting a panel on free speech. Tonight's show features a panel of famous chefs. Three of the members on the panel are doctors. The advisory panel has recommended that the drug be approved. A panel of judges selected the book for this year's award. The room was visible through the door's glass panel. One of the ceiling panels needs to be replaced. Each of the skirt's five panels is a different color. Sew the two panels together to form a tablecloth. Aside from a dent in one of the side panels the car is in good shape. Origin Middle English, piece of cloth, jury list on a piece of parchment, from Anglo-French, from Vulgar Latin *pannellus, diminutive of Latin pannus. First known use: 14th century Synonyms: colloquy, conference, council, forum, panel discussion, parley, powwow, round-robin, roundtable, seminar, symposium 2panel verb paneled or panelled panel·ing or panel·ling transitive verb : to furnish or decorate with panels paneled the living room Examples We paneled the living room with oak. The walls were paneled in oak. Origin see 1panel. First known use: 15th century

rebound

re·bound \ˈri:ˌbaʊnd\ noun [count] 1 : the act of bouncing back after hitting something The fielder caught the ball on the rebound off the wall. [=caught the ball when it rebounded off the wall] 2 : a ball, puck, etc., that bounces back after hitting something He caught/grabbed the rebound. 3 basketball : the act of catching the ball after a shot has missed going in the basket He led the league in rebounds last year. 4 : an increase or improvement after a decrease or decline There has been a recent rebound in stock prices. Other forms: plural -bounds on the rebound 1 : sad and confused because a romantic relationship has recently ended She refused to date him while he was still on the rebound. 2 chiefly US : getting better His health is on the rebound. 2rebound verb 1 [no obj] : to bounce back off something after hitting it The baseball rebounded off the wall. 2 [no obj] : to increase or improve after a recent decrease or decline Share prices are rebounding. She rebounded quickly from the loss. He is rebounding [=recovering] from the injury well. 3 basketball : to catch the ball after a shot has missed going in the basket [no obj] She is good at both shooting and rebounding. [+ obj] He rebounded the ball and quickly passed it to a teammate. Other forms: -bounds; -bound·ed; -bound·ing

treasury

trea·sury \ˈtrɛʒəri\ noun [count] 1 : the place where the money of a government, club, etc., is kept A government official has been accused of stealing from the nation's treasury. The fees are deposited into the state's treasury. How much (money) is in the club's treasury? ; also : the money itself A part of the nation's treasury is spent on space exploration. 2 : a place in a church, castle, palace, etc., where money and valuable objects are kept 3 : a group of valuable things that are related in some way a treasury of ideas The author has collected a treasury of facts and lore about horses. — used especially in the titles of books The Horse Lover's Treasury Other forms: plural -sur·ies the Treasury : the government department that is in charge of handling a country's money the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury — often used as Treasury before another noun Treasury bills/bonds/securities Treasury officials the Treasury Secretary —called also the Treasury Department

boast

verb 1 : to express too much pride in yourself or in something you have, have done, or are connected to in some way [no obj] They boasted to their friends about their son's salary. She boasted of having won five games in a row. That score is nothing to boast about. [=you shouldn't be proud of that score; that score is not very good] [+ obj] He liked to boast that he was the richest man in town. "I've sold more paintings than you ever will," the artist boasted. 2 [+ obj] : to have (something that is impressive) The museum boasts some of the rarest gems in the world. The school boasts a number of Nobel laureates among its graduates. Other forms: boasts; boast·ed; boast·ing 2boast noun [count] 1 : a statement in which you express too much pride in yourself or in something you have, have done, or are connected to in some way When he says he's the richest man in town, he's not just making an idle/empty boast. We were offended by his boast that he would easily beat us. 2 : a reason to be proud : something impressive that someone or something has or has done The museum's proudest boast is its collection of rare gems. Other forms: plural boasts boast·ful \ˈboʊstfəl\ adjective [more boastful; most boastful] a boastful person/remark boast·ful·ly \ˈboʊstfəli\ adverb boast·ful·ness noun [noncount]

downsize

verb 1 : to make (something) smaller [+ obj] They have downsized the car's engine in the new model. [no obj] We downsized to a smaller apartment last year. [=we moved to a smaller apartment] 2 : to make a company smaller and more efficient by reducing the number of workers [no obj] The company is planning to downsize next year. [+ obj] The company will be downsized next year. The company has downsized [=reduced] its staff. She was downsized [=she was dismissed from her job] after 15 years with the company. Other forms: -siz·es; -sized; -siz·ing downsizing noun plural -ings [count] He lost his job in a recent downsizing at the company. corporate downsizings [noncount] problems caused by corporate downsizing

interpret

verb 1 [+ obj] : to explain the meaning of (something) interpret a dream We need someone to interpret these results for us. How should we interpret the law/rules/decision? 2 [+ obj] : to understand (something) in a specified way I interpreted his behavior to mean that he disliked me. — often + as I interpreted his behavior as indicating that he disliked me. Her comment was meant to be interpreted as sarcasm. 3 [+ obj] : to perform (something, such as a song or a role) in a way that shows your own thoughts and feelings about it Every actor interprets the role of Hamlet a little differently. 4 [no obj] : to translate the words that someone is speaking into a different language : to repeat what someone says in a different language than the language originally used I'll need someone to interpret for me when I travel to China. — compare translate Other forms: -prets; -pret·ed; -pret·ing in·ter·pret·able \ɪnˈtɚprətəbəl\ adjective [more interpretable; most interpretable] These results are not easily interpretable.

Encounter

verb [+ obj] 1 : to have or experience (problems, difficulties, etc.) We encountered problems early in the project. The pilot told us that we might encounter turbulence during the flight. Her suggestion has encountered a lot of opposition. 2 formal : to meet (someone) without expecting or intending to I encountered [=ran into] an old friend on a recent business trip. Other forms: -ters; -tered; -ter·ing 2encounter noun [count] 1 a : a meeting that is not planned or expected an accidental encounter a chance encounter with a famous writer b : a usually brief experience with another person a brief/painful encounter He's accused of having had sexual encounters with several young women. They had a romantic encounter [=a brief romantic relationship] several years ago. c : a violent or very unfriendly meeting Two protesters were arrested during an encounter [=clash] with police. There was a violent encounter between fans of the opposing teams. 2 : an occasion when you deal with or experience something It was her first encounter with cigarettes. ◇To have a close encounter with something is to come very close to being hurt or damaged by it. The island has had several close encounters with major hurricanes in recent years. Other forms: plural -ters

contribute

verb con·trib·ute\kən-ˈtri-byət\ con·trib·ut·ed con·trib·ut·ing transitive verb 1 : to give or supply in common with others contribute money to a cause 2 : to supply (something, such as an article) for a publication He contributed several poems to the magazine. intransitive verb 1 a : to give a part to a common fund or store contribute to a fund-raising campaign b : to play a significant part in bringing about an end or result Many players have contributed to the team's success. 2 : to submit articles to a publication con·trib·u·tor\kən-ˈtri-byə-tər, -bə-, -ˌbyü-\ noun Examples The volunteers contributed their time towards cleaning up the city. We're trying to raise money for a new school, and we're hoping that everyone will contribute. He did not contribute to the project. In order for the team to win, everyone has to contribute. He contributed many poems to the magazine. Ten scientists contributed to the special edition of the journal. Origin Latin contributus, past participle of contribuere, from com- + tribuere to grant — more at tribute. First known use: 1530 Synonyms: bestow, donate, give, give away, present, volunteer

Windscreen

wind·shield \ˈwɪndˌʃi:ld\ noun [count] 1 US : the window at the front of a car, truck, etc., that protects the driver and passengers The car had a damaged windshield. —called also Brit) windscreen— see picture at car 2 : a piece of glass above the handlebars of a motorcycle that protects the rider Other forms: plural -shields

charitable

adjective 1 : done or designed to help people who are poor, sick, etc. She makes a charitable donation/contribution every year. He performs charitable work to help the poor. charitable organizations They give money to charitable causes. 2 [more charitable; most charitable] : showing kindness in talking about or judging other people : not very critical She has tried to be charitable about her sister's problems. They tried to find a charitable explanation for his actions. [=an explanation that assumes that there was a good reason for his actions] Half of the class has a chance at passing the test, and that is a charitable estimate. char·i·ta·bly \ˈtʃerətəbli\ adverb His paintings could charitably be described as unique. [=they are unique even though they are not very good] To put it charitably, she is not the most talented actress I've ever seen. [=she is not a talented actress]

piercing

1piercing adjectivepierc·ing\ˈpir-siŋ\ : penetrating: such as a : loud, shrill piercing cries b : perceptive piercing eyes c : penetratingly cold : biting a piercing wind d : cutting, incisive piercing sarcasm pierc·ing·ly\ˈpir-siŋ-lē\ adverb Examples She looked at me with piercing eyes, and I was suddenly frightened that she knew what I had done. I tried to avoid his piercing stare. She felt a piercing sadness when she heard the news. First known use: 14th century Synonyms: blaring, blasting, booming, clamorous, clangorous, deafening, earsplitting, loud, plangent, resounding, ringing, roaring, slam-bang, sonorous, stentorian, thundering, thunderous Antonyms: gentle, low, soft 2piercing noun : a piece of jewelry (such as a ring or stud) that is attached to pierced flesh Examples There's a small shop in town where they do tattooing and body piercing. She got another ear piercing. First known use: 1977

scrutinise (v) UK scrutinize (v) US scrutiny (n)

(UK USUALLY scrutinise) UK US /ˈskruː.tɪ.naɪz/ US /‑t̬ən.aɪz/ verb [T] Verb Endings for scrutinize to examine something very carefully in order to discover information: He scrutinized the men's faces carefully/closely, trying to work out who was lying. ★ SMART thesaurus Analysing and evaluating See also: Assessing and estimating value

Queue

(US line, US line up, ALSO UK queue up) Verb Endings for queue Extra Examples B2 to wait in a line of people, often to buy something: Dozens of people were queueing up to get tickets. We had to queue for three hours to get in. ★ SMART thesaurus Waiting See also: Staying and remaining INFORMAL to want very much to do something: [+ to infinitive] There are thousands of young women queueing up to be models. ★ SMART thesaurus Wanting things See also: Hoping and hopefulness

composition

B2 [C] a piece of music that someone has written: This concerto is one of her earlier/later compositions. ★ SMART thesaurus Musical pieces C2 [U] the process or skill of writing music: At music school I studied piano and composition. ★ SMART thesaurus Writing, reading and studying music C2 [C] the way that people or things are arranged in a painting or photograph: a group composition ★ SMART thesaurus Art and culture Painting, drawing and printing OLD‑FASHIONED PIECE OF WRITING B1 a short piece of writing about a particular subject, done by a student: a 200‑word composition ★ SMART thesaurus Papers and compositions noun [U] FORMED FROM C2 the parts, substances, etc. that something is made of: the composition of the atmosphere ★ SMART thesaurus Comprising and consisting of See also: Including and containing

contend

CLAIM Verb Endings for contend to say that something is true or is a fact: The lawyer contended (that) her client had never been near the scene of the crime. ★ SMART thesaurus Assertions and asserting verb [I] COMPETE Verb Endings for contend to compete in order to win something: There are three world‑class tennis players contending for this title. He's contending against someone with twice his experience. ★ SMART thesaurus Competing and contending (non‑sporting) See also: Competing in sport to have to deal with a difficult or unpleasant situation: At the age of nine, he had the death of both parents to contend with. We don't need a computer failure to contend with as well as all our other problems. ★ SMART thesaurus Dealing with things or people See also: Acting and acts Coping and not coping Tolerating and enduring

triumph

Noun plural tri·umphs\ˈtrī-əm(p)fs, -əm(p)s\ 1 a : a victory or conquest by or as if by military force b : a notable success the party was a triumph 2 : the joy or exultation of victory or success 3 : a ceremony attending the entering of Rome by a general who had won a decisive victory over a foreign enemy — compare ovation tri·um·phal\trī-ˈəm(p)-fəl\ adjective Examples They earned a magnificent triumph over the invading army. They were able to achieve an important triumph against their chief rivals. Quitting smoking was a personal triumph for her. The party was a triumph. The bridge is an engineering triumph. They had a feeling of triumph after finishing the project. They stood atop the mountain in triumph.

Far-off

adjective : very far away in time or space tales of far-off lands Some far-off day you will thank me.

leverage

noun [U] ACTION the action or advantage of using a lever ★ SMART thesaurus Raising and lowering Power to control

Democratic

adjective 1 : based on a form of government in which the people choose leaders by voting : of or relating to democracy The dictatorship gave way to a democratic (form of) government. Democratic elections were held there today for the first time. the country's new democratic constitution Debates are an important part of the democratic process. 2 Democratic : of or relating to one of the two major political parties in the U.S. The Democratic candidate for governor won the debate. Most of these policies appeal to Democratic voters. an interview with a leader of the Democratic Party — compare republican 3 [more democratic; most democratic] : relating to the idea that all people should be treated equally democratic principles The organization works to promote democratic reforms/changes around the world. a more democratic society 4 [more democratic; most democratic] formal : designed for or liked by most people democratic art Her article extols the benefits of democratic education. dem·o·crat·i·cal·ly \ˌdɛməˈkrætɪkli\ adverb a democratically elected leader Decisions in the company are made democratically.

Perpetual

adjective 1 : continuing forever or for a very long time without stopping The region is in a state of perpetual war. He seems to have a perpetual grin on his face. (humorous) the perpetual student/bachelor 2 : happening all the time or very often Lack of government funding has been a perpetual [=constant] problem for the organization. the perpetual demands of parenthood per·pet·u·al·ly adverb The two civilizations were perpetually at war.

Informed

adjective 1 : having information Informed sources told us of the new policy. fully informed citizens/consumers/voters Please keep me informed on any changes. [=please tell me about any changes when they happen] 2 : based on information We need to spend more time researching our options so that we can make an informed choice/decision. — see also informed guess at 2guess

mindless

adjective 1 a : having or showing no ability to think, feel, or respond a mindless killer a mindless bureaucracy b : showing no use of intelligence or thought mindless devotion to fashion The article was a mindless piece of nonsense. : having no purpose The movie has been criticized for its mindless violence. a mindless waste of time c : requiring very little attention or thought mindless activity/work 2 : not aware of something : not mindful of something He seemed to be completely mindless of the danger he was facing. She was mindless of her appearance. mind·less·ly adverb a mindlessly violent movie mind·less·ness noun [noncount]

colonial

adjective 1 a : of or relating to a colony colonial possessions/administration a colonial city b : owning or made up of colonies The country was a colonial power. a colonial nation and its colonial empire 2 or Colonial : of or relating to the original 13 colonies forming the United States The book describes life in Colonial America. an example of colonial architecture/furniture The port had been very important in colonial times. 3 : in a style that was popular in the U.S. during the American colonial period (before 1776) They live in a colonial (style) house. 2colonial noun [count] 1 or Colonial : a two-story house built in a style that was first popular in the U.S. during the American colonial period (before 1776) They bought a Colonial on a quiet street. 2 : a person who is part of a colony : colonist The higher taxes caused increasing tension between colonials and the mother country. Other forms: plural -nials

mechanical

adjective 1 a : of or relating to machinery The flight was delayed because of mechanical problems/difficulties. a mechanical failure/breakdown I was impressed by her mechanical know-how. He's a mechanical genius. [=he is a person who is very smart about machines] mechanical parts/components b : having or using machinery a mechanical toy/clock/device 2 [more mechanical; most mechanical] disapproving : happening or done without thought or without any effort to be different or interesting She gave a mechanical reply. Copying down the numbers is a boring and mechanical job. The actor gave a stiff and mechanical performance. 3 technical : of or relating to physical energy and forces : relating to the science of mechanics mechanical properties me·chan·i·cal·ly \mɪˈkænɪkli\ adverb a mechanically complex apparatus He's not mechanically inclined. [=he is not knowledgeable about machinery]

conventional

adjective 1 always used before a noun a : used and accepted by most people : usual or traditional The number sign is the conventional symbol for labeling something measured in pounds. Today, many patients seek healing through both alternative medicine and conventional medicine. [=the usual methods of healing or treating disease that are taught in Western medical schools] b : of a kind that has been around for a long time and is considered to be usual or typical While microwaves heat up food more quickly, most food tastes better when it is cooked in a conventional oven. 2 [more conventional; most conventional] : common and ordinary : not unusual Most of her books are conventional detective stories. His views on dating are more conventional than those of some of his friends. 3 always used before a noun : not nuclear conventional weapons conventional forces/warfare/war con·ven·tion·al·i·ty \kənˌvɛnʃəˈnæləti\ noun [noncount] The conventionality of his views on economics surprised us. con·ven·tion·al·ly adverb He's not conventionally attractive, but he has an interesting face that is not at all unpleasant to look at.

chronic

adjective 1 medical : continuing or occurring again and again for a long time a chronic disease He suffers from chronic arthritis/pain. chronic health problems — compare acute 2 a : happening or existing frequently or most of the time chronic [=habitual] lateness a chronic need for attention Inflation has become a chronic condition in the economy. chronic warfare b : always or often doing something specified He is a chronic complainer/grumbler. [=he complains/grumbles all the time] a chronic gambler/offender 3 Brit, informal : very bad Don't bother seeing that film—it's chronic. chron·i·cal·ly \ˈkrɑ:nɪkli\ adverb She has a chronically bad knee. He is chronically short of money.

Parliamentary

adjective Usage: always used before a noun : relating to or including a parliament a parliamentary democracy/government parliamentary elections/candidates

Cursory

adjective [more cursory; most cursory] formal + often disapproving : done or made quickly Only a cursory inspection of the building's electrical wiring was done. The mayor gave a cursory glance at the report. Even the most cursory look at the organization's records shows problems. cur·so·ri·ly \ˈkɚsərəli\ adverb The battle is only mentioned cursorily in the book.

diffuse

adjective [more diffuse; most diffuse] : spread out over a large space : not concentrated in one area The forest was filled with a soft, diffuse light. diffuse pain dif·fuse·ly adverb The pain spread diffusely through his legs. dif·fuse·ness noun [noncount] 2dif·fuse \dɪˈfju:z\ verb 1 a : to spread out : to move freely throughout a large area [no obj] The heat from the radiator diffuses throughout the room. [+ obj] The heat was diffused throughout the room. b : to exist or be known throughout an area [no obj] Their culture gradually diffused [=spread] westward. [+ obj] diffusing their ideas 2 [+ obj] : to cause (light) to be soft and spread out The photographer uses a screen to diffuse the light. an area of diffused light Other forms: -fus·es; -fused; -fus·ing dif·fu·sion \dɪˈfju:ʒən\ noun [noncount]

Elaborate

adjective [more elaborate; most elaborate] : made or done with great care or with much detail : having many parts that are carefully arranged or planned They made elaborate preparations for his visit. I see now that her behavior was all part of an elaborate plan/plot/scheme. The dancers were wearing elaborate costumes. He told the story in elaborate detail. an elaborate meal elab·o·rate·ly adverb The room was elaborately decorated. elab·o·rate·ness noun [noncount] 2elab·o·rate \ɪˈlæbəˌreɪt\ verb 1 [no obj] : to give more details about something : to discuss something more fully I'll be glad to elaborate if you want to hear more. She was asked to say more about her earlier statements, but she declined/refused to elaborate. — often + on She refused to elaborate on her earlier statements. 2 [+ obj] : to bring (something, such as an idea or a plan) to a more advanced or developed state The philosopher spent years elaborating [=developing] his ideas. Other forms: -rates; -rat·ed; -rat·ing elab·o·ra·tion \ɪˌlæbəˈreɪʃən\ noun plural -tions [noncount] The design requires further elaboration. [count] his elaborations of the basic design

fragile

adjective [more fragile; most fragile] : easily broken or damaged the flower's fragile petals Her health has always been very fragile. fragile bones an artist with a fragile ego He is in an emotionally fragile state. : very delicate her fragile beauty : not strong The two countries have formed a fragile coalition. a fragile cease-fire fra·gil·i·ty \frəˈʤɪləti\ noun [noncount] the fragility of her health

gradual

adjective [more gradual; most gradual] 1 : moving or changing in small amounts : happening in a slow way over a long period of time We noticed a gradual change in temperature. The hospital has made gradual improvements in health care. 2 : not steep a gradual slope grad·u·al·ly adverb The population gradually increased. The temperature changed gradually. The cat moved gradually forward.

inconclusive

adjective [more inconclusive; most inconclusive] : not showing that something is certainly true : not conclusive The results of the test were/proved inconclusive. inconclusive evidence an inconclusive argument The first two rounds of the boxing match were inconclusive. in·con·clu·sive·ly adverb The first round ended inconclusively, with no clear winner.

prudent

adjective [more prudent; most prudent] : having or showing careful good judgment He always listened to her prudent advice. You made a prudent choice/decision. She's a prudent investor. — opposite imprudent pru·dent·ly adverb The money was prudently invested.

Abuzz

adjective informal : filled with excited talk about something — usually + with Washington is abuzz with [=is buzzing with] rumors of a scandal.

Dirt-cheap

adjective informal : very cheap or inexpensive The tickets were dirt cheap. dirt cheap prices dirt cheap adverb I can get you a stereo system dirt cheap.

overwhelming

adjective. over·whelm·ing\ˌō-vər-ˈ(h)wel-miŋ\ : tending or serving to overwhelm overwhelming force overwhelming evidence; also : extreme, great overwhelming indifference an overwhelming majority First known use: 1567

Altogether

adverb 1 : completely and fully : totally,entirely They had an altogether new idea. It stopped raining altogether. If we don't do something now, the forests may disappear altogether. It's best to avoid the situation altogether. That's an altogether different question. = That's a different question altogether. — often used with not It is not altogether clear why she left. He didn't altogether believe her story. — often used for emphasis before another adverb This is an altogether more sensible solution. I've said altogether [=entirely] too much on the subject already. 2 : with everything added together : when everything is added up They spent a thousand dollars altogether. [=in all] Altogether [=all told], we sold nearly 500 candy bars. 3 : in a general way : when everything is considered Altogether [=generally, on the whole, all in all] I'd say this was our best vacation ever. Altogether, their efforts were successful. Usage: Do not confuse the single word altogether with the two-word phrase all together. We were all together [=all in a group, all with each other] for the whole day. I tried to hold it all together with glue, but the pieces fell apart. The detective put it all together [=figured out how the pieces of information related to each other] and solved the crime. All together [=all at the same time] now, everybody, let's sing! 2altogether noun in the altogether informal + old-fashioned : not wearing any clothes posing in the altogether [=nude, in the nude]

broad

adjective WIDE Extra Examples B1 very wide: We walked down a broad avenue lined with trees. He flashed a broad grin at us. My brother is very broad‑shouldered. → Compare narrow adjective SMALL WIDTH ★ SMART thesaurus Wide and thick B1 If something is a particular distance broad, it measures this distance from side to side: This river is over 500 metres broad at its widest point. O'Connell Bridge in Dublin is famous for being broader than it is long. ★ SMART thesaurus Wide and thick broadly UK US /ˈbrɔːd.li/ US /ˈbrɑːd‑/ adverb C1 Broadly speaking, don't you think women make better drivers than men? ★ SMART thesaurus General broadness UK US /ˈbrɔːd.nəs/ US /ˈbrɑːd‑/ noun [U] She was struck by the broadness of his back. ★ SMART thesaurus Measurements in general adjective GENERAL Extra Examples B1 including a wide range of things; general: The politician gave a broad outline of his proposals. The magazine covers a broad range of subjects, from sewing to psychology. ★ SMART thesaurus General broadly UK US /ˈbrɔːd.li/ US /ˈbrɑːd‑/ adverb C1 Broadly speaking, don't you think women make better drivers than men? ★ SMART thesaurus General broadness UK US /ˈbrɔːd.nəs/ US /ˈbrɑːd‑/ noun [U] She was struck by the broadness of his back. ★ SMART thesaurus Measurements in general adjective STRONG If someone has a broad accent (= way of speaking), it is strong and noticeable, showing where they come from: He spoke with a broad Australian accent. ★ SMART thesaurus Ways of speaking broadly UK US /ˈbrɔːd.li/ US /ˈbrɑːd‑/ adverb C1 Broadly speaking, don't you think women make better drivers than men? ★ SMART thesaurus General broadness UK US /ˈbrɔːd.nəs/ US /ˈbrɑːd‑/ noun [U] She was struck by the broadness of his back. ★ SMART thesaurus Measurements in general adjective INFORMATION broad hint a hint (= when you tell someone something without saying it directly) that is easy to understand ★ SMART thesaurus Easiness and simplicity broadness UK US /ˈbrɔːd.nəs/ US /ˈbrɑːd‑/ noun [U] She was struck by the broadness of his back. ★ SMART thesaurus Measurements in general

merely

adverb : only, just — used to say that someone or something is small, unimportant, etc. This is merely a minor delay. They were merely children when their father died. Was it merely a coincidence? It was merely a suggestion. — used to describe the only reason for something or the only effect of something She got the job merely because her father owns the company. [=the only reason she got the job was because her father owns the company] Your essay merely hints at the real problem. You shouldn't blame her. She was merely following orders. [=she was following orders and not doing anything more than that] I'm not criticizing you. I'm merely suggesting that we try a new approach. not merely — used to say that one thing is true and that another thing is also true He was not merely a great baseball player, he was also a great person.

Depict

de·pict \dɪˈpɪkt\ verb [+ obj] 1 : to show (someone or something) in a picture, painting, photograph, etc. The wall was painted with a large mural depicting famous scenes from American history. Several of the architect's most famous buildings will soon be depicted on postage stamps. The photograph depicts the two brothers standing in front of a store. Angels are usually depicted with wings. In the drawing, the magic cap was depicted as a soft, black hat. 2 : to describe (someone or something) using words, a story, etc. The movie depicts the life of early settlers. I like the way she depicts the characters in her novels. His enemies depict [=portray] him as a cruel and dangerous leader. Other forms: -picts; -pict·ed; -pict·ing de·pic·tion \dɪˈpɪkʃən\ noun plural -tions [count] an honest depiction of life in the city [noncount] The book is fascinating in its depiction of the country's early history.

ironic

iron·ic \ˌaɪˈrɑ:nɪk\ adjective Variants: also iron·i·cal \ˌaɪˈrɑ:nɪkəl\ [more ironic; most ironic] 1 : using words that mean the opposite of what you really think especially in order to be funny an ironic remark She has an ironic sense of humor. an ironic writing style 2 : strange or funny because something (such as a situation) is different from what you expected It's ironic that computers break down so often, since they're meant to save people time. It is ironic that the robber's car crashed into a police station. iron·i·cal·ly \aɪˈrɑ:nɪkli\ adverb He wrote ironically [=in an ironic way] about his experiences during the war. Ironically, [=it is ironic that] the robber's car crashed into a police station.

manifestation

manifestation nounman·i·fes·ta·tion\ˌma-nə-fə-ˈstā-shən\ 1 a : the act, process, or an instance of manifesting demanded some manifestation of repentance b (1) : something that manifests or is manifest (2) : a perceptible, outward, or visible expression external manifestations of gender c : one of the forms in which an individual is manifested Hate in all its manifestations is wrong. d : an occult phenomenon; specifically : materialization 2 : a public demonstration of power and purpose meetings, parades, and other such manifestations — H. M. Parshley Examples a portrait of a mother and child that is regarded as the very manifestation of maternal love First known use: 15th century Synonyms: abstract, avatar, embodier, embodiment, epitome, externalization, genius, icon (also ikon), image, incarnation, incorporation, instantiation, objectification, personification, personifier

Variation

noun 1 : a change in the form, position, condition, or amount of something [count] color/temperature variations — often + in extreme variations in temperature [noncount] He repeated the story without variation. [=without changing it] — often + in There's been a lot of variation in the weather lately. [=the weather has changed often lately] We need some variation in our routine. [=we need to change/vary our routine] 2 [count] : something that is similar to something else but different in some way — often + on His newest book is just a slight variation on a familiar theme. The meal she served us was an interesting variation on a traditional turkey dinner. 3 [count] music : a repeated version of a short piece of music with changes in its rhythm, tune, or harmony — often + on variations on a theme by Haydn Other forms: plural -tions

grievance

noun 1 : a feeling of having been treated unfairly [noncount] He has a deep sense of grievance against his former employer. [count] She has been nursing a grievance all week. 2 [count] : a reason for complaining or being unhappy with a situation In the petition, the students listed their many grievances against the university administration. 3 [count] : a statement in which you say you are unhappy or not satisfied with something The union has filed a formal grievance [=complaint], accusing the company of unfair labor practices. Several customers came to the front desk to air their grievances. Other forms: plural -anc·es

inclination

noun 1 : a feeling of wanting to do something : a tendency to do something [noncount] She shows no/little inclination to give in to their demands. He's a loner by inclination. [count] My first/initial/natural inclination was to say no, but I finally decided to do what she asked. We can either go now or plan to go later. What's your inclination? [=what are you inclined to do?; what do you want to do?] I have neither the time nor the inclination to learn about such matters. a person with artistic inclinations [=a person who wants to do artistic things] Her natural inclination [=tendency] is to do what other people are doing. The door has an inclination to stick. [=the door often sticks; the door tends to stick] He has an inclination to brag. = He has an inclination towards bragging. — opposite disinclination 2 [count] : a slanting surface : slope a steep inclination 3 [count] : the act of bending your head or body forward : the act of inclining your head or body He acknowledged us with a slight inclination [=(more commonly) nod] of his head. Other forms: plural -tions

Correlation

noun : the relationship between things that happen or change together [noncount] the correlation of brain size and/with intelligence — often + between the high/strong correlation between poverty and crime [=the fact that crime is more common when there is more poverty] [count] Researchers have found a direct correlation between smoking and lung cancer. She says that there's no correlation between being thin and being happy. Other forms: plural -tions

Contempt

noun 1 : a feeling that someone or something is not worthy of any respect or approval [noncount] He feels that wealthy people view/regard him with contempt because he is poor. He spoke with contempt in his voice. She has contempt for them. = She holds them in contempt. [singular] She has displayed a profound contempt for her opponents. 2 : a lack of respect for or fear of something that is usually respected or feared [noncount] They have acted with contempt for public safety. [=they have completely ignored public safety] [singular] He has a contempt for danger. [=he ignores danger; he is not afraid of doing things that other people are afraid to do] 3 [noncount] law : speech or behavior that does not show proper respect to a court or judge She was arrested for contempt of court. He was held in contempt [=considered by the court to have broken the law by disobeying or disrespecting the judge] for his outbursts during the trial. beneath contempt : completely bad or worthless — used to describe someone or something that is too bad to deserve any respect She's a liar who is beneath contempt. familiarity breeds contempt — see familiarity

Congress

noun 1 [count] : a formal meeting in which representatives or experts discuss important matters, make decisions, etc. a Communist Party congress an annual academic congress 2 a : the group of people who are responsible for making the laws of a country in some kinds of government [count] She was recently elected to the country's congress. the congresses of Mexico and Chile [noncount] acts of congress b Congress [singular] : a particular congress; especially : the congress of the United States that includes the Senate and the House of Representatives The bill easily passed both houses of Congress. Congress is not currently in session. 3 [singular] — used in the names of some political parties the Indian National Congress Other forms: plural -gress·es con·gres·sion·al \kənˈgrɛʃənl̟\ adjective a congressional committee congressional investigators.

herd

noun 1 [count] : a group of animals that live or are kept together herds of cattle/horses/elephants The herd grazed peacefully in the pasture. 2 a [count] : a large group of people A herd of shoppers waited anxiously for the store to open. b the herd : common people : people as a group the common herd He always sticks with the herd. [=he always does what other people do; he does not think for himself] I refuse to follow the herd. [=do what other people do] Other forms: plural herds ride herd on — see 1ride 2herd verb 1 [+ obj] : to gather and move (a group of animals) herd cattle The horses were herded into the corral. 2 a [+ obj] : to move (people) in a group We left the hotel and were herded onto a bus. They herded the students into the auditorium. b [no obj] : to form a group or move as a group The commuters herded onto the train. Other forms: herds; herd·ed; herd·ing herd·er \ˈhɚdɚ\ noun plural -ers [count]

Array

noun 1 [count] : a large group or number of things — usually singular They offer a wide/vast/bewildering array of products and services. The car is available in an array of colors. [=in many different colors] We encountered a whole array of problems. [=many problems] 2 [count] technical a : a group of numbers, symbols, etc., that are arranged in rows and columns b : a way of organizing pieces of information in the memory of a computer so that similar kinds of information are together 3 [count] technical : a group of devices that together form a unit an antenna array an array of solar panels 4 [noncount] formal + literary : rich or beautiful clothing She was dressed in grand/glorious array. Other forms: plural -rays 2array verb [+ obj] formal 1 : to place (a group of things) in a particular position so that they are in order or so that they look attractive — usually used as (be) arrayed The layers consist of bricks arrayed [=arranged] in regular patterns. The table was arrayed with all sorts of delicacies. [=there were all sorts of delicacies placed attractively on the table] 2 literary : to dress (someone, especially yourself) in fine clothing She arrayed herself in rich velvets and satins. 3 : to put (soldiers) in a place or position so that they are ready to attack They arrayed [=deployed] the troops along the hilltop. — usually used as (be) arrayed The troops were arrayed along the hilltop. The general surveyed the forces arrayed against him. Other forms: -rays; -rayed; -ray·ing

tissue

noun 1 [count] : a piece of soft and very thin paper that is used especially for cleaning a box of tissues She wiped her nose with a tissue. a facial tissue 2 : the material that forms the parts in a plant or animal [noncount] a sample of brain/lung/muscle tissue a tissue sample [plural] The drug can damage the body's tissues. 3 [noncount] : tissue paper a box wrapped in tissue Other forms: plural -sues a tissue of lies chiefly Brit : a story or report that is completely false : a story that is full of lies The article was nothing but a tissue of lies.

affiliation

noun : the state of being affiliated to something: such as a : the state of being closely associated with or connected to an organization, company, etc. [count] The medical school has an affiliation to/with several hospitals. [noncount] proposing the affiliation of the medical school to/with several hospitals b [count] : the state of belonging to a particular religious or political group — usually plural They agreed not to discuss their political affiliations. Other forms: plural -tions

Joe

noun US informal 1 or Joe [count] : an ordinary man : guy He's just an average/ordinary Joe. 2 [singular] : coffee — usually used in the phrase a cup of joe She starts the day with a cup of joe. Other forms: plural joes

spur

noun 1 [count] : a sharp pointed object that is attached to the heel of a horse rider's boot and that is pressed into the horse's side to make the horse go faster 2 [singular] : something that makes you want to do something or that causes something to happen : incentive — often + to The reward was offered as a spur to greater work/achievement. a spur to the imagination 3 [count] : a mass of sharp rock on the side of a mountain 4 [count] : a short section of railway track that leads from the main line Other forms: plural spurs on/at the spur of the moment ◇If something is done on/at the spur of the moment, it is done immediately without planning. We decided on the spur of the moment to go to the beach. — see also spur-of-the-moment win/earn your spurs : to do something which shows that you deserve to be respected or noticed He earned/won his spurs by doubling the company's profits in the past year. spur 2spur verb [+ obj] 1 : to encourage (someone) to do or achieve something The reward spurred them to work harder. — often + on His encouragement spurred them on to finish the project. 2 : to cause (something) to happen or to happen more quickly Lower interest rates should spur economic growth. 3 : to urge (a horse) to go faster by pushing spurs into its sides He spurred the horse onward. Other forms: spurs; spurred; spur·ring

bun

noun 1 [count] : a small, round or long bread for one person to eat tuna salad served on a bun [=roll] a hamburger/hotdog bun 2 [count] : a small, usually round sweet cake cinnamon buns — see also sticky bun 3 [count] : a way of arranging long hair by twisting it into a round shape at the sides or back of the head She wears her hair in a bun. 4 buns [plural] US, informal : the two soft parts of the body that you sit on : buttocks This exercise will firm up your buns. Other forms: plural buns have a bun in the oven informal : to be pregnant Rumor has it, she has a bun in the oven.

contribution

noun 1 [count] : something that is contributed: such as a : something that is given to help a person, a cause, etc. She made a 100-dollar contribution [=donation] to breast cancer research. They thanked him for his contribution of time and money. He made an important contribution to the debate. b : something that is done to cause something to happen She's honored for her contributions [=efforts, work] towards finding a cure for AIDS. As mayor, he made many positive contributions to the growth of the city. c : a piece of writing that is published as part of a larger work (such as a magazine, newspaper, or book) a book of essays including contributions from several well-known political columnists 2 [count] : a regular payment that is made to an employer or government for something (such as health insurance or a pension) 3 [noncount] : the act of giving something : the act of contributing The money was raised by voluntary contribution. Other forms: plural -tions

paradox

noun 1 [count] a : something (such as a situation) that is made up of two opposite things and that seems impossible but is actually true or possible It is a paradox that computers need maintenance so often, since they are meant to save people time. b : someone who does two things that seem to be opposite to each other or who has qualities that are opposite As an actor, he's a paradox—he loves being in the public eye but also deeply values and protects his privacy. 2 a [count] : a statement that seems to say two opposite things but that may be true b [noncount] : the use of such statements in writing or speech a novel full of paradox Other forms: plural -dox·es par·a·dox·i·cal \ˌperəˈdɑ:ksɪkəl\ adjective [more paradoxical; most paradoxical] the paradoxical theory that global warming will lead to the next Ice Age par·a·dox·i·cal·ly \ˌperəˈdɑ:ksɪkli\ adverb

discipline

noun 1 [noncount] a : control that is gained by requiring that rules or orders be obeyed and punishing bad behavior The teacher has a hard time maintaining discipline in the classroom. b : a way of behaving that shows a willingness to obey rules or orders The troops were praised for their dedication and discipline. c : behavior that is judged by how well it follows a set of rules or orders poor discipline maintaining good discipline d : punishment for bad behavior Some parents feel that the school's principal has been too harsh in meting out discipline. 2 [noncount] : the ability to keep working at something that is difficult I tried learning the piano, but I lacked the discipline [=self-discipline] to stick with it. He doesn't have the discipline [=self-control] to stay on his diet. 3 [count] : an activity that is done regularly as a way of training yourself to do something or to improve your behavior Keeping a journal is a good discipline for a writer. 4 [count] : a field of study : a subject that is taught She has received training in several academic disciplines. Other forms: plural -plines 2discipline verb [+ obj] 1 : to punish (someone) as a way of making sure that rules or orders are obeyed She was disciplined for misbehaving in class. He seems unwilling or unable to discipline his children. disciplining the troops 2 : to train (yourself) to do something by controlling your behavior I'm trying to discipline myself to eat less. Other forms: -plines; -plined; -plin·ing disciplined adjective [more disciplined; most disciplined] I'm not disciplined enough to exercise every day. We need a more disciplined approach if the program is to be successfully implemented. an orderly and disciplined mind

Authorities

noun 1 [noncount] : the power to give orders or make decisions : the power or right to direct or control someone or something Only department managers have the authority [=right, power] to change the schedule. Does he have the authority to do this? = (US) Does he have authority to do this? This office has authority over personnel matters. [=this office has the power to make decisions about personnel matters] You don't have authority over me. [=you don't have the power to give me orders] The boss is not popular but his authority is unquestioned. "Who gave him the authority to do this?" "He didn't do it on his own authority [=he didn't do it on his own]; he was acting under the authority of the company president." [=the company president gave him the power to do it] No one in authority objected to the plan. = No one in a position of authority objected to the plan. [=no one with official power to make important decisions objected to the plan] a figure of authority = an authority figure [=a person who has authority over other people] synonyms see 1power 2 [noncount] a : the confident quality of someone who knows a lot about something or who is respected or obeyed by other people She has an air of authority. She spoke with authority [=authoritatively] about the history of the building. b : a quality that makes something seem true or real His sincerity added much more authority [=credibility] to the story. Her southern accent lent authority to her performance. His opinions lacked authority. 3 authorities [plural] : people who have power to make decisions and enforce rules and laws We reported the incident to hospital authorities. Local authorities are investigating the accident. — often used with the He complained to the authorities [=the police] about the disturbance. 4 [count] : a person who is an expert on a subject — usually + on He is an authority on local history. [=he knows a lot about local history] 5 [count] : a government organization that has control of a specified activity or area She is the director of the city's housing authority. Other forms: plural -ties have it on good/excellent authority ◇If you have it on good/excellent authority that something is true, you have been told that it is true by someone you trust and believe. I have it on good authority that she is writing a novel.

capacity

noun 1 a [count] : the ability to hold or contain people or things — usually singular The restaurant has a large seating capacity. [=many people can sit in the restaurant; it has many seats] What is the hard drive's storage capacity? b : the largest amount or number that can be held or contained [count] The nightclub has a 1,000-person capacity. a bottle with a capacity of two liters [noncount] The prison has reached capacity. [=the prison is full] The auditorium was filled to capacity. [=was completely full] 2 : the ability to do something : a mental, emotional, or physical ability [noncount] Some species of birds do not have the capacity [=ability] to fly. Does he have the capacity to handle this job? The disease causes a deterioration of breathing capacity. [count] the machine's computational capacities [=capabilities] — usually singular a character with a great capacity for love [=a character who is able to love people very deeply] 3 [count] : a usually official position or job : role He was acting in his capacity as judge. She's worked for the company in various capacities over the years. [=she has had various jobs at the company] serving in a supervisory capacity 4 [noncount] : the amount of something that can be produced or managed by a factory, company, etc. a plan to double the factory's capacity We can't hire more people because we lack the training capacity. the nation's oil refining capacity ; also : the largest amount that a factory, company, etc., can produce or manage The factory is currently running at three-quarter capacity. [=the factory is producing three quarters of what it can produce] The airport is not expected to reach capacity [=the highest number of planes it can deal with] for several years. Other forms: plural -ties

Reputation

noun : the common opinion that people have about someone or something : the way in which people think of someone or something [count] This car dealership has a good/bad reputation. [=people think that the car dealership is good/bad] He has earned/established/acquired a reputation as a first-class playwright. a teacher with a reputation for patience Poor customer service has ruined/damaged/destroyed the company's reputation. The cruise ship lived up to its reputation. [=the cruise ship was as good, enjoyable, etc., as we were told it would be] [noncount] I know that the restaurant, by reputation, is excellent. [=the restaurant has an excellent reputation] Other forms: plural -tions

contractor

noun [count] : a person who is hired to perform work or to provide goods at a certain price or within a certain time They hired a contractor to remodel the kitchen. a building contractor Other forms: plural -tors

Hedge

noun [count] 1 : a row of shrubs or small trees that are planted close to each other in order to form a boundary 2 : something that provides protection or defense — usually + against She invests her money as a hedge against inflation. hedges against loss/disappointment/uncertainty/failure Other forms: plural hedg·es 2hedge verb 1 [+ obj] : to surround (an area) with a hedge The garden is hedged by flowering shrubs. 2 : to avoid giving a promise or direct answer [no obj] She hedged when she was asked to support the campaign. [+ obj] He hedged his earlier comments about the need for new management. Other forms: hedges; hedged; hedg·ing hedge against [phrasal verb] hedge against (something) : to protect yourself from (something) They hedge against inflation by investing their money. looking for ways to hedge against risk/failure hedge around or hedge about [phrasal verb] hedge (something) around/about Brit : to limit or restrict (something) — usually used as (be) hedged — usually + with or by Their offer is so hedged around with conditions [=so restricted by conditions] that it hardly seems worthwhile. a rule that is hedged about by exceptions hedge in [phrasal verb] 1 hedge in (something) or hedge (something) in : to form a boundary around (something) a field hedged in [=surrounded] by trees 2 hedge in (someone) or hedge (someone) in : to surround or restrict (someone) in a way that prevents free movement or action We have been hedged in by their rules and regulations. hedge your bets : to do things that will prevent great loss or failure if future events do not happen as you plan or hope They decided to hedge their bets by putting half their money in stocks and the other half in bonds.

Cult

noun [count] 1 : a small religious group that is not part of a larger and more accepted religion and that has beliefs regarded by many people as extreme or dangerous a satanic cult cult members 2 : a situation in which people admire and care about something or someone very much or too much He criticizes the way journalists promote the cult of celebrity in modern America. [=the tendency of people to care too much about famous people] a cult of personality = a personality cult 3 : a small group of very devoted supporters or fans a cult of admirers She has developed a cult following. 4 formal : a system of religious beliefs and rituals an ancient fertility cult Other forms: plural cults 2cult adjective Usage: always used before a noun : very popular among a group of people a cult film/novel Her works have achieved cult status. The movie is a cult hit/classic/favorite.

Query

noun [count] : a question or a request for information about something I have a query about my order. an Internet query The librarian responded to my query. Other forms: plural que·ries 2query verb [+ obj] 1 chiefly US : to ask (someone) a question The reporter queried [=questioned] several citizens about the tax hike. They conducted a survey in which several hundred people were queried about their dietary habits. 2 : to ask questions or express doubt about (something) She queried [=questioned] the teacher's decision. 3 : to ask (a question) "What's that?" he queried. Other forms: queries; que·ried; que·ry·ing

laboratory

noun [count] : a room or building with special equipment for doing scientific experiments and tests experiments conducted in a modern laboratory a research laboratory — often used before another noun laboratory experiments/research/studies/tests — see also language laboratory Other forms: plural -ries

psychologist

noun [count] : a scientist who specializes in the study and treatment of the mind and behavior : a specialist in psychology Other forms: plural -gists

subsidy

noun [count] : money that is paid usually by a government to keep the price of a product or service low or to help a business or organization to continue to function The city is increasing subsidies for public transit. housing/farm subsidies Other forms: plural -dies

tort

noun [count] law : an action that wrongly causes harm to someone but that is not a crime and that is dealt with in a civil court Other forms: plural torts

Elimination

noun [noncount] : the act or process of removing something or someone the elimination of waste products from the body They arrived at their decision by a process of elimination. [=by considering and rejecting each possible choice until only one was left]

creationism

noun [noncount] : the belief that God created all things out of nothing as described in the Bible and that therefore the theory of evolution is incorrect

saliva

noun [noncount] : the liquid produced in your mouth that keeps your mouth moist and makes it easier to swallow food sal·i·vary \ˈsæləˌveri\ adjective, technical a salivary enzyme

mitochondria

noun mi·to·chon·dri·on\ˌmī-tə-ˈkän-drē-ən\ plural mi·to·chon·dria\-drē-ə\ : any of various round or long cellular organelles of most eukaryotes that are found outside the nucleus, produce energy for the cell through cellular respiration, and are rich in fats, proteins, and enzymes — see cell mi·to·chon·dri·al\-drē-əl\ adjective

Funding

noun\ˈfənd\ 1 a : a sum of money or other resources whose principal or interest is set apart for a specific objective b : money on deposit on which checks or drafts can be drawn — usually used in plural c : capital d funds plural : the stock of the British national debt — usually used with the 2 : an available quantity of material or intangible resources : supply 3funds plural : available pecuniary resources 4 : an organization administering a special fund Examples The fund was established to aid the poor. All her funds were in a checking account. His funds were getting lower as he continued to look for a job. The comedian had a large fund of jokes. Origin earlier fond, borrowed (with later respelling after Latin fundus) from French fond "bottom, base, foundation," (in plural) "sum of money, capital, resources," going back to Old French funt, font "bottom, base, cultivated ground," going back to Latin fundus — more at 1bottom. First known use: 1628 Synonyms: budget, force, inventory, pool, repertoire, reservoir, stock, supply 2fund verb fund·ed fund·ing funds transitive verb 1 a : to make provision of resources for discharging the interest or principal of b : to provide funds for a federally funded program 2 : to place in a fund : accumulate 3 : to convert into a debt that is payable either at a distant date or at no definite date and that bears a fixed interest fund a floating debt fund·er\ˈfən-dər\ noun Examples The group funded three new scholarships. Who funds the company pension plan? Origin derivative of 1fund. First known use: 1764 Synonyms: bankroll, capitalize, endow, finance, stake, subsidize, underwrite Antonyms: defund, disendow 3fund abbreviation fundamental

defender

nounde·fend·er\di-ˈfen-dər\ 1 : one that defends 2 : a player in a sport (such as football) assigned to a defensive position Examples one of the traditional roles of an older brother is that of schoolyard defender Origin Middle English defendour, defender, borrowed from Anglo-French defendour, defendur, from defend-, stem of defendre "to defend" + -our, -ur 1-or. First known use: 14th century Synonyms: custodian, guard, guardian, guardian angel, protection, protector

Tobacco

nounto·bac·co\tə-ˈba-(ˌ)kō\ plural to·bac·cos 1 : any of a genus (Nicotiana) of chiefly American plants of the nightshade family with viscid foliage and tubular flowers; especially : a tall erect annual tropical American herb (N. tabacum) cultivated for its leaves 2 : the leaves of cultivated tobacco prepared for use in smoking or chewing or as snuff 3 : manufactured products of tobacco (such as cigars or cigarettes); also : smoking as a practice has sworn off tobacco 4 : a moderate brown Examples a farm that grows tobacco a state tax on tobacco Origin Spanish tabaco, probably from Taino, roll of tobacco leaves. First known use: circa 1565 Illustration tobacco 1 Illustration tobacco 1

Indices

plural of index in·dex \ˈɪnˌdɛks\ noun [count] 1 plural usually indexes : an ordered list: such as a : an alphabetical list at the end of a book that shows the page where each thing in the list can be found Look up the recipe for potato soup in the index. Potato soup is listed under "soup" in the index. b : a group of related things that are in alphabetical or numerical order The card catalog is an index to the materials in the library. 2 : a sign or number that shows how something is changing or performing The price of goods is an index [=indication] of business conditions. : a number that indicates changes in the level of something (such as a stock market) when it rises or falls a stock index certain economic indexes/indices (Brit) an index-linked pension [=a pension that is linked to an index (such as the retail price index) so that it rises or falls as the index does] — see also consumer price index, retail price index 3 : a device used to point to something (such as a number) the index on a scale Other forms: plural in·dex·es or in·di·ces \ˈɪndəˌsi:z\ 2index verb [+ obj] 1 : to provide an index for (something, such as a book) — usually used as (be) indexed an indexed book [=a book that has an index] 2 : to list or include (something) in an index This search engine has indexed hundreds of millions of Web sites. — often used as (be) indexed Each term in the book is indexed. 3 : to link wages, benefits, etc., to a measurement of changes in the price of goods and services so that they increase at the same rate — usually used as (be) indexed to Social security benefits are indexed to inflation. [=social security benefits increase when inflation occurs] Other forms: -dexes; -dexed; -dex·ing

rear·view mirror

rear·view mirror \ˈriɚˌvju:-\ noun [count] : a mirror in a vehicle that allows the driver to see what is behind the vehicle — see picture at car Other forms: plural ∼ -rors

Silt

silt \ˈsɪlt\ noun [noncount] : sand, soil, mud, etc., that is carried by flowing water and that sinks to the bottom of a river, pond, etc. silty \ˈsɪlti\ adjective silt·i·er -est silty water 2silt verb 1 [no obj] : to become blocked, filled, or covered with silt The marsh silted over. — often + up The river delta has silted up over the centuries. 2 [+ obj] : to block, fill, or cover (something) with silt The entrance to the creek had silted shut. heavily silted areas — often + up Sand had silted up the stream bed. Other forms: silts; silt·ed; silt·ing

suspend

sus·pend \səˈspɛnd\ verb [+ obj] 1 : to force (someone) to leave a job, position, or place for a usually short period of time as a form of punishment He was suspended from the team for missing too many practices. The police officers were suspended without pay for their conduct. The principal suspended the student from school for fighting. 2 a : to stop (something) for a usually short period of time The city suspended bus service during the storm. The company was forced to suspend operations. They have suspended the peace talks. The plot is ridiculous, but if you can suspend (your) disbelief [=allow yourself to believe that something is true even though it seems impossible], it's an enjoyable movie. b : to make (something) happen later : to delay (something) The judge suspended [=postponed] the hearing for one week. I advise suspending judgment until the investigation is over. c : to make (something) invalid or ineffective for a usually short period of time Her license to practice law was suspended. We can suspend the rules just this once. He's driving with a suspended license. 3 a : to hang something so that it is free on all sides except at the point of support They suspended the lantern from the ceiling. A pot of stew was suspended over the fire. a wire suspended between two poles [=hung so that it is attached at each end to a pole] b : to prevent (something) from falling or sinking by some invisible support — usually used as (be) suspended Dust was suspended [=was floating] in the air. The structure appears to be suspended in space. Other forms: -pends; -pend·ed; -pend·ing

Stick with

to continue doing something although it is difficult: Things are hard at the moment, but if we stick with it, they are bound to get better. ★ SMART thesaurus Tolerating and enduring See also: Coping and not coping Dealing with things or people Continue and last

Deepen

verb 1 : to become or to cause (something) to become deep or deeper [+ obj] They deepened the river so that larger boats could sail through. Age had deepened the lines in his face. [no obj] The water deepens toward the center of the river. 2 : to become or to cause (something, such as a feeling or emotion) to become stronger or more powerful [+ obj] The experience deepened [=strengthened] his love for acting. Her powerful words deepened our commitment to the cause. The vacation together deepened their relationship with each other. The mystery was deepened by her silence. [no obj] Their friendship deepened [=grew deeper] with time. 3 [+ obj] : to make (your knowledge, understanding, etc.) fuller or more complete This class will deepen your understanding of economics. Living in the country's capital had deepened her knowledge of politics. 4 : to become or to cause (something) to become worse or more severe [+ obj] The government's policies have deepened the country's economic recession. The situation is deepening the divisions between the two groups. [no obj] These divisions have deepened over the years. 5 : to become or to cause (something, such as a person's voice) to become lower in sound [no obj] His voice has deepened over the years. [+ obj] Time has deepened his voice. 6 [no obj] : to become darker or stronger in color The sunset deepened from a pale yellow to a bright orange. Rather than fading, the colors deepened in tone. The sky deepened to a dark blue. 7 ◇To deepen your breathing is to take more air into your lungs when you breathe. Other forms: -ens; -ened; -en·ing deep·en·ing \ˈdi:pənɪŋ\ adjective It confirmed our deepening suspicions that she was planning to leave. A deepening [=worsening] financial crisis threatened the economy. the country's deepening poverty deepening shadows [=shadows that are becoming darker]

Embrace

verb 1 : to hold someone in your arms as a way of expressing love or friendship [+ obj] He embraced her warmly/lovingly/tenderly. two old friends (warmly) embracing [=hugging] each other [no obj] They embraced one last time before going their separate ways. ◇Although embrace and hug each describe holding another person in your arms, embrace usually suggests deeper or stronger feelings than hug does. 2 [+ obj] a : to accept (something or someone) readily or gladly a politician who has been embraced by conservatives embrace [=adopt] a cause/religion These ideas have been (widely) embraced by the scientific community. b : to use (an opportunity) eagerly She gladly/eagerly embraced [=welcomed] the opportunity/chance to study abroad. 3 [+ obj] formal : to contain or include (something) as a part of something larger Charity embraces all acts of generous giving. It's a subject that embraces many areas of learning. 4 [+ obj] literary : to enclose (something) on all sides — usually used as (be) embraced a town embraced [=surrounded] by low hills Other forms: -brac·es; -braced; -brac·ing em·brace·able \ɪmˈbreɪsəbəl\ adjective [more embraceable; most embraceable] em·brac·er noun plural -ers [count] an embracer of new technology 2embrace noun [count] : the act of holding someone in your arms : the act of embracing someone He held her in a warm/loving/tender embrace. Other forms: plural embraces

demonstrate

verb 1 [+ obj] a : to prove (something) by showing examples of it : to show evidence of (something) Each student must demonstrate mastery of the subject matter in order to pass the class. Employees must demonstrate competence in certain skills before they can work independently. The medication will not be marketed until it is demonstrated to be safe. b : to prove (something) by being an example of it : to be evidence of (something) The town's crowded classrooms demonstrate [=point to] the need for more schools in the area. The latest test results clearly demonstrate that the vaccine works. The group's failed efforts demonstrate how difficult it is to convince people to change their habits. 2 [+ obj] : to show (a quality, feeling, etc.) clearly to other people They have demonstrated a willingness to negotiate. 3 [+ obj] : to show or explain how something is used or done : to show or explain the function or use of (something) Several people will be demonstrating traditional farming techniques. The instructor demonstrated the correct procedure for pruning a tree. Would you mind demonstrating how the machine works? 4 [no obj] : to take part in an event in which people gather together in order to show that they support or oppose something or someone A large crowd was demonstrating [=protesting] downtown. Protesters demonstrated against the war. Other forms: -strates; -strat·ed; -strat·ing

Move

verb 1 a [+ obj] : to cause (something or someone) to go from one place or position to another He moved the chair closer to the table. It may be necessary to move the patient to intensive care. The breeze moved the branches of the trees. The knife had sunk deeply into the wood and couldn't be moved. [=budged] b [no obj] : to go from one place or position to another The boat moved [=rocked] slowly from side to side as the wind rose. The branches moved gently in the breeze. 2 a : to cause (your body or a part of your body) to go from one position to another [+ obj] She was unable to move her legs. Nobody moved a muscle. [=nobody moved at all; everyone was very still] [no obj] The dancers moved gracefully. Nobody moved. She was so frightened that she could hardly move. I moved over so that she could sit next to me. b [no obj] : to go or walk from one place to another We moved into the shade. The police were moving through the crowd telling people to move toward the exit. People were moving (about/around) freely. We could hear someone moving around upstairs. move along They moved closer to each other and spoke in whispers. 3 [+ obj] a : to cause (something) to go to a specified place or to proceed in a specified way The records show that she moved large amounts of money to a foreign bank account. He lacks enough support to move his proposals through the legislature. b : to cause (something) to happen at a different time The meeting has been moved [=changed] to this afternoon. 4 always followed by an adverb or preposition : to go to a different and usually higher position [no obj] The team has moved into second place. She has been steadily moving up the corporate ladder. Congratulations on your promotion. It's nice to see how you're moving up in the world. [+ obj] A win will move the team into second place. 5 a : to go to a different place to live [no obj] We've had to move twice in the past year. He didn't like small towns and decided to move to the city. We're planning to move into a new apartment. He moved (away) with his family to California. [+ obj] He moved his family to California. (Brit) We've had to move house twice in the past year. b : to go to a different place to work or do business [no obj] The company is moving from New York to Chicago. [+ obj] The company is moving its offices from New York to Chicago. — see also moving 3 6 [+ obj] a : to affect the feelings of (someone) : to cause (someone) to feel an emotion and especially sadness or sympathy The sad story of his childhood moved us deeply. I was greatly moved by his story/kindness. He's not easily moved to anger. [=he does not become angry easily] His story moved us to tears. [=it affected us so strongly that we cried] — see also moving 2 b : to cause (someone) to act or think in a specified way — followed by to + verb The report moved [=persuaded] me to change my mind. His arguments moved them to reconsider the plan. I felt moved [=compelled] to speak. c : to cause (someone) to feel or think in a different way We were unable to move him from his convictions. He would not be moved. 7 [no obj] : to take action : act We need to move quickly to close this deal. He was waiting for the right time to move against his enemies. She hasn't yet moved on their recommendations. We must move [=proceed] very carefully to avoid offending them. 8 a : to formally make a suggestion or proposal at a meeting [no obj] — + for She moved for an adjournment. [+ obj] She moved to adjourn the meeting. = She moved that the meeting be adjourned. b [no obj] law : to make a formal request to a court of law or judge for something to be done or happen — + for His lawyer moved for a mistrial. The plaintiff moved for a retrial. 9 always followed by an adverb or preposition [no obj] : to make progress The plot of the novel moves [=develops] slowly. They're moving closer to making a decision. 10 informal : sell [+ obj] a store that moves a lot of merchandise [no obj] The products have been moving slowly. 11 [no obj] informal : to go fast When the police car passed us it was really moving. 12 [no obj] : to spend time with a particular group of people or at a particular level of society She moves in high circles. [=she is friendly with wealthy and powerful people] She and her sister move in very different circles. [=they are friendly with very different groups of people] 13 [no obj] informal : to leave a place It was getting late and I thought it was time to be moving. [=going] 14 : to cause a piece in a game (such as chess or checkers) to go from one place to another [+ obj] He moved a pawn. [no obj] It's your turn to move. Other forms: moves; moved; mov·ing as/when the spirit moves you — see 1spirit get moving informal : to start moving or going quickly We need to get moving [=hurry] or we'll miss the show. move ahead/along 1 : to make progress The project is finally starting to move ahead. 2 : to go on to something else Let's move along [=move on] to the next item. move heaven and earth : to work very hard to do something He vowed that he would move heaven and earth to finish the project on schedule. move in [phrasal verb] 1 : to start living in a house, apartment, etc. I remember when our neighbors first moved in. He's planning to move in with his girlfriend. 2 move in on (someone or something) : to move closer or nearer to (someone or something that you are trying to reach, get, etc.) The police moved in on [=closed in on] the wanted criminal. The police moved in on the criminal's hideout. The lion was moving in on its prey. — often used figuratively Our competitors are trying to move in on our territory. [=trying to get control of our territory] He was trying to move in on my girlfriend. [=trying to take my girlfriend from me] move it US informal : to start moving or going quickly We'd better move it if we don't want to be late. move on [phrasal verb] : to go on to a different place, subject, activity, etc. Let's put that issue aside and move on. We should move on [=move ahead] to the next item on the list. After 10 years working for one company, she felt it was time to move on to a new job. move out [phrasal verb] : to leave your house, apartment, etc., and go to live somewhere else He was 20 when he moved out of his parents' house. Her lease ends next month, so she'll have to move out (of her apartment) soon. 2move noun [count] 1 : an act of moving your body or a part of your body : movement fancy dance moves He made a sudden move that scared away the squirrel. an athlete who has some good moves No one made a move toward the exits. [=no one moved toward the exits] The policeman warned him not to make any false moves. He was afraid to make a move. 2 : an action The police are watching his every move. = The police are watching every move he makes. [=the police are watching everything he does] No one is sure what his next move will be. He was waiting for her to make the first move. [=to act first] 3 : the act of moving to a different place He's preparing for his move to California. 4 : something done to achieve a desired result or goal Starting her own business was a risky/bold move. In a move to attract new customers, the company has decided to devote more money to advertising. a smart/wise move a good career move [=something done to help a person's career] 5 : an act of moving a piece in a game (such as chess or checkers) the opening moves in a game of chess It's your move. [=turn] Other forms: plural moves get a move on informal : to start moving or going quickly We'd better get a move on if we don't want to be late. make a move Brit informal : to leave a place It's been a lovely evening, but it's time we were making a move. on the move 1 : moving or going from place to place As a young man, he was always on the move. 2 : making progress After a slow start, the project is finally on the move. a civilization on the move put the moves on US informal : to do or say things in an effort to start a sexual relationship with someone He accused me of trying to put the moves on his girlfriend.

Homogenize

verb Variants: also Brit ho·mog·e·nise \hoʊˈmɑ:ʤəˌnaɪz\ [+ obj] formal 1 : to treat (milk) so that the fat is mixed throughout instead of floating on top 2 : to change (something) so that its parts are the same or similar The new curriculum is an attempt to homogenize education throughout the county. Other forms: -niz·es; -nized; -niz·ing ho·mog·e·ni·za·tion also Brit ho·mog·e·ni·sa·tion \hoʊˌmɑ:ʤənəˈzeɪʃən, Brit həʊˌmɒʤəˌnaɪˈzeɪʃən\ noun [noncount] the homogenization of society homogenized also Brit homogenised adjective a carton of homogenized milk an increasingly homogenized society

bombard

verb [+ obj] 1 : to attack (a place) with bombs, large guns, etc. The navy bombarded the shore. 2 : to hit or attack (something or someone) constantly or repeatedly Scientists bombarded the sample with X-rays. The car was bombarded by rocks as it drove away from the angry crowd. — often used figuratively He is being bombarded by offers. We are constantly being bombarded by ads. The actress was bombarded with questions.

Deem

verb [+ obj] formal : to think of (someone or something) in a particular way The building was deemed [=considered, judged] unsafe after the fire. We deemed [=believed, thought] it wise to wait. Do whatever you deem (to be) necessary. The principal will take whatever action she deems appropriate in this case. Other forms: deems; deemed; deem·ing

Deduce

verb [+ obj] formal : to use logic or reason to form (a conclusion or opinion about something) : to decide (something) after thinking about the known facts Scientists use several methods to deduce [=determine] the age of ancient objects. They deduced [=concluded] that he was present at the scene of the crime. — often + from A word's meaning can often be deduced from its context. Other forms: -duc·es; -duced; -duc·ing

adhered to

verb [I] FORMAL Verb Endings for adhere to stick firmly: A smooth, dry surface helps the tiles adhere to the wall. ★ SMART thesaurus Glues and gluing and stickiness

Boycott

verb [T] Verb Endings for boycott to refuse to buy a product or take part in an activity as a way of expressing strong disapproval: People were urged to boycott the country's products. The union called on its members to boycott the meeting. ★ SMART thesaurus Opposing and against boycott UK US noun [C] A boycott of/against goods from the EU began in June. ★ SMART thesaurus Opposing and against

Worship

wor·ship \ˈwɚʃəp\ verb 1 [+ obj] : to honor or respect (someone or something) as a god Many ancient cultures worshipped the sun and moon. 2 : to show respect and love for God or for a god especially by praying, having religious services, etc. [no obj] They worship at this temple. [+ obj] I worship God in my own way. 3 : to love or honor (someone or something) very much or too much [+ obj] As a kid I worshipped [=idolized] my brother. Our society worships money. He worships the ground she walks on. [=he admires/loves her very much] [no obj] My parents worship at the altar of money. [=my parents value money too much] Other forms: -ships; -shipped also US -shiped; -ship·ping also US -ship·ing wor·ship·per also US wor·ship·er noun plural -ship·pers also US -ship·ers [count] worshippers of Buddha — see also sun worshipper 2worship noun 1 [noncount] : the act of showing respect and love for a god especially by praying with other people who believe in the same god : the act of worshipping God or a god worship of gods and goddesses The ceremony will be held at our place/house of worship. [=at our church, synagogue, etc.] Worship services are held daily. 2 [noncount] : excessive admiration for someone the media's worship of celebrities — see also hero worship 3 Worship [count] Brit — used as a title when addressing or referring to certain officials (such as mayors and magistrates) ; used with his, her, your, or their Thank you, your Worship.